SimXpert R3.2 Crash Workspace Guide

Introduction 1
Crash Workspace Guide

Introduction
2
Overview and Definition

An overview of the SimXpert crash workspace is given here.
Introduction
SimXpert crash is a preprocessor for graphically preparing input data for LS-DYNA, an explicit dynamic
software, used in applications such as crash, crush, and drop test simulations. Use of crash workspace
allows users to work within one common modeling environment with other SimXpert workspaces such
as Structures. Thus, for example, a model originally prepared for NVH, linear, or implicit nonlinear
analysis can be easily used in explicit applications (crash). This dramatically reduces the time spent to
build different models for implicit and explicit analysis and prevents you from making mistakes because
of unfamiliarity between different programs.
Theory
A detailed theory of explicit analysis is outside the scope of this guide. However, it is important to
understand the basics of the solution technique, since it is critical to many aspects of using the SimXpert
crash workspace. If you are already familiar with explicit methods and how they differ from implicit
methods, you may disregard this section.
Method of Solution
Although crash simulation software, including LS-DYNA uses the Explicit methods, a brief overview of
both the Implicit and the Explicit Methods for the solution of dynamic response calculations is given
below.
Implicit Methods
Most finite element programs use implicit methods to carry out a transient solution. Normally, they use
Newmark schemes to integrate in time. If the current time step is step n , a good estimate of the
acceleration at the end of step n + 1 will satisfy the following equation of motion:
ext
Ma' n + 1 + Cv' n + 1 + Kd' n + 1 = F n + 1
where:
M = mass matrix of the structure

C = damping matrix of the structure
K = stiffness matrix of the structure
ext
Fn + 1 = vector of externally applied loads at step n+1
Introduction 3
a' n + 1 = n+1
estimate of acceleration at step
v' n + 1 = estimate of velocity at step n + 1
d' n + 1 = estimate of displacement at step n + 1
and the prime denotes an estimated value.

The estimates of displacement and velocity are given by:
2 2
d'n + 1 = d n + v n Δt + ( ( 1 – 2β )a n Δt ) ⁄ 2 + βa'n + 1 Δt
v' n + 1 = v n + ( 1 – γ )a n Δt + γa'n + 1 Δt
or
2
d'n + 1 = d *n + βa'n + 1 Δt
v' n + 1 = v n* + γa'n + 1 Δt
where Δt is the time step, and β , and γ are constants.
The terms d n* and v n* are predictive and are based on values already calculated.
Substituting these values in the equation of motion results in
2 ext
Ma' n + 1 + C ( v* n + γa' n + 1 Δt ) + K ( d* n + βa' n + 1 Δt ) = F n + 1
or
2 ext
[ M + CγΔt + KβΔt ]a' n + 1 = F n + 1 – Cv n* – Kd n*
The equation of motion may then be defined as
residual
M*a'n + 1 = F n + 1
The accelerations are obtained by inverting the M* matrix as follows:
–1 residual
a'n + 1 = M* F n + 1
This is analogous to decomposing the stiffness matrix in a linear static analysis. However, in dynamics,
mass and damping terms are also present.
4
Explicit Methods
The equation of motion
ext
Ma n + Cv n + Kd n = F n
can be rewritten as
ext int
Ma n = F n – F n
–1 residual
an = M Fn
where:
= vector of externally applied loads

ext
Fn
= vector of internal loads (e.g., forces generated by the elements and hourglass forces)
int
Fn
= Cv n + Kd n
M = mass matrix
The acceleration can be found by inverting the mass matrix and multiplying it by the residual load vector.
In LS_DYNA, like any explicit finite element code, the mass matrix is lumped which results in a diagonal
mass matrix.
Since M is diagonal, its inversion is trivial, and the matrix equation is a set of independent equations for
each degree of freedom, as follows:
residual
a ni = F ni ⁄ Mi
The Leap-frog scheme is used to advance in time.
The position, forces, and accelerations are defined at time level n , while the velocities are defined at time
level n + 1 ⁄ 2 . Graphically, this can be depicted as:
v n + 1 ⁄ 2 = v n – 1 ⁄ 2 + a n ( Δt n + 1 ⁄ 2 + Δt n – 1 ⁄ 2 ) ⁄ 2
d n + 1 = dn + v n + 1 ⁄ 2 Δt n + 1 ⁄ 2
Introduction 5
n–1 n–1§2 n n+1§2 n+1 time

d, F, a v d, F , a v d, F , a
The Leap-frog scheme results in a central difference approximation for the acceleration, and is second-
order accurate in Δt .
Explicit methods with a lumped mass matrix do not require matrix decompositions or matrix solutions.
Instead, the loop is carried out for each time step as shown in the following diagram:
Grid-Point Accelerations
Leap-frog Integration in Time
Grid-Point Velocities Grid-Point Displacements
Element Formulation and Gradient Operator
Element Stain Rates
Constitutive Model and Integration
Element Stresses
Element Formulation and Divergence Operator
Element Forces at Grid-Points
CONTACT, Fluid-Structure Interaction, Force/Pressure boundaries
+ External Forces at Grid Points
Explicit Time Step

Implicit methods can be made unconditionally stable regardless of the size of the time step. However, for
explicit codes to remain stable, the time step must subdivide the shortest natural period in the mesh. This
means that the time step must be less than the time taken for a stress wave to cross the smallest element
in the mesh. Typically, explicit time steps are 100 to 1000 times smaller than those used with implicit
codes. However, since each iteration does not involve the costly formulation and decomposition of
matrices, explicit techniques are very competitive with implicit methods.
Because the smallest element in an explicit solution determines the time step, it is extremely important
to avoid very small elements in the mesh.
6
Courant Criterion
Since it is impossible to do a complete eigenvalue analysis every cycle to calculate the timestep, an
approximate method, known as the Courant Criterion, is used. This is based on the minimum time which
is required for a stress wave to cross each element:
Δt = SL/c
where:
Δt = Timestep
S = Timestep scale factor (<1)
L = Smallest element dimension
c = Speed of sound in the element material
For 1-D elements, the speed of sound is defined as:
c = E⁄ρ
where:
E = Young’s modulus
ρ = density
Implicit vs. Explicit Analysis

The time step for implicit solutions can be much larger than is possible for explicit solutions. This makes
implicit methods more attractive for transient events that occur over a long time period and are dominated
by low frequency structural dynamics. Explicit solutions are better for short, transient events where the
effects of stress waves are important. There is, of course, an area where either method is equally
advantageous and may be used.
Explicit solutions have a greater advantage over implicit solutions if the time step of the implicit solution
has to be small for some reason. This may be necessary for problems that include:
• Material nonlinearity. A high degree of material nonlinearity may require a small time step
for accuracy.
• Large geometric nonlinearity. Contact and friction algorithms can introduce potential
instabilities, and a small time step may be needed for accuracy and stability.
• Those analyses where the physics of the problem demands a small time step (e.g. stress wave
effects as in crash, crush, and impact analyses).
Introduction 7
• Material and geometric nonlinearity in combination with large displacements. Convergence

in implicit methods becomes more difficult to achieve as the amount of nonlinearity for all
types increases.
Explicit Methods Have Increasing Advantages Over Implicit

Methods as the Model Gets Bigger and Bigger.
8
Parts and Geometry 9
Parts and Geometry

10
Parts and Geometry
Parts and Geometry

The geometry of the parts can be either created in SimXpert, or more likely imported from CAD program
such as Catia, Pro/E.
Units
SimXpert interprets all dimensions and input data with respect to a system of units. It is important to set
the appropriate units prior to importing any unitless analysis files (such as a Nastran Bulk Data file) or
creating materials, properties, or loads. You can control the system of units by selecting Units Manager
from the Tools menu. If you import a file that contains units, SimXpert will convert them into those
specified in the Units Manager.
Creating Geometry
In the first release SimXpert has very limited geometry creation capabilities. It is possible to create curves
and very simple surfaces. For the most part you will be importing geometry from an external source. The
imported geometry can be edited in SimXpert
Importing Geometry
If the geometry of the part is available in a CATIA, parasolid, IGES, or STL file, it can be directly
imported into the SimXpert Crash Workspace.
Creating local coordinate systems

Sometimes it is convenient to use local coordinate systems for specifying loads, and or boundary
conditions. For example, a certain node may have a roller support placed in an inclined plane. A local
Parts and Geometry 11
Parts and Geometry
coordinate system with one of its axes normal to the inclined plane needs to be created and used to specify
the fixity (SPC) of the displacement component along the direction normal to the inclined plane.
CONSTRAINT
Local coordinate systems can be in cartesian, cylindrical or spherical systems. Coordinate system created
in SimXpert are represented by the following icons, corresponding to the method selected.
Spherical
Cylindrical
Cartesian
Coordinate Direction Direction Direction

System 1 2 3 1-3 plane
Cartesian x y z x-z (y=0)
Cylindrical r θ z r-z ( θ =0)
Spherical r θ φ r- φ ( θ =0)
You can create local coordinate systems by selecting Cartesian, Cylindrical, or Spherical from the
Coordinate System group under the Geometry tab. There are numerous methods to create local
coordinate systems in SimXpert:
12
Parts and Geometry
1. 3 Points: Three points are used to define the coordinate system. The first point corresponds to the
location of origin. The second point defines the point on a specified axis and the third point
defines a point in a specified plane.
2. Euler: Creates a coordinate system through three specified rotations about the axes of an existing
coordinate system.
3. Normal: Creates a coordinate system with its origin at a point location on a surface. A specified
axis is normal to the surface.
4. Two Vectors: Creates a coordinate system with its origin at a designated location and two of the
coordinate frame axes are defined using vectors
5. Advanced: Location and orientation can be independently defined. There are 4 different ways to
define the location of the origin of the coordinate system: Geometry, Point/Node, Coordinate
System, and Center of Part. Further, the orientation can also be defined 3 ways: Global, Two
Axes, and Coordinate System.
Materials 13
Materials
14
Materials
Materials
SimXpert Crash Workspace supports most of the LS-DYNA material types, covering isotropic,
anisotropic, orthotropic, and laminated material properties. These material properties can be dependent
on temperature, strain, and strain rate. Here we briefly describe all the material types supported currently
by the crash workspace. Please refer to “LS-DYNA Keyword Users’ Manual”, for a full description of
all the LS-DYNA supported materials.
Supported Materials
MAT_ADD_EROSION
This material model option provides a way of including failure in material models that do not allow
failure and erosion. This option can also be applied to constitutive models with other failure and erosion
criterion. Each of the criterion defined here is applied independently, and once any of them is satisfied,
the element is deleted from further calculation.
Field Comments
Title Unique name identifying material model
Desc Optional description of the material model
TITLE_OPTION If selected material title option is used
MID Material identification number (Integer > 0) for which this erosion
definition applies.
EXCL The Exclusion number. When any of the failure constants are set to the
exclusion number, the associated failure criteria calculations are bypassed.
For example, to prevent a material from going into tension, you may
specify an unusual value for the exclusion number, e.g. 1234., set Pmin to
0.0 and all the remaining constants to 1234. The default value is 0.0, which
eliminates all criteria from consideration that have their constants set to 0.0,
or left blank.
PFAIL Pressure at failure, Pmin. Failure occurs when pressure is less than PFAIL
Materials 15
Materials
Field Comments
SIGP1 principal stress at failure, σmax. Failure occurs when the maximum
principal stress exceeds SIGP1.
SIGVM Equivalent stress at failure, σvM. Failure occurs when the von Mises
equivalent stress exceeds SIGVM.
EPSP1 Principal strain at failure, εmax. Failure occurs when the maximum
principal strain exceeds EPSP1.
EPSSH Shear strain at failure, γmax. Failure occurs when the maximum shear strain
exceeds EPSSH.
SIGTH Threshold stress, σ0 (used in evaluating the Tuler-Butcher criterion)
IMPULSE Stress impulse for failure, Kf. Failure occurs when the Tuler-Butcher
criterion exceeds IMPULSE.
FAILTM Failure time. When the analysis time exceeds the failure time, the material
is removed.
Remarks:
1. This failure model only applies to the 2D and 3D solid elements with one point integration.
See Also:
• LS-DYNA Keyword User’s Manual
MAT_ANISOTROPIC_ELASTIC
This material model is used for modeling elastic anisotropic behavior of solids.
Field Contents
Title Unique name identifying the material model.
Desc Optional description of the material model.
16
Materials
Field Contents
TITLE_OPTION If selected, the material Title will be exported to LS-DYNA
MID Material identification number. (Integer > 0)
RO Mass density.
C11... C66 Anisotropic constitutive matrix components
AOPT Material axes option
XP, YP, ZP Coordinates for point P (for AOPT= 1 and 4)
A1, A2, A3 Components of a vector a (for AOPT=2)
D1, D2, D3 Components of a vector d (for AOPT=2)
V1, V2, V3 Components of a vector v (for AOPT= 3 and 4)
BETA Material angle in degrees (for AOPT= 3)
REF Use Reference geometry to initialize the stress tensor
See Also:
MAT_BLATZ-KO_RUBBER
This is used to model nearly incompressible continuum rubber. The Poisson’s ratio is fixed to 0.463
Field Comments
MID Material identification number (Integer > 0)
RO Mass Density of the material
G Shear modulus
REF Use reference geometry to initialize the stress tensor (0 =off; 1 = on)
See Also:
Materials 17
Materials
MAT_CABLE_DISCRETE_BEAM
This material model is used to define elastic cables realistically.
Field Comments
RO Mass density
E Young’s modulus (if value greater than zero), or stiffness (if value smaller
than zero)
LCID Load curve Id for loading (engineering stress vs. engineering strain)
F0 Initial Tensile Force
TMAXF0 Time for which pre-tension force will be held
TRAMP Ramp-up time for pre-tension force
IREAD Flag: If value greater than zero, use the value of OUTPUT from card 2.
OUTPUT Flag = 1 to output axial strain
Remarks:
1. The force, F generated by the cable is nonzero if the cable is in tension. The force is given by:
F = max (F0 + KΔL, 0.)
where K is the stiffness, and ΔL is the change in length. If E is greater than zero, K is defined as:
K = (E X cross sectional area)/ (Initial length - offset)
2. A constant force element can be obtained by setting:
F0 > 0, and K = 0
18
Materials
3. The cross section, and offset are defined on the *SECTION or *ELEMENT cards. For a slack
cable, the offset should be input as a negative value. For an initial tensile force, the offset should
be positive.
4. If a load curve is specified, the Young’s modulus will be ignored, and the load curve will be used
instead. The points on the load curve are defined as engineering stress vs. engineering strain. The
unloading behavior follows the loading.
See Also:
MAT_ELASTIC
This LS-DYNA material model (001) is an isotropic elastic material available for beam, shell and solid
elements.
Field Contents
RO Mass density.
E Young’s modulus
PR Poisson’s ratio
DA Axial damping factor (used in Belytscho-Schwer beam type 2 only)
DB Bending damping factor (used in Belytscho-Schwer beam type 2 only)
Remarks:
1. The axial and bending damping factors are used to damp down numerical noise. The update of the
force resultants, F i , and moment resultants, M i , includes the damping factors:
Materials 19
Materials
= F i +  1 + -------- ΔF i
n+1 n DA n+1⁄2
Fi
Δt
= M i +  1 + -------- ΔM i
n+1 n DB n+1⁄2
Mi
Δt
See Also:
MAT_ELASTIC_FLUID
This LS-DYNA material model (001) is an isotropic elastic material available for solid elements.
Field Contents
RO Mass density.
E Young’s modulus
DA Axial damping factor (used in Belytscho-Schwer beam type 2 only)
DB Bending damping factor (used in Belytscho-Schwer beam type 2 only)
K Bulk Modulus (for fluid option)
VC Tensor viscosity coefficient (between 0.1 and 0.5)
CP Cavitation pressure (default = 1.0E+20)
20
Materials
Remarks:
1. The axial and bending damping factors are used to damp down numerical noise. The update of the
force resultants, F i , and moment resultants, M i , includes the damping factors:
= F i +  1 + -------- ΔF i
n+1 n DA n+1⁄2
Fi
Δt
= M i +  1 + -------- ΔM i
n+1 n DB n+1⁄2
Mi
Δt
2. Fluid like behavior is obtained with the following relationship between bulk modulus, K, and
pressure rate, p:
E
K = ------------------------
3 ( 1 – 2υ )
··
p = – Kε ii
A tensor viscosity VC, if used, which acts only on the deviatoric stresses
See Also:
MAT_ELASTIC_PLASTIC_THERMAL
Temperature dependent material coefficients can be defined using this material type. A minimum of two
temperature points are needed, and a maximum of eight can be defined.
Field Comments
Materials 21
Materials
Field Comments
YM_LC Load curve defining Young’s modulus Vs. Temperatures.
PR_LC Load curve defining Poisson’s raito Vs. Temperatures.
A_LC Load curve defining the coefficent of thermal expansion Vs. Temperatures.
SIGY_LC Load curve defining Yield stressVs. Temperatures.
V_LC Load curve defining the plastic hardening modulus Vs. Temperatures.
See Also:
MAT_ISOTROPIC_ELASTIC_PLASTIC
Defines an isotropic plasticity material with isotropic hardening. This is a very low cost plasticity model,
suitable for 3D solids and plane stress elements. If used in shell elements, this material model leads to
inaccurate shell thickness updates and stresses after yielding.
Field Contents
Name Unique name identifying the material model.
Fields:
RO Mass density.
G Shear modulus.
SIGY Yield Stress.
ETAN Plastic hardening modulus
BULK Bulk modulus
22
Materials
Remarks:
1. In the plane stress implementation for shell elements, a one-step radial return approach is used to
scale the Cauchy stress tensor if the state of stress exceeds the yield surface.
See Also:
MAT_LOW_DENSITY_FOAM
This material is used to model highly compressible low density foams. Its main applications are for seat
cushions and padding on the Side Impact Dummies (SID). Optionally, a tension cut-off failure can be
defined.
Field Contents
Fields:
RO Mass density.
E Young’s modulus
LCID Load Curve Id for nominal stress versus strain
TC Tension cut-off stress
HU Hysteric unloading factor (between 0 and 1). Default is 1 (no energy
dissipation)
BETA Decay constant (β) for creep in unloading
Materials 23
Materials
Field Contents
DAMP Viscous damping coefficient (0.05< recommended value < 0.50) to model
damping effects.
LT. 0: the absolute value of DAMP is used as the load curve which defines the
damping coefficient as a function of the maximum strain in compression εmax
(see Remark 1). In tension, the damping constant is set to the value
corresponding to the strain at 0.
SHAPE Shape factor for unloading. Active for non-zero values of the Hysteric
unloading factor (HU)
FAIL Failure option, after cut-off stress reached.
= 0, Tensile stress remains at cut-off value
= 1, Tensile stress is reset to zero

BVFLAG Bulk viscosity activation flag
= 0, No bulk viscosity (recommended, default)
= 1, Bulk viscosity active

ED Young’s relaxation modulus Ed (optional), for rate effects.
BETA1 Optional Decay constant β1
KCON Stiffness coefficient for contact interface stiffness. If undefined, the maximum
slope in the stress vs. strain curve is used.
REF Use Reference geometry to initialize the stress tensor. The reference geometry
is defined by the keyword: *INITIAL_FOAM_REFERENCE_GEOMETRY.
= 0, Off
= 1, On
Remarks:
The compressive behavior is illustrated in Figure 1 where hysteresis on unloading is shown. This
behavior under uniaxial loading is assumed not to significantly couple in the transverse directions. In
tension the material behaves in a linear fashion until tearing occurs. Although the implementation may
be somewhat unusual, it was motivated by Storakers (1986).
The model uses tabulated input data for the loading curve where the nominal stresses are defined as a
function of the elongations, εi , which are defined in terms of the principal stretches, λ i , as:
εi = λi – 1
24
Materials
The stretch ratios are found by solving for the eigenvalues of the left stretch tensor, V ij , which is obtained
via a polar decomposition of the deformation gradient matrix, F ij . Recall that,
F ij = R ik Ukj = V ik Rkj
The update of Vij follows the numerically stable approach of (Taylor and Flanagan 1989). After solving
for the principal stretches, we compute the elongations and, if the elongations are compressive, the
corresponding values of the nominal stresses, τi are interpolated. If the elongations are tensile, the
nominal stresses are given by
τ i = Eε i
and the Cauchy stresses in the principal system become
τi
σ i = ----------
λ i λk
The stresses can now be transformed back into the global system for the nodal force calculations.
Additional Remarks:
1. When hysteretic unloading is used the reloading will follow the unloading curve if the decay
constant, β , is set to zero. If β is nonzero the decay to the original loading curve is governed by
the expression:
– βt
1. – e
2. The bulk viscosity, which generates a rate dependent pressure, may cause an unexpected
volumetric response and, consequently, it is optional with this model.
3. The hysteretic unloading factor results in the unloading curve to lie beneath the loading curve as
shown below. This unloading provide energy dissipation which is reasonable in certain kinds of
foam.
4. Note that since this material has no effective plastic strain, the internal energy per initial volume
is written into the output databases.
5. Rate effects are accounted for through linear viscoelasticity by a convolution integral of the form
t ∂ε kl
0 ijkl
r
σ ij = g ( t – τ ) --------- dτ
∂τ
where g ijkl ( t – τ ) is the relaxation function.
The stress tensor augments the stresses determined from the foam. Consequently, the final stress,
σ ij is taken as the summation of the two contributions:
f r
σ ij = σ ij + σ ij
Materials 25
Materials
Since we wish to include only simple rate effects, the relaxation function is represented by one
term from the Prony series:
N
– βt
g ( t ) = α0 +  am e
m=1
given by,
–β1 t
g ( t ) = Ed e
This model is effectively a Maxwell fluid which consists of a damper and spring in series. We
characterize this in the input by a Young's modulus, Ed , and decay constant, β 1 .The formulation
is performed in the local system of principal stretches where only the principal values of stress are
computed and triaxial coupling is avoided. Consequently, the one-dimensional nature of this foam
material is unaffected by this addition of rate effects. The addition of rate effects necessitates
twelve additional history variables per integration point. The cost and memory overhead of this
model comes primarily from the need to “remember” the local system of principal stretches.
Figure 1 Behavior of the Low Density Urethane Foam Model
6. The time step size is based on the current density and the maximum of the instantaneous loading
slope, E, and ECON. If ECON is undefined the maximum slope in the loading curve is used
instead.
See Also:
26
Materials
MAT_MOONEY_RIVLIN_RUBBER
This LS-DYNA material is used to define material properties for a two-parameter material model for
rubber.
Field Contents
Fields:
PR Poisson’s ratio.
RO Mass density.
A Mooney Rivlin Constant, A
B Mooney Rivlin Constant, B
=0, Off
= 1, On
SGL Specimen Gauge length, l0
SW Specimen width
ST Specimen thickness
LCID Load Curve Id defining the force versus actual length change (ΔL) in the
gauge length.
Remarks:
The strain energy density function is defined as:
–2 2
W = A ( I – 3 ) + B ( II – 3 ) + C ( III – 1 ) + D ( III – 1 )
Materials 27
Materials
C = 0.5A + B
D = A(5ν - 2) + B(11ν -5)/(2(1 - 2ν))
ν = Poisson’s ratio
2(A + B) = Shear modulus of linear elasticity
I, II, III are the three invariants of the Cauchy-Green Tensor
The load curve definition that provides the uniaxial data should give the change in gauge length, Δ L ,
versus the corresponding force. In compression both the force and the change in gauge length must be
specified as negative values. In tension the force and change in gauge length should be input as positive
values. The principal stretch ratio in the uniaxial direction, λ 1 , is then given by
L 0 + ΔL
λ 1 = ------------------
-
L0
with L0 being the initial length and L being the actual length.
Alternatively, the stress versus strain curve can also be input by setting the gauge length, thickness, and
width to unity (1.0) and defining the engineering strain in place of the change in gauge length and the
nominal (engineering) stress in place of the force (Figure 2).
28
Materials
Figure 2 Uniaxial Specimen for Experimental Data
The least square fit to the experimental data is performed during the initialization phase and is a
comparison between the fit and the actual input is provided in the printed file. It is a good idea to visually
check to make sure that it is acceptable. The coefficients A and B are also printed in the Dyna output file.
The stress versus strain curve can used instead of the force versus the change in the gauge length by
setting the gauge length, thickness, and width to unity (1.0) and defining the engineering strain in place
of the change in gauge length and the nominal (engineering) stress in place of the force (Figure 3).
Figure 3 Experimental Data from Uniaxial Specimen
See Also:
Materials 29
Materials
MAT_NONLOCAL
Defines failure criterion to be dependent on the state of the material within a radius of influence which
surrounds the integration point. With this failure model, the mesh size sensitivity of failure is greatly
reduced, giving better convergence to a unique solution as the mesh is refined.
Field Comments
MID Non local Material identification number (Integer > 0)
PID Part Id for non local material
P Exponent of weighting function. A typical value might be 8., depending on
the choice of the value for L.
Q Exponent of weighting function. A typical value might be 2.
L Characteristic length. This length should span a few elements
NFREQ Number of time steps before updating neighbors. Since the nearest
neighbor search can add significant computational time, NFREQ should be
set to value of 10 to 100.
NL1,,, NL8 History variable Ids for non local treatment
XC1, YC1, ZC1 Coordinate of point on symmetry plane
XC2, YC2, ZC2 Coordinate of a point along the normal vector
See Also:
30
Materials
MAT_ORTHOTROPIC_ELASTIC
This LS_Dyna material model (002) is an orthotropic elastic material available for solids, shells, and
thick shells.
Field Contents
RO Mass density.
EA Young’s modulus in a-direction
EB Young’s modulus in b-direction
EC Young’s modulus in c-direction
PRBA Poisson’s ratio (νba)
PRCA Poisson’s ratio (νca)
PRCB Poisson’s ratio (νcb)
GAB Shear modulus (Gab)
GBC Shear modulus (Gbc)
GCA Shear modulus (Gca)
AOPT Material axis option
G Shear modulus for frequency dependent damping
SIGF Limit stress for frequency independent frictional damping
XP, YP, ZP Coordinates for point P (for AOPT= 1 and 4)
Materials 31
Materials
Field Contents
A1, A2, A3 Components of a vector a (for AOPT=2)
D1, D2, D3 Components of a vector d (for AOPT=2)
V1, V2, V3 Components of a vector v (for AOPT= 3 and 4)
BETA Material angle in degrees (for AOPT= 3)
Remarks:
The material law that relates stresses to strains is defined as:
T
C = T CL T
˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
where T is a transformation matrix, and C L is the constitutive matrix defined in terms of the material
˜ ˜
constants of the orthogonal material axes, a , b , and c . The inverse of CL for the orthotropic case is
˜
defined as:
1- ν ba ν ca
----- – -------- – ------- 0 0 0
Ea Eb Ec
ν ab 1 ν cb
– -------- ------ – ------- 0 0 0
Ea Eb Ec
νac ν bc 1
–1
– ------- – ------- ----- 0 0 0
CL = Ea Eb Ec
˜
1-
--------
0 0 0 0 0
G ab
1
0 0 0 0 --------- 0
G bc
1
0 0 0 0 0 ---------
G ca
ν ab ν ba ν ca ν ac ν cb ν bc
Note that -, ------- = -------
-------- = ------- , ------- = -------
Ea Eb Ec E a Ec Eb
32
Materials
The frequency independent damping is obtained by having a spring and slider in series as shown in the
following sketch:
σ fric
This option applies only to orthotropic solid elements and affects only the deviatoric stresses.
See Also:
MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY
Defines elasto-plastic material with an arbitrary stress versus strain curve and arbitrary strain rate
dependency. Also, failure based on a plastic strain or a minimum time step size can be defined.
Field Contents
Fields:
E Young’s modulus. (Real > 0.0 or blank)
RO Mass density.
SIGY Yield Stress.
ETAN Tangent modulus (ignored if LCSS.GT. 0 is defined)
Materials 33
Materials
Field Contents
FAIL Failure Flag
LT. 0: User defined failure subroutine is called to determine failure
EQ. 0.0: Failure not considered
GT. 0.0: Plastic strain to failure. When the plastic strain reaches this value, the
element is deleted from the calculation.
TDEL Minimum time step size for automatic element deletion
C Strain rate parameter, C
P Strain rate parameter, P
LCSS Load Curve Id or Table Id defining effective stress versus effective plastic
strain. The tableId defined for each strain rate a value of load curve Id giving
the stress versus effective plastic strain for that rate.
LCSR Load Curve Id defining strain rate scaling effect on yield stress
VP Formulation for rate effects
=-1, Cowper-Symnods with deviatoric strain rate rather than total
= 0, Scale yield stress
= 1, Viscoplastic formulation
Remarks:
The stress strain behavior may be treated by a bilinear stress strain curve by defining the tangent modulus,
ETAN. The most general approach is to use the table definition (LCSS) discussed below.
Three options to account for strain rate effects are possible.
1. Strain rate may be accounted for using the Cowper and Symonds model which scales the yield
stress with the factor
ε 1⁄p
·
1 +  ----
C
where, ε· is the strain rate
· · ·
ε = ε ij ε ij
If VP=-1, the deviatoric strain rates are used instead.
If the viscoplastic option is active, VP=1.0, and if SIGY is > 0 then the dynamic yield stress is
computed from the sum of the static stress,
34
Materials
s p
σ y ( ε eff )
which is typically given by a load curve ID, and the initial yield stress, SIGY, multiplied by the
Cowper-Symonds rate term as follows:
1⁄p
 ε· eff
p
p ·p s p
σ y ( ε eff, ε eff ) = σ y ( ε eff ) + SIGY ⋅  -------
 C
where the plastic strain rate is used. If SIGY=0, the following equation is used instead where the
static stress
s p
σ y ( ε eff )
must be defined by a load curve:
1⁄p
 ε· eff
p
p ·p s p
σ y ( ε eff, ε eff ) = σ y ( ε eff ) 1 +  -------
 C
This latter equation is always used if the viscoplastic option is off.
2. For complete generality a load curve (LCSR) to scale the yield stress may be input instead. In this
curve the scale factor versus strain rate is defined.
3. If different stress versus strain curves can be provided for various strain rates, the option using the
reference to a table (LCSS) can be used. See figure below.
Materials 35
Materials
Figure 4 Rate effects may be accounted for by defining a table of curves. If a table
Id is specified a curve Id is given for each strain rate. Intermediate values
are found by interpolating between curves. Effective plastic strain versus
yield stress is expected. If the strain rate values fall out of range,
extrapolation is not used; rather, either the first or last curve determines
the yield stress depending on whether the rate is low or high,
respectively.
4. A fully viscoplastic formulation is optional (variable VP) which incorporates the different options
above within the yield surface. An additional cost is incurred over the simple scaling but the
improvement in results can be dramatic.
See Also:
36
Materials
MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC
Defines elasto-plastic material with isotropic and kinematic hardening with or without rate effects.
Field Contents
Fields:
RO Mass density.
SIGY Yield Stress.
ETAN Tangent modulus
BETA Hardening parameter
= 0: Kinematic hardening
= 1: Isotropic hardening
1 < BETA > 0: Combined hardening

SRC Strain rate parameter, C, for Cowper Symonds strain rate model. If zero, rate
effects are ignored.
SRP Strain rate parameter, P, for Cowper Symonds strain rate model. If zero, rate
effects are ignored.
FS Failure strain for eroding elements
VP Formulation for rate effects:
= 0, Scale yield stress (default)
Materials 37
Materials
Remarks:
Figure 5 Elastic-plastic behavior with kinematic and isotropic hardening where l0 and l
are respectively undeformed and deformed lengths of uniaxial tension
specimen, and Et is the slope of the bilinear stress vs. strain curve.
Strain rate may be accounted for using the Cowper and Symonds model which scales the yield stress with
the factor
·
ε 1⁄p
1 +  ----
C
where, ε· is the strain rate
38
Materials
· · ·
ε = ε ij ε ij
A fully viscoplastic formulation is optional which incorporates the Cowper and Symonds formulation
within the yield surface. Although an additional computational cost is incurred, the improvement in the
results can be substantial. To ignore strain rate effects, set both SRC and SRP to zero.
See Also:
MAT_POWER_LAW_PLASTICITY
Defines an isotropic plasticity material model with rate effects which uses a power law for hardening.
Field Contents
Fields:
RO Mass density.
K Strength coefficient
N Hardening exponent
SRC Strain rate parameter, C. If zero, rate effects are ignored.
SRP Strain rate parameter, P. If zero, rate effects are ignored.
Materials 39
Materials
Field Contents
SIGY Yield Stress (optional). Generally this parameter is not necessary (See
Remarks)
VP Formulation for rate effects:
= 0, Scale yield stress (default)
Remarks:
The yield stress, σy is a function of plastic strain, and obeys the following equation:
σ y = k ε n = k ( ε yp + ε p )
n
where, ε· yp is the strain rate to yield, and ε p is the effective plastic strain (logarithmic).
The parameter SIGY governs how the strain to yield is identified. If SIGY is set to zero, the strain to yield
is found by solving for the intersection of the linear elastic loading with the strain hardening equation:
σ = Eε
σ =kεn
which gives the elastic strain at yield as:
 1 
E  n −1 
ε yp =  
k
If SIGY is set to nonzero, and greater than 0.02 then:
1 
 σ   n 
ε yp = y 
 k 
40
Materials
Strain rate is accounted for using the Cowper-Symonds model which scales the yield stress with the
following factor:
1
 ε 
P
1+ 
C 
where ε· is the strain rate. A fully viscoplastic formulation is optional with this model which incorporates
the Cowper-Symonds formulation within the yield surface. Although an additional cost
is incurred, the improvement in results can be substantial.
See Also:
MAT_RIGID
This material model is used to model parts made from rigid materials. Also, the coupling of a rigid body
with MADYMO, and CAL3D can be defined via this material. Alternatively, a VDA surface can be
attached as surface to model the geometry, e.g., for the tooling in metal-forming applications. Also,
global and local constraints on the mass center can be optionally defined. Optionally, a local
consideration for output and user-defined airbag sensors can be chosen.
Field Contents
Materials 41
Materials
Field Contents
RO Mass density
N MADYMO3D coupling flag.
COUPLE Coupling Option
ALIAS VDA Surface alias Name
CMO Center of mass constraint option
=1, Constraints applied in global directions
=0, No constraints
=-1, Constraints applied in local directions

CON1 First constraint parameter
=0, No constraints
=1, Constrained x displacement
=2, Constrained y displacement
=3, Constrained z displacement
=4, Constrained x and y displacements
=5, Constrained y and z displacements
=6, Constrained z and x displacements
=7, Constrained x, y, and z displacements

42
Materials
Field Contents
CON2 Second constraint parameter
=0, No constraints
=1, Constrained x rotation
=2, Constrained y rotation
=3, Constrained z rotation
=4, Constrained x and y rotations
=5, Constrained y and z rotations
=6, Constrained z and x rotations
=7, Constrained x, y, and z rotations

LCO Local coordinate system for output
A1-V3 The components of two vectors a and v fixed in the rigid body for output.
Remarks:
1. A rigid material provides a convenient way of turning one or more parts comprised of beams,
shells, or solid elements into a rigid body. Approximating a deformable body as rigid is a
preferred modeling technique in many real world applications. For example, an engine block in a
car crash simulation can be treated as rigid. Elements belonging to a rigid material are bypassed
in the element processing and no storage is allocated for storing history variables. Consequently,
using a rigid material is very cost efficient.
2. The inertial properties are calculated from the geometry of the constituent elements and the
density RO as specified on the MAT_RIGID.
3. The initial velocity of a rigid material is calculated from the initial velocity of the constituent
grids.
4. A rigid body can be made up of disjoint meshes. All elements that are part of a rigid body will
move together as one rigid, even if they are disjoint.
5. Motion control for a rigid material can be defined using the BOUNDARY_SPC entry. The SPC
must be applied to one grid point only.
6. Load control for a rigid material can be defined using the FORCE and MOMENT entries. These
loads can be applied to any grid point that belongs to the rigid body. The forces and moments
acting on the grid points will be accumulated and applied to the rigid body.
7. If no constraints are specified for the rigid material (CMO=0) the nodes belonging to the rigid
material are scanned to determine constraints of the rigid material in global directions. If
constraints are specified for the rigid material (CMO equal to +1 or –1), the nodes belonging to
the rigid material are not scanned
Materials 43
Materials
8. Constraint directions for rigid materials (CMO equal to +1 or –1) are fixed, that is, not updated,
with time.
See Also:
MAT_SEATBELT
This material model is used to define the stretch characteristics and mass properties for seat belts.
Field Comments
MPUL Mass per unit length
LLCID Load curve Id for loading (Force vs. engineering strain)
ULCID Load curve Id for unloading (Force vs. engineering strain)
LMIN Minimum length for elements connected to slip rings and retractors
Remarks:
1. The Load curves for loading and unloading should start at the origin (0, 0), and contain positive
force and strain values only. The belt material is tension only, with zero forces being calculated
whenever the strain becomes negative (compressive). The first nonzero point on the loading curve
defines the initial yield point of the material. On unloading, the unloading curve is shifted along
the strain axis until it crosses the loading curve at the yield point from which unloading starts. If
the initial yield has not yet exceeded, or the origin of the (shifted) unloading curve is at negative
strain, the original loading curve will be used for both loading and unloading. If the strain is less
than the strain at the origin of the unloading curve, the belt is slack, and no force is generated.
Otherwise, forces will be determined by the unloading curve for unloading, and reloading until
the strain again exceeds yield after which the loading curve will again be used.
44
Materials
2. A small amount of damping is automatically included, to reduce high frequency oscillation. The
damping force, D opposes the relative motion of the nodes, and is limited by stability:
D = (0.1 X Mass X Relative velocity)/(Time step size)
The magnitude of the damping force is limited to one-tenth of the force calculated from the force
vs. strain relationship, and is zero when the belt is slack. Damping forces are not applied to
elements attached to slip rings and retractors.
See Also:
MAT_SOIL_AND_FOAM
This simple material model works similar to fluid. It should be used only in situations when soils and
foams are confined within a structure or when geometric boundaries are present.
Field Comments
G Shear modulus
BULK Bulk modulus for unloading
A0, A1, A2 Yield function constants
PC Pressure cut off for tensile fracture
VCR Volumetric crushing option:
0.0: on,
1.0: loading and unloading paths are the same

Materials 45
Materials
Field Comments
REF use reference geometry to initialize the pressure
LCID Load curve Id defining pressure vs. volumetric strain
Remarks:
1. Pressure is positive in compression
2. Volumetric strain is given by the natural log of the relative volume and is negative in compression
3. Relative volume is the ratio of current volume to the initial volume at the start of the calculation
4. If the pressure drops below the cutoff value specified, it is reset to that value
See Also:
MAT_VISCOELASTIC
This material model is used to define viscoelastic behavior for beams (Hughes-Liu), shells, and solids
Field Comments
BULK Bulk modulus for unloading
G0 Short time shear modulus
GI long time (Infinite) Shear modulus
BETA Decay constant
Remarks:
1. The shear relaxation behavior is described by [Hermann and Peterson, 1968]:
– βt
G ( t ) = GI + ( G0 – GI )e
46
Materials
See Also:
MAT_HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN
This material model is used to input the detonation properties of high explosive materials.
Field Comments
D Detonation Velocity
PCJ Chapman-Jouget pressure
BETA Beta burn flag
0: Beta and programmed burn
1: Beta burn only
2: Programmed burn only

K Bulk Modulus (Beta = 2)
G Shear Modulus (Beta = 2)
SIGY Yield Stress (Beta = 2)
See Also:
Materials 47
Materials
MAT_NULL
The use of this material model allows equations of state without computing deviatoric stresses.
Field Comments
PC Pressure Cutoff
MU Dynamic Viscosity Coefficient
TEROD Relative Volume for Erosion in Tension
CEROD Relative Volume for Erosion in Compression
YM Young’s Modulus (used for null beams and shells only)
PR Poisson’s ratio (used for nul beams and shells only)
See Also:
48
Materials
MAT_ELASTIC_PLASTIC_HYDRO
This material model is used to model an elastic-plastic hydrodynamic material.
Field Comments
G Shear Modulus
SIGY Yield Stress
EH Plastic hardening modulus
PC Pressure Cutoff
FS Failure strain for Erosion
See Also:
Materials 49
Materials
MAT_ELASTIC_PLASTIC_HYDRO_SPALL
This material model is used to model an elastic-plastic hydrodynamic material with spall to represent
splitting, cracking, and failure under tensile loads.
Field Comments
G Shear Modulus
SIGY Yield Stress
EH Plastic hardening modulus
PC Pressure Cutoff
FS Failure strain for Erosion
A1 Linear Pressure Hardening Coefficient
A2 Quadratic Pressure Hardening Coefficient
SPALL Spall Type
See Also:
50
Materials
MAT_STEINBERG
This material model is used to model materials deforming at very high strain rate for use with solid
elements. The yield strength is a function of temperature and pressure.
Field Comments
G0 Basic shear modulus
SIG0 Yield Stress, σ0
BETA Parameter β, used in the equation defining Yield Strength
N Parameter n, used in the equation defininig Yield Strength
GAMA Initial Plastic Strain γi
SIGM σm
B Parameter b, used in the equation defininig Yield Strength
BP Parameter b' , used in the equation defininig Yield Strength
H Parameter h, used in the equation defininig Yield Strength
F Parameter b, used in the equation defininig Yield Strength
A Atomic Weight
TM0 Melting Temperature
Materials 51
Materials
Field Comments
GAM0 Yield Stress equation Parameter, Gama_0
SA Melting Temperature equation Parameter, a
PC Pressure Cutoff
SPALL Spall Type
0: Default set to 2.0
1: P >= PC
2: if σmax >= -PC, element spalls and tension, p < 0, is never allowed
3: P< -PC, element spalls and tension, p < 0, is never allowed

RP Melting Temperature equation parameter, r'
FLAG Set 1 for μ coefficients for the cold compression energy fit
NMN Optional minimum value for μ or η
NMX Optional maximum value for μ or η
ECi Cold Compression Energy coefficients
See Also:
52
Materials
MAT_STEINBERG_LUND
This material model is used to input the properties of a Steinberg and Lund [1999].material model for
including the strain rate effect.
Field Comments
G0 Basic shear modulus
SIG0 Yield Stress, σ0
BETA Parameter β, used in the equation defininig Yield Strength
N Parameter n, used in the equation defininig Yield Strength
GAMA Initial Plastic Strain γi
SIGM σm
B Parameter b, used in the equation defininig Yield Strength
BP Parameter b' , used in the equation defininig Yield Strength
H Parameter h, used in the equation defininig Yield Strength
F Parameter b, used in the equation defininig Yield Strength
Materials 53
Materials
Field Comments
A Atomic Weight
TM0 Melting Temperature
GAM0 Yield Stress equation Parameter, Gama_0
SA Melting Temperature equation Parameter, a
PC Pressure Cutoff
SPALL Spall Type
1: P >= PC

RP Melting Temperature equation parameter, r'
FLAG Set 1 for μ coeeficients for the cold compression energy fit
NMN Optional minimum value for μ or η
NMX Optional maximum value for μ or η
ECi Cold Compression Energy coefficients
UK Activation Energy for rate dependent model
C1 Exponent prefactor in rate dependent model
C2 Coefficient of drag term rate dependent model
YP Peierls stress for rate dependent model
YA Ahtermal yield stress for rate dependent model
YM Work hardening max for rate dependent model
See Also:
54
Materials
MAT_ISOTROPIC_ELASTIC_FAILURE
This material model is used to define the properties of a non-iterative plasticity model with simple plastic
strain failure criteria.
Field Comments
G Shear Modulus
SIGY Yield Stress
ETAN Plastic Hardening Modulus
BULK Bulk Modulus
EPF Plastic Failure Strain
PRF Failure Pressure
REM Element Erosion option
0: Eroded at failure
1: no removal of element, (except if TERM = 1, and element time step size

falls below Δt)
TREM Δt for element removal
0: Δt is not considered
1: yes, if element time step size falls below Δt

Materials 55
Materials
See Also:
MAT_SOIL_AND_FOAM_FAILURE
This material model is used to define the material properties for a soil and foam model. This material
model works similar to fluid, and should be used only in situations when soils and foams are confined
within a structure or when geometric boundaries are present.In this material model, the material loses its
ability to carry tension when the pressure exceeds the failure pressure.
Field Comments
G Shear Modulus
BULK Bulk Modulus for unloading
A0, A1, A2 Plastic Yield Function Constants
PC Pressure Cutoff for Tensile Fracture
VCR Volumetric Crushing Option
0: On
1: Loading and unloading paths are the same

56
Materials
Field Comments
REF Use reference geometry to initialize pressure
0: Off
1:On
LCID Load Curve Id defining pressure vs. volumetric strain
See Also:
MAT_JOHNSON_COOK
The Johnson-Cook material model is a strain and temperature sensitive plasticity model. It is sometimes
used for materials with a large variation in the strain rate, and/or undergoing softening due to plastic
heating.
Field Comments
G Shear Modulus
Materials 57
Materials
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus (for shell elements only)
PR Poisson’s Ratio (for shell elements only)
DTF Minimum Time step for Automatic Shell Element Deletion
VP Formulation for Rate Effects
0: Scale Yield Stress
1: ViscoPlastic Formulation
RATEOP Optional forms of strain-rate term:
.EQ. 0: Log-Linear Johnson-Cook (default)
.EQ. 1: Log-Quadratic Huh-Kang (2 parameters)
.EQ. 2: Exponential Allen-Rule_jones
.EQ. 3: Exponential Cowper-Symonds (2 parameters)

A, B, N, C, M Constants to define the flow stress equation
TM Melt Temperature
TR Room Temperature
EPSO Effective Plastic Strain Rate depends on Time Unit
CP Specific Heat
PC Pressure Cutoff (Pmin< 0.0)
SPALL Spall Type
1: P >= PC

IT Plastic Strain Iteration
0: No Iteration
1: Accurative Iteration Solution

Di Failure Parameters
C2/P Optional strain-rate parameter for Huh-Kang (C2), or Cowper-Symonds
(P) forms.
58
Materials
See Also:
MAT_PSEUDO_TENSOR
This material model is used to define the properties a pseudo-tensor material model. This has been used
to analyze buried steel reinforced concrete structures subjected to impulsive loadings.
Field Comments
G Shear Modulus
PR Poisson’s Ratio
SIGF Tension Cutoff (Maximum Principal Stress at failure)
A0 Cohesion
A1, A2 Pressure Hardening Coefficients
A0F Cohesion for failed material
A1F Pressure hardening coefficient for failed material
B1 Damage Scaling Factor
PER Percent Reinforcement
Materials 59
Materials
Field Comments
ER Young’s Modulus for Reinforcement
PRR Poisson’s Ratio for Reinforcement
SIGY Initial Yield Stress
ETAN Tangent Modulus/Plastic Hardening Modulus
LCP Load Curve Id defining rate sensitivity for principal material
LCR Load Curve Id defining rate sensitivity for reinforcement
LCID Load Curve defining Yield Stress (or scale factor) vs. effective plastic
strains, damages, or pressures
See Also:
MAT_ORIENTED_CRACK
Defines the properties of brittle materials failing due to large tensile stresses.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
SIGY Yield Stress
FS Fracture Stress
PRF Fracture Pressure
60
Materials
See Also:
MAT_STRAIN_RATE_DEPENDENT_PLASTICITY
Defines the properties of a strain rate dependent material.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
1: Viscoplastic Formulation
LC1 Load Curve Id for Yield Stress σ0 vs. effective strain rate
ETAN Tangent Modulus
LC2 Load Curve Id for Young’s Modulus vs. effective strain rate
LC3 Load Curve Id for Tangent Modulus vs. effective strain rate
LC4 Load Curve Id for von Mises stress at failure vs. effective strain rate
TDEL Time Step Size for Automatic Element Deletion (shell elements only)
RDEF Redefinition of failure curve
1: Effective plastic strain
2: Maximum principal stress

Materials 61
Materials
See Also:
MAT_ORTHOTROPIC_THERMAL
Defines the properties of a linear elastic material with temperature dependent orthotropic properties.
Field Comments
EA, EB, EC Young’s Moduli in the A, B and C direction
PRBA, PRCA, PRCB Poisson’s Ratio in the ba, ca and cb directions
GAB, GBC, GCA Shear Moduli in the ab, bc and ca directions
AA, AB, AC Coefficients of Thermal Expansion in the a, b, and c directions
62
Materials
Field Comments
AOPT Material Axes option
0: Locally orthotropic with material axes determined by element nodes 1,

2, and 4. (Node 1 is the local origin, Node 2 is along the local a- axis; Local
c-axis is the cross product of local a-axis, and the vector from node 1 to
node 4; Local b- axis is the cross product of local c- and a- axes.)
1: Locally orthotropic with material axis determined by a point in space,

and the global location of the element center; this is the a- direction. This
option is for solid elements only.
2: Globally orthotropic with material axis determined by3 vectors below.
3: Locally orthotropic with material axis determined by rotating the

material axes about the element normal by an angle, BETA, from a line in
the plane of the element defined by the cross product of the vector v with
the element normal.
4: Locally orthotropic in cylindrical coordinate system with the material

axis determined by a vector v, and an originating point, P, which defines the
center line axis. This option is for solid elements only.
XP X-coordinate of point p for AOPT=1
YP Y-coordinate of point p for AOPT=1
ZP Z-coordinate of point p for AOPT=1
Ai Component of Vector a, for AOPT=2
Vi Component of Vector v, for AOPT=3
Di Component of Vector d, for AOPT=2
BETA Material Angle (Degrees), for AOPT = 3
REF Use Reference Geometry to initialize stress tensor (0 = off; 1 = on)
See Also:
Materials 63
Materials
MAT_COMPOSITE_DAMAGE
Defines the properties of an orthrotropic material with optional brittle failure for composites.
Field Comments
EA, EB, EC Young’s Moduli in the A, B and C direction
KF Bulk Modulus of failed material
64
Materials
Field Comments

node 4; Local b- axis is the cross product of loca c- and a- axes.)


the element normal.

centerline axis. This option is for solid elements only.
BETA Material Angle
SC Shear Strength, ab plane
XT Longitudinal Tensile Strength, a-axis
YT Transverse Tensile Strength, b-axis
YC Transverse Compression Strength, b-axis
ALPH Shear Stress Parameter for nonlinear term (0- 0.5)
SN Normal Tensile Strength (solid elements only)
SYX Transverse Shear Strength (solid elements only)
SZX Transverse Shear Strength (solid elements only)
See Also:
Materials 65
Materials
MAT_TEMPERATURE_DEPENDENT_ORTHOTROPIC
Defines the properties of an orthotropic elastic material with arbitrary temperature dependency.
Field Comments
66
Materials
Field Comments



the element normal.

REF Use Reference Geometry to initialize stress tensor (0 = off; 1 = on)
MACF Material axes change flag for brick element:
=1 No Change; = 2 switch mateial axes a and b
=3 switch material axes a and c ; =4 switch material axes b and c

BETA Material Angle
EA_LC, EB_LC, Load curve defining Young’s Moduli in the a, b and c directions,
EC_LC respecively, vs. Temperature
PRBA_LC Load curve defining Poisson’s Ratios in the ba directionsvs. Temperature
PRCA_LC Load curve defining Poisson’s Ratios in the ca directionsvs. Temperature
PRCB_LC Load curve defining Poisson’s Ratios in the cb directionsvs. Temperature
Materials 67
Materials
Field Comments
AA_LC, AB_LC, Load curves defining Coefficients of Thermal Expansion in the a, b, and c
AC_LC directions, respectively, vs. Temperature
GAB_LC Load curve defining Shear modulus in the ab plane vs. Temperature
GBC_LC Load curve defining Shear modulus in the bc plane vs. Temperature
GCA_LC Load curve defining Shear modulus in the ca plane vs. Temperature
See Also:
MAT_GEOLOGIC_CAP_MODEL
Defines the properties for geomechanical problems or materials like concrete.
Field Comments
BULK Initial Bulk Modulus
G Initial Shear Modulus
ALPHA Failure Envelope Parameter
THETA Failure Envelope Linear coefficient
GAMMA Failure Envelope Exponential coefficient
BETA Failure Envelope Exponent
R Cap, surface axis ratio
68
Materials
Field Comments
D Hardening law exponent
W Hardening law coefficient
X0 Hardening Law Exponent
C Kinematic Hardening Coefficient
N Kinematic Hardening Parameter
PLOT Plotting Flag for LS-Taurus
FTYPE Formulation Flag
1: Soil or concrete
2: Rock
VEC Vectorization Flag
0: Vectorized with a fixed number of iterations
1: Fully Iterative
TOFF Tension Cutoff
See Also:
Materials 69
Materials
MAT_HONEYCOMB
Defines the properties for honeycomb and foam materials with real anisotropic behavior.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
SIGY Yield Stress for fully compacted Honeycomb
VF Relative Volume at which Honeycomb is fully compacted
MU Material Viscosity Coefficient
BULK Bulk Viscosity Flag
0: Bulk Viscosity Not Used
1: Bulk Viscosity Active and MU=0

LCA Load Curve Id for (Sigma_aa vs. either Relative Volume or Volumetric
Strain
LCB Load Curve Id for (Sigma_bb vs. either Relative Volume or Volumetric
Strain (Default LCB = LCA)
70
Materials
Field Comments
LCC Load Curve Id for (Sigma_cc vs. either Relative Volume or Volumetric
Strain (Default LCC = LCA)
LCS Load Curve Id for (shear stress vs. either Relative Volume or Volumetric
Strain (Default LCS = LCA)
LCAB Load Curve Id for (Sigma_ab vs. either Relative Volume or Volumetric
Strain (Default LCAB = LCS)
LCBC Load Curve Id for (Sigma_bc vs. either Relative Volume or Volumetric
Strain (Default LCBC = LCS)
LCCA Load Curve Id for (Sigma_ca vs. either Relative Volume or Volumetric
Strain (Default LCCA = LCS)
LCSR Load Curve Id for strain rate effects defining the scale factor vs. strain rate.
The curves defined above are scaled using this curve.
EAAU, EBBU, ECCU Elastic Moduli in uncompressed configuration in aa, bb, and cc directions
GABU, GBCU, GCAU Shear Moduli in uncompressed configuration in ab, bc, and ca planes



XP x-coordinate of point p, for AOPT = 1
YP y-coordinate of point p, for AOPT = 1
ZP z-coordinate of point p, for AOPT = 1
Ai Component of vector a, for AOPT = 2
Di Component of vector d, for AOPT = 2
TSEF Tensile Strain at Element Failure
SSEF Shear Strain at Element Failure
See Also:
Materials 71
Materials
MAT_RESULTANT_PLASTICITY
Defines a resultant formulation material model, including elastoplastic behavior.for beam and shell
elements,
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
SIGY Yield Stress
ETAN Plastic Hardening Modulus (shell elements only)
See Also:
72
Materials
MAT_FORCE_LIMITED
This material model allows the simulation of plastic hinge formation at the ends of a beam, using a curve
definition (for Belytschko-Schwer beam only).
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
DF Damping Factor
AOPT Axial Load Curve Option
0: Force vs. Strain
1: Force vs. Change in Length

M1, M2,,,,, M8 Applied end moment for force vs. strain/ or change in length curve. A
minimum of one, and a maximum of eight must be defined.
LC1, LC2, ..., LC8 Load Curve Ids applied end moment
Materials 73
Materials
Field Comments
LPSi Load Curve Id for plastic moment vs. rotation about s-axis at node i
SFSi Scale factor, plastic moment vs. rotation about s- axis at node i
YMSi Yield moment about s- axis at node i for interaction calculations
LPTi Load Curve Id for plastic moment vs. rotation about t-axis at node i
SFTi Scale factor, plastic moment vs. rotation about t- axis at node i
YMTi Yield moment about t- axis at node i for interaction calculations
LPR Load Curve Id for plastic torsional moment vs. rotation
SFR Scale factor for plastic torsional moment vs. rotation
YMR Torsional yield moment for interaction calculations
See Also:
MAT_SHAPE_MEMORY
Defines the superplastic response present in shape memory alloys (SMA).
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
SIG_ASS Starting value for the forward phase transformation
74
Materials
Field Comments
SIG_ASF Final value for the forward phase transformation
SIG_SAS Starting value for the reverse phase transformations
SIG_SAF Final value for the reverse phase transformation
EPSL Recoverable strain or maximum residual strain
ALPHA Parameter Measuring the difference between material response in tension
and compression
YMRT Young’s Modulus for Martensite
LC_ASS Load Curve Id for Starting value of forward phase transformation
LC_ASF Load Curve Id for Final value of forward phase transformation
LC_SAS Load Curve Id for Starting value of reverse phase transformations
LC_SAF Load Curve Id for Final value of reverse phase transformation
See Also:
MAT_FRAZER_NASH_RUBBER_MODEL
Defines rubber from uniaxial test data.
Field Comments
Materials 75
Materials
Field Comments
C100, C200, C300, Strain Energy Parameters
C400, C110, C210,
C010, C020
EXIT Exit option of strain limit
0: Stop if limit exceeds
1: Continue even if limit exceeds

EMAX Maximum Strain Limit
EMIN Minimum Strain Limit
REF Use Reference Geometry to initialize stress tensor
0: Off
1: On
SGL Specimen Gauge Length
SW Specimen Width
ST Specimen Thickness
LCID Load Curve Id defining Force vs. Actual Change in gauge Length
See Also:
76
Materials
MAT_LAMINATED_GLASS
Defines layered glass including polymeric layers.
Field Comments
EG Young’s Modulus for Glass
PRG Poisson’s Ratio for Glass
SYG Yield Strength for Glass
ETG Plastic Hardening Modulus for Glass
EFG Plastic Strain at Failure for Glass
EP Young’s Modulus for Polymer
PRP Poisson’s Ratio for Polymer
SYP Yield Strength for Polymer
ETP Plastic Hardening Modulus for Polymer
NUM_RFS Number of Integration Points of Material
F1, F2,, ..., FN Integration Point Material
Fi = 0: glass; Fi = 1: polymer
Materials 77
Materials
See Also:
MAT_BARLAT_ANISOTROPIC_PLASTICITY
Defines the properties of an anisotropic material behavior during forming processes.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
K Strength Coefficient
E0 Strain corresponding to initial yield
N Hardening exponent for yield strength
M Flow potential exponent in Barlat’s model
A, B, C, F, G, H Anisotropic Coefficients in Barlat’s model
LCID Load Curve Id defining effective Stress vs. effective Plastic Strain
78
Materials
Field Comments


3: Locally orthotropic with material axis determined by offsetting the

material axes by an angle, OFFANG, from a line defined by the cross
product of the vector v with the normal to the plane of a shell element, or
mid surface of a brick element.
BETA Offset angle (for AOPT = 3)

See Also:
Materials 79
Materials
MAT_BARLAT_YLD96
Defines the properties of an anisotropic material behavior during forming processes, especially for
aluminum alloys (only for shell elements only).
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
K Strength Coefficient
E0 Strain corresponding to initial yield
N Hardening exponent for yield strength
ESRO εSRO, in power law rate sensitivity
M Exponent, m for strain rate effects
80
Materials
Field Comments
HARD Hardening option
<0: Absolute value defines the Load Curve Id
1:Powerlaw
2: Voce
A Flow Potential Exponent
Ci Equation parameters
AX Equation parameter
AY Equation Parameter
AZ0 Equation Parameter
AZ1 Equation Parameter


3: Locally orthotropic with material axis determined by offsetting the

material axes by an angle, OFFANG, from a line defined by the cross
product of the vector v with the normal to the plane of the element.
OFFANG Offset Angle for AOPT = 3
blank1, blank2, blank3 Blank Fields
See Also:
Materials 81
Materials
MAT_FABRIC
Defines the properties for airbag materials.
Field Comments
EA Young’s Modulus, Longitudinal Direction
EB Young’s Modulus, Transverse Direction
EC Young’s Modulus, Normal Direction
PRBA, PRCA, PRCB Poisson’s Ratio in ba, ca, and cb directions
GAB, GBC, BCA Shear Moduli in ab., bc, and ca directions
82
Materials
Field Comments
CSE Compressive Stress Elimination Option
0: Don’t Eliminate
1: Eliminate
EL Young’s Modulus for Elastic Liner
PRL Poisson’s Ratio for Elastic Liner
LRATIO Ratio of linear thickness to total fabric thickness
DAMP Rayleigh Damping Coefficient



the element normal.
FLC Fabric Leakage coefficient
FAC Fabric Area Coefficient
ELA Effective Leakage Area for blocked fabric
LNRC Liner Compression Flag
0: Off
1:On
Materials 83
Materials
Field Comments
FORM Flag to modify Membrane Formulation for fabric material:
0: default
1: in variant Local Coordinate System
2: Green-Lagrange strain formulation
3: Large Strain with nonorthogonal material angles
4: Large Strainwith nonorthogonal material angles, and nonlinear material

stress strain behavior. Define optional Load Curve Ids.
FVOPT Fabric Venting Option
1: Wang-Nefske formulas for venting, through orifice, with no blockage.
2: Wang-Nefske formulas for venting through orifice, with blockage.
3: Graefe, Krummheurer, and Siejak [1990] Leakage formulas with no

blockage.
4: Graefe, Krummheurer, and Siejak [1990] Leakage formulas with

blockage.
5: Leakage formulas based on flow through a porous media, with no

blockage.
6: Leakage formulas based on flow through a porous media, with blockage.

TSRFAC Tensile Stress Cutoff Reduction factor
BETA Material Angle (Degrees), for AOPT=3
LCA Load Curve Id for Stress vs. Strain along the a- axis
LCB Load Curve Id for Stress vs. Strain along the b- axis
LCAB Load Curve Id for Stress vs. Strain in the ab plane
LCUA Unload/Reload Curve Id for Stress vs. Strain along a- axis
LCUB Unload/Reload Curve Id for Stress vs. Strain along b- axis
LCUAB Unload/Reload Curve Id for Stress vs. Strain in the ab plane
LC_FLC Load Curve Id for Fabric Leakage Coefficient
84
Materials
Field Comments
LC_FAC Load Curve Id for Fabric Area Coefficient
LC_ELA Load Curve Id for Effective Leakage Area for blocked fabric
LC_TSR Load Curve Id for Tensile Stress Cutoff Reduction factor vs. Time
See Also:
MAT_PLASTIC_GREEN-NAGHDI_RATE
This model is available for brick elements only. It is similar to MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC, but uses
the Green-Naghdi Rate formulation for the stress update.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
SIGY Yield Strength
SRC Strain Rate Parameter
SRP Strain Rate Parameter
BETA Hardening Parameter
See Also:
Materials 85
Materials
MAT_3-PARAMETER_BARLAT
This material model is designed for modeling sheets with anisotropic materials under plane stress
conditions.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
HR Hardening Rule
1: Linear
2: Exponential
3: Load Curve
P1, P2 Material Parameters
86
Materials
Field Comments
ITER Iteration Flag
0: Fully iterative
1: Fixed to 3 iterations
M Exponent in Barlat’s yield surface
R00, R45, R90 Lankford Parameters
LCID Load Curve Id for hardening rule
Epsilon_0 ε0 for determining initial yield stress for exponential hardening
SPI Parameter to redefine ε0



the element normal.

See Also:
Materials 87
Materials
MAT_TRANS_ANISO_ELASPLASTIC
Simulates sheet forming processes with anisotropic material. Only transverse anisotropy can be
considered.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
SIGY Yield Stress
R Anisotropic Hardening Parameter
HLCID Load Curve Id for Effective Yield Stress vs. Effective Plastic Strain
See Also:
88
Materials
MAT_TRANS_ANISO_ELASPLASTIC_ECHANGE
considered.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
SIGY Yield Stress
R Anisotropic Hardening Parameter
HLCID Load Curve Id for Effective Yield Stress vs. Effective Plastic Strain
IDSCALE Load curve Id defining the scale factor for Young’s modulus change with
respect to effective strain. Note: if EA, and COE are defined, this curve is
not necessary.
EA, COE Coefficients (EA and ζ) defining Young’s modulus with respect to the
effective strain. Note: if EA, and COE are defined, this curve is not
necessary.
See Also:
Materials 89
Materials
MAT_BLATZ-KO_FOAM
Defines the properties for rubber like foams of polyurethane. It is a simple one parameter model with a
fixed Poisson’s ratio of 0.25.
Field Comments
G Shear Modulus
See Also:
90
Materials
MAT_FLD_TRANSVERSELY_ANISOTROPIC
considered.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
SIGY Yield Stress
R Anisotropic Hardening Modulus
HLCID Load Curve Id defining Effective Yield Stress vs. Effective Plastic Strain
LCIDFLD Load Curve Id defining the Forming Limit Diagram (major vs. minor
strain)
See Also:
Materials 91
Materials
MAT_NONLINEAR_ORTHOTROPIC
Defines an orthotropic nonlinear elastic material based on a finite strain formulation with initial geometry
as the reference. Optional failure and stiffness properties are available.
Field Comments
EAA, EBB, ECC Young’s Modulus in the A, B and C directions
GAB, GBC, GCA Shear Modulus in the ab, bc and ca directions
DT Temperature increment for stress stabilization
TRAMP Time to ramp up to the final temperature
ALPHA Thermal expansion coefficient
LCIDA, LCIDB, LCIDC Load Curve Id for nominal stress vs. nominal strain in the a- , b-, and c-axes
EFAIL Failure Strain
92
Materials
Field Comments
DTFAIL Timestep size criteria for element erosion
CDAMP Damping Coefficient



the element normal.
LCIDAB, LCIDBC, Load Curve Id for nominal shear stress vs. nominal shear strain in the ab,
LCIDCA bc, and ca plane
See Also:
Materials 93
Materials
MAT_BAMMAN
Defines a material with temperature and rate dependent plasticity.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
T Initial Temperature
HC Heat Generation Coefficient
Ci Input parameters
Ai Initial value of state variable i
KAPPA Initial value of internal state variable 6 (κ)
See Also:
94
Materials
MAT_BAMMAN_DAMAGE
Defines a material with temperature and rate dependent plasticity including damage in the modeling.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
Ci Input parameter
Ai Initial value of state variable i
N Exponent in damage evaluation
D0 Initial Damage (porosity)
FS Failure Strain for Erosion
Materials 95
Materials
See Also:
MAT_CLOSED_CELL_FOAM
Defines a low density, closed polyurethane foam for simulating impact limiters in automotive
applications.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
A, B, C Factors a, b, and c for Yield Stress definition
P0 Initial Foam Pressure
PHI Ratio of Foam to Polymer Density
GAMA0 Initial Volumetric Strain
LCID Load Curve Id defining vonMises Stress vs. Volumetric Strain
See Also:
96
Materials
MAT_ENHANCED_COMPOSITE_DAMAGE
Defines the properties of an orthrotropic material with optional brittle failure for composites. This is an
enhanced version of MAT_COMPOSITE_DAMAGE (MAT_022).
Field Comments
EC Young’s Modulus, Normal Direction (NOT used)
PRBA, PRCA, PRCB Poisson’s Ratio in the ba, ca, and cb planes (PRCA, PRCB NOT used)
GAB, GBC, GCA Shear Modulus in the ab, bc, and ca planes
KF Bulk Modulus of failed material (NOT used)
Materials 97
Materials
Field Comments



the element normal.
bl1, bl2, bl3 Blank Fields
Ai Components of Vector a, for AOPT=2
MANGLE Material Angle (Degrees), for AOPT=3
Vi Components of Vector v, for AOPT=3
DFAILM Maximum Strain for matrix straining in tension/compression
DFAILS Maximum shear strain
TFAIL Timestep size criteria for element deletion
ALPH Shear Stress Parameter for NonLinear Term
SOFT Softening Reduction Factor
FBRT Softening of fiber Tensile Strength
YCFAC Reduction Factor for compressive fiber strength, after matrix failure
DFAILT Maximum Strain for fiber in tension
DFAILC Maximum Strain for fiber in compression
EFS Effective Failure Strain
XC Longitudinal Compression Strength
XT Longitudinal Tensile Strength
YC Transverse Compression Strength
YT Transverse Tensile Strength
98
Materials
Field Comments
CRIT Failure Criteria (Material Number)
54: Chang matrix failure criterion
55: Tsai-Wu matrix failure criterion

BETA Weight Factor for Shear term in tensile fiber mode
See Also:
Materials 99
Materials
MAT_LAMINATED_COMPOSITE_FABRIC
Defines a composite material with unidirectional layers, complete laminates and woven fabrics (for shell
elements only).
Field Comments
EC Young’s Modulus, Normal Direction (NOT used)
PRBA Poisson’s Ratio in BA direction
100
Materials
Field Comments
TAU1 Stress limit of first slightly nonlinear part of Shear Stress vs. Shear Strain
curve
GAMMA1 Strain limit of first slightly nonlinear part of Shear Stress vs. Shear Strain
curve
SLIMT1 Factor to determine the minimum Stress Limit after Stress Maximum (fiber
Tension)
SLIMC1 Factor to determine the minimum Stress Limit after Stress Maximum (fiber
Compression)
SLIMS Factor to determine the minimum Stress Limit after Stress Maximum
(Shear)



the element normal.
TSIZE Time step size for Automatic Element Deletion
ERODS Maximum Element Strain for Element Layer Failure
SOFT Softening Reduction Factor in Crash front
FS Failure Surface Type
1: Smooth surface Failure with Quadratic criteria for both fiber and
transverse directions
0: Smooth surface Failure with Quadratic criteria for transverse direction,

with a limiting value in the fiber direction
-1: Faceted Failure surface

Materials 101
Materials
Field Comments
E11C Strain at Longitudinal Compression Strength, a-axis
E11T Strain at Longitudinal Tensile Strength, a-axis
E22C Strain at Transverse Compression Strength, b-axis
E22T Strain at Transverse Tensile Strength, b-axis
GMS Strain at Shear Strength, ab plane
See Also:
102
Materials
MAT_COMPOSITE_FAILURE_SHELL_MODEL
Defines the properties of a composite material with failure properties (for shell elements only).
Field Comments
PRBA, PRCA< PRCB Poisson’s Ratio in ba, ca and cb directions
GAB, GBC, GCA Shear Moduli in ab, bc and ca directions
Materials 103
Materials
Field Comments
AOPT 0: Locally orthotropic with material axes determined by element nodes 1,


the element normal.
MAFLAG Material Axes Flag (NOT active for shells)
XP X-coordinate of point p for AOPT=1 and 4
YP Y-coordinate of point p for AOPT=1 and 4
ZP Z-coordinate of point p for AOPT=1and 4
Vi Component of Vector v, for AOPT=3, and 4
TSIZE Time step size for Automatic Element Deletion
ALP Nonlinear stress parameter
SOFT Softening Reduction Factor in Crashfront
FBRT Softening of fiber Tensile Strength
SR Reduction Factor
SF Softening Factor
See Also:
104
Materials
MAT_COMPOSITE_FAILURE_SOLID_MODEL
Defines the properties of a composite material with failure properties (for solid elements only).
Field Comments
PRBA, PRCA< PRCB Poisson’s Ratio in ba, ca and cb directions
GAB, GBC, GCA Shear Moduli in ab, bc and ca directions
Materials 105
Materials
Field Comments



the element normal.

MAFLAG Material Axes Change Flag
1: Default
2: Switch Axes a and b
3: Switch Axes a and c

XP X-coordinate of point p for AOPT=1 and 4
YP Y-coordinate of point p for AOPT=1 and 4
ZP Z-coordinate of point p for AOPT=1and 4
Vi Component of Vector v, for AOPT=3, and 4
SBA In Plane Shear Strength
SCA Transverse Shear Strength
SCB Transverse Shear Strength
XXC Longitudinal Compression Strength, x-axis
YYC Transverse Compression Strength, b-axis
106
Materials
Field Comments
ZZC Normal Compression Strength, c-axis
XXT Longitudinal Tensile Strength, x-axis
YYT Transverse Tensile Strength, b-axis
ZZT Normal Tensile Strength, c-axis
See Also:
MAT_ELASTIC_WITH_VISCOSITY
Simulates the forming of glass products at high temperatures.
Field Comments
Materials 107
Materials
Field Comments
V0
A, B, C Viscosity coefficients
LCID Load Curve Id defining factor for viscosity vs. temperature
PRi
Ti Temperatures
Vi Corresponding Viscosity coefficients
Ei Corresponding Young’s moduli coefficients
ALPHAi Corresponding thermal expansion coefficients
See Also:
MAT_ELASTIC_WITH_VISCOSITY_CURVE
Simulates the forming of glass products at high temperatures.Load curves are used to represent the
temperature dependence of Poisson’s ratio, Young’s modulus, the coefficient of thermal expansion, and
the viscosity.
Field Comments
V0
108
Materials
Field Comments
A, B, C Viscosity coefficients
LCID Load Curve Id defining factor for viscosity vs. temperature
PR_LC Load curve defining Poisson’s ratio as a function of temperature
YM_LC Load curve defining Young’s modulus as a function of temperature
A_LC Load curve defining the coefficient of thermal expansion as a function of
temperature
V_LC Load curve defining the viscosity as a function of temperature
V_LOG Falg for the form of V_LC. If V_LOg =1, the value specified in V_LC is
the natural logarithm of the viscosity. If V_LOg =0, the value is the
viscosity.
See Also:
MAT_KELVIN-MAXWELL_VISCOELASTIC
A classic Kelvin-Maxwell material model for modeling viscoelastic bodies, like foams.
Field Comments
BULK Bulk Modulus (elastic)
GO Short time Shear Modulus
GI Long time Shear Modulus
DC Maxwell decay constant or Kelvin relaxation constant
Materials 109
Materials
Field Comments
FO Formulation option
0: Maxwell
1: Kelvin
SO Strain output option
0: Maximum principal Strain occurring during the calculation
1: Maximum magnitude of principal Strain occurring during the calculation
2: Maximum Effective Strain occurring during the calculation
See Also:
MAT_VISCOUS_FOAM
A material to represent the Confor Foam on the ribs of EuroSID side impact dummy (valid only for solid
elements under compressive load).
Field Comments
E1 Initial Young’s Modulus
N1 Exponent in power law for Young’s Modulus
V2 Viscous Coefficient
E2 Elastic Modulus for viscosity
110
Materials
Field Comments
N2 Exponent in power law for viscosity
See Also:
MAT_CRUSHABLE_FOAM
A material model for modeling crushable foam with optional damping and tension cutoff.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
LCID Load Curve Id defining Yield Stress vs. Volumetric Strain
TSC Tensile Stress Cutoff
DAMP Rate sensitivity via damping coefficient
See Also:
Materials 111
Materials
MAT_RATE_SENSITIVE_POWERLAW_PLASTICITY
A strain rate sensitive elasto-plastic material model with a power law hardening.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
K Material Constant
M Strain Hardening Coefficient
N Strain Rate Sensitivity Coefficient
E0 Initial Strain Rate
EPSO Factor to Normalize Strain (Time Units)
1: Seconds
1e-006 : Milliseconds
1e-006 : Microseconds
112
Materials
Field Comments
LCID_K Load Curve Id defining material constant K vs. Effective Plastic Strain
LCID_M Load Curve Id defining material constant M vs. Effective Plastic Strain
LCID_N Load Curve Id defining material constant N vs. Effective Plastic Strain
See Also:
MAT_MODIFIED_ZERILLI_ARMSTRONG
A rate and temperature sensitive plasticity material model, sometimes used in ordinance design
calculations.
Field Comments
G Shear Modulus
E0 Factor to normalize strain rate
N Exponent for bcc metal
TROOM Room Temperature
PC Pressure Cutoff
Materials 113
Materials
Field Comments
SPALL Spall Type
1: Minimum Pressure Limit
2: Maximum Principal Stress
3: Minimum Pressure Cutoff

Ci Coefficients for flow stress
EFAIL Failure Strain for Erosion
Bi Coefficients for polynomial representation of temperature dependency of
flow stress yield
Gi Coefficient for defining Heat Capacity and temperature dependency of
Heat Capacity
BULK Bulk Modulus (for shell elements only)
See Also:
114
Materials
MAT_LINEAR_ELASTIC_DISCRETE_BEAM
A material model for linear elastic beams by using six springs each acting along one of its six degrees of
freedom. The two nodes that define the beam can be coincident to give a zero length beam, or offset to
give a finite length beam.
Field Comments
TKR, TKS, TKT Translational Stiffness along local ar-, s-, and t- axes respectively
RKR, RKS, RKT Rotational Stiffness about local r-, s-, and t- axes respectively
TDR, TDS, TDT Translational viscous damping along local r-, s-, and t- axes respectively
RDR, RDS, RDT Rotational viscous damping about local r-, s-, and t- axes respectively
FOR, FOS, FOT Pre-load forces in r-, s- and t-directions repectively (optional)
MOR, MOS, MOT Pre-load moments in r-, s- and t-directions repectively (optional)
See Also:
Materials 115
Materials
MAT_NONLINEAR_ELASTIC_DISCRETE_BEAM
A material model for nonlinear elastic and nonlinear viscous beams by using six springs each acting
along one of its six degrees of freedom. The two nodes that define the beam can be coincident to give a
zero length beam, or offset to give a finite length beam.
Field Comments
LCIDTR, LCIDTS, Load Curve Id defining Translational Force along the r-, s-, and t- axes vs.
LCIDTT Translational Displacement
LCIDRR, LCIDRS, Load Curve Id defining Rotational Moment about the r-, s-, and t- axes vs.
LCIDRT Rotational Displacement
LCIDTDR, LCIDTDS, Load Curve Id defining Translational Damping Force along the r-, s-, and
LCIDTDT t- axes vs. Translational Velocity
LCIDRDR, LCIDRDS, Load Curve Id defining Rotational Damping Force the r-, s-, and t- axes
LCIDRDT axis vs. Rotational Velocity
See Also:
116
Materials
MAT_NONLINEAR_PLASTIC_DISCRETE_BEAM
A a material model for nonlinear elastoplastic, linear viscous behavior of beams by using six springs each
acting along one of its six degrees of freedom. The two nodes that define the beam can be coincident to
give a zero length beam, or offset to give a finite length beam.
Field Comments
TKR, TKS, TKT Translational Stiffness along local r-, s-, and t- axes respectively
RKR, RKS, RKT Rotational Stiffness about local r-, s-, and t- axes respectively
TDR, TDS, TDT Translational viscous damping along local r-, s-, and t- axes respectively
RDR, RDS, RDT Rotational viscous damping about local r-, s-, and t- axes respectively
LCPDR, LCPDS, Load Curve Id for Yield Force vs. Plastic Displacement along local r-, s-,
LCPDT and t- axes respectively
LCPMR, LCPMS, Load Curve Id for Yield Moment vs. Plastic Rotation about local r-, s-, and
LCPMT t- axes respectively
Materials 117
Materials
Field Comments
FFAILR, FAILS, FAILT Failure Parameters corresponding to Force Fr, Fs, Ft
MFAILR, MFAILS, Failure Parameters corresponding to Moment Mr, Ms, Mt
MFAILT
UFAILR, UFAILS, Failure Parameters corresponding to Displacement Ur, Us, Ut
UFAILT
TFAILR, TFAILS, Failure Parameters corresponding to Rotation θr, θs, θt
TFAILT
See Also:
MAT_SID_DAMPER_DISCRETE_BEAM
A material model for side impact dummy, using a damper that is not adequately taken care of by the
nonlinear force versus relative velocity curves.
Field Comments
118
Materials
Field Comments
ST Piston Stroke
D Piston Diameter
R Orifice Radius
H Orifice Controller Position
K Damping Constant
C Discharge Coefficient
C3 Coefficient for fluid inertia term
STF Stiffness Coefficient (piston bottom out)
RHOF Fluid Density
C1 Coefficient of linear velocity term
C2 Coefficient of quadratic velocity term
LCIDF Load Curve Id defining Force vs. Piston Displacement
LCIDD Load Curve Id defining Damping Coefficient vs. Piston Displacement
S0 Initial Displacement
NUM_RFS Number of Orifice Location
ORFLOCi Orifice Location of the i-th orifice, relative to the fix end
ORFRADi Orifice Radius of the i-th orifice
SFi Scale factor on calculated force for the i-th orifice
DCi Linear viscous damping coefficient (after damper bottoms out in tension or
compression) for the i-th orifice
See Also:
Materials 119
Materials
MAT_HYDRAULIC_GAS_DAMPER_DISCRETE_BEAM
A special element that represents a combined hydraulic and gas-filled damper with a variable orifice
coefficient. This material can only be used as a discrete beam element.
Field Comments
C0 Length of Gas Column
N Adiabatic constant
P0 Initial gas Pressure
PA Atmospheric Pressure
AP Piston Cross-Section Area
KH Hydraulic Constant
LCID Load Curve Id Defining Orifice Area vs. Element Deletion
FR Return factor on orifice force
SCLF Scale factor on Force
CLEAR Clearance
See Also:
120
Materials
MAT_CONCRETE_DAMAGE
A material model for analyzing buried steel reinforced concrete structure with impulsive loading.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
SIGF Maximum principal Stress at Failure
A0, A0Y Cohesion and Cohesion for Yield
Materials 121
Materials
Field Comments
A1, A2 Pressure Hardening Coefficients
A1Y, A2Y Pressure Hardening Coefficients for yield limit
A1F, A2F Pressure Hardening Coefficients Failed Material)
B1 Damage Scaling Factor
B2 Damage Scaling Facto for uniaxial tensile path
B3 Damage Scaling Facto for triaxial tensile path
PER Percent Reinforcement
ER Young’s Modulus for Reinforcement
PRR Poisson’s Ration for Reinforcement
ETAN Tangent Modulus/Plastic hardening Modulus
LCP Load Curve Id giving rate sensitivity for principal material
LCR Load Curve Id giving rate sensitivity for reinforcement
LAMBDAi Tabulated Damage functions
ETAi Tabulated Scale Factors
See Also:
122
Materials
MAT_LOW_DENSITY_VISCOUS_FOAM
A material model for low density urethane foam with high compressibility, and with rate sensitivity
characterized by a relaxation curve.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
LCID Load Curve Id for nominal Stress vs. Strain
TC Tension Cutoff Stress
HU Hysteretic Unloading Factor between 0 to 1
BETA Decay constant to model creep in unloading
DAMP Viscous coefficient
SHAPE Shape factor for unloading
FAIL Failure Option after Cutoff Stress
1: Tensile stress remains at cutoff value
2: Tensile stress is reset to zero

Materials 123
Materials
Field Comments
BVFLAG Bulk Viscosity activation Flag
0: No
1: Active
KCON Stiffness coefficient for contact interface stiffness
LCID2 Load Curve Id of relaxation curve
BSTART Fit Parameter
TRAMP Optional ramp time for loading
NV Number of terms in fit
NUM_RFS Number of viscoelastic constants
GI1 Optional relaxation modulus for rate effect
BETAI1 Optional decay constant
0: Off
1: On
See Also:
MAT_ELASTIC_SPRING_DISCRETE_BEAM
A model for elastic springs with damping to be combined and represented with a discrete beam element.
Field Comments
124
Materials
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
K Elastic loading and unloading stiffness
F0 Optional initial force
D Optional viscous damping coefficient
CDF Compressive displacement at failure
TDF Tensile displacement at failure
FLCID Load Curve Id defining Yield Force vs. Deflection for nonlinear behavior
HLCID Load Curve Id defining Force vs. Relative Velocity for nonlinear behavior
Ci Damping Coefficients
DLE Scale factor for time unit
GLCID Load Curve Id defining Scale Factor vs. Deflection for Load Curve Id
(HLCID)
See Also:
MAT_BILKHU/DUBOIS_FOAM
A material model to simulate isotropic crushable foams using uniaxial and triaxial test data.
Field Comments
Materials 125
Materials
Field Comments
YM Young’s Modulus
LCPY Load Curve Id defining Yield Pressure vs. Volumetric Strain
LCUYS Load Curve Id defining uniaxial Yield Stress vs. Volumetric Strain
VC Viscous Damping Coefficient
PC Pressure Cutoff
VPC Variable Pressure Cutoff as a fraction of pressure yield value
TC Tension Cutoff for uniaxial tensile stress
VTC Variable Tension Cutoff as a fraction of uniaxial compressive yield strength
LCRATE Load Curve Id defining Scale Factor for the previous yield curves,
dependent upon the volumetric strain vs. Volumetric plastic Strain
PR Poisson coefficient applying to both elastic and plastic deformations
KCON Stiffness coefficient for contact interface stiffness. If undefined, one third
of Young’s Modulus (YM) is used..
ISFLG Tensile response flag (active only if negative abscissa are present in the
load curve LCUYS).
.EQ. 0: load curve abscissa in tensile region correspond to volumetric

strain.
.EQ. 1: load curve abscissa in tensile region correspond to effective strain.
See Also:
126
Materials
MAT_GENERAL_VISCOELASTIC
A general viscoelastic Maxwell model used for modeling dense continuum rubber and solid explosives.
Field Comments
BULK Elastic Bulk Modulus
PCF Tensile Pressure elimination flag (for solid elements only)
1: yes (Tensile Pressure reset to zero)
0: no (Tensile Pressure NOT reset to zero)

EF Elastic Flag
1: Elastic layer
0: Viscoelastic layer
LCID Load Curve Id for deviatoric behavior
NT Number of terms in shear fit
BSTART Parameter for resetting the exponents in the Relaxation Curve
TRAMP Optional Time ramp for loading
LCIDK Load Curve ID defining the bulk behavior
Materials 127
Materials
Field Comments
NTK Number of terms in bulk
BSTARTK Fit Parameter for bulk
TRAMPK Optional ramp time for bulk loading
NUM_RFS number of viscoelastic constants
GIi Optional shear relaxation modulus for the i-th term
BETAIi Optional shear Decay Constant for the i-th term
KIi Optional bulk Relaxation Modulus for the i-th term
BETAKIi Optional bulk Decay Constant for the i-th term
See Also:
MAT_HYPERELASTIC_RUBBER
A general hyperelastic rubber material model, combined optionally with linear viscoelasticity.
Field Comments
128
Materials
Field Comments
N Constants to solve for
1: Solve for C10, C01
2: Solve for C10, C01, C11, C20, C02
3: Solve for All constants (C10, C01, C11, C20, C02, and C30)
NV Number of Prony series terms in fit
G Shear Modulus
SIGF Limit stress for frequency independent, frictional, Damping
SGL Specimen gauge length
SW Specimen Width
LCID1 Load Curve Id defining Force vs. Actual Change in gauge Length
DATA Type of experimental data
0:Uniaxial
Ci Material Constants
GIi Optional Shear Relaxation Modulus for the i-th term
BETAIi Optional Decay Constants for the i-th term
See Also:
Materials 129
Materials
MAT_OGDEN_RUBBER
An Ogden rubber material model, combined optionally with linear viscoelasticity.
Field Comments
N Order to fit the Ogden model
NV Number of Prony series terms in fit

G Shear Modulus
SIGF Limit stress for frequency independent, frictional, Damping
SGL Specimen gauge length
SW Specimen Width
130
Materials
Field Comments
LCID1 Load Curve Id defining Force vs. Actual Change in Length
DATA Type of experimental data
1:Uniaxial
2:Biaxial
MUi i-th Shear Modulus
ALPHAi i-th Exponent
GIi i-th Optional Shear Relaxation Modulus
BETAIi i-th Optional Decay Constant
See Also:
MAT_SOIL_CONCRETE
An efficient soil and concrete material model.
Field Comments
G Shear Modulus
Materials 131
Materials
Field Comments
K Bulk Modulus
LCPV Load Curve Id defining Pressure vs. Volumetric Strain
LCYP Load Curve Id defining von Mises Stress vs. Pressure
LCFP Load Curve Id defining Plastic Strain at which fracture starts vs. Pressure
LCRP Load Curve Id defining Plastic Strain at which residual strength is released
vs. Pressure
PC Pressure Cutoff
OUT Output option for plastic strain
0: Volumetric
1: Deviatoric
B Residual strength factor after cracking
FAIL Failure flag
0: No
1: Element Erodes when Pressure reached failure pressure
2: No tension in element when Pressure reached failure pressure
See Also:
132
Materials
MAT_HYSTERETIC_SOIL
A nested surface material model with five superimposed layers of elasto-perfectly plastic material, each
with its own elastic moduli and yield values.
Field Comments
K0 Bulk Modulus
P0 Pressure Cutoff
B Exponent for pressure sensitive moduli
A0, A1, A2 Yield Function Constants
DF Damping Factor
RP Reference Pressure
LCID Load Curve Id defining Shear Stress vs. Shear Strain
SCLF Scale Factor o apply on shear stress in LCID
DIL_A Dilation Parameter A
DIL_B Dilation Parameter B
DIL_C Dilation Parameter C
DIL_D Dilation Parameter D
Materials 133
Materials
Field Comments
GAMi Shear Strains (if LCID is zero)
PINIT Pressure sensitivity flag:
.EQ. 0: Use current pressure
.EQ. 1: Use pressure from initial stress state
.EQ. 2: Use initial “plane stress”pressure
.EQ. 3: Use compressive initial vertical stress

TAUi Shear Stresses (if LCID is zero)
See Also:
MAT_RAMBERG_OSGOOD
A simple material model of shear behavior, and can be used for seismic analysis.
Field Comments
GAMY Reference Shear Strain
TAUY Reference Shear Stress
ALPHA Stress coefficient
R Stress exponent
BULK Elastic Bulk Modulus
134
Materials
See Also:
MAT_PLASTICITY_WITH_DAMAGE
An elasto-visco-plastic material with an arbitrary stress versus strain curve and arbitrary strain rate
dependency. Damage, in this model, is considered before rupture occurs.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
SIGY Yield Stress
EPPF Plastic Strain, at which material softening begins
TDEL Minimum time step size for Automatic Element Deletion
C, P Strain Rate Parameters
LCSS Load Curve Id defining Effective Stress vs. Effective Plastic Strain
LCSR Load Curve Id defining Strain Rate Scaling Effect on Yield Stress
EPPFR Plastic Strain at which material ruptures
Materials 135
Materials
Field Comments
LCDM Load Curve Id defining nonlinear damage curve
NUMINT No. of through thickness integration points which must fail before the
element is deleted
See Also:
MAT_PLASTICITY_WITH DAMAGE_ORTHO_RCDC
An elasto-visco-plastic material with an arbitrary stress versus strain curve and arbitrary strain rate
dependency. This includes an orthotropic damage model (only for shell elements).
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
SIGY Yield Stress
EPPF Plastic Strain, at which material softening begins
TDEL Minimum time step size for Automatic Element Deletion
136
Materials
Field Comments
C, P Strain Rate Parameter
LCSS Load Curve Id defining Effective Stress vs. Effective Plastic Strain
EPPFR Plastic Strain at which material ruptures
NUMINT No. of through thickness integration points which must fail before the
element is deleted
ALPHA Parameter α
BETA Parameter β
GAMMA Parameter γ
D0 Parameter D0
B Parameter b
LAMDA Parameter λ
DS Parameter Ds
L Optional characteristic element length for this material.
See Also:
Materials 137
Materials
MAT_FU_CHANG_FOAM
A material such as low and medium density foams, for hysteric unloading behaviors. Rate effects can be
included in this material model.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
ED Young’s Relaxation Modulus for rate effect
FAIL Failure option after Cutoff Stress is reached
0: Tensile Stress Remains at cutoff
1: Tensile Stress Resets to Zero

DAMP Viscous Coefficient
TBID Table Id for nominal Stress vs. Strain
138
Materials
Field Comments
BVFLAG Bulk Viscosity activation Flag
0: No
1: Active
SFLAG Strain Rate Flag
0: True strain
1: Engineering strain
RFLAG Strain Rate evaluation flag
0 : First principal direction
1 : Principal strain rates for each principal direction
2: Volumetric strain rate

TFLAG Tensile Stress Evaluation Flag
0: Linear
1: Input via Load Curves with the tensile response corresponding to

negative values of stress and strain
PVID Load Curve Id defining Pressure vs. Volumetric Strain
SRAF Strain Rate averaging flag
0: Weighted running average
1: Average of the last twelve values

REF User reference geometry to initialize the stress tensor.:
.EQ. 0: OFF
.EQ. 1: ON
HU Hysteric unloading factor between 0 and 1 (default = 1, i.e. no energy
dissipation).
D0, N0, C0, Ni, Ci Material Constants
AIJ, SIJ Material Constants
MINR Minimum strain rate of interest
MAXR Maximum strain rate of interest
SHAPE Shape factor for unloading. Active for nonzero values of the hysteric
unloading factor HU.
Materials 139
Materials
See Also:
MAT_WINFRITH_CONCRETE
A smeared crack, smeared rebar, material model (only for the 8-noded single integration point continuum
element).
Field Comments
TM Tangent Modulus of Concrete
UCS Uniaxial Compression Strength
UTS Uniaxial Tensile Strength
FE Depends on value for RATE
If RATE = 0, FE is Fracture Energy per unit area in opening crack
If RATE = 1, FE is crack width at which crack-normal tensile stress

becomes zero
ASIZE Aggregate size (radius)
E Young’s Modulus for rebar
YS Yield Stress for rebar
140
Materials
Field Comments
EH Hardening Modulus for rebar
UELONG Ultimate elongation before rebar fails
RATE Rate effects Flag
0: Included (MAT_0 84)
1: Turned off (MAT_0 85)

CONM Factor to convert model mass units to kg
CONL Factor to convert model length units to meters (if CONM .GT. 0)
CONT Factor to convert model time units to seconds
LCID Defining Pressure vs. Volumetric Strain
See Also:
Materials 141
Materials
MAT_WINFRITH_CONCRETE_REINFORCEMENT
A rebar reinforcement material model (material type 84). Reinforcement quantity is defined as the ratio
of the cross-sectional area of steel, relative to the cross-sectioanl area of concrete in the element (or
layer).
Field Comments
TM Tangent Modulus of Concrete
UCS Uniaxial Compression Strength
UTS Uniaxial Tensile Strength
FE Depends on value for RATE
If RATE = 0, FE is Fracture Energy per unit area in opening crack
If RATE = 1, FE is crack width at which crack-normal tensile stress

becomes zero
142
Materials
Field Comments
ASIZE Aggregate size (radius)
E Young’s Modulus for rebar
YS Yield Stress for rebar
EH Hardening Modulus for rebar
UELONG Ultimate elongation before rebar fails
RATE Rate effects Flag
0: Included (MAT_0 84)
1: Turned off (MAT_0 85)

CONM Factor to convert model mass units to kg
CONL Factor to convert model length units to meters (if CONM .GT. 0)
CONT Factor to convert model time units to seconds
LCID Defining Pressure vs. Volumetric Strain
EID1 First element Id in group
EID2 Last element Id in group
INC Element increment for genaration
XR X-reinforcement quantity (for bars running parallel to global x-axis)
YR Y-reinforcement quantity (for bars running parallel to global y-axis)
ZR Z-reinforcement quantity (for bars running parallel to global z-axis)
PID Part Id of reinforced elements

AXIS Axis normal to layer:
.EQ. 1: A and B are parallel to global Y and Z, respectively
.EQ. 2 A and B are parallel to global X and Z, respectively
.EQ. 3: A and B are parallel to global X and Y, respectively
COOR Coordinate location of layer (X-coordinate if AXIS = 1, Y-Coordinate if

AXIS = 2, Z-Coordinate if AXIS = 3)
RQA Reinforcement quantity (A)
RQB Reinforcement quantity (B)
Materials 143
Materials
See Also:
MAT_ORTHOTROPIC_VISCOELASTIC
A viscoelastic material model (only for shell elements).
Field Comments
EA Young’s Modulus in Longitudinal Direction
EB Young’s Modulus in Transverse Direction
EC Young’s Modulus in Normal Direction
VF Volume fraction for viscoelastic material
K Elastic Bulk Modulus
G0 Short time Shear Modulus
GINF Long time Shear Modulus
BETA Decay Constant
144
Materials
Field Comments



the element normal.
MANGLE Material Angle (Degrees), for AOPT=3
See Also:
Materials 145
Materials
MAT_CELLULAR_RUBBER
A material model for a cellular rubber with confined air pressure, combined with linear viscoelasticity.
Field Comments
N Order or fit
SW Specimen Width
LCID Load Curve Id defining the Force vs. Actual Change in gauge Length
C10, C01, C11, C20, Material Constants
C02
P0 Initial Air Pressure
PHI Ratio of cellular rubber to rubber density
IVS Initial Volumetric Strain
G Optional shear relaxation modulus, G, for rate effects
BETA Optional Decay Constant
146
Materials
See Also:
MAT_MTS
This MTS material model, developed by Maudlin, Davidson, and Henninger [1990], is used for
applications involving high pressures, large strains, and high strain rates. This model uses dislocation
mechanics and provides an understanding of the plastic deformation process in ductile materials.
Field Comments
SIGA Dislocation interaction with long-range barriers
SIGI Dislocation interaction with interstitial atoms
SIGS Dislocation interaction with solute atoms
SIG0 NOT used
BULK Bulk Modulus (for shell elements)
HF0, HF1, HF2 Dislocation generation material constants
SIGSO Saturation Threshold stress at 0 degrees K
Materials 147
Materials
Field Comments
EDOTSO, EDOTO, Reference Strain rates
EDOTI, EDOTS
BURG Magnitude of Burgers vector
CAPA Material Constant, A
BOLTZ Boltzmann’s constant, k
SM0, SM1, SM2 Shear Modulus Constants
G0, GOI, GOS Normalized activation energies
PINV, QINV, PINVI, Material Constants
QINVI, PINVS.,
QINVS., ALPHA
RHOCPR Product of density and specific heat
TEMPRF Initial Element Temperature
EPSO Factor to normalize strain rate
See Also:
MAT_PLASTICITY_POLYMER
An elasto-plastic material model with arbitrary stress versus strain curve, and arbitrary strain rate
dependency.
Field Comments
148
Materials
Field Comments
LCSS Load Curve Id defining Effective Stress vs. Total Effective Strain
LCSR Load Curve Id defining Strain Rate Scaling effect on Yield Stress
EFTX Failure Flag
0: Failure determined by Maximum tensile strain
1: Failure determined only by tensile strain in local x direction
2: Failure determined only by tensile strain in local y direction

DAMP Stiffness proportional damping ratio
RATEFAC Filtering factor for strain rate effect
LCFAIL Load Curve Id defining variation of Failure strain with Strain rate
See Also:
MAT_ACOUSTIC
Defines the properties of materials used to track low pressure waves in acoustic media, like air or water
(only for acoustic pressure elements).
Field Comments
Materials 149
Materials
Field Comments
C Sound Speed
BETA Damping Factor
CF Cavitation Flag
0: Off
1: On
ATMOS Atmospheric Pressure
GRAV Gravitational Acceleration constant
XP, YP, ZP Coordinates of free surface point
XN, YN, ZN Direction cosines of free surface normal vector
See Also:
150
Materials
MAT_SOFT_TISSUE
Defines a transversely isotropic hyperelastic material that represents biological soft tissue such as
ligaments, tendons, and fascia.
Field Comments
Ci Hyperelastic Coefficients
XK Bulk Modulus
XLAM Stretch ratio at which fibers are straightened
FANG Fiber angle in local shell coordinate system (shell elements only)
XLAMO Initial fiber stretch
FAILSF stretch ratio for ligament fibers at failure (shell elements only). If zero,
failure is not considered.
FAILSM stretch ratio for surrounding matrix material at failure (shell elements only).
If zero, failure is not considered.
Materials 151
Materials
Field Comments
FAILSHR Shear strain at failure of a material point (shell elements only). If zero,
failure is not considered. This failure value is independent of FAILSF and
FAILSM.


AX, AY, AZ Components of first material axis point/vector
BX, BY, BZ Components of second material axis point/vector
LAX, LAY, LAZ Component of fiber orientation vector (Brick elements only)
See Also:
152
Materials
MAT_SOFT_TISSUE_VISCO
A transversely isotropic hyperelastic material model that represents biological soft tissue such as
ligaments, tendons, and fascia. This model has a viscoelastic option activating a six-term Prony series
kernel for the relaxation function.
Field Comments
Ci Hyperelastic Coefficients
XK Bulk Modulus
XLAM Stretch ratio at which fibers are straightened
FANG Fiber angle in local shell coordinate system (shell elements only)
XLAMO Initial fiber stretch
Materials 153
Materials
Field Comments


AX, AY, AZ Components of first material axis point/vector
BX, BY, BZ Components of second material axis point/vector
LAX, LAY, LAZ Component of fiber orientation vector (Brick elements only)
Si Spectral strengths for prony series relaxation kernel
Ti Characteristic time for prony series relaxation kernel
See Also:
MAT_ELASTIC_6DOF_SPRING_DISCRETE_BEAM
A material model for simulating the effects of nonlinear elastic and nonlinear viscous beams using six
springs each acting along one of it six degrees-of-freedom.
Field Comments
TPIDR Part Id governing the Translational motion in the local r direction (If zero,
no force is computed in this direction)
154
Materials
Field Comments
TPIDS Part Id governing the Translational motion in the local s direction (If zero,
TPIDT Part Id governing the Translational motion in the local t direction (If zero,
RPIDR Part Id governing the Rotational motion about the local r direction (If zero,
no moment is computed in this direction)
RPIDS Part Id governing the Rotational motion about the local s direction (If zero,
RPIDT Part Id governing the Rotational motion about the local t direction (If zero,
See Also:
MAT_INELASTIC_SPRING_DISCRETE_BEAM
A material model for elastoplastic springs, with damping to be represented with discrete beam elements.
A yield force versus deflection is used which can vary in tension and compression.
Field Comments
K Elastic Loading/Unloading Stiffness
F0 Optional initial force
D Optional viscous damping coefficient
Materials 155
Materials
Field Comments
CDF Compressive displacement at failure
TDF Tensile Displacement at failure
FLCID Load Curve Id defining Yield Force vs. Plastic Displacement
HLCID Load Curve Id defining Force vs. Relative Velocity
C1, C2 Damping Coefficients
DLE Scale Factor for time unit
GLCID Load Curve Id defining a Scale Factor vs. Deflection for Load Curve Id,
HLCID
See Also:
MAT_INELASTIC_6DOF_SPRING_DISCRETE_BEAM
A material model for nonlinear inelastic and nonlinear viscous beams using six springs each acting along
one of it six degrees-of-freedom.
Field Comments
TPIDR Part Id governing the Translational motion in the local r direction (If zero,
TPIDS Part Id governing the Translational motion in the local s direction (If zero,
TPIDT Part Id governing the Translational motion in the local t direction (If zero,
156
Materials
Field Comments
RPIDR Part Id governing the Rotational motion about the local r direction (If zero,
RPIDS Part Id governing the Rotational motion about the local s direction (If zero,
RPIDT Part Id governing the Rotational motion about the local t direction (If zero,
See Also:
MAT_BRITTLE_DAMAGE
A material model with anisotropic brittle damage characteristics, used mainly for concrete but can be
applied for a variety of brittle materials.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
TLIMIT Tensile Limit
SLIMIT Shear Limit
FTOUGH Fracture Toughness
SRETEN Shear Retention
VISC Viscosity
Materials 157
Materials
Field Comments
FRA_RF Fraction of reinforcement in section
E_RF Young’s Modulus of Reinforcement
YS_RF Yield Stress of Reinforcement
EH_RF Hardening Modulus of Reinforcement
FS_RF Failure Strain of Reinforcement
SIGY Compressive Yield Stress
See Also:
MAT_GENERAL_JOINT_DISCRETE_BEAM
Defines the properties of a general joint constraining any combination of degrees of freedom between
two nodes.
Field Comments
TR Translational Constraint Code along r-axis
0: Free
1:Fixed
158
Materials
Field Comments
TS Translational Constraint Code along s-axis
0: Free
1:Fixed
TT Translational Constraint Code along t-axis
0: Free
1:Fixed
RR Rotational Constraint Code about r-axis
0: Free
1:Fixed
RS Rotational Constraint Code about s-axis
0: Free
1:Fixed
RT Rotational Constraint Code about t-axis
0: Free
1:Fixed
RPST Penalty stiffness scale factor for translational constraints
RPSR Penalty stiffness scale factor for rotational constraints
See Also:
Materials 159
Materials
MAT_SIMPLIFIED_JOHNSON_COOK
A material model used for problems where the strain rates vary over a large range. In this model, thermal
effect and damage are ignored and maximum stress is directly limited since thermal softening is not
available.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
A, B, N, C Parameters used in the Johnson-Cook flow stress equation
PSFAIL Effective Plastic Strain at Failure
SIGMAX Maximum Stress obtained from Work Hardening before rate effects are
added
SIGSAT Saturation Stress
EPSO Effective Plastic Strain rate
See Also:
160
Materials
MAT_SIMPLIFIED_JOHNSON_COOK_ORTHO_DAMAGE
Defines the properties of a material used for problems where the strain rates vary over a large range.
Orthotropic damage is included as a means for treating failure in aluminum panels (only for shell
elements with multiple through thickness integration points).
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
EPPFR Plastic Strain at which the material ruptures
NUMINT No. of through thickness integration points which must fail before element
is deleted
A, B, N, C Parameters used in the Johnson-Cook flow stress equation
PSFAIL Effective Plastic Strain at Failure
SIGMAX Maximum Stress obtained from Work Hardening before rate effects are
added
SIGSAT Saturation Stress
EPSO Effective Plastic Strain rate
Materials 161
Materials
See Also:
MAT_SPOTWELD
A material model for spotweld modeled with beam element type 9, and solid element type 1.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
ET Hardening Modulus
DT Time Step Size for Mass Scaling
TFAIL Failure Time (Ignored if value is zero)
EFAIL Effective Plastic Strain at Failure
NRR Axial force resultant NrrF (or Maximum Axial Stress σrrF) at failure
NRS Force resultant NrsF (or Maximum Shear Stress τF) at failure
NRT Force resultant NrtF at failure
MRR Torsional moment resultant MrrF at failure
MSS Moment resultant MssF at failure
MTT Moment resultant MttF at failure
NF No. of force vectors stored for filtering
162
Materials
See Also:
MAT_SPOTWELD_DAMAGE-FAILURE
A material model used in spotweld, modeled with beam element type 9, and solid element type 1.
Damage parameters are also included in this model.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
ET Hardening Modulus
NRR Axial force resultant NrrF (or Maximum Axial Stress σrrF) at failure
NRS Force resultant NrsF (or Maximum Shear Stress τF) at failure
NRT Force resultant NrtF at failure
MRR Torsional moment resultant MrrF at failure
Materials 163
Materials
Field Comments
MSS Moment resultant MssF at failure
MTT Moment resultant MttF at failure
NF No. of force vectors stored for filtering
RS Rupture Strain
OPT Failure Option
0: Resultant based failure
1: Stress based failure computed from resultant (Toyota)
2: User subroutine to determine failure
3: Notch stress based failure (beam weld only)
4: Stress intensity factor at failure (beam weld only)
5: Structural stress at failure (beam weld only)

FVAL Failure parameter:
.EQ. 3: Notch stress value at failure (σKF)
.EQ. 4: Stress intensity factor value at failure (KeqF)
.EQ. 5: Structural stress value at failure (σSF)
.EQ. 6: Number of cycles that that failure condition must be met to trigger
beam deletion.
.EQ. 9: Number of cycles that that failure condition must be met to trigger
beam deletion.
Note: Values of -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 7 - Not used

TRUE_T True weld thickness. This optional value is available for solid element
failure by OPT = 0, 1, 7, or -2.
BETA Damage model decay rate.
See Also:
MAT_SPOTWELD_DAIMLERCHRYSLER
A material model used in spotweld, modeled with solid element type 1, with type 6 hour glass control.
Special Damage parameters are used in this model.
164
Materials
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
NF Number of failure function evaluations stored for filtering by time
averaging.
RS Rupture Strain
TRUE_T True weld thickness for hexahedron solid weld element.
CON_ID Connection Id of *DEFINE_CONNECTION
See Also:
Materials 165
Materials
MAT_GEPLASTIC_SRATE_2000a
Defines properties for the General Electric’s commercially available thermoplastics subjected to high
strain rates. This model features variation of yield stress dependent upon strain rate, cavitation effects of
rubber modified material, and automatic element deletion for either ductile or brittle materials.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
RATESF Constant in plastic strain rate equation
EDOTO Reference Strain Rate
ALPHA Pressure Sensitive Factor
LCSS Load Curve Id (or Table Id) for post Yield Stress behavior vs. Strain
LCFEPS Load Curve Id for Plastic failure Strain vs. Strain Rate
LCFSIG Load Curve Id for Maximum principal failure Stress vs. Strain Rate
LCE Load Curve Id for Unloading Moduli vs. Plastic Strain
See Also:
166
Materials
MAT_HYPERBOLIC_SIN
Defines properties for modeling materials with temperature and rate dependent plasticity.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
ALPHA, N, A, Q, G Material constitutive constants
EPSO Effective plastic strain rate
See Also:
Materials 167
Materials
MAT_ANISOTROPIC_VISCOPLASTIC
Defines an anisotropic viscoplastic material that is applied to either shell or brick elements. The material
constants may be input directly, or by stress-strain data. If stress-strain data is provided, a least squares
fit will be performed to determine the constants.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
FLAG Flag for material parameters
LCSS Load Curve Id for Effective Stress vs. Effective Plastic Strain
168
Materials
Field Comments
ALPHA α distribution hardening:
=0: Kinematic hardening
= 1: Isotropic hardening
QRi, CRi Isotropic Hardening Parameters
QXi, CXi Kinematic Hardening Parameters
VK, VM Viscous Material Parameters
R00/F R00 for shell, or F for solid
R45/G R45 for shell, or G for solid
R90/H R90 for shell, or H for solid
L, M, N Parameters (for solid elements only



the element normal.

FAIL Failure flag:
.LT. 0: user defined failure subroutine to determine failure.
.EQ. 0: failure is not considered
.GT. 0: Plastic strain to failure. When the plastic strain reaches this value,
the element is deleted from calculation.
Materials 169
Materials
Field Comments
NUMINT Number of integration point which must fail before element is deleted.. If
zero, all points must fail. This option applies to shell elements only.
MACF Material axes change flag:

XP, YP, ZPP Coordinates of point p, for AOPT=1
See Also:
170
Materials
MAT_ANISOTROPIC_PLASTIC
This anisotropic plastic material model is a simplified version of the
MAT_ANISOTROPIC_VISCOPLASTIC model. This model applies to shell elements only.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
LCSS Load Curve Id for effective Stress vs. effective plastic Strain
R00/F R00 for shell or F for solid
R45/G R45 for shell or G for solid
R90/H R90 for shell or H for solid
Materials 171
Materials
Field Comments
S11, S22, S33, S12 Yield Stress in the x, y, z and xy direction, respectively



the element normal.

XP, YP, ZP Coordinates of point p, for AOPT=1
Ai Components of Vector a, for AOPT=2
Vi Components of Vector v, for AOPT=3
Di Components of Vector d, for AOPT=2
See Also:
172
Materials
MAT_DAMAGE_1
Defines properties for a continuum damage mechanics material model which includes anisotropy and
viscoplasticity. This model is applied to shell, thick shell and brick elements.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
LCDM Load Curve Id defining nonlinear damage (for FLAG = -1)
Qi, Ci Isotropic Hardening Parameters
EPSD Damage Threshold, rd
Materials 173
Materials
Field Comments
S Damage Material Constant
EPSR Plastic strain at which material ruptures
DC Critical Damage valueDc
FLAG Flag for Localization
-1: Anisotropic damage
0: No calculation of localization due to damage
1: Flag those elements where local stabilization occurs

VK, VM Viscous Material Parameter
R00/F R00 for shell or F for solid
R45/G R45 for shell or G for solid
R90/H R90 for shell or H for solid
L, M, N Parameters (for solid elements only



the element normal.

XP, YP, ZP Coordinates of point p, for AOPT=1
174
Materials
Field Comments
See Also:
MAT_DAMAGE_2
Defines properties for an elastic viscoplastic material model combined with the continuum damage
mechanics. This model is applied to shell, thick shell and brick elements.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
SIGY Yield Stress
FAIL Failure flag
=0: Failure due to plastic strain not considered
> 0: Plastic strain to failure considered. When the plastic strain reaches this
value, the element is deleted from calculation.
Materials 175
Materials
Field Comments
TDEL Minimum time step for Automatic Element Deletion
LCSS Load Curve Id defining effective Stress vs. effective plastic Strain
EPSD Damage Threshold, rd
S Damage Material Constant
DC Critical Damage valueDc
See Also:
MAT_ELASTIC_VISCOPLASTIC_THERMAL
Defines properties for an elastic viscoplastic material with thermal effects.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
176
Materials
Field Comments
ALPHA Coefficient of thermal expansion
C, P Viscous Material Parameters
LCE Load Curve Id defining Young’s Modulus vs. Temperature
LCPR Load Curve Id defining Poisson’s Ratio vs. Temperature
LCSIGY Load Curve Id defining Initial Yield Stress vs. Temperature
LCR Load Curve Id defining for Parameters QR1 and QR2 vs. Temperature
LCX Load Curve Id defining for Parameters QX1 and QX2 vs. Temperature
LCALPH Load Curve Id defining Coefficient of thermal expansion vs. Temperature
LCC Load Curve Id defining scaling Viscous material parameter C vs.
Temperature
LCP Load Curve Id defining scaling Viscous material parameter P vs.
Temperature
See Also:
Materials 177
Materials
MAT_JOHNSON_HOLMQUIST_CERAMICS
Defines properties for a material used to model ceramics, glass and other brittle materials.
Field Comments
G Shear Modulus
A Intact normalized strength parameter
B Fractured normalized strength parameter
C Strength Parameter (for strain rate dependence)
M Fracture strength parameter (Pressure exponent)
N Intact strength parameter (Pressure exponent)
EPSI Reference Strain Rate
T Maximum Tensile Strength
SFMAX Maximum normalized Fractured Strength
HEL Hugoniot elastic limit
PHEL Pressure component at the at Hugoniot elastic limit
BETA Fraction of elastic energy loss converted to hydrostatic energy
Di Parameters for plastic strain to fracture
K1, K2 First and Second pressure coefficients
178
Materials
Field Comments
K3 Elastic Constant (Note that K1 is the bulk modulus)
FS Failure Criteria
<0: Fails if (p* + t*) is negative (tensile failure)
0: No failure
>0: Fails if strain exceeds FS
See Also:
MAT_JOHNSON_HOLMQUIST_CONCRETE
This material model is used for concrete under high strain rates, large strains and high pressure.
Field Comments
G Shear Modulus
A Normalized Cohesive Strength
B Normalized Pressure Hardening
C Strain rate coefficient
N Pressure Hardening Exponent
Materials 179
Materials
Field Comments
FC Quasi-static uniaxial compressive strength
T Maximum Tensile hydrostatic pressure
EPSO Reference Strain Rate
EFMIN Plastic strain before fracture
SFMAX Maximum Fractured Strength
PC Crushing Pressure
UC Crushing Volumetric Strain
PL Locking Pressure
UL Locking Volumetric Strain
D1, D2 Damage Constants
K1, K2, K3 Pressure Constants
FS Failure Type
See Also:
MAT_FINITE_ELASTIC_STRAIN_PLASTICITY
An elasto-plastic material model with arbitrary stress-strain curve and arbitrary strain rate dependency.
This material model uses a finite strain formulation allowing large elastic strains before yielding.
Field Comments
180
Materials
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
SIGY Yield Stress
FAIL Failure Flag
<0: User defined failure subroutine is called to determine failure
=0: Failure is not considered.
>0: Plastic strain to failure. When plastic strain reaches this value, the
element is deleted from calculation.
LCSR Load Curve Id defining Strain Rate Effect on Yield Stress
See Also:
MAT_LAYERED_LINEAR_PLASTICITY
Defines a layered elastoplastic material with an arbitrary stress-strain curve and arbitrary strain rate
dependency.
Field Comments
Materials 181
Materials
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
SIGY Yield Stress
FAIL Failure Flag
<0: User defined failure subroutine is called to determine failure
=0: Failure is not considered.
>0: Plastic strain to failure. When plastic strain reaches this value, the
element is deleted from calculation.
LCSR Load Curve Id defining Strain Rate Effect on Yield Stress
See Also:
MAT_UNIFIED_CREEP
Defines properties of a material for elastic creep behavior.
Field Comments
182
Materials
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
A Stress Coefficient
N Stress Exponent
M Time Exponent
See Also:
MAT_COMPOSITE_LAYUP
Defines the elastic response of composite layups that have an arbitrary number of layers through the shell
thickness.
Field Comments
EA Young’s Modulus, a Direction
Materials 183
Materials
Field Comments
EB Young’s Modulus, b Direction
EC Young’s Modulus, c Direction



the element normal.

XP, YP, ZP Coordinates of point p for AOPT=1 and 4
Vi Component of Vector v, for AOPT=3 and 4
See Also:
184
Materials
MAT_COMPOSITE_MATRIX
Defines the properties of materials used for the elastic response of composites where pre-integration is
used to compute the extensional, bending, and coupling stiffness coefficients (available only for
Belytschko-Tsay resultant shell formulation).
Field Comments
Cij Coefficient of Stiffness Matrix
Materials 185
Materials
Field Comments



the element normal.

See Also:
186
Materials
MAT_COMPOSITE_DIRECT
Defines properties for a material used for the elastic response of composites where pre-integration is used
to compute the extensional, bending, and coupling stiffness coefficients (available only for Belytschko-
Tsay resultant shell formulation).
Field Comments
Cij Coefficient of Stiffness Matrix
See Also:
Materials 187
Materials
MAT_GENERAL_NONLINEAR_6DOF_DISCRETE_BEAM
Defines the properties of a very general spring and damper. The beam is based on
MAT_SPRING_GENERAL_NONLINEAR option. This model includes additional unloading options.
Field Comments
KT Translational stiffness for unloading option 2.0
KR Rotational Stiffness for unloading option 2.0
UNLDOPT Unloading Option
OFFSET Offset Factor (between 0 and 1)
188
Materials
Field Comments
DAMPF Damping factor for stability
LCIDTR, LCIDTS, Load Curve Id defining Translational Force resultant along r, s, t axes
LCIDTT respectively vs. Translational Displacement.
LCIDRR, LCIDRS, Load Curve Id defining Rotational Moment about r, s, t axes vs. Rotational
LCIDRT Displacement.
LCIDTUR, LCIDTUS, Load Curve Id defining Translational Force resultant along r, s, t axes vs.
LCIDTUT Translational Displacement during unloading
LCIDRUR, LCIDRUS, Load Curve Id defining Rotational Moment about r, s, t axes vs. Rotational
LCIDRUT Displacement during unloading.
LCIDTDR, LCIDTDS, Load Curve Id defining Translational Damping Force along r, s, t axes vs.
LCIDTDT relative Translational Velocity.
LCIDRDR, LCIDRDS, Load Curve Id defining Rotational Damping Moment about r, s, t axes vs.
LCIDRDT relative Rotational Velocity.
LCIDTER, LCIDTES, Load Curve Id defining Translational Damping Force scale factor vs.
LCIDTET relative Displacement along r, s, t axes
LCIDRER, LCIDRES, Load Curve Id defining Rotational Damping Moment scale factor vs.
LCIDRER relative Displacement along r, s, t axes
UTFAILR, UTFAILS, Translational Displacement along r, s, t at failure in Tension
UTFAILT
WTFAILR, WTFAILS, Rotational Displacement about r, s, t at failure in Tension
WTFAILT
UCFAILR, UCFAILS, Translational Displacement along r, s, t at failure in Compression
UCFAILT
WCFAILR, WCFAILS, Rotational Displacement about r, s, t at failure in Compression
WCFAILT
IUR, IUS< IUT Initial Translational Displacement along r, s, t directions
IWR, IWS, IWT Initial Rotational Displacement about r, s, t axes
See Also:
Materials 189
Materials
MAT_GURSON
Defines the material properties for the Gurson dilational plastic material model (available only for shell
elements).
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
SIGY Yield Stress
N Exponent in power law
Q1, Q2 Parameters
FC Critical void volume fraction
F0 Initial void volume fraction
EN Mean nucleation strain
SN Standard deviation SN of the normal distribution of εN
FN Void Volume Fraction of nucleating particles
ETAN Hardening Modulus
190
Materials
Field Comments
ATYP Hardening Type
1: Power Law
2: Linear
3: 8 points curve
FF0 Failure void volume fraction
Li Element Length Value
FFi Corresponding failure void volume fraction
LCSS Load Curve id defining effective Stress vs. effective plastic Strain
LCLF Load Curve Id defining Failure Void Volume Fraction vs. Element Length
NUMINT No of through thickness integration points which must fail before element
is deleted
LCF0 Lod curve Id defining initial void volume fraction f0 vs. element length.
LCFC Lod curve Id defining initial void volume fraction fN vs. element length.
LCFN Lod curve Id defining initial void volume fraction f0 vs. element length.
VGTYP Type of void growth behavior:
.EQ. 0: void growth in tension, and void contraction in compression, but

never below f0 (default).
.EQ. 1: void growth in tension only.
.EQ. 2: void growth in tension, and void contraction in compression, even

below f0.
See Also:
Materials 191
Materials
MAT_GURSON_RCDC
Defines the material properties for the Gurson model with Wilkins Rc-Dc (for shell elements only).
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
SIGY Yield Stress
N Exponent in power law
Q1, Q2 Parameters
FC Critical void volume fraction
F0 Initial void volume fraction
EN Mean nucleation strain
SN Standard deviation SN of the normal distribution of εN
FN Void Volume Fraction of nucleating particles
192
Materials
Field Comments
ETAN Hardening Modulus
ATYP Hardening Type
1: Power Law
2: Linear
3: 8 points curve
FF0 Failure void volume fraction
Li Element Length Value
FFi Corresponding failure void volume fraction
LCSS Load Curve id defining effective Stress vs. effective plastic Strain
LCLF Load Curve Id defining Failure Void Volume Fraction vs. Element Length
NUMINT No of through thickness integration points which must fail before element
is deleted
ALPHA Parameter α for Rc-Dc Model
BETA Parameter β for Rc-Dc Model
GAMMA Parameter γ for Rc-Dc Model
D0 Parameter D0 for Rc-Dc Model
B Parameter b for Rc-Dc Model
LAMBDA Parameter λ for Rc-Dc Model
DS Parameter ds for Rc-Dc Model
L Characteristic element length for Rc-Dc Material
See Also:
Materials 193
Materials
MAT_GENERAL_NONLINEAR_1DOF_DISCRETE_BEAM
Defines the material properties for a very general spring and damper. The beam is based on
MAT_SPRING_GENERAL_NONLINEAR option and is a one dimensional version of
6DOF_DESCRETE_BEAM. This model includes additional unloading options.
Field Comments
K Translational stiffness for unloading option 2
UNLDOPT Unloading option
OFFSET Offset to determine permanent set upon unloading if the UNLDOPT equals
to 3.
DAMPF Damping factor for stability
LCIDT Load Curve Id defining Translational Force along the axis vs. relative
Translational Displacement.
LCIDTU Load Curve Id defining Translational Force along the axis vs. relative
Translational Displacement, during unloading
LCIDTD Load Curve Id defining Translational Damping Force along the local axis
vs. relative Translational Velocity.
LCIDTE Load Curve Id defining Translational Damping Force scale factor along the
local axis vs. relative Displacement.
UTFAIL Translational displacement at failure in tension
194
Materials
Field Comments
UCFAIL Translational displacement at failure in compression
IU Initial translational displacement along the axis
See Also:
MAT_HILL_3R
Defines the properties for the Hill’s planar anisotropic material model with 3 R values.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
Materials 195
Materials
Field Comments
HR Hardening Rule
1: Linear
2: Exponential
3: Load Curve
P1, P2 Material Parameters
R00, R45, R90 Lankford parameters
LCID Load Curve Id for the hardening rule
Epsilon_0 ε0 for determining initial yield stress for exponential hardening
SPI Parameter to redefine ε0



the element normal.
See Also:
196
Materials
MAT_MODIFIED_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY
Defines an elasto-plastic material with an arbitrary stress versus strain curve and arbitrary strain rate
dependency (available only for shell elements).
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
SIGY Yield Stress
FAIL Failure flag
LCSS Load Curve Id defining effective Stress vs. effective plastic Strain
LCSR Load Curve Id defining Strain Rate scaling effect on Yield Stress
EPSTHIN Thinning Plastic Strain at Failure
EPSMAJ Major Plastic Strain at Failure
NUMINT No. of through thickness integration points that must fail before element is
deleted
See Also:
Materials 197
Materials
MAT_PLASTICITY_COMPRESSION_TENSION
Defines an isotropic elastic-plastic material allowing different yield stress versus plastic strain curves in
compression and tension.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
FAIL Failure Flag
LCIDC Load Curve Id defining Yield Stress vs. effective Plastic Strain in
compression
LCIDT Load Curve Id defining Yield Stress vs. effective Plastic Strain in tension
198
Materials
Field Comments
LCSRC Optional load curve Id defining strain rate scaling effect on yield stress
when the material is in compression
LCSRT Optional load curve Id defining strain rate scaling effect on yield stress
when the material is in tension
SRFLAG Formulation for rate effects:
.EQ. 0: Total strain rate ; .EQ. 1: Deviatoric strain rate

LCFAIL Load curve Id defining failure strain vs. strain rate
PC Compressive mean stress (pressure) at which the yield stress follows the
Load Curve ID, LCIDC
PT Tensile mean stress (pressure) at which the yield stress follows the Load
Curve ID, LCIDT
PCUTC Pressure cut-off in compression
PCUTT Pressure cut-off in tension
PCUTF Pressure cut-off flag:
0 = inactive ; 1 = active
K (optional) bulk modulus for the viscoelastic material. If nonzero, a Kelvin
type will be used.
NUM_RFS Number of terms used for shear relaxationmodulus/shear decay constant
GI1 (optional) shear relaxation modulus for the i-th term
BETAI1 (optional) shear decay constant for the i-th term
See Also:
Materials 199
Materials
MAT_MODIFIED_HONEYCOMB
Defines the properties for aluminum honeycomb crushable foam materials with anisotropic behavior.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
SIGY Yield Stress
VF Relative volume at which honeycomb is fully compacted
MU Material viscosity coefficient
BULK Bulk Viscosity Flag
0: Not used
1: Active and MU=0

200
Materials
Field Comments
LCA Load Curve ID, defining:
>0: Stress along a- axis vs. strain along a-axis
<0: Yield stress vs. the angle off the material axis is degrees
LCB Load Curve ID, defining:
>0: Stress along b- axis vs. strain along b-axis
<0: the strong axis stress vs. volumetric strain

LCC Load Curve ID, defining:
>0: Stress along c- axis vs. strain along c-axis
<0: the wreak axis stress vs. volumetric strain

LCS Load Curve ID, defining:
>0: Shear Stress vs. shear strain
<0: the damage curve defining the shear stress multiplier as a function of
the shear strain component
LCAB Load Curve ID, defining:
>0: Shear Stress-ab vs. shear strain-ab
<0: the damage curve defining the shear stress-ab multiplier as a function
of the shear strain-ab
LCBC Load Curve ID, defining:
>0: Shear Stress-bc vs. shear strain-bc
<0: the damage curve defining the shear stress-bc multiplier as a function
of the shear strain-bc
LCCA Load Curve ID, defining:
>0: Shear Stress-ca vs. shear strain-ca
<0: the damage curve defining the shear stress-ca multiplier as a function
of the shear strain-ca
LCSR Load Curve ID of Strain Rate effect scale factor vs. Strain Rate
EAAU, EBBU, ECCU Elastic Moduli in the a-, b-, and c- directions, in uncompressed
configuration
GABU, GBCU, GCAU Shear Moduli in the ab, bc, ca planes in uncompressed configuration
Materials 201
Materials
Field Comments



the element normal.

MSCF Material axes change flag:
1 = no change (default) ; 2 = switch material axes a and b
3 = switch material axes a and c ; 4 = switch material axes b and c

TSEF Tensile Strain at Element Failure
SSEF Shear Strain at Element Failure
VREF Relative volume at which the reference geometry is stored (for solid
elements 1, 2, 3, 4, 10)
202
Materials
Field Comments
TREF Element timestep size at which the reference geometry is stored
SHDFLG Flag defining treatment of damage from curves LCS, LCAB, LCBC, and
LCBC (relevant only if LCA < 0):
.EQ. 0: damage reduces shear stress every time step
.EQ. 1: damage = (shear stress)/(undamaged shear stress)
See Also:
MAT_ARRIBA_BOYCE_RUBBER
Defines the material properties for hyperelastic rubber combined optionally with linear viscoelasticity.
Field Comments
K Bulk Modulus
G Shear Modulus
N Number of statistical links
Materials 203
Materials
Field Comments
LCID Load Curve id defining Relaxation curve for shear
NT Number of Prony series terms in fit
GIi Optional i-th shear Relaxation Modulus i
BETAIi Optional i-th shear Decay Constant
See Also:
MAT_HEART_TISSUE
Defines the material properties for heart tissue as described in the paper by Guccione, McCulloch and
Waldman [1991]. This model is transversely anisotropic.
Field Comments
C, B1, B2, B3 Material Coefficients
204
Materials
Field Comments
P Pressure in muscle tissue



the element normal.


BETA Material Angle (Degrees), for AOPT = 3
See Also:
Materials 205
Materials
MAT_LUNG_TISSUE
Defines the material properties for a hyperelastic material model for heart tissue combined optionally
with linear viscoelasticity.
Field Comments
K Bulk Modulus
C, DELTA, ALPHA, Material Coefficients
BETA, C1, C2
LCID Relaxation curve for shear
NT Number of Prony series terms in fit
GIi Optional i-th shear Relaxation Modulus
BETAIi Optional i-th shear Decay Constant
See Also:
206
Materials
MAT_SPECIAL_ORTHOTROPIC
This material model defines the properties for a material model developed for the Belytschko-Tsay and
the C0 triangle shell elements. It is based on a resultant stress formulation. In plane behavior is treated
separately from bending in order to model perforated materials such as television shadow masks.
Field Comments
YS Yield Stress
EP Plastic Hardening Modulus
EiiP Young’s Modulus (in-plane) in i- direction
NUijP Poisson’s Ratio in plane ij
GijP Shear Modulus in Plane ij
EiiB Young’s Modulus (Bending) in i-direction
NUijB Poisson’s Ratio (Bending) in ij plane
G12B Shear Modulus (Bending) in 12 plane
Materials 207
Materials
Field Comments



the element normal.
blank i Blank Field
BETA Material angle (degrees), for AOPT = 3
See Also:
208
Materials
MAT_MODIFIED_FORCE_LIMITED
This material model is an extension of MAT_FORCE_LIMITED (MAT_029). In addition to plastic
hinge and collapse mechanisms, yield moments may be defined as a function of axial force. The moment
transmitted by the hinge is defined by a moment-plastic rotation relationship.
Materials 209
Materials
210
Materials
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
Materials 211
Materials
Field Comments
DF Damping Factor
AOPT Axial load curve option
0: Force vs. Strain
1: Force vs. change in length

YTFLAG Flag to allow beam to yield
ASOFT Axial elastic softening factor
M1, M2, ..., M8 Applied End Moments
LC1, LC2, ..., LC8 Load Curve Ids corresponding to applied end moments
LPSi Load Curve Id for plastic moment vs. rotation about s-axis at node i
SFSi Scale factor, plastic moment vs. rotation about s- axis at node i
YMSi Yield moment about s- axis at node i for interaction calculations
LPTi Load Curve Id for plastic moment vs. rotation about t-axis at node i
SFTi Scale factor, plastic moment vs. rotation about t- axis at node i
YMTi Yield moment about t- axis at node i for interaction calculations
LPR Load Curve Id for plastic torsional moment vs. rotation
SFR Load Curve Id for Scale factor vs. rotation
YMR Torsional Yield moment for interaction calculation
LYSi Load Curve Id for yield moment vs. axial force along axis s at node i
SYSi Load Curve Id for Scale factor applied to corresponding load curve LYSi
LYTi Load Curve Id for yield moment vs. axial force along axis t at node i
SYTi Load Curve Id for Scale factor applied to corresponding load curve LYTi
LYR Load Curve Id for yield moment vs. axial force for the torsional axis
LYS Load Curve Id for the Scale factor applying to LYR
HMS1_i Hinge moments for s axis at node 1 for hinge i
LPMS1_i Load Curve Id for plastic moment vs. plastic rotation for HMS1_i
HMS2_i Hinge moments for s axis at node 2 for hinge i
LPMS2_i Load Curve Id for plastic moment vs. rotation for HMS2_i
HMT1_i Hinge moments for t axis at node 1 for hinge i
LPMT1_i Load Curve Id for plastic moment vs. rotation for HMT1_i
HMT2_i Hinge moments for t axis at node 2 for hinge i
LPMT2_i Load Curve Id for plastic moment vs. rotation for HMT2_i
212
Materials
Field Comments
HMR_i Hinge moment for the torsional axis for hinge i
LPMR_i Load Curve Id for plastic moment vs. plastic rotation for HMR_i
See Also:
MAT_VACUUM
Defines the properties for a dummy material representing a vacuum in a multi-material Euler/ALE
model.
Field Comments
KW_OPTION Title optional keywords
See Also:
Materials 213
Materials
MAT_RATE_SENSITIVE_POLYMER
Defines the properties for simulating an isotropic ductile polymer with strain rate effects. It uses uniaxial
test data.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
D0 Reference Strain Rate (D0)
N Exponent for inelastic strain rate
Z0 Initial hardness of material (Z0)
q Parameter used in the constitutive equation
Omega Maximum internal stress
See Also:
214
Materials
MAT_TRANSVERSELY_ANISOTROPIC_CRUSHABLE_FOAM
Defines the properties for extruded foam material that is transversely anisotropic, crushable, and of low
density with no significant Poisson effect.
Field Comments
E11, E22 Elastic Moduli in the 1(axial) and 2 (transverse) direction
E12 Elastic shear Modulus in the axial-transverse plane (E12 = E13)
G Shear Modulus
K Bulk Modulus for Contact Stiffness
I11 Load Curve Id for Nominal Axial Stress vs. Volumetric Strain
I22 Load Curve Id for Nominal Transverse Stress vs. Volumetric Strain (I22=
I33)
I12 Load Curve Id for Shear Stress components 12 and 31 vs. Volumetric Strain
(I22= I31)
I23 Load Curve Id for Shear Stress components 23 vs. Volumetric Strain
Materials 215
Materials
Field Comments
IAA Load Curve Id for Nominal stress vs. Volumetric strain at angle, ANG,
relative to the material axis
NY Flag for symmetric yield surface
ANG Angle corresponding to Load Curve Id, IAA
MU Damping factor



ISCL Load Curve Id for the strain rate scale factor vs. volumetric strain rate. The
yield rate is scaled by the value specified by the load curve.
MSCF Material axes change flag:

Vi Components of vector v (for AOPT = 3 or 4)
See Also:
216
Materials
MAT_WOOD
Defines the material properties for a transversely isotropic material (available only for solid elements).
Field Comments
Materials 217
Materials
Field Comments
NPLOT Plotting Option
1: Parallel damage
2: Perpendicular damage
ITER Number of plasticity algorithm iterations
IRATE Rate effects option
0: Turn off
1: Turn on
HARD Perfect plasticity override
IFAIL Erosion perpendicular to the ground
0: No
1: Yes
IVOL Erode on negative volume or strain increments greater than 0.01
=0 No (default) ; =1 Yes
EL Parallel Normal Modulus
ET Perpendicular Normal Modulus
GLT Parallel Shear Modulus (GLT=GLR)
GTR Perpendicular Shear Modulus
XT Parallel Tensile Strength
XC Parallel Compressive Strength
YT Perpendicular Tensile Strength
YC Perpendicular Compressive Strength
SXY Parallel Shear Strength
SYZ Perpendicular Shear Strength
GF1_I Parallel Fracture Energy in Tension
GF2_I Parallel Fracture Energy in Shear
BFIT Parallel softening Parameter
DMAX_I Parallel Maximum Damage
GF1_r Perpendicular Fracture Energy in Tension
GF2_r Perpendicular Fracture Energy in Shear
218
Materials
Field Comments
DFIT Perpendicular Softening Parameter
DMAX_r Perpendicular Maximum Damage
FLPAR Parallel Fluidity Parameter for Tension and Shear
FLPARC Parallel Fluidity Parameter for Compression
POWPAR Parallel Power
FLPER Perpendicular Fluidity Parameter for Tension and Shear
FLPERC Perpendicular Fluidity Parameter for Compression
POWPER Perpendicular Power
NPAR Parallel Hardening initiation
CPAR Parallel Hardening Rate
NPER Perpendicular Hardening initiation
CPER Perpendicular Hardening Rate




BETA Material angle in degrees (for AOP = 3)
Vi Components of vector v( for AOP = 3 and 4)
Materials 219
Materials
See Also:
MAT_WOOD_PINE
This model has default material properties for yellow pine.
Field Comments
1: Parallel damage
220
Materials
Field Comments
0: Turn off
1: Turn on
0: No
1: Yes
MOIS Percentage moisture content
TEMP Temperature
QUAL_T Quality Factor Option in Tension
QUAL_C Quality Factor Option in Compression
UNITS Units Option
0: GPa, mm, msec, Kg/mm3, KN
1: MPa, mm, msec, g/mm3, N
2: MPa, mm, sec, Mg/mm3, N
3:Psi, inch, sec, lb-sec2/inch4, lb.

IQUAL Apply quality factors perpendicular to grain
0: Yes
1: No
Materials 221
Materials
Field Comments




See Also:
222
Materials
MAT_WOOD_FIR
This model has default material properties for Douglas Fir.
Field Comments
1: Parallel damage
0: Turn off
1: Turn on
Materials 223
Materials
Field Comments
0: No
1: Yes
MOIS Percentage moisture content
TEMP Temperature
QUAL_T Quality Factor Option in Tension
QUAL_C Quality Factor Option in Compression
UNITS Units Option
0: GPa, mm, msec, Kg/mm3, KN
1: MPa, mm, msec, g/mm3, N
2: MPa, mm, sec, Mg/mm3, N
3:Psi, inch, sec, lb-sec2/inch4, lb.

IQUAL Apply quality factors perpendicular to grain
0: Yes
1: No




224
Materials
Field Comments
See Also:
MAT_PITZER_CRUSHABLE_FOAM
Defines the properties for a material model that simulates isotropic crushable foams with strain rate
effects. It uses uniaxial and triaxial data.
Field Comments
K Bulk Modulus
G Shear Modulus
TY Tension Yield
SRTV Young’s Modulus
LCPY Load Curve Id defining pressure vs. volumetric strain
Materials 225
Materials
Field Comments
LCUYS Load Curve Id defining uniaxial stress vs. volumetric strain
LCRS Load Curve Id defining Strain rate Scale Factor vs. Volumetric Strain rate
VC Viscous Damping Coefficient
DFLG Density Flag
0:Use Initial Density value
1: Use Current Density value
See Also:
226
Materials
MAT_SCHWER_MURRAY_CAP_MODEL
Defines the material properties for a three invariant extension of MAT_GEOLOGIC_CAP_MODEL
(MAT_025) that also includes viscoplasticity for rate effects and damage mechanics to model strain
softening.
Field Comments
SHEAR Shear Modulus
BULK Bulk Modulus
GRUN Gruneisen Ratio
SHOCK Shock Velocity Parameter
PORE Flag for Pore Collapse
0: Yes
1: Constant Bulk Modulus

Materials 227
Materials
Field Comments
ALPHA, THETA, Shear Failure Parameters
GAMMA, BETA
EFIT, FFIT Dilitation damage mechanics parameters
ALPHAN, CALPHA Kinematic strain hardening parameters
R0 Initial Gap Surface ellipticity, R
X0 Initial Gap Surface J1 (mean stress) axis intercept
IROCK Material Flag
0: Soils (cap can contact)
1: Rock/Concrete
SECP Shear Enhanced Compaction
AFIT, BFIT, RDAM0 Ductile damage mechanics parameters
W, D1, D2 Plastic volume strain parameters
NPLOT History variable post-processed as effective plastic strain
EPSMAX Maximum permitted strain increment
CFIT, DFIT Brittle damage parameters
TFAIL Tensile Failure Stress
FAILFL Failure Flag (failed element)
DBETA, DDELTA Rounded Vertices Parameters
VPTAU Viscoplastic Relaxation time Parameter
ALPHA1 THETA1, Torsional scaling parameters
GAMMA1, BETA1
ALPHA2 THETA2, Triaxial extension scaling parameters
GAMMA2, BETA2
See Also:
228
Materials
MAT_1DOF_GENERALIZED_SPRING
Defines the properties for a linear spring or damper that allows different degrees-of-freedom at two nodes
to be coupled with linear spring and/or damper.
Field Comments
K Spring Stiffness
C Damping Constant
SCLNi Scale Factor on force at node i
DOFNi Active dof at node i
CIDi Local coordinate system Id at node 1 and node 2 respectively
See Also:
Materials 229
Materials
MAT_FHWA_SOIL
Defines the material properties for an isotropic material with damage for solid elements. The model has
a modified Mohr-Coulomb surface for determining pressure dependent peak shear strength.
Field Comments
NPLOT Plotting option
SPGRAV Specific gravity of soil
RHOWAT Density of water
VN, GAMMAR Viscoplastic parameters
ITERMAX Maximum number of plastic iterations
K Bulk Modulus
G Shear Modulus
PHIMAX Peak Shear strength (friction) angle (degrees)
AHYP Coefficient A for modified Drucker-Prager surface
COH Cohesion shear strength at zero confinement (overburden)
ECCEN Eccentricity parameter
AN Strain hardening percent of PHIMAX where nonlinear effects start
ET Strain hardening amount of nonlinear effects
230
Materials
Field Comments
MCONT Moisture content in soil
PWD1 Parameter for pore water effects on Bulk Modulus
PWSK Skeleton Bulk Modulus
PWD2 Parameter for pore water effects on the effective pressure
PHIRES Minimum internal frictional angle (radians)
DINT Volumetric strain at initial threshold damage
VDFM Void formation energy
DAMLEV Level of damage that will cause element deletion
EPSMAX Maximum principal failure strain
See Also:
MAT_FHWA_SOIL_NEBRASKA
Defines the material properties for a soil model with default property values for soils used at the
University of Nebraska. Default units are in millimeter, milliseconds and kilograms.
Field Comments
FCTIM Factor to multiply milliseconds by to get desired time unit
FCTMAS Factor to multiply Kg by to get desired mass unit
FCTLEN Factor to multiply mm by to get desired length unit
See Also:
Materials 231
Materials
MAT_GAS_MIXTURE
Defines the material properties for a material model that simulates gas mixture and works in conjunction
with the multi-material ALE formulation.
Field Comments
IADIAB Flag for turning adiabatic compression logic ON/OFF
0 = ON ; 1 = OFF
RUNIV Universal gas constant in per-mole unit
CVi Heat Capacity at constant volume for upto eight different gases in per-mass
unit gas (If RUNIV = 0 or blank)
MOLi Molecular weight of each ideal gas in the mixture (mass-unit/molde) (if
RUNIV is nonzero)
CPi Heat Capacity at constant pressure for upto eight different gases in per-
mass unit gas (If RUNIV = 0 or blank)
232
Materials
Field Comments
Bi First order coefficient for a temperature dependent heat capacity at constant
pressure for up to eight different gases (If RUNIV = 0 or blank)
Ci Second order coefficient for a temperature dependent heat capacity at
constant pressure for up to eight different gases (If RUNIV = 0 or blank)
See Also:
MAT_CFD
Defines the material properties for a material model that allows constant, isotropic fluid properties to be
defined for the incompressible/low-Mach CFD solver.
Field Comments
RHO Fluid Density
MU Fluid Viscosity
K Thermal Conductivity
CP Heat Capacity
BETA Coefficient of expansion
TREF Reference Temperature
Materials 233
Materials
Field Comments
GX, GY, GZ Gravitational acceleration in the X, Y, Z direction
DIFFi Diffusivity for Species i
See Also:
MAT_CFD_CONSTANT
Defines the material properties for a material model that allows constant, isotropic fluid properties to be
defined for the incompressible/low-Mach CFD solver.
Field Comments
RHO Fluid Density
MU Fluid Viscosity
K Thermal Conductivity
CP Heat Capacity
BETA Coefficient of expansion
TREF Reference Temperature
GX, GY, GZ Gravitational acceleration in the X, Y, Z direction
DIFFi Diffusivity for Species i
234
Materials
See Also:
MAT_DESHPANDE_FLECK_FOAM
Defines the material properties for aluminum foam, used as a filler material in aluminum extrusions to
enhance the energy absorbing capability of the extrusion.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
ALPHA Parameter to Control Shape of yield surface
GAMMA, ALPHA2, Equation parameters
BETA, SIGP
EPSD Densification strain
DERFI Type of derivation in Material subroutine
0: Numerical
1: Analytical
CFAIL Failure Strain
See Also:
Materials 235
Materials
MAT_COMPOSITE_MSC
Defines the material properties for a material model to simulate the progressive failure analysis for
composite materials consisting of unidirectional and woven fabric layers.
Field Comments
EA Young’s Modulus - longitudinal direction
EB Young’s Modulus - transverse direction
EC Young’s Modulus - through thickness direction
GAB, GBC, GCA Shear Stress in ab bc, and ca directions
236
Materials
Field Comments



MACF Material Axes change flag:
= 1 no change (default)
= 2, switch material axes a and b
= 3, switch material axes a and c
= 4, switch material axes b and c

BETA Layer in-plane rotational Angle (degrees)
SAT Longitudinal Tensile Strength
SAC Longitudinal Compressive Strength
SBT Transverse Tensile Strength
SBC Transverse Compressive Strength
SCT Through thickness Tensile Strength
SFC Crush Strength
SFS Fiber mode shear strength
SAB, SBC, SCA Matrix mode Shear Strength in ab bc, and ca planes
SFFC Scale factor for residual compressive strength
Materials 237
Materials
Field Comments
AMODEL Material Model
1: Unidirectional layer model
2: Fabric layer model

PHIC Coulomb friction angle
E_LIMT Element eroding axial strain
S_DELM Scale factor for delamination criteria
OMGMX Limit damage parameter for elastic modulus
ECRSH Limit compressive volume strain for element eroding
EEXPN Limit tensile volume strain for element eroding
CERATE1 Coefficient for strain rate dependent strength properties
AM1 Coefficient for strain rate softening property for fiber in a direction
See Also:
238
Materials
MAT_COMPOSITE_MSC_DMG
Defines the material properties for a material model to simulate the progressive failure analysis for
composite materials consisting of unidirectional and woven fabric layers.
Field Comments
EA Young’s Modulus - longitudinal direction
EB Young’s Modulus - transverse direction
EC Young’s Modulus - through thickness direction
GAB, GBC, GCA Shear Stress in ab bc, and ca directions
Materials 239
Materials
Field Comments



MACF Material Axes change flag:
= 1 no change (default)
= 2, switch material axes a and b
= 3, switch material axes a and c
= 4, switch material axes b and c

BETA Layer in-plane rotational Angle (degrees)
SAT Longitudinal Tensile Strength
SAC Longitudinal Compressive Strength
SBT Transverse Tensile Strength
SBC Transverse Compressive Strength
SCT Through thickness Tessile Strength
SFC Crush Strength
SFS Fiber mode shear strength
Sij Transverse Shear Strength ij
SFFC Scale factor for residual compressive strength
240
Materials
Field Comments
AMODEL Material Model
1: Unidirectional
2: Fabric
PHIC Coulomb friction angle
E_LIMT Element eroding axial strain
S_DELM Scale factor for delamination criteria
OMGMX Limit damage parameter for elastic modulus
ECRSH Limit compressive volume strain
EEXPN Limit tensile volume strain
CERATEi Coefficient for strain rate dependent strength parameter, axial moduli, shear
moduli, transverse moduli
See Also:
MAT_MODIFIED_CRUSHABLE_FOAM
Defines the material properties for a material model to simulate crushable foam with optional damping,
tension cutoff and strain rate effects. Unloading is fully elastic. Tension is treated as elastic-perfectly-
plastic at the tension cutoff value.
Field Comments
Materials 241
Materials
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
TID Load Curve Id defining Yield Stress vs. Volumetric Strain
TSC Tensile Stress Cutoff
DAMP Rate sensitivity via damping coefficient
NCYCLE Number of cycles to determine volumetric strain rate
SRCLMT Strain rate change limit
See Also:
MAT_QUASILINEAR_VISCOELASTIC
Defines the properties for a material model to simulate a quasi-linear, isotropic, viscoelastic material
which represents biological soft tissue such as brain, kidney, etc.
Field Comments
K Bulk Modulus
LC1 Load Curve Id for the Relaxation function in shear
242
Materials
Field Comments
LC2 Load Curve Id for the instantaneous Elastic response in shear
N No. of Prony series terms in fit
GSTART Starting value for least square fit
M No. of terms used to determine the instantaneous elastic response
S0 Strain output option to be plotted as component 7 in LS-TAURUS
0: Maximum principal strain
1: Maximum Magnitude of principal strain
2: Maximum Effective strain

E_MIN Minimum strain rate used to generate the load curve fron Ci
E_MAX Maximum strain rate used to generate the load curve fron Ci
GAMA1, GAMA2 Material failure parameters
KF Material failure parameter that controls the enclosed by the failure surface.
.LE 0, ignore failure criterion.
.GE. 0, use actual K value for failure criterion.

EH Damage parameter
FORM Formulation of Model.
=0 original model by Fung which relaxes to a zero stress state as time

approaches to infinity.
= 1 Alternative model which relaxes to the quasistatice elastic response

C1 to C6 Coefficients of the instanteneous elastic response in compression and
tension
See Also:
Materials 243
Materials
MAT_HILL_FOAM
Defines the properties for a material model to simulate a highly compressible foam based on strain energy
function, proposed by Hill. This model takes Poisson’s ratio effects into account.
Field Comments
K Bulk Modulus
N Material constant
MU Damping coefficient
LCID Load Curve Id defining Force per unit area vs. Stretch Ratio
FITTYPE Type of fit
1: Uniaxial
2: Biaxial
LCSR Load Curve Id defining uniaxial (or biaxial, depending on FITTYPE)
Stress ratio vs. Transverse Stretch Ratio
R Mullinus effect model r coefficient
M Mullinus effect model m coefficient
See Also:
244
Materials
MAT_VISCOELASTIC_HILL_FOAM
Defines the properties for a material model to simulate a highly compressible foam based on strain energy
function, proposed by Hill. with extensions to include large strain viscoelasticity proposed by Feng and
Hallquist [2002].
Field Comments
K Bulk Modulus
N Material constant
LCID Load Curve Id defining Force per unit area vs. Stretch Ratio
FITTYPE Type of fit
1: Uniaxial
2: Biaxial
LCSR Load Curve Id defining uniaxial (or biaxial, depending on FITTYPE)
Stress ratio vs. Transverse Stretch Ratio
LCVE Load Curve Id defining the Relaxation function in shear
NT No. of Prony series terms in fit
GSTART Starting value for least square fit
See Also:
Materials 245
Materials
MAT_LOW_DENSITY_SYNTHETIC_FOAM
Defines the properties of rate independent low density foams exhibiting considerably reduced properties
in the loading-unloading curve after the first loading cycle.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
LCID1 Load Curve Id defining nominal Stress vs. Strain for the first loading cycle
LCID2 Load Curve Id defining nominal Stress vs. Strain for loading cycles after
the first loading cycle is completed
HU Hysteric unloading factor between 0 and 1
FAIL Failure option after cutoff stress
0: Tensile Stress remains at cutoff
1: Tensile Stress resets to zero

246
Materials
Field Comments
0: No
1: Active
ED Optional Young’s relaxation modulus for rate effects
BETA1 Optional decay constant
REF Use reference geometry to initialize stress tensor
0: Off
1: On
RFLAG Rate type for input:
= 0, LCID1 and LCID2 should be input as functions of true strain rate
= 1, LCID1 and LCID2 should be functions of engineering strain rate

DIRT Strain rate averaging flag:
= 0, use weighted running average
.LE. 0, average the last eleven values
.GT. 0, average over the last DIRT time units

K
EH Damage parameter
See Also:
MAT_LOW_DENSITY_SYNTHETIC_FOAM_ORTHO
Defines the properties of rate independent low density foams exhibiting considerably reduced properties
in the loading-unloading curve after the first loading cycle. This material model considers any orthotropic
behavior after the first loading and unloading cycle of the material in the orthogonal directions.
Materials 247
Materials
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
LCID1 Load Curve Id defining nominal Stress vs. Strain for the first loading cycle
LCID2 Load Curve Id defining nominal Stress vs. Strain for loading cycles after
the first loading cycle is completed
HU Hysteric unloading factor between 0 and 1
FAIL Failure option after cutoff stress
0: Tensile Stress remains at cutoff
1: Tensile Stress resets to zero

248
Materials
Field Comments
0: No
1: Active
ED Optional Young’s relaxation modulus for rate effects
BETA1 Optional decay constant
REF Use reference geometry to initialize stress tensor
0: Off
1: On
RFLAG Rate type for input:
= 0, LCID1 and LCID2 should be input as functions of true strain rate
= 1, LCID1 and LCID2 should be functions of engineering strain rate

DIRT Strain rate averaging flag:
= 0, use weighted running average
.LE. 0, average the last eleven values
.GT. 0, average over the last DIRT time units

K
EH Damage parameter
See Also:
Materials 249
Materials
MAT_SIMPLIFIED_RUBBER/FOAM
Defines the properties of a rubber amd foam model defined by a single uniaxial load curve or by a family
of curves at discrete strain rates.
Field Comments
KM Linear Bulk Modulus
G Shear Modulus
SIGF Limit stress for frequency independent, frictional, damping
REF Use Reference Geometry (defined in
*INITIAL_FOAM_REFERENCE_GEOMETRY) to initialize the stress
tensor. 0 = ON ; 1 = OFF
PRTEN Tensile Poisson’s ratio.
= 0 indicates that PR/BETA will serve as Poisoon’s ratio for both tension
and compression in shells. Otherwise, PR/BETA will serve as Poisoon’s
ratio for compression in shells.
SW Specimen Width
250
Materials
Field Comments
LCID Load Curve Id defining Force vs. Actual change in gauge length
TENSION Parameter to control rate effect
-1: Rate effects are treated for loading either in tension or in compression
(but not for unloading)
0: Rate effects are treated for loading compressive loading only
1:Rate effects are treated identically for tension and compressive loading
only
RTYPE Strain rate type
0: True
1: Engineering
AVGOPT Averaging option to determine strain rate (to reduce numerical noise)
0: Simple average of twelve time steps
1: Running 12-point average

PR/BETA If value is between 0.0 and 0.5 (exclusive), the value give here is taken as
Poisson’s ratio. If value is exactly 0.0 (zero), an incompressible rubber like
behavior is assumed, and a value of 0.495 is used inside the software. If
zero Poisson’s ratio is desired, use a small value such as 0.001 for PR.
K Material failure parameter that controls the enclosed by the failure surface.
.LE 0, ignore failure criterion.
.GE. 0, use actual K value for failure criterion.

EH Damage parameter
See Also:
Materials 251
Materials
MAT_SEISMIC_BEAM
Defines the properties of a material characterized by lumped plasticity to be developed at the ‘node 2’
end of Belytschko-Schwer beams. The plastic yield surface allows interaction between the two moments
and the axial force.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
AOPT Axial force option
0: Axial Load Curves are Collapse Load vs. Strain
NE. 0: Axial Load Curves are Collapse Load vs. Change in Length
252
Materials
Field Comments
FTYPE Formulation type for interaction
1: Parabolic coefficients
2: Japanese Code, axial force and major axis bending

DEGRADE Flag for degrading moment behavior
0 = behavior as in previous versions
1 = Fatigue-type moment-rotation behavior
2 = FEMA-type moment-rotation behavior

IFEMA Flag for input of FEMA thresholds
= 0 No inputs ; 1 = Input of rotation thresholds only
=2 Input of rotation and axial strain thresholds

LCPMS Load Curve Id for Plastic Moment vs. Rotation about s at node 2
SFS Scale factor on s -moment at node 2
LCPMT Load Curve Id for Plastic Moment vs. Rotation about t at node 2
SFT Scale factor on t -moment at node 2
LCAT Load Curve Id for axial tensile yield force vs. total tensile strain (or
elongation, see AOPT option)
SFAT Scale factor for axial tensile force
LCAC Load Curve Id for axial compressive force vs. strain/elongation
SFAC Scale factor for axial compressive force
ALPHA, BETA, Parameters to define yield surface
GAMMA, DELTA, A, B
FOFFS Force offset for Yield Surface
SIGY Yield Stress
D Depth of section used for interaction curve
W Width of section used for interaction curve
TF Flange Thickness of section used for interaction curve
TW Web Thickness of section used for interaction curve
PR1 - PR4 Plastic rotation thresholds 1 to 4
TS1 - TS4 Tensile axial strain hresholds 1 to 4
CS1 - CS4 Compressive axial strain hresholds 1 to 4
Materials 253
Materials
See Also:
MAT_SOIL_BRICK
Defines the properties of clay like soils accurately.
Field Comments
RLAMDA, RKAPPA, Material coefficient
RIOTA, RBETAi
RMU Shape factor coefficient
RNU Poisson’s ratio
RLCID Load Curve Id referring to a curve defining up to ten pairs of ‘string-length’
vs. G/Gmax points.up to 10 points of string-length vs. Gmax
TOL User defined tolerance for convergence checking
PGCL Pre consolidation ground level
SUB-INC User defined strain increment size
BLK Elastic bulk stiffness of the soil
GRAV Gravitational acceleration
254
Materials
Field Comments
THEORY Version of material subroutine used
0 (default) = 1995 version (vectorized) ; 4 = 1995 version (unvectorized)

RVHNH Anisotropy parameter
XSICRIT, ALPHA Anisotropy parameters
RVH Anisotropy ratio (Ev/Eh)
RNU21 Anisotropy ratio (ν2/ν1)
ANISO_4 Anisotropy parameter
See Also:
MAT_DRUCKER_PRAGER
Defines the properties of materials such as soils modeled with the modified Drucker-Prager yield surface.
Field Comments
GMOD Elastic Shear Modulus
RKF Failure surface shape parameter
Materials 255
Materials
Field Comments
PHI Angle of friction (radians)
CVAL Cohesive Value
PSI Dilation angle (radians)
STR_LIM Factor for calculating minimum shear strength of material which is
calculated as STR_LIM*CVAL
GMODDP Depth at which shear modulus is correct
PHIDP Depth at which friction angle is correct
CVALDP Depth at which cohesive value is correct
PSIDP Depth at which dilation angle is correct
GMODGR Gradient at which shear modulus increases with depth
PHIGR Gradient at which friction angle increases with depth
CVALGR Gradient at which cohesive value increases with depth
PSIGR Gradient at which dilation angle increases with depth
See Also:
256
Materials
MAT_RC_SHEAR_WALL
Defines the properties of materials to model cyclic shear loading of reinforced concrete walls (available
only for shell elements).
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
TMAX Ultimate shear stress
Materials 257
Materials
Field Comments
Fc Unconfirmed compressive strength of Concrete
PREF Percent reinforcement
FYIELD Yield stress of reinforcement
SIG0 Overburden stress
UNCONV Unit conversion factor, to compute ultimate tensile stress of Concrete
ALPHA Shear span factor
FT Cracking stress in direct tension
ERIENF Young’s Modulus for reinforcement
A, B, C, D, E Hysteresis constants to determine shape of the hysteresis loops
F Strength gradient factor
Yi Shear strain points on stress vs. strain curve
Ti Shear stress points on stress vs. strain curve



BETA Layer in-plane rotational Angle
See Also:
258
Materials
MAT_CONCRETE_BEAM
Defines an elasto-plastic material with an arbitrary stress-strain curve and arbitrary strain rate
dependency. Also, failure based on plastic strain or a minimum time step can be defined.
Field Comments
E Young’s Modulus
SIGY Yield Stress
FAIL Failure Flag
LCSS Load Curve Id defining Effective Stress vs. Effective Plastic Strain in
compression
LCSR Load Curve Id defining Strain rate effects on Yield Stress
Materials 259
Materials
Field Comments
NOTEN No-tension flag
0: Takes tension
1: Does not take Tension
2: Takes tension upto value given by TENCUT (Tension cutoff)

TENCUT Tension cutoff stress
SDR Stiffness degradation factor
See Also:
MAT_GENERAL_SPRING_DISCRETE_BEAM
Defines the properties of materials with elastic and elastoplastic springs with damping to be represented
by discrete beam elements using six springs, each acting along one of the six local degrees-of-freedom.
260
Materials
For elastic behavior, use a load curve of yield force or moment versus displacement or rotation. For
inelastic case, use a load curve of yield force or moment versus plastic deflection or rotation.
Materials 261
Materials
262
Materials
Field Comments
DOFi Active degree-of-freedom
TYPEi Behavior
0: Elastic
1: Inelastic
Ki Elastic loading/unloading stiffness
Di Optional viscous damping coefficient
CDFi Compressive displacement at failure
TDFi Tensile displacement at failure
FLCIDi Load Curve Id defining Force (or Moment) vs. Displacement for nonlinear
elastic (TYPE1 = 0). For inelastic behavior, this curve defines the yield
force vs. plastic deflection.
HLCIDi Load Curve Id defining Force vs. Relative Velocity
C1_i, C2_i Damping coefficients
DLEi Scale factor for time unit
GLCIDi Load Curve Id defining scale factor vs. deflection for HLCIDi
See Also:
Materials 263
Materials
MAT_SEISMIC_ISOLATOR
Defines the properties of materials used as sliding and elastometric seismic isolation bearings. This
material model uses a bi-directional coupled plasticity theory (available only for discrete beam elements).
Field Comments
A, GAMMA, BETA Non dimensional variable
DISPY Yield displacement
STIFFV Vertical stiffness
ITYPE Type
0: Sliding
1: Elastomeric
PRELOAD Vertical preload
DAMP Damping ratio
MXi Moment factor at end i in local x direction
MYi Moment factor at end i in local y direction
FMAX Maximum dynamic friction coefficient
264
Materials
Field Comments
DELF Difference between maximum and Static Friction coefficient
AFRIC Velocity multiplier in sliding friction equation
RADX Radius for sliding in local x direction
RADY Radius for sliding in local y direction
RADB Radius of retaining ring
STIFFL Stiffness for lateral contact against retaining ring
STIFFTS Stiffness for tensile vertical response (sliding)
FORCEY Yield force
ALPHA Ratio of post and pre yielding stiffness
STIFFT Stiffness for tensile vertical response (elastomeric)
DFAIL Lateral displacement at which isolator fails
FMAXYC Maximum dynamic friction coefficient in compression in local y-direction
FMAXXT Maximum dynamic friction coefficient in tension in local x-direction
FMAXYT Maximum dynamic friction coefficient in tension in local y-direction
YLOCK Stiffness locking the local y- displacement (optional in single axis sliding)
See Also:
Materials 265
Materials
MAT_JOINTED_ROCK
Defines the properties of jointed rocks.
Field Comments
GMOD Elastic Shear Modulus
RKF Failure surface shape parameter
PHI Angle of friction (radians)
CVAL Cohesive Value
PSI Dilation angle (radians)
STR_LIM Factor for calculating minimum shear strength of material which is
calculated as STR_LIM*CVAL
NPLANES No of joint planes
266
Materials
Field Comments
ELASTIC Flag for Elastic Behavior
0: Non elastic
1: Elastic
LCCPDR Load Curve Id for extra cohesion for parent material (dynamic relaxation)
LCCPT Load Curve Id for extra cohesion for parent material (transient)
LCCJDR Load Curve Id for extra cohesion for joints (dynamic relaxation)
LCCJT Load Curve Id for extra cohesion for joint material (transient)
LCSFAC Load Curve Id giving factor on Strength vs. Time
GMODDP Depth at which shear modulus is correct
PHIDP Depth at which friction angle is correct
CVALDP Depth at which cohesive value is correct
PSIDP Depth at which dilation angle is correct
GMODGR Gradient at which shear modulus increases with depth
PHIGR Gradient at which friction angle increases with depth
CVALGR Gradient at which cohesive value increases with depth
PSIGR Gradient at which dilation angle increases with depth
DIPi Angle (degrees) of plane below the horizontal
STRIKEi Plan view angle (degrees) of downhill vector drawn on the plane
CPLANEi Cohesion for shear behavior on plane i
FRPLANEi Friction angle for shear behavior on plane i
TPLANEi Tensile strength across plane i
SHRMAXi Maximum shear stress on plane i
LOCALi DIP and STRIKE Coordinate System flag
0: with respect to Global axes
1: with respect to element local axes
See Also:
Materials 267
Materials
MAT_SPRING_ELASTIC
Defines the properties of a translational or rotational elastic spring placed between two nodes. Only one
degree of freedom is connected.
Field Comments
K Elastic Stiffness (Translational or Rotational)
See Also:
MAT_DAMPER_VISCOUS
Defines the properties of translational and rotational dampers located between two nodes. Only one
degree of freedom is connected.
Field Comments
DC Damping Constant (Force/Displacement rate or Moment/Rotation rate)
268
Materials
See Also:
MAT_SPRING_ELASTOPLASTIC
Defines the properties of discrete springs providing an elastoplastic translational or rotational spring with
isotropic hardening located between two nodes. Only one degree of freedom is connected.
Field Comments
K Elastic Stiffness (Translational or Rotational)
KT Tangent Stiffness
FY Yield Force or Moment
See Also:
Materials 269
Materials
MAT_SPRING_NONLINEAR_ELASTIC
Defines the properties of discrete springs providing a nonlinear elastic translational or rotational spring
with arbitrary force versus displacement and moment versus rotation data. Only one degree of freedom
is connected.
Field Comments
LCD Load Curve Id defining Force vs. Displacement or Moment vs. Rotation
LCR Load Curve Id defining Scale factor on Force or Moment as a function of
relative velocity, or rotational velocity respectively
See Also:
270
Materials
MAT_DAMPER_NONLINEAR_VISCOUS
Defines the properties of discrete dampers providing a viscous translational or rotational damper with
arbitrary force versus velocity or a moment versus rotational velocity data. Only one degree of freedom
is connected.
Field Comments
LCDR Load Curve Id defining the Force vs. rate of Displacement or Moment vs.
rate of Rotation relationship
See Also:
MAT_SPRING_GENERAL_NONLINEAR
Defines the properties of discrete springs providing a general nonlinear translational or rotational spring
with arbitrary loading and unloading data. It also considers hardening or softening. Only one degree of
freedom is connected.
Field Comments
Materials 271
Materials
Field Comments
LCDL Loading Curve Id for Force vs. Displacement or Moment vs. Rotation
LCDU Unloading Load Curve Id for Force vs. Displacement or Moment vs.
Rotation
BETA Hardening parameter
TYI Initial Yield force in tension
CYI Initial Yield force in compression
See Also:
MAT_SPRING_MAXWELL
Defines the properties of discrete springs providing a three Parameter Maxwell Viscoelastic translational
or rotational spring. Only one degree of freedom is connected.
Field Comments
K0 Short term stiffness
KI Long term stiffness
BETA Decay constant
TC Cutoff time. After this time a constant force/moment transmitted
272
Materials
Field Comments
FC Force/Moment after cutoff time
COPT Time implementation option
0: Incremental time change
1: Continuous time change
See Also:
MAT_SPRING_INELASTIC
Defines the properties of discrete springs and dampers providing an inelastic tension or compression
only, translational or rotational spring.
Field Comments
LCFD Load Curve Id defining the Force/Torque vs. Displacement/Twist
relationship
KU Unloading Stiffness
CTF Flag for compression/tension
-1: Tension only
1: Compression only (Default CTF value is 0, which is same as 1)
See Also:
Materials 273
Materials
MAT_SPRING_TRILINEAR_DEGRADING
Defines the properties of concrete shear walls under seismic loading modelled as discrete elements. It
represents cracking of the concrete, yield of the reinforcement, and overall failure.
Field Comments
DEFL1 Deflection at point where concrete cracks
F1 Force corresponding to DEFL1
DEFL2 Deflection at reinforcement yield
DEFL3 Deflection at complete failure
FFLAG Failure Flag
See Also:
274
Materials
MAT_SPRING_SQUAT_SHEARWALL
Defines the properties of squat shear walls modelled as discrete elements. This material model allows
concrete cracking, reinforcement yield, and ultimate strength, followed by degradation of strength,
leading finally to collapse.
Field Comments
A14, B14, C14, D14, Material coefficient
E14
LCID Load Curve Id referencing the maximum strength envelope curve
FSD Sustained strength reduction factor
See Also:
Materials 275
Materials
MAT_SPRING_MUSCLE
Defines the properties for discrete springs and dampers. This is a Hill-type muscle model with activation.
Field Comments
L0 Initial muscle length
VMAX Maximum CE shortening velocity
SV Scale factor for Vmax vs. Active State
A Scale factor for Activation Level vs. Time function
FMAX Peak isometric force
TL Scale factor for Active tension vs. length function
TV Scale factor for Active tension vs. velocity function
FPE Scale factor for Force vs. length function, for parallel elastic element
LMAX Relative length at FPE=FMAX
KSH Constant governing the exponential rise of FPE
LCID_SV Load Curve Id defining Vmax vs. active state
LCID_A Load Curve Id defining Active level vs. Time function
LCID_TL Load Curve Id defining Active tension vs. Length function
LCID_TV Load Curve Id defining Active tension vs. velocity function
LCID_FPE Load Curve Id defining Force vs. Length function
See Also:
276
Materials
MAT_THERMAL_ISOTROPIC
Defines isotropic thermal properties of materials in coupled structural/thermal and thermal only analyses.
Field Comments
TRO Thermal Density
TGRLC Thermal generation rate value
TGMULT Thermal generation rate multiplier
TLAT Phase chnage temperature
HLAT Latent heat
HC Heat capacity
TC Thermal conductivity
See Also:
MAT_THERMAL_ORTHOTROPIC
Defines orthotropic thermal properties in coupled structural/thermal and thermal only analyses.
Materials 277
Materials
Field Comments
TRO Thermal Density



HLAT Latent heat
278
Materials
Field Comments
K1, K2, K3 Thermal conductivity in local x, y and z, respectively
See Also:
MAT_THERMAL_ISOTROPIC_TD
Defines temperature dependent isotropic thermal properties in coupled structural/thermal and thermal
only analyses.
Field Comments
TRO Thermal Density
Materials 279
Materials
Field Comments
HLAT Latent heat
LC_C Load Curve defining Heat capacity (C) Vs. Temperature
LC_K Load Curve defining Thermal Conductivity (K) Vs. Temperature
See Also:
MAT_ORTHOTROPIC_TD
Defines temperature dependent orthotropic thermal properties in coupled structural/thermal and thermal
only analyses.
280
Materials
Field Comments
TRO Thermal Density


2: Globally orthotropic with material axis determined by vectors below.

LC_C Load Curve defining Heat capacity Vs. Time
LC_KX Load Curve defining Thermal conductivity in local X Vs. Time
LC_KY Load Curve defining Thermal conductivity in local Y Vs. Time
LC_KZ Load Curve defining Thermal conductivity in local Z Vs. Time
See Also:
Materials 281
Materials
MAT_THERMAL_ISOTROPIC_PHASE_CHANGE
Defines temperature dependent isotropic properties with phase changes in coupled structural/thermal and
thermal only analyses.
Field Comments
TRO Thermal Density
LC_C Load Curve defining Heat capacity Vs. Temperature
LC_K Load Curve defining Thermal conductivity Vs. Temperature
SOLT Solid Temperature
LIQT Liquid Temperature
LH Latent Heat
282
Materials
See Also:
MAT_THERMAL_ISOTROPIC_TD_LC
Defines temperature dependent isotropic thermal properties by specifying a load curve in coupled
structural/thermal and thermal only analyses.
Field Comments
TRO Thermal Density
HCLC Load Curve Id specifying Heat capacity vs. Temperature
TCLC Load Curve Id specifying Thermal conductivity vs. Temperature
TGRLCID Load Curve Id specifying Thermal generation rate curve number
See Also:
Properties 273
Properties
274
Properties
Properties
Overview
Typical properties include cross-sectional properties of beam elements, thicknesses of plate and shell
elements, element integration rules, and hourglass controls. Properties are assigned to the elements of a
specified part or element type, either directly to the elements, or indirectly through the part to which the
elements belong.
Element Types and Associated Properties

Thin Shell Elements
Two-dimensional elements, commonly referred to as plate and shell elements, are used to represent areas
in your model where one of the dimensions is small in comparison to the other two. As shown Figure 1
the thickness is substantially less than dimensions a or b.
Figure 1 Typical Plate Element
ELEMENT_SHELL - General-purpose plate elements (4-noded) capable of carrying in plane force,

bending forces, and transverse shear force. The triangular element is defined by repeating the third for
the fourth node. This family of elements are the most commonly used shell elements in the SimXpert
crash element library. These are the element types generated by the Automesher.
Properties 275
Properties
*SECTION_SHELL - The thin shell elements are commonly referred to as the plate and shell elements
within SimXpert. Their properties, are defined using the *SECTION_SHELL entry. The format of the
*SECTION_SHELL entry is as follows:
276
Properties
Field Contents
SECID Section ID, to be referred by parts
ELFORM Element formulation options
= 1: Hughes-Liu
= 2: Belytscho-Tsay
= 3: BCIZ triangular shell
= 4: C0 triangular shell
= 5: Belytscho-Tsay membrane
= 6: S/R Hughes-Liu
= 8: Belytscho-Leviathan shell
= 9: Fully integrated Belytscho-Tsay membrane
= 10: Belytscho-Wong-Chiang
= 11: Plane stress (x-y plane)
= 12: Fast (co-rotational) Hughes-Liu
= 13: Plane strain (x-y plane)
= 14: Axisymmetric solid (y-axis of symmetry) - area weighted
= 15: Axisymmetric solid (y-axis of symmetry) - volume weighted
= 16: Fully integrated shell element
= 17: Fully integrated DKT triangular shell element
= 18: Fully integrated DK quadrilateral/triangular shell element
= 20: Fully integrated linear assumed strain C0 shell
= 21: Fully integrated linear assumed strain (5 DOF per node) C0 shell
= 22: Linear shear panel element (3 DOF per node)

SHRF Shear correction factor (value of 5/6 is recommended for solid plate)
NIP Number of through thickness integration points
Properties 277
Properties
Field Contents
PROPT Printout options
= 0: Average resultants and fiber lengths
= 1: resultants at plan points and fiber lengths
= 3: Resultants, stresses at all points, fiber lengths

QR Quadrature rule
LT 0.: Absolute value is used as the Quadrature rule
EQ. 0.: Gauss Rule (up to five points permitted)
EQ. 1.: Trapezoidal Rule

ICOMP Flag for orthotropic/anisotropic layered composite material model
= 0: Homogeneous
=1: Composite
SETYP 2D solid element type (defined for ELFORM 13, 14, and 15)
= 1: Lagrangian
= 2: Eulerian (single material with voids)
= 3: ALE
T1 Shell thickness at node 1
T2, T3, T4 Shell thickness at nodes 2, 3, and 4 respectively
NLOC Location of reference surface normal to s axis (Hughes-Liu elements:
ELFORM = 1 or 6)
MAREA Nonstructural mass per unit area
IDOF Applies to shell element types 25 and 26.
.EQ. 1(default): The thickness field is continuous across the element edges for
metal-forming applications.
.EQ. 2: The thickness field is discontinuous across the element edges. This is
necessary for applications such as crashworthiness where shell intersections,
sharp included angles, and non-smooth deformations exist.
EDGSET Edge node set, required for shell type seatbelts.
AFAC Smoothing weight factor - simple average (No smoothing if value is -1.)
BFAC Smoothing weight factor - volume weighting
278
Properties
Field Contents
CFAC Smoothing weight factor - isoparametric
DFAC Smoothing weight factor - equipotential
EFAC Smoothing weight factor - equilibrium
START Start time for smoothing
END End time for smoothing
AAFAC ALE advection factor
DX, DY Normalized dilatation parameters of the kernel function in X and Y directions
respectively
ISPLINE Replaces choice for the EFG kernel functions definition in *CONTROL_EFG.
IDILA Replaces choice for the normalized dilation parameter definition in
*CONTROL_EFG.
IRID Integration Rule Id (User defined)
The element coordinate systems for the shell element is shown in Figure 2. The orientation of the element
coordinate system is determined by the order of the connectivity for the nodes. The element z-axis, often
referred to as the positive normal, is determined using the right-hand rule. Therefore, if you change the
order of the nodal connectivity, the direction of this positive normal also reverses. This rule is important
to remember when applying pressure loads or viewing the untransformed element forces or stresses.
Untransformed directional element stress plots may appear strange when they are displayed by the
postprocessor in SimXpert because the normals of the adjacent elements may be inconsistent. Remember
that components of forces, moments, and element stresses are always output in the element coordinate
system.
Figure 2 Thin Shell Element Geometry and Coordinate Systems
See Also:
Properties 279
Properties
Thick Shell Elements

If the thickness dimension of your component is small, but not too small, in comparison to the other two,
dimensions, you can model it with thick shell elements.
Figure 3 Typical Plate Element
*ELEMENT_TSHELL - Eight noded thick shell element useful for modeling thick plated components.
Unlike the thin shell element, *ELEMENT_SHELL which represents the plate through the middle
surface, and thickness, the 8-noded thick shell element represents plate as a hexahedron, the first four
nodes representing the bottom surface, and the last four nodes representing the top surface. The thick
280
Properties
shell wedge element is defined by repeating the third for the fourth node, and repeating the seventh for
the eighth node
.
Figure 4 Thick Shell Element Connectivity

Properties 281
Properties
SECTION_TSHELL
The properties of the thick shell elements are defined using the *SECTION_TSHELL entry. The format
of the *SECTION_TSHELL entry is as follows:
Field Contents
= 1: 1point reduced integration (Default)
= 2: Selective reduced 2X2 in plane integration
= 3: Assumed strain 2X2 in plane integration
SHRF Shear correction factor (a value of 5/6 recommended for solid section plate)
NIP Number of through thickness integration points. (If NIP = 0, the Default value
of 2 is used)
PROPT Printout options
= 0: Average resultants and fiber lengths
= 1: resultants at plan points and fiber lengths
= 3: Resultants, stresses at all points, fiber lengths

282
Properties
Field Contents
QR Quadrature rule
LT 0.: Absolute value is used as the Quadrature rule
EQ. 0.: Gauss Rule (up to five points permitted)
EQ. 1.: Trapezoidal Rule

ICOMP Flag for orthotropic/anisotropic layered composite material model
= 0: Homogeneous
=1: Composite
B1 Material angle (β1) at first integration point. This angle is measured with
respect to the element edge n1-n2.
The orientation of the element coordinate system is determined by the order of the connectivity for the
nodes. The element z-axis (the thickness direction) often referred to as the positive normal to the face
connected by nodes n1, n2, n3, and is determined using the right-hand rule (cross product of edge vectors
n1-n2 and n1-n3). Therefore, if you change the order of the nodal connectivity, the direction of this
positive normal also reverses. This rule is important to remember when applying pressure loads or
viewing the untransformed element forces or stresses. Untransformed directional element stress plots
may appear strange when they are displayed by the postprocessor in SimXpert because the normals of
the adjacent elements may be inconsistent. Remember that components of forces, moments, and element
stresses are always output in the element coordinate system.
See Also:
Three-Dimensional Elements
Whenever you need to model a structure that does not behave as a bar or plate structure under the applied
loads, you need to use one or more of the three-dimensional elements. The three-dimensional elements
are commonly referred to as solid elements. Typical engineering applications of solid elements include
engine blocks, brackets, and gears.
The Solid Elements in the Crash Workspace Include the Following:

1. 8 noded hexahedron
2. 6 noded pentahedron (degenerated from the 8-node hexahedron, by repeating node 4 for the last
four nodes (n1, n2, n3, n4, n4, n4, n4, n4, n4)
3. 4 noded tetrahedron (degenerated from the 8-node hexahedron, by repeating node 5 for the sixth
node, and repeating node 7 for the eighth node (n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n5, n6, n4, n6)
Properties 283
Properties
4. 10 noded tetrahedron
Figure 5 Solid Elements

284
Properties
SECTION_SOLID
The properties of the solid elements are entered on the *SECTION_SOLID form shown below:
Field Contents
Title Unique name identifying the section.
Properties 285
Properties
Field Contents
= 0: 1 point co-rotational for *MAT_MODIFIED_HONEYCOMB
= 1: Constant stress solid element (Default)
= 2: Fully integrated S/R solid
= 3: Fully integrated quadratic 8 node element with nodal rotations
= 4: S/R quadratic tetrahedron with nodal rotations
= 5: 1 point ALE
= 6: 1 point Eulerian
= 7: 1 point Eulerian ambient
= 8: acoustic
= 9: 1 point co-rotational for *MAT_MODIFIED_HONEYCOMB
= 10: 1 point tetrahedron
= 11: 1 point ALE multi-material element
= 12: 1 point integration with single material and void
= 13: 1 point nodal sure tetrahedron for bulk forming
= 14: 8 point acoustic
= 15: 2 point pentahedron element
= 16: 5 point 10 noded tetrahedron
= 18: 8 point enhanced strain solid element for linear statics only
AET Ambient element type (foe ELFORM = 7, 11 or 12)
= 3: pressure outflow
= 4: pressure inflow (Default for ELFORM = 7)

AFAC Smoothing weight factor - simple average (if value is -1, smoothing turned off)
BFAC Smoothing weight factor - volume weighting
CFAC Smoothing weight factor - isoparametric
286
Properties
Field Contents
DFAC Smoothing weight factor - equipotential
START End time for smoothing
END Start time for smoothing
AAFAC ALE advection factor
DX, DY, DZ Normalized dilatation parameters of the kernel function in X, Y, and Z directions
respectively
ISPLINE Replaces choice for the EFG kernel functions definition in *CONTROL_EFG..
.EQ. 0: Cubic spline function (default)
.EQ. 1: Quadratic spline function
.EQ. 2: Cubic spline function with cubic shape

IDILA Replaces choice for the normalized dilation parameter definition in
*CONTROL_EFG..
.EQ. 0: Maximum distance based on the background elements
.EQ. 1: Maximum distance based on the sourounding nodes

IEBT Essential boundary condition treatment:
.EQ. 1: Full transformation method
.EQ. -1: w/o transformation
.EQ. 2: Mixed transformation method
.EQ. 3: Coupled FEM/EFG method
.EQ. 4: Fast transformation method
.EQ. -4: w/o transformation
.EQ. 5: Fluid particle method for E.O.S and *MAT_ELASTIC_FLUID materials

Properties 287
Properties
Field Contents
IDIM Domain integration method:
.EQ. 1: Local boundary integration (default)
.EQ. 2: Two-point gauss integration
.EQ. 3: Improved gauss integration for IEBT = 4 or -4

TOLDEF Deformation tolerance for the activation of adaptive EFG Semi-Lagrangian and
Eulerian kernel.
= 0.0: Lagrangian kernel
> 0.0: Semi-Lagrangian
<0.0: Eulerian kernel.
See Also:
One-Dimensional Elements
A one-dimensional element is one in which the properties of the element are defined along a line or curve.
Typical applications for the one-dimensional element include trusses, beams, and stiffeners. One-
288
Properties
dimensional elements discussed in this chapter include 3D beams, trusses, 2D axisymmetric shells, and
2D plane strain beam elements.
Figure 6 Beam Elements
SECTION_BEAM
Properties 289
Properties
The properties of the one dimensional elements are entered on the *SECTION_BEAM form shown
below:
Field Contents
= 1: Hughes-Liu with cross section integration (Default)
= 2: Belytscho-Schwer resultant beam
= 3: Truss resultant
= 4: Belytscho-Schwer full cross-section integration
= 5: Belytscho-Schwer tubular beam full cross-section integration
= 6: Discrete beam/cable
= 7: 2D plane strain shell element (xy plane)

SHRF Shear factor (5/6 recommended for rectangular section beam)
290
Properties
Field Contents
QR Quadrature rule or rule number for user defined integration rule
= 1: 1 point integration
= 2: 2X2 Gauss quadrature (default beam)
= 3: 3X3 Gauss quadrature
= 4: 3X3 Lobatto quadrature
= 5: 4X4 Gauss quadrature
= -n: where the absolute value of n is the number of the user defined rule.
CST Cross section type (Not needed for truss, resultant beam, discrete beam, and
cable elements)
= 0: rectangular
= 1 Tubular (circular only)
= 2 Arbitrary (User defined integration rule)

SCOOR Location for triad for tracking the rotation of the discrete beam element
NSM Nonstructural mass per unit length
TS1 Beam thickness (for CST = 0.0, 2.0), or Outer diameter (CST=1.0) in s
direction at node 1
TS2 Beam thickness (for CST = 0.0, 2.0), or Outer diameter (CST=1.0) in s
direction at node 2
TT1 Beam thickness (for CST = 0.0, 2.0), or Outer diameter (CST=1.0) in t
direction at node 1
TT2 Beam thickness (for CST = 0.0, 2.0), or Outer diameter (CST=1.0) in t
direction at node 2
NSLOC Location of reference surface normal to s axis (for Hughes-Liu beam elements
only)
NTLOC Location of reference surface normal to t axis (for Hughes-Liu beam elements
only)
See Also:
Properties 291
Properties
Discrete Elements
Discrete elements in SimXpert Crash comprise of spring and damper elements used between two nodes,
or a node and ground.
SECTION_DISCRETE
The properties of the discrete elements are entered on the *SECTION_DISCRETE form shown below:
Field Contents
DRO Displacement/Rotation Option:
=0 for translational spring or damper
=1 for torsional spring or damper

KD Dynamic magnification vector
V0 Test velocity
CL Clearance
FD Failure deflection (twist, for DRO = 1. Negative for compression, positive for
tension
CDL Deflection (twist, for DRO = 1) limit in compression
TDL Deflection (twist, for DRO = 1) limit in tension
See Also:
Seatbelt Elements
Seat belt elements are elements with single degree of freedom, connecting two nodes.
292
Properties
SECTION_SEATBELT
The properties of the seat belt elements are entered on the *SECTION_SEATBELT form shown below:
Field Contents
See Also:
Mass Elements
Mass elements are used to defined lumped masses to nodes. In SimXpert crash workspace, the mass
associated with the mass elements are assigned directly to the mass element, and hence no properties are
needed to be created.
See Also:
Element Integration
SimXpert crash Workspace normally uses the recommended integration through thickness of beams and
shell elements. However, you can use other through-thickness integration rules using
• *INTEGRATION_BEAM for defining through thickness integration rules for the beam elements
• *INTEGRATION_SHELL for defining through thickness integration rules for both the thin and
thick shell elements.
See Also:
Properties 293
Properties
Hourglassing
The advantage of the reduced integration elements is that the strains and stresses are calculated at the
location that provide optimal accuracy, the so-called Barlow points. The reduced integration elements
also tend to underestimate the stiffness of the element which often gives better results in a typically
overly-stiff finite element analysis displacement method. An additional advantage is that the reduced
number of integration points decreases CPU time and storage requirements. The disadvantage is that the
reduced integration procedure may admit deformation modes that cause no straining at the integration
points. These zero-energy modes cause a phenomenon called “hourglassing,” where the zero energy
mode starts propagating through the mesh, leading to inaccurate solutions. This problem is particularly
severe in first-order quadrilaterals and hexahedrals. To prevent these excessive deformations, an
additional artificial stiffness is added to these elements. In this so-called hourglass control procedure, a
small artificial stiffness is associated with the zero-energy modes. This procedure is used in many of the
solid and shell elements in SimXpert crash Workspace Use the *HOURGLASS keyword data to define
hourglass and bulk viscosity properties which are referenced via the HGID in the *part command.
.
Figure 7 Hourglassing
See Also:
294
Properties
Meshing and Element Creation 293
Meshing and Element Creation

294
Modeling Guidelines
Finite element modeling in many ways is more like an art than a science since the quality of the results
is dependent upon the quality of your model. One of the more common errors that a beginning finite
element analyst makes in modeling is to simply simulate the geometry rather than to simulate both the
geometry and the physical behavior of the real structure. The following modeling guidelines are provided
to put a little more science back into the art of finite element modeling:
• Choosing the right element.
• Mesh transitions.
The above guidelines are by no means complete; however, they do serve as a good starting point. There
is no better substitute for good modeling than experience. It is also good modeling practice to simulate
and validate a new capability or a feature that you have not used before with a small prototype model
before applying this feature to your production model. Model verification techniques are covered in
Quality Checks, 297.
SimXpert contains a large library of structural elements. In many situations several elements are capable
of modeling the same structural effects. The criteria for the selection of an element may include its
capabilities (for example, whether it supports anisotropic material properties), the amount of time
required to run an analysis (in general, the more DOF an element has, the longer it runs), and/or its
accuracy.
In many cases the choice of the best element for a particular application may not be obvious. For
example, in the model of a space frame, you may choose to use truss elements if bending or torsional
stiffness is unimportant or to use the beam elements with axial, bending and torsional stiffness. You may
even choose to represent the members with built-up assemblies of plate or solid elements. The choice of
which type and number of elements to use depends primarily on your assessment of the effects that are
important to represent in your model and on the speed and accuracy you are willing to accept.
In this context, it is critical that you have a fairly good idea of how the structure will behave prior to
generating your finite element model. The best source of such insight is usually experience with similar
structures or components. In other words, understanding the load path is crucial in the selection of the
appropriate element. In addition, a few hand calculations can usually provide a rough estimate of stress
intensities. Such calculations are always recommended. If you do not have a fairly good idea of how the
structure will behave, you may be misled by incorrect results due to errors or incorrect assumptions in
your input data preparation.
The following guidelines are provided to help you in selecting the “right” element for your task.
Avoid highly skewed elements (see Figure 1). The angle α should be as close to 90 degrees as possible.
Figure 1 Highly Skewed Element
Aspect ratio is defined as l ⁄ ω (length/width). Very high aspect ratio (see Figure 2) should also be
avoided in areas where there is a high stress gradient.
Figure 2 Element with High Aspect Ratio
Warping is a measure of the amount the element deviates from being planar (see Figure 3). Element
warping should be minimized.
Element Mid-Plane
Figure 3 Highly Warped Element
Mesh Transitions
Mesh transition can be a complicated subject. It may simply be used to refine the mesh in a particular
area, connect different element types (for example, a CBAR element to a solid element), or provide
transitions required to model the geometry of the structure. Two guidelines for mesh transitions are as
follows:
1. Never place a mesh transition in an area of interest or in an area where there is a large variation
in stress.
2. Mesh transitions should be located away from the areas of interest in a region.
296
Due to incompatibilities between finite element types, any transition between different element types
(even a transition from quadrilateral to a triangular elements) can result in local stress anomalies.
Normally, these stress anomalies are localized and dissipate quickly as you move away from the
transition. However, a problem arises when the transition occurs in an area of interest. In this case, the
local stress rises (or decreases) due to the effect of the transition; in other words, the results may be
conservative (or non-conservative) in an area near a transition. However, if this localized stress variation
occurs away from areas of interest, the increase (or decrease) in stress caused by the transition should
cause no concern.
• Transition from a Coarse Mesh to a Fine Mesh
The transition from a coarse mesh to a fine mesh, or vice versa, may not always be an easy task. One
common method of performing a transition is to use an intermediate belt of triangular elements as shown
in Figure 4.
Q4 Q4 T3
T3 Q4
Q4 Q4 T3
Q4 Q4 T3
T3 Q4
Q4 Q4 T3
Figure 4 Mesh Transition
Mesh Control
Before you create elements, you should first specify a default mesh size by selecting Element Options
from the Elements menu. Mesh sizes can also be set interactively using Mesh Size from the Elements
menu. In addition you can also define hard points on curves or surfaces to ensure that a node is placed at
that location. You do this using Create Hard Points from the Geometry menu. Mesh should have high
density in areas of large stress gradients.
Meshing
Automeshing
You can use the selections under Automeshing to create multiple elements on geometry.
• Automesh - Used to create quadrilateral and triangular plate/shell elements on surfaces.
• Solid Mesher - Used to create a tetrahedral mesh inside bounding surfaces
• Interactive Mesh Size - Interactively modifies the number of elements along a selected curve
Manual Meshing
You can use the selections under Manual Meshing to create mesh without having surfaces.
• 2-3-4 Line Mesh - Creates a mapped mesh by selecting 2,3, or 4 bounding curves. User can
modify the number of elements to be created on each curve. Set or modify the mesh elements
parameters using Params button from the pick menu.
• 3-4 Point Mesh - Creates mesh between the 3 or 4 selected points. You can specify the number of
elements to be created between each pair of selected points. Points should be selected in a
circular manner.
• Drag Mesh - Creates a solid or shell mesh by dragging elements or nodes along a specified
vector or curve.
• Flange Creation - Creates a flange by dragging selected nodes through a specified width and
angle.
• Linear Solid Mesh - Creates solid elements between two groups of shell elements.
• Refine Mesh - Refines the selected mesh region to specified edge length, while maintaining
element connectivity with congruent elements.
• Spin Mesh - Creates solid or shell elements by rotating shell elements or nodes through a
specified angle about a vector.
Merge Coincident Nodes

Nodes along common edges of adjoining geometry entities need to match. If these nodes are not
coincident, your model will have free edges or faces at these points. Always merge coincident nodes
before analyzing your model using Merge Coincident Nodes from the Node menu.
Quality Checks
Free Edges
You can check that your model has completed merging coincident nodes by displaying free edges in your
model. In Figure 5 the model is shown with free edges displayed by selecting Highlight FE Boundary
from the View menu.The picture on the left shows the model with a solid horizontal line running through
the middle. This indicates that a free edge exists there and the top and bottom are not connected. The
298
picture on the right shows the model after the coincident nodes have been merged. The model is now one
continuos piece.
I
Free
(unconnected)
edge
Before After
Figure 5 Free Edge Check - Before and After Merge Coincident Nodes
Consistent Plate Normals

You can check the orientation of your plate elements using the Normals selection from the Element
menu. When the pick box appears, in the Mode list, click Show Normal then click All. In Figure 6 you
can see that these elements do not have consistent normals.
Figure 6 Inconsistent Normals

You can enforce consistent normals by now clicking Fix Normal in the Mode list and then selecting a
reference element with the desired normal direction. You could also click Rev. Normal and then select
the elements on which to reverse normals.
Figure 7 Consistent Normals

To turn off the display of normal vectors click Hide Normal in the Mode list then click All.
Element Shape Checks

The types of quality checks that SimXpert can perform on shell elements can be seen on the following
form. It is accessed by selecting Quality/Quality from the Elements menu.
• Warp check: Evaluates how far out of plane the element ‘bends’. Warp is computed by
determining the angle between the normals of 2 triangular regions superimposed on the element.
This check is also applicable to quad faces of solid elements.
• Taper check: Compares the ratios of the lengths of opposite edges of an element.
• Skew check: Compares the maximum angles between the element diagonals.
300
• Interior Angle check: Evaluates the interior angles measured at each of the four (or 3) corner
nodes.
If any element exceeds minimum or maximum tolerance levels specified for an element check, it is
considered to have failed that test.
SimXpert can compute a Quality Index which is a weighted composite of all the selected quality checks.
You can toggle the display of the Quality Index from the Bottom Block by selecting Fringes On/Off from
the FE-Grafix menu.
Elements that violate any of the activated quality criteria will be displayed in magenta.
Those elements color-coded red to orange have marginal quality. You can further investigate which
specific tests your elements may be failing by selecting the individual quality measure from the FE-Qual
menu and your display will update accordingly. The following image shows the model now color-coded
based on Warpage.
Once again, failed elements are shown in magenta. Elements with a high value that does not exceed the
threshold are color-coded red or orange.
Tools to Help Fix Poorly Shaped Elements

• Manual - Element / Quality / Manual Fix - allows you to select a node and drag it to a new
location. Element color coding will change in real time to feed back how the element’s quality is
changing. Click the middle mouse button to finalize the new nodal location.
302
• Mesh Quality - Element / Quality / Quick Quality - allows you to select elements for mesh
quality enhancement then select desired parameters as shown below:
• Fast Shell Enhancing attempts to fix failed elements only. Once they pass all selected criteria,
no further enhancement is attempted.
• Slow Shell Enhancing attempts to fix failed elements and also to further improve all selected
elements.
• All passes except Warp Enhancing will maintain nodes on the FE-Surface.
Warp Enhancing will move the node (within the specified tolerance) normal to the surface to decrease
the warping.
Loads and Boundary Conditions 303
Loads and Boundary Conditions

304

This chapter describes the loads and boundary conditions available when performing analysis with the
SimXpert crash workspace. Each of the load types discussed may be applied to your model individually,
or in any combination.
Supported Load and Constraint Types

Most often, boundary conditions are imposed in the form of constraints on selected degrees of freedom
on the model. Typically, several degrees of freedom are constrained to ground, using Single Point
Constraints (SPC) boundary conditions.
Besides single-point constraints, crash workspace provides a method of creating linear constraint
relationships between several degrees of freedom.
A third type of boundary conditions is the contact boundary condition for specifying that certain regions
of the structure might be touching or separating during the simulation process. Contact boundary
condition is an important feature of the crash workspace.
This section discusses the single-point and multiple-point constraints. The rigid elements are discussed
under Meshing, and the Contact is discussed under the section on contact.
Single-Point Constraints
A Single-Point Constraint (SPC) is a constraint that is applied to a single degree of freedom, which may
be either a component of motion at a node or the displacement of a scalar point.
The primary applications for single-point constraints are:
1. To tie a structure to ground.
2. To apply symmetric or anti symmetric boundary conditions by restraining the degrees of freedom
that must have a zero value to satisfy symmetry or anti symmetry. Symmetry is discussed in the
Modeling Guide.
3. To remove degrees of freedom that are not used in the structural analysis (that is, are not
connected to any structural elements or otherwise joined to the structure).
SPC BC
• *BOUNDARY_SPC constraints usually specified at model boundaries to define rigid support
points. These can also be used to apply an enforced nonzero displacement. Directions are in the
applicable nodal coordinate system.
• *CONSTRAINED_LINEAR_OPTION defines linear constraint equation between

displacements and rotations defined in global (OPTION =GLOBAL), or local (OPTION
=LOCAL) coordinate system. The constraint equation is generally of the form:
C u
k =1
k k = C0
where uk are the displacements/rotations, and Ck are the user defined coefficients.
Nodal BC
• FORCE and MOMENT -- Concentrated forces and moments, which are applied directly to
nodes. The magnitude is entered directly. The direction is defined by selecting an appropriate
degree-of-freedom (DOF) code. The node or nodes to which forces or moments are to be
applied, can be selected directly or via node set. Follower forces and moments can also be
applied. The temporal variation of the force or moment can be defined by using a load versus
time curve (LCID).
• Boundary Sliding Plane -- Boundary conditions at nodes on symmetry planes defined by
creating the symmetry plane.
• Boundary Temperature -- Temperature Boundary Conditions at nodes for thermal loading, or
temperature dependent materials.
• Initial Temperature -- Defines initial nodal temperatures. These can be applied either directly to
the nodes, or via node set.
• Initial Foam Reference Geometry -- Defines reference configuration for the geometry of the
foam material for initialization of stresses in the foam.
• Boundary Prescribed Motion -- Defines imposed (nonzero) nodal motion (velocity, acceleration,
or displacement) on nodes, node sets, or rigid bodies.
Element BC
• Load Shell -- Distributed pressure load applied to shell or thick shell elements, or element set.
• Load Beam -- Distributed traction load along any local axis of beam elements or a set of beams.
• Initial Strain Shell -- Applies initial strains to shell elements.
• Initial Stress Shell -- Applies initial stresses to shell elements.
• Initial Stress Beam-- Applies initial stresses to beam elements.
• Initial Stress Solid -- Applies initial stresses to solid elements.
• Initial Volume Fraction -- Defines initial volume fraction for different materials in multi-material
ALE, or in single material and void models.
• Initial Momentum -- Defines initial momentum for depositing in solid elements, to simulate
impulse loading.
306
Load Segment
• Applies distributed pressure load over a triangular or quadrilateral segment defined by four
nodes, over each segment in a segment set.
Global BC
• BOUNDARY_CYCLIC -- Defines nodes in boundary planes for cyclic symmetry
• BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION -- Defines imposed (nonzero) nodal motion (velocity,
acceleration, or displacement) on nodes, node sets, or rigid bodies.
• CONSTRAINED_ADAPTIVITY -- Defines adaptive constraints to constrain nodes to the
midpoint along edges of shell elements.
• CONSTRAINED_GENERALIZED_WELD_BUTT -- Defines butt welds. Weld failures include
both plastic and brittle failures. Coincident nodes are permitted, provided local coordinates are
defined.
• CONSTRAINED_EULER_IN_EULER -- Defines coupling between materials in two
overlapping, and geometrically identical multi-materials Eulerian mesh sets. It also allows
frictional contact between two or more Eulerian materials.
• CONSTRAINED_GLOBAL -- Defines a global boundary constraint plane
• CONSTRAINED_INTERPOLATION -- Defines an interpolation constraint whereby the motion
of a single dependent node is interpolated from the motion of a set of independent nodes.
• CONSTRAINED_POINTS -- Defines constraint between two points with the specified
coordinates connecting two shell elements at locations other than nodal points.
• CONSTRAINED_RIGID_BODIES -- Defines rigid body stoppers, to conveniently control the
motion of rigid tooling in metal forming applications.
• CONSTRAINED_RIGID_BODY_STOPPERS -- Defines the merger of two rigid bodies
• CONSTRAINED_SHELL_TO_SOLID -- Defines a tie (constraint) between the edge of a shell
and solid elements.
• CONSTRAINED_TIE_BREAK -- Defines a tie (constraint) between the edge of a shell and
solid elements enabling local release as a function of plastic strain at the shell elements
surrounding the interface nodes.
• CONSTRAINED_TIED_NODES_FAILURE -- Defines a tied (constrained) node set with
failure based on plastic strains.
• CONSTRAINED_JOINT_STIFFNESS -- Defines translational and rotational joint stiffness.
Options include FLEXION-TORSION, GENERALIZED, and, TRANSLATIONAL.
• INITIAL_DETONATION -- Defines points to initiate high explosive detonations in parts
• INITIAL_GAS_MIXTURE -- Defines initial temperature and density of different gas species in
*MAT_GAS_MIXTURE for the simulation of gas mixtures.
• INITIAL_VELOCITY -- Defines initial nodal velocities using node set IDs.
• INITIAL_VEHICLE_KINEMATICS -- Defines initial kinematical information such as
orientation, yaw, pitch, and roll axes for a vehicle.
• INITIAL_VELOCITY_RIGID_BODY -- Defines the initial translational and rotational

velocities at the center of gravity for a rigid body. This input overrides all other velocity input for
the rigid body and the nodes which define the rigid body.
• INITIAL_VELOCITY_GENERATION -- Defines initial velocity for rotating and translating
bodies.
• INITIAL_VOID -- Defines initial voided part set or part numbers.
• INITIAL_VOLUME_FRAC_GEOMETRY-- Defines initial volume fraction of different
materials in multi-material ALE, or in single material and void models.
• Load Blast-- Defines an airblast function for the application of pressure loads due to explosives
in conventional weapons.
• Load Body-- Defines body force loads due to prescribed base acceleration or angular velocity
using global axes definition. This load applies to all nodes in the model unless a part subset is
specified via the *LOAD_BODY_PARTS keyword.
• Load Body Generalized-- Defines body force loads due to prescribed base acceleration, or a
prescribed angular velocity over a subset of the model. The subset is defined by using nodes.
• Load Body Parts-- Defines body force loads for nodes belonging to selected parts.
• Load Brode-- Defines brode function for application of pressure loads due to explosives.
• Load Density Depth -- Defines density versus depth for gravity loading for analyzing submerged
and underground structures.
• Load Mask-- Defines distributed pressure load over a three dimensional shell part. The pressure
is applied to a subset of elements that lie within a fixed global box and lie either outside or inside
of a closed curve in space which is projected onto the surface.
• Load Rigid Body-- Defines concentrated nodal force to a rigid body. The force is applied at the
center of mass, or a moment is applied around a global or local axis.
• Load SSA-- Defines a simple way of loading the structure to account for the effects of primary
explosion and the subsequent bubble oscillations.
• Load SuperPlastic Form -- Defines loads for superplastic forming analysis.
• Load Thermal Constant-- Defines nodal temperatures that remains constant (during the duration
of the analysis) or thermally loading a structure for structural analysis.
• Load Thermal Load Curve -- Defines uniform (throughout the model) nodal temperatures that
can vary (in time) according to a load curve.
• Load Thermal Variable -- Defines nodal sets giving the temperature that varies during the
duration of the analysis.
• Airbag - Defines an airbag or control volume, providing a way of defining the thermodynamic
behavior of the gas flow into the airbag, and a reference configuration for the fully inflated bag.
The available thermodynamic relationships include: Simple Pressure Volume, Simple Airbag
Model, Adiabatic Gas Model, Wang Nefske, Wang Nefske Jetting, Wang Nefske Multiple
Jetting, Load Curve, Linear Fluid, Hybrid, Hybrid Jetting, and Hybrid Chemkin.
• Airbag Interaction -- Defines two connected airbags which vent into each other.
308
• Airbag Reference Geometry -- Defines airbag reference geometry
LBC Sets
Loads and boundary conditions can be grouped into sets. The applied loads can be applied independently
or in combination.
To group your applied loads into load sets select Create LBC Set from the BC menu.
Supply a name for your LBC set, then select the desired loads and boundary conditions.
Contact 309
Contact
310
Contact
Contact
Overview
The simulation of many physical problems requires the ability to model the contact phenomena. This
includes analysis of interference fits, rubber seals, tires, crash, and manufacturing processes among
others. The analysis of contact behavior is complex because of the requirement to accurately track the
motion of multiple geometric bodies, and the motion due to the interaction of these bodies after contact
occurs or breaks. This includes representing the friction between surfaces and heat transfer between the
bodies if required. The numerical objective is to detect the motion of the bodies, apply a constraint to
avoid penetration, and apply appropriate boundary conditions to simulate the frictional behavior and heat
transfer. This section gives an overview of the methods used in the SimXpert crash Workspace for
handling contact.
Contact problems can be classified as one of the following types of contact.
• Deformable-Deformable contact between single (self-contact), or multiple two- and three-
dimensional deformable bodies.
• Rigid - Deformable contact between a deformable body and a rigid body, for two- or three-
dimensional cases.
• Tied contact in two and three dimensions. This is a general capability for tying (bonding) two
deformable bodies, or a deformable body and a rigid body, to each other.
Contact problems involve a variety of different geometric and kinematic situations. Some contact
problems involve small relative sliding between the contacting surfaces, while others involve large
sliding. Some contact problems involve contact over large areas, while others involve contact between
discrete points. The approach adopted by SimXpert crash Workspace to model contact can be used to
handle most contact problems.
Contact Methodology
This section gives an overview of the methods used in the SimXpert crash Workspace for handling
contact.
Constraint Method
One side of the contact interface is called the slave side, and the other is designated as the master side.
Nodes lying in those surfaces are respectively referred to as the slave nodes and the master nodes.
Constraints are imposed on the global equations by a transformation of the displacement components of
the slave nodes along the contact interface. To keep the efficiency of the explicit time integration scheme,
the mass is lumped to the extent that only the global degrees of freedom of each master node are lumped.
Impact and release conditions are imposed to ensure the conservation of momentum.
If the mesh in the master surface zone is finer than the slave surface zone, master nodes can penetrate
through the slave surface without resistance, and create incorrect solution, especially if the interface
pressures are too high. Better choice of master and slave zoning would minimize such errors in some
Contact 311
Contact
cases. However, in some modeling situations (e.g. modeling of airbags in automotive crash applications)
good zoning in the initial configuration may be poor zoning later as the deformation progresses.
Penalty Method
The penalty method places normal interface springs between all penetrating nodes and the contact
surface. Momentum is conserved exactly without the necessity of imposing impact and release
conditions. Currently there are three formulations of the penalty algorithm.
Standard Penalty Formulation: In this formulation, the interface stiffness is chosen to be approximately
of the same order of magnitude as the stiffness of the interface element normal to the interface. If
interface pressures become large, unacceptable penetration may occur. The usual remedy of scaling up
the penalty stiffness, and scaling down the time step size increase the cost of the simulation.
Soft Constraint Penalty Formulation: In this formulation, in addition to the master and slave contact
stiffness, an additional stiffness (called the stability contact stiffness) which is based on the stability
(Courant’s criterion) of the local system comprised of two masses (segments) connected by a spring is
added. The stability contact stiffness kcs is calculated as:
kcs = 0.5. SOFSCL. m*. (1/(Δtc(t))
where, SOFSCL is the Soft Constraint Penalty Scale factor, m* is a function of the mass of the slave node
and the master nodes, and Δtc is set to the initial solution time step.
Segment-based Penalty Formulation: This formulation uses a slave segment-master segment approach
instead of the slave node-master segment approach. It is especially very efficient for airbag self-contact
during inflation and complex contact conditions.
Accounting for Shell Thickness

Shell thickness effects as well as change in thicknesses are accounted for in the crash Workspace.
Contact Damping
Viscous contact damping can be added to all contact options including single surface contact. It allows
to damp out oscillations normal to the contact surfaces during metal forming operations, and it also works
effectively in removing high frequency noise in problems involving impact.
Friction
Friction in crash Workspace is based on a Coulomb formulation
See “LS-DYNA Theory Manual” for a complete description of the friction formulation.
312
Contact
Tied Contact
Tied contact or tied interfaces provides a convenient way of modeling with dissimilar (non congruent)
meshes across an interface. This can often decrease the amount of effort required to generate meshes
since it eliminates the need to match nodes across common faces of parts.
Contact Types
Different types of contact may be defined in SimXpert crash. Some of the most common contact types
are listed here. Refer to the “LS-DYNA Keyword User’s Manual” for a more complete and detailed
description.
• Automatic Nodes to Surface
• Automatic Single Surface
• Automatic One way Surface to Surface
• Automatic Surface to Surface
• Nodes to Surface
• Surface to Surface
• Tied Nodes to Surface
Contact 313
Contact
• Tied Shell Edge to Surface

• Tied Surface to Surface
• Airbag Single Surface
• Rigidwall Geometric Flat
• Rigidwall Geometric Cylinder
• Rigidwall Geometric Sphere
Contact Parameters
A list of the most common contact parameters are described here. Refer to the “LS-DYNA Keyword
User’s Manual” for a more complete and detailed description.
Variable Description
FS Static coefficient of friction
FD Dynamic coefficient of friction
DC Exponential decay coefficient
VC Coefficient for viscous friction
VDC Viscous damping coefficient in percent critical
PENCHK Small penetration option in contact search.
BT Birth time of contact (contact surface becomes active at this time)
DT Death time of contact (contact surface is deactivated at this time)
SFS Scale factor on default slave penalty stiffness.
SFM Scale factor on default master penalty stiffness
SST Optional thickness for slave surface (overrides true thickness)
MST Optional thickness for master surface (overrides true thickness)
SFST Scale factor for slave thickness (scales true thickness)
SFMT Scale factor for master thickness (scales true thickness)
FSF Coulomb friction scale factor
vs.F Viscous friction scale factor
CF Thermal conductivity of fluid between the slide surfaces
FRAD Radiation factor between the slide surfaces
HTC Heat Transfer conductance for close gaps
GCRIT Critical gap. Use Heat Transfer conductance defined (HTC) for gap
thickness less than the value of GCRIT
GMAX No thermal contact if gap is greater than GMAX
314
Contact
Variable Description
CD_FAC A multiplier used on the element characteristic distance for the search
algorithm.
SOFSCL Scale factor for constraint forces of soft constraint option
LCIDAB Load Curve Id defining thickness of airbag (used in airbag contacts)
MAXPAR Maximum parametric coordinate in segment search.
EDGE Edge to edge penetration check
DEPTH Option to search depth in automatic contact
BSORT Number of cycles between bucket sorts
FRCFRQ Number of cycles between contact force updates for penalty contact
formulations
PENMAX Maximum penetration distance
THKOPT Thickness option
SHLTHK Shell thickness option
SNLOG Option to enable/disable shooting node logic in thickness offset
contact
ISYMB Symmetric plane option (set to 1, to retain the correct boundary
conditions in models with symmetry.)
I2D3D Segment searching option
SLDTHK Solid element thickness (a nonzero positive value activates the contact
thickness offsets in the contact algorithm where offsets apply)
SLDSTF Solid element stiffness (a nonzero positive value overrides the bulk
modulus taken from the material model referenced by the solid
element)
IGAP Flag to improve implicit convergence behavior at the expense of
creating some sticking, if parts attempt to separate
IGNORE Option to allow/ignore initial penetrations
trackpen Flag for initial penetration compensation
bucket Bucket sorting frequency
lcbucket Load Curve Id defining bucket sorting frequency vs. time
nseg2trac Number of segments to track for each slave node
initiator Number of iterations for initial penetration checking
Simulation 315
Simulation
316
Time Step Control
Time Step Control

During the solution a new time step is estimated by taking the minimum value over all the elements in
the model:
Δt n+1 = a ⋅ min{Δt1, Δt2 , Δt3,..., ΔtN }

where, N is the number of elements, and a is the scale factor.
For stability reasons the scale factor a is typically set to a value of 0.90 (default) or smaller.
Time Step for Solid Elements

A critical time step size, Δte, is computed for solid elements from:
Le
Δte =
{ Q + (Q 2
+ c 2 ) 
1/ 2
 }
where, c is the adiabatic speed of sound, Q is a function of the bulk viscosity coefficients C0 and C1.
For elastic materials with a constant bulk modulus c can be computed as:
E (1 − υ )
c=
(1 + υ )(1 − 2υ ) ρ
where, E, ν, and ρ are respectively the Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and density.
C1c + C0 Le εkk for εkk < 0

Q=
0 for εkk ≥ 0
where, Le is a characteristic length calculated as the minimum altitude (for 4-node tetrahedrons), or the
ratio of the element volume to the area of the largest face (for 8-node hexahedra)
Time Step for Shell Elements

For the shell elements, the time step size is given by:
Ls
Δte =
c
Simulation 317
Time Step Control
where, Ls is the characteristic length, and c is the speed of sound:
E
c=
ρ (1 −ν 2 )
Three user options exist for selecting the characteristic length Ls.
In the first (default) option, Ls is given by:

e
Ls =
(1 + β ) As
max( L1 , L2 , L3 , (1 − β ) L4 )
where, β = 0 for quadrilateral, and 1 for triangular shell elements, As is the area, and Li (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) is
the length of the sides defining the shell elements.
In the second option, the following more conservative value is used for Ls:
Ls =
(1 + β ) As
max( D1 , D2 )
where, Di (i = 1, 2) is the length of the diagonals.
The third option, which provides the largest time step size, and is often used for triangular shell elements
with very small altitudes uses the following expression for Ls:

Ls = max 
(1 + β ) As 
, min( L1 , L2 , L3 , L4 + β 1020 ) 
 max( L1 , L2 , L3 ,(1 − β ) L4 ) 
Time Step for Beam and Truss Elements

For the Hughes-Liu beam and truss elements, the time step size is given by:
L
Δt e =
c
318
Time Step Control
where, L is the length of the element, an c is the speed of sound calculated as:
E
c=
ρ
The Belytscho beam also uses smaller of the values given by:
L
Δt e =
c
and
.5L
Δt e =
 3 1 
c 3I  + 2
12 I + AL AL 
2
where, I and A are the maximum value of the moment of inertia, and the area of the beam cross section
respectively.
Time Step for Discrete Elements

For spring elements there is no wave propagation speed c to calculate the critical time step size.
However, based on the maximum eigenvalue of the spring with the nodal masses M1, M2 attached to the
nodes connected to the spring, the critical time step size can be computed as:
2M 1M 2
Δte = 2
k ( M1 + M 2 )
Simulation 319
Output Control
Output Control
The Control and the database options are used to set solution and output options for the analysis.
320
Control
Control
The Control options are used to set solution options such as analysis duration
(*CONTROL_TERMINATION), adaptive meshing (*CONTROL_ADAPTIVE), parallel processing
(*CONTROL_PARALLEL), and output options such as energy (*CONTROL_ENERGY), output
interval (*CONTROL_OUTPUT). Refer to the LS-DYNA Keyword user’s Manual for a complete list of
the Control cards and options. These control options can be set, and or changed from the SimXpert crash
Workspace. Many of these options have default settings which work pretty well in most situations.
However, a set of standard or user selected control options can be imported from an existing LS-DYNA
keyword file, for use either on an as-is basis, or to be selectively modified in the crash workspace GUI.
Database
The LS-DYNA Database options define options for output files containing results information for post
processing. For example, the use of the *DATABASE_BINARY_D3_PLOT card lets you select the time
interval (DT) between output for the d3plot files. Refer to the “LS-DYNA Keyword User’s Manual” for
a complete list of the database cards and options. These database options can be set, and or changed from
the SimXpert crash Workspace. Many of these options have default settings which work pretty well in
most situations. However, a set of standard or user selected control options can be imported from an
existing LS-DYNA keyword file, for use either on an as-is basis, or to be selectively modified in the crash
workspace GUI.
Simulation 321
Perform the Simulation

To perform the analysis, export an LS-DYNA keyword file (File -> Export -> Dyna Model). This will
create a keyword input file which can then be used to perform the simulation with LS-DYNA on a
computer where it is installed.
Manually Invoking LS-DYNA

As a part of SimXpert Installation, the LS-DYNA Analysis Code solver is installed in a subdirectory
under the main installation directory and can be invoked directly. Should you need to manually invoke
LS-DYNA, run the executable found under the SimXpert installation directory.
To invoke LS-DYNA from Linux32:
<INSTALLROOT>/Nastran/md2009/dyna/linux32/run_dytran jid=jobid.key iam=simxcr
From Linux64:
<INSTALLROOT>/Nastran/md2009/dyna/linux64/run_dytran jid=jobid.key iam=simxcr
From Windows32:
<INSTALLROOT>/Nastran/md2009/dyna/win32/run_dytran jid=jobid.key iam=simxcr
From Windows64:
<INSTALLROOT>/Nastran/md2009/dyna/win64/run_dytran jid=jobid.key iam=simxcr
where jobid.key is a LSDYNA input deck.
For Linux32, the default INSTALLROOT Path for SimXpert R4 is /msc/SimXpert/R4
For Linux64, the default INSTALLROOT Path for SimXpert R4 is /msc/SimXpert_x64/R4
For Windows32/64, the default INSTALLROOT Path for SimXpert R4 is C:\MSC.Software\SimXpert\R4
322
Example - Crushing of a Thin Square Tube 323
Example - Crushing of a Thin Square Tube

324
Crushing of a Thin Square Tube

Problem Description
A square cross section thin tube is to be simulated for crushing by a rigid wall moving with an initial
velocity toward one end of the tube, while the other end is fixed. The basic FEA model containing the
nodes and the elements is imported from a Nastran input file. Complete the crush model with materials,
sections, boundary conditions, loads, and analysis and output options for performing the crush
simulation.
Some Key Data:
Cross-section of the tube: 69.954 mm X 69.954 mm
Length of the tube: 320 mm
Thickness of the tube: 1.2 mm
Weight of the rigid wall: 0.4 ton
Initial velocity of the rigid wall: 5646 mm/sec
Steps:
Following are the steps to complete the crush model.
1. Launch SimXpert
Select Structures as the Workspace
2. Select the Solver Card as the GUI Options

Tools -> Options -> GUI Options
Select Solver Card
Click Apply
3. Set the Units for the model

Click Units Manager
Click Standard Units
Select mm, t, s as the units for Length, Mass, and Time respectively
Click OK
Click OK
4. Import the FEA mesh from a MSC.Nastran input file

File -> Input -> Nastran ...
Select the file, square_tube_nast.bdf
Hint: You can find the above file in the PartFiles folder under the help folder in the SimXpert
installation directory.
Click Open
Close the (pop-up) Notepad window (nastran.err - Notepad)
The imported FEA mesh represents a quarter model of the thin square tube.
Figure 1 Quarter model of a square section tube
5. Switch the workspace to crash:

Set workspace to crash
6. Create the material:

Materials and Properties-> MAT [1 to 20] -> [003]MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC
Enter steel as the Title for the material
Enter value for RO: 7.85E-9
326
Enter value for E: 1.994E5

Enter value for PR: 0.30
Enter value for SIGY: 3.366E2
Enter value for ETAN: 1
Enter value for BETA: 1
Click OK
7. Create properties for the shell elements:

Materials and Properties-> Section -> SECTION_SHELL
Select 2 for ELFORM
Enter value for SHRF: 1.
Enter value for NIP: 3
Note: Hit the Enter key, after typing 3 for NIP. Otherwise, the change will not be made.
Enter value for T1: 1.2
Click OK
8. Assign property and material to the part:

Right click on the (part) PSHELL... in the Model Browser
Click Properties on the pop-up window
Double click on the SECID data box, and click Select
Select SECTION_SHELL_1 from the Select a PSECTION form
Click OK
Double click on the cell below MID, and click Select
Select steel from the Select a Material form
Click OK
Set the value for ADPOPT to 1
Click Modify
Click Exit
9. Create the boundary conditions for the tube:

LBCs -> LBC -> SPC -> Boundary SPC

Make sure all six DOFs are checked-in (selected)
Click Store
Click Exit
Pick all the nodes on the bottom of the tube
Click Done on the Pick panel
This fixes the bottom edge of the tube against all translations and rotations.
328
Top edge
z-symmetry edge
x-symmetry
edge
Bottom edge (fixed)
Figure 2 Boundary conditions for the tube model


Check in DOFX, DOFRY, DOFRZ
Click Store
Click Exit
Pick all the nodes on the x-symmetry edge, except the node on the bottom edge.
This imposes the symmetric boundary condition on the x-symmetry edge.

Check in DOFZ, DOFRX, DOFRY
Click Store
Click Exit
Pick all the nodes on the z-symmetry edge, except the node on the bottom edge.
This imposes the symmetric boundary condition on the z-symmetry edge.
10. Create a constrained node set on all the nodes on the top edge:
Nodes/Elements ->Elements -> Create -> Rigid -> Constrained Node Set
Set DOF to 2
Click Store
Click Exit
Pick all the nodes on the top edge
11. Create mass elements to represent the rigid wall:

Elements -> Create -> 1 Noded -> Element Mass
Enter value for MASS: 0.01
Click Store
Click Exit
Pick all the nodes on the top edge, except two nodes where the symmetry edges meet the top edge.
330
Elements -> Create -> 1 Noded -> Element Mass

Enter value for MASS: 0.005
Click Store
Click Exit
Pick the two nodes where the symmetry edges meet the top edge
12. Create the initial velocity on the top nodes:

LBCs -> LBC -> Nodal BC-> Initial Velocity
Enter value for VY: -5646
Click on Define App Region
Pick all the nodes on the top edge
Click Create
13. Create an auto single surface contact:

LBCs -> Contact-> Automatic -> Auto Single Surface
Click OK on the Auto Single Surface form
14. Select the dyna control options:

Parameters -> Control -> [A to C] -> CONTROL ADAPTIVE
Enter value for ADPFREQ: 1.E-4
Enter value for ADPTOL: 5
Select value for ADPOPT: 2
Enter value for MAXLVL: 2
Enter value for ADPSIZE: 0
Click OK
Control -> [N to Z] -> CONTROL TERMINATION
Enter value for ENDTIME: 3.E-3
Click OK
Control -> [D to H] -> CONTROL ENERGY
Select value for HGEN: 2
Select value for RWEN: 2
Select value for SLNTEN: 2
Select value for RYLEN: 1
Click OK
Control -> [N to Z] -> CONTROL OUTPUT
Select value for NPOPT: 1
Select value for NEECHO: 3
Click OK
Control -> Title ->TITLE
Enter value for Title: Crushing of a thin square tube
Click OK
15. Select the dyna database options:
Database -> OPC -> DATABASE BINARY option
Enter valuEnter value for DT_D3PLOT: 1.E-4
Check in the IOPT select box, and set its value to 1
Click OK
Database -> OPC -> DATABASE option
Enter value for DT_GLSTAT: 2.E-5
Enter value for DT_MATSUM: 2.E-5
Click OK
16. Save the SimXpert database:

File -> Save As
Enter name for the file: square_tube_crush
Click Save
17. Run the Simulation:

Rght-click on Simulations
Enter name for Fle name: square_tube_crush
Click Save
18. Exit from SimXpert:

File -> Exit
19. Post-process the Results in ls-prepost

332
Figure 3 Von Mises Stress at Time = 0.003

SimXpert R3.2 Crash Workspace Guide

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SimXpert R3.2 Crash Workspace Guide

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Introduction 1

Crash Workspace Guide

Overview and Definition

M = mass matrix of the structure

and the prime denotes an estimated value.

where Δt is the time step, and β , and γ are constants.

The accelerations are obtained by inverting the M* matrix as follows:

= vector of externally applied loads

n–1 n–1§2 n n+1§2 n+1 time

Leap-frog Integration in Time

Grid-Point Velocities Grid-Point Displacements

Element Formulation and Gradient Operator

Element Stain Rates

Constitutive Model and Integration

Element Formulation and Divergence Operator

Element Forces at Grid-Points

CONTACT, Fluid-Structure Interaction, Force/Pressure boundaries

+ External Forces at Grid Points

Explicit Time Step

For 1-D elements, the speed of sound is defined as:

Implicit vs. Explicit Analysis

• Material and geometric nonlinearity in combination with large displacements. Convergence

Explicit Methods Have Increasing Advantages Over Implicit

Parts and Geometry

Parts and Geometry

Creating local coordinate systems

Coordinate Direction Direction Direction

= 0, Tensile stress remains at cut-off value

= 1, Tensile stress is reset to zero

= 0, No bulk viscosity (recommended, default)

= 1, Bulk viscosity active

Figure 1 Behavior of the Low Density Urethane Foam Model

Figure 2 Uniaxial Specimen for Experimental Data

Figure 3 Experimental Data from Uniaxial Specimen

LT. 0: User defined failure subroutine is called to determine failure

EQ. 0.0: Failure not considered

=-1, Cowper-Symnods with deviatoric strain rate rather than total

= 0, Scale yield stress

1 < BETA > 0: Combined hardening

= 0, Scale yield stress (default)

= 0, Scale yield stress (default)

=1, Constraints applied in global directions

=-1, Constraints applied in local directions

=1, Constrained x displacement

=2, Constrained y displacement

=3, Constrained z displacement

=4, Constrained x and y displacements

=5, Constrained y and z displacements

=6, Constrained z and x displacements

=7, Constrained x, y, and z displacements

=1, Constrained x rotation

=2, Constrained y rotation

=3, Constrained z rotation

=4, Constrained x and y rotations

=5, Constrained y and z rotations

=6, Constrained z and x rotations

=7, Constrained x, y, and z rotations

1.0: loading and unloading paths are the same

0: Beta and programmed burn

1: Beta burn only

2: Programmed burn only

0: Default set to 2.0

3: P< -PC, element spalls and tension, p < 0, is never allowed

0: Default set to 2.0