WATSON INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

THE POLITICAL TECHNOLOGY OF SECURITY

Spring Semester, 1999 Ian Robert Douglas Visiting Scholar, Box 1831 Ian_Robert_Douglas@Brown.edu

How was the human - the animal being - secured in its relation to the world? By what techniques, and under which rationalities, were the permanent parameters of our experience (society, knowledge, subjectivity) established? Such questions are marginal in political science. Most especially in international relations, where so often the complexity of this question of security is effaced: reduced to three types of accumulation; the accumulation of territory (realism), the accumulation of laws and regimes (liberalism), or the accumulation of material resources (marxism). We tend only to think of security between states. But what about the regularization of the human animal? In this unit we will seek to get closer to a true representation of the complexity of security by highlighting a fourth type of accumulation: what Michel Foucault called the accumulation of men.1 With a flickering light we will venture into an alternative archive, listen to lost voices, discover new chambers and caverns, uncover a history forgotten yet central to modernitys fascination with security. From the waning of the Middle Ages to the Information Revolution, we will chart thresholds in the discourses and practices of this broader political technology of security, and in doing so, look deeper into the birth of our world, and its unsteady, but regular journey toward universal order.

TEXTS
There is no single text for this unit, nor should we seek one. We will be approaching some of the most important, urgent, and curious issues underpinning the politics of the modern world. Our archive is nothing less than the history of modernity. If this seminar is possible at all it is because others have spent the whole of their lives in the dark web of tunnels and passages that lie beneath the very landscape upon which we find ourselves. I have purposely selected thinkers and writers that try not only to understand surfaces, but the very geology of politics. Buried underground they point the way to a type of inquiry that is deeply ethiical and resolutely political. Not the least important of all of the aspirations of this seminar is to encourage others to come to an understanding of the spirit of commitment of this subterranean community. All the more important as we live through the ends of modernity; the thing to which so many addressed their energies. Hadnt we best understand the world thats passing before taking the measure of the new? There is more than enough supporting material for our purposes. Too much. Here are listed many of the very best writings of politics, history, and philosophy. They will open to you a new world; if you give them time. If you seek and have the will to understand our contemporary world - its codes, regularities, and impulses - you will find that these texts will speak to you. They will call out to you. Make the world a puzzle!

BEGINNINGS
The first essays I suggest you read are: Foucault, Michel (1997) Security, Territory, and Population, in Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth The New Press Gordon, Colin (1980) Afterword in Foucault, Michel Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972-1977 Harvester Wheatsheaf Foucault isnt easy at first. Persist. In helping you to think anew about power, strategy, politics, truth, and history, you also will find Paul Rabinows introduction to The Foucault Reader and the following of Michel Foucaults own essays and interviews useful: Rabinow, Paul (1984) Introduction in The Foucault Reader: An Introduction to Foucaults Thought Penguin

Foucault, Michel (1982), The Subject and Power, in Dreyfus, Hubert L. and Rabinow, Paul Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics University of Chicago Press Foucault, Michel (1991) Discourse on Power, in Michel Foucault Remarks on Marx Semiotext(e) Foucault, Michel (1980) Truth and Power in Foucault, Michel Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972-1977 Harvester Wheatsheaf Foucault, Michel (1988) On Power in Politics, Philosophy, Culture: Interviews and Other Wriings: 1977-1984 (ed) Lawrence Kritzman Routledge Foucault, Michel (1988) Nietzsche, Genealogy History, in The Foucault Reader (ed) Paul Rabinow Penguin Foucault, Michel and Deleuze, Gilles (1996) Intellectuals and Power, in Foucault Live: Collected Interviews, 1961-1984 (ed) Sylvre Lotringer Semiotext(e)

SEMINAR FORMAT & TOPICS

There will be no lectures, as such, for this unit. Each session will be a mix of tutor- and student-led discussion. Seminars will be 2 hours and 20 minutes, weekly. I propose to run things as follows: Each session will begin with a few opening comments by myself; just to try to ease us into a specific question. We will then go on to discuss specific philosophical and practical questions, and sets of key texts and readings. In addition to our collective efforts, for each session one or more students will be given special responsibility for guiding/leading the discussion, and teasing out the key questions of the seminar as a whole. This is an important task, and will be reflected in the assessment structure of the unit. As tutor I will be involved at every turn. The aim, however, is to have you all, as participants, begin to learn to stand on your own two feet - intellectually - and develop the capacity for critical and responsive thought. Were here to learn. As the unit progresses we will aim to become less and less class-like, and more akin to an advanced research group where we come together around a particular problematic. In addition to this syllabus/outline, handouts will be circulated, when and where appropriate. These may take the form of relevant questions for further thought/suggestions for the term paper, a narrative guideline of the themes of the course/session, or just my favourite quote of the moment. These will - when appropriate - be given out during the relevant session and not distributed in advance. I want you to think for yourself, rather than mirror whatever I might think or say. Everyone will be encouraged to participate as equals. The topics are as follows.2

1) 2)

Introduction to the Government of Men : The Political Technology of Security The Italian Revolution : From Machiavelli to Reason of State

3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)

Constituting Reason : The History of Insanity in the Age of Production The Birth of the Clinic : The New Cartography of Social Power The Military Body is Born : The Birth of the State Power Touches the Imagination : The Birth of the World The Policey Sciences : Security, Tranquility, Happiness The Government of Souls : From the Theatre of Horror to the Museum of Order Satanic Mills : Self-regulating Society The Dromocratic Threshold The New Seclusion : Info-politics The Accident

9) 10) 11) 12)

SEMINAR LEADERS
1. Each week one or more students will help guide the session as a whole. I have found through experience that this format helps kick-start sessions, keep them going, and allows others, bar me, to voice their opinions. 2. Topics will be allocated at the end of the first weeks session. Please take a little time beforehand to think about which topic interests, puzzles, excites, or confuses you. If possible we will try to ensure that peoples preferences are met. In thinking about which session you might like to help guide, please remember that oftentimes it is both more interesting and challenging to tackle a topic that you find at first to be unusual/daunting. The very best discussions emerge when we are all pushed beyond the realms of our usual experiences. This unit, perhaps more than most others, will survive or fall on dialogue. Use your imagination, and have courage to use your own understanding. 3. Though our main objective will be to get somewhere in our intellectual thinking, the role of the seminar leader is also to think about how best to technically achieve this. Be resourceful. Hopefully the teaching room that we will be allocated will be equipped with an overhead projector, chalkboard, audio-visual, etc. If, as leader, you would like the discussion to focus on a particular quotation/image/document (film even), contact me beforehand and we can think together about how best to do whatever you propose. Remember there are many ways of reading the world, and facilitating that reading.

SEMINAR READINGS
For each session there will usually be two or three principle texts. These are essential: they are our eyes, our optics; they will allow us to see in a new way. I have tried to make them as direct and as short as possible. For each session, additional key historical texts are also highlighted. Herein youll find the detail passed over at times necessarily in such short sessions. It isnt expected that you read each of these, but it will aid your understanding if you dip into them.

SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS
Supplementary readings are provided in addition to these texts. These are listed in alphabetical order, rather than order of relevance. You should attempt to look at at least two, and if possible more, of these. Remember in the process of choosing your essays and seminar preferences, the easiest topics are not necessarily the ones with fewer texts on the list. For an essay/presentation you should attempt to be familiar with a good few of the readings provided for that topic. Well talk about this later. Ask if you cannot find a text in the library. As Im visiting this year I didnt bring too many books with me, but I might well have a copy that you can borrow temporarily. My email address is on the front of this syllabus. Alternatively, leave a message at my office (Rm 105) at 130 Hope Street (Box 1831, extn: 2420 ). Please try to be resourceful if you hit a problem. I will have a office hour when you can come and talk. This will be Mondays 12pm until 2pm. You are encouraged to read as widely and as deeply as possible. There are several great libraries in walking distance, not only the Rockefeller (e.g., the Rhode Island Historical Society, the John Hay Library, the John Carter Brown Library, the Science Library etc.) Use your ingenuity. The best scholars are always detectives; rediscovering lost thinkers and silenced voices, old ghosts and forgotten graves.

ASSESSMENT
See page 26 of this handout.

OTHER SOURCES
You should be aware of world events passing around you. Look out for subplots and fragments of knowledges and discourses in films, TV game shows, documentaries, your daily lives. Try to read more widely than academic texts. Literature, science, pop music, channel surfing, the underground; it is all your domain of study.

Time is always limited of course, but do what you can. Of journals, I find the following to be the best: Radical Philosophy Semiotext(e) Angelaki Theory, Culture and Society Alternatives Economy and Society Political Theory Millennium: Journal of International Studies Review of International Studies as well as the electronic journals CTheory (http://www.freedonia.com/ctheory/) and Speed (http://www.arts.ucsb.edu:80/~speed/), a great resource called Books on Line (http://www.cs.cmu.edu/Web/booksubjects.html), in which you can search by subject for a series of on-line texts. There are also several email discussion lists on the works of Foucault, Baudrillard, Virilio, Nietzsche, Deleuze and others, to which you can subscribe. Do a Yahoo! search for the Spoon Collective.

THE INTELLECTUAL HERITAGE OF THE THEME OF THE POLITICAL TECHNOLOGY OF SECURITY

More perhaps than most courses, it is helpful for this unit to read as widely as possible. By the way of an introduction to the broader intellectual framework within which the sets of concerns that we will discuss are located, I would recommend several non-academic texts. Note that this is not required reading, nor should it take the place of engaging with the actual texts. This is purely for background and personal interest. As this unit has been inspired for the most part by the intellectual passion of the late Michel Foucault (1926-1984), I thought it relevant to include details of the following excellent biographies/commentaries on his life and work: Deleuze, Gilles (1995) Breaking Things Open, Breaking Words Open, Life as a Work of Art, and A Portrait of Foucault in Negotiations, 1972-1990 Columbia University Press (stunning personal tributes from a fellow militant and intellectual giant) Miller, James (1994) The Passion of Michel Foucault Flamingo (a subtle and accomplished biographical analysis of Foucaults philosophical life) Macey, David (1993) The Lives of Michel Foucault Vintage (comprehensive in terms of summary and biographical detail) Eribon, Didier (1991) Michel Foucault Faber and Faber (useful in terms of the assessment and description of the intellectual environment in which Foucault lived and worked) Pasquino, Pasquale (1986) Michel Foucault (1926-84): The Will to Knowledge Economy and Society Vol 15 No 1 February

Dumm, Thomas L. (1996) Michel Foucault and the Politics of Freedom Sage Burke, Peter (1992) (ed) Critical Thought Series: 2, Critical Essays on Michel Foucault (Scolar Press (a collection of book reviews and short essays on Foucault) Davidson, Arnold (1997) (ed) Foucault and His Interlocutors University of Chicago Press(a wonderful new collection, many new translations, of thinkers and contemporaries engaging with Foucault, and his works)

FILMS
Each weekly session will be followed by a film based on the session theme. Ive found, over a number of years teaching, that this helps reinforce visually the themes of the session. Film is a medium that also helps us bridge the gap between history and the present. Details to follow, or to be invented. This will be a compulsory part of the unit. It will extend class time overall, but I assure you it will be worth it. This films chosen are entertaining, but also educational: Session Theme Film

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12)

Introduction to the Government of Men The Problem of Population in the 16thC The Triumph of Reason The Politics of Health Militant Bodies The Outward Expansion The Police State The Government of Souls Satanic Mills The Dromocratic Revolution The New Seclusion The Accident

The Truman Show Cromwell The Madness of King George Outbreak G.I. Jane 1492 They Live Cool Hand Luke Germinal Vanishing Point [Safe] Fearless

1) INTRODUCTION TO THE GOVERNMENT OF MEN

Historical Text
Tuchman, Barbara W. (1978) A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century Ballantine Books

Preparatory Readings
Bock, Gisela, Skinner, Quentin, Viroli, Maurizio (1990) (eds) Machiavelli and republicanism New York: Cambridge University Press Canetti, Elias (1973) Crowds and Power Penguin Cassirer, Ernst (1946) The Myth of the State Yale University Press (Chapters X-XIII) Donaldson, Peter Samuel (1988) Machiavelli and mystery of state Cambridge Frederick II, King of Prussia (1981) The refutation of Machiavellis Prince: or, Anti-Machiavel Ohio University Press Ortega y Gasset, Jos (1985) The revolt of the masses University of Notre Dame Press Haynes, Peter (1992) The People and the Mob Praeger Hindess, Barry (1987) Rationality and the Characterization of Modern Society in Whimster, Sam and Lash, Scott Max Weber, Rationality and Modernity Allen and Unwin Hobbes, Thomas (1968) Leviathan Penguin (especially Part I, Of Man) _____ (1972) Man and Citizen Anchor Books (especially On Dispositions and Manners, and Of the State of Men Without Civil Government) Jaspers, Karl (1951) Man in the Modern Age Anchor Books Machiavelli, Nicoll (1988) The Prince Cambridge Mannheim, Karl (1967) Man and society in an age of reconstruction: studies in modern social structure: with a bibliographical guide to the study of modern society Harcourt (especially pp. 327-368) Masters, Roger D (1996) Machiavelli, Leonardo, and the science of power University of Notre Dame Press Nietzsche, Friedrich (1986) Human, all too Human: A Book for Free Spirits Cambridge ONeill, John (1987) The Disciplinary Society: from Weber to Foucault, British Journal of Sociology Vol 37, pp. 42-60. Parel, Anthony (1992) The Machiavellian cosmos Yale University Press Pocock, J. G. A. (1975) The Machiavellian moment: Florentine political thought and the Atlantic republican tradition Princeton University Press Rud, George (1964) The Crowd in History, 1730-1848 Wiley Skinner, Quentin (1978) The foundations of modern political thought Cambridge Tuck, Richard (1993) Philosophy and Government, 1572-1651 Cambridge University Press Turner, Brian (1987) The Rationalization of the Body: Reflections on Modernity and Discipline in Whimster, Sam and Lash, Scott Max Weber, Rationality and Modernity Allen and Unwin

In addition to the authors/texts listed throughout this syllabus, there is of course the primary material of that whole mass of administrators, theologians, public technicians, jurists, scientists, economists, philanthropists and cartographers who participated in the birth and development of the modern world as we know it. In addition to the libraries of science, politics and philosophy, dont forget the archives of decrees, regulations and registers within which is inscripted the actual practices of security that this series can only point to. Here are just a few of these figures (in no particular order) that you might have fun tracking down: Augustine, Da Vinci, Lipsius, Gustavus Adolphus, Magellan, Machiavelli, Copernicus, Gallileo, Richelieu, Colbert, Bacon, Harvey, Willis, Newton, Frederick II, Dithmar, Seckendorff, Justi, Sonnenfels, Osse, Turgot, Gerhard, Rohr, Zincke, Voltaire, Darjes, Schrder, Beccaria, Smith, Montesquieu, Hume, Hamilton, Pinel, Lamarck, Ferguson, Babbage, Malthus, Goethe, Bentham, Napoleon, Clausewitz, Cuvier, Herder, Kant, Hegel, Ricardo, Stendhal, Humboldt, Tocqueville, Mill, List, Sombart, Lenin, Luxemburg, Hilferding, Spengler, Marinetti and Jnger ..

MANY OF THE FOLLOWING KEY READINGS ARE VERY SHORT. DONT BE APPREHENSIVE ABOUT APPROACHING THEM; JUST GET ON AND READ THEM

2) THE ITALIAN REVOLUTION

Discussion Questions: During the Italian High Renaissance the question of security was subtlely reconceived. The populace itself - perhaps more so than territory or bounty - was seen as the key to State grandeur. What consequences follow this profound revolution in political outlook? Why is it that no-one in international relations seems adequately to have explained the profound nature of the emergence of the language of reason of state?

Principal Texts
Foucault, Michel (1997) Security, Territory, and Population in Rabinow, Paul (ed) Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth The New Press Foucault, Michel (1991) Governmentality in Burchell, Graham, Gordon, Colin, and Miller, Peter (eds) The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality University of Chicago Meinecke, Friedrich (1957) Machiavellianism: The Doctrine of Raison dtat and Its Place in Modern History Yale University Press (this whole book is stunning, but for now read chapters 3, 5, 6) Hacking, Ian (1982) Biopower and the Avalanche of Printed Numbers, Humanities in Society Vol 5 pp. 279-95

Historical Texts
Botero, Giovanno (c1956) Reason of State, and the Greatness of Cities Yale Burckhardt, Jacob (1960) The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy Mentor Books

Supplementary Readings

Bacon, Francis (1909) Essays, Civil and Moral and The New Atlantis P.F.Collier & Son _____ (1900) The Advancement of Learning and Novum Organum Colonial Press Blumenberg, Hans (1983) The Legitimacy of the Modern Age MIT Press Burke, Peter (1991) Tacitism, scepticism, and reason of state, in J.H. Burns (ed.), The Cambridge History of Political Thought, 1450-1700 Cambridge University Press Foucault, Michel(1988) On Power in Politics, Philosophy, Culture: Interviews and Other Writings: 1977-1984 (ed) Lawrence Kritzman Routledge _____ (1988) Politics and Reason in Politics, Philosophy, Culture: Interviews and Other Writings: 1977-1984 (ed) Lawrence Kritzman Routledge _____ (1978) The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An Introduction New York: Vintage Gutting, Gary (1989) Foucaults Archaeology of Scientific Knowledge Cambridge Hacking, Ian (1975) The Emergence of Probability Cambridge _____ (1986) Making Up People in Heller, T. et al. (eds) Reconstructing Individualism Stanford _____ (1990) The Taming of Chance Cambridge _____ (1991), How should we do the history of statistics?, in Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon and Peter Miller (eds.) The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality London, Harvester Wheatsheaf Hall, Rupert A. (1983) The Revolution in Science, 1500-1750 Longman Skinner, Quentin (1978) The foundations of modern political thought Cambridge University Press Stigler, Stephen M. (1986) The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty Before 1900 Cambridge University Press Tuck, Richard (1993) Philosophy and Government, 1572-1651 Cambridge University Press Viroli, Maurizio (1992) From politics to reason of state: the acquisition and transformationof the language of politics, 1250-1600 Cambridge University Press

3) CONSTITUTING REASON
Discussion Questions: When beggars, delinquents and libertines had been tolerated in cities and towns for years, why was it that they were all expelled, imprisoned, killed and hospitalized at the birth of the Classical age? What was the nature of the Great Confinement, and why did it fail? Why is it that modern rationality has been so compatible with violence? If we better understand the genealogy of this rationality might it be possible to save reason, without losing security, nor incarcerating ourselves?

Principal Texts
Foucault, Michel (1967) Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason Tavistock (Chapters 1, 2 and 9) Foucault, Michel (1988) The Dangerous Individual in Politics, Philosophy, Culture: Interviews and Other Writings: 1977-1984 (ed) Lawrence Kritzman

Routledge Foucault, Michel (1988) Confinement, Psychiatry, Prison in Politics, Philosophy, Culture: Interviews and Other Writings: 1977-1984 (ed) Lawrence Kritzman Routledge Foucault, Michel (1996) The Abnormals in Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth The New Press Nietzsche, Friedrich (1994) On the Genealogy of Morality Cambridge (read 1-4 of the Second Essay)

Historical Text
Huizinga, Johan (1997) The Autumn of the Middle Ages University of Chicago Press (new translation of a classic)

Supplementary Readings
Bynum, W.F. , Porter, Roy and Shepherd, Michael (1985) The Anatomy of Madness: People and Ideas Vol 1 Tavistock _____ (1985) The Anatomy of Madness: Institutions and Society .. Vol 2.Tavistock _____ (1988) The Anatomy of Madness: The Asylum and its ... Vol.3 Tavistock ( three wonderful volumes, packed with incredible detail on the historical practice of confinement) Canguilhem, Georges (c1991) The Normal and the Pathological Zone Books (Foucaults dissertation adviser; another intellectual giant) Castel, Robert (1990) The Regulation of Madness: The Origins of Incarceration in France Polity Castel, Robert, Castel, Francois and Lovell, Anne (1982) The Psychiatric Society Columbia University Press Foucault, Michel (1996a) Madness Only Exists in Society in Foucault Live: Collected Interviews, 1961-1984 (ed) Sylvre Lotringer Semiotext(e) _____ (1996c) Sorcery and Madness in Foucault Live: Collected Interviews, 1961-1984 (ed) Sylvre Lotringer Semiotext(e) _____ (1996d) Rituals of Exclusion in Foucault Live: Collected Interviews, 1961-1984 (ed) Sylvre Lotringer Semiotext(e) _____ (1996e) The Social Extension of the Norm in Foucault Live: Collected Interviews, 1961-1984 (ed) Sylvre Lotringer Semiotext(e) _____ (1996) Schizo-Culture: On Prisons and Psychiatry in Foucault Live: Collected Interviews, 1961-1984 (ed) Sylvre Lotringer Semiotext(e) Goffman, Erving (1968) Asylums: essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates Chicago Grob, Gerald (1966) The State and the Mentally Ill Unuiversity of North Carolina Gutting, Gary (1994) Foucault and the History of Madness in Gutting, Gary (ed) The Cambridge Companion to Foucault Cambridge Porter, Roy (1987) A Social History of Madness: Stories of the Insane Phoenix Rose, Nikolas (1996) Psychiatry as a political science: advanced liberalism and the administration of risk History of the Human Sciences Vol 9 No 2 p.1-23 Szasz, Thomas Stephen (1970) The manufacture of madness; a comparative study of the Inquisition and the mental health movement New York, Harper & Row

4) THE BIRTH OF THE CLINIC

Discussion Questions:

During the 18th century the body was conceived both as a machine for the multiplication of forces, and a biological being invested with rhythms and processes, and a history. What were the implications of the play of medical paradigms for the dominant discourses and practices of civic security during the Classical age? Which came first: the new medical knowledge of the body which then impacted upon political government, or new conceptualizations of political government that set the coordinates by which the human body - the human type - would be investigated and classified? How central has been the constitution of a practical and discursive domain called medicine to the disciplining and manipulation of populations?

Principal Texts
Foucault, Michel (1973) The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception Routledge Foucault, Michel (1978) Right of Death and the Power over Life in The History of Sexuality, Volume 1 Penguin Foucault, Michel (1997) The Birth of Biopolitics in Rabinow, Paul (ed) Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth The New Press Foucault, Michel (1980) The Politics of Health in the Eighteenth Century in Power/Knowledge: Selectted Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977 (ed) Colin Gordon Harvester Wheatsheaf

Historical Text
Stafford, Barbara Maria (1991) Body criticism: imaging the unseen in Enlightenment art and medicine MIT Press

Supplementary Readings
Baker, Robert, Porter, Dorothy and Porter, Roy (1993-5) (eds) The Codification of medical morality: historical and philosophical studies of the formalization of Western medical morality in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries Kluwer Academic Publishers Canguilhem, Georges (c1991) The Normal and the Pathological Zone Books Delaporte, Francois (1994) The History of Medicine according to Foucault in Foucault and the Writing of History (ed) Goldstein, Jan Blackwell Deleuze, Gilles (1992) Postscript on the Societies of Control October No 59 Winter p.3-7 Donley, Carol and Buckley, Sheryl (1996) (eds) The tyranny of the normal: an anthology Kent State University Press Fox, Christopher, Porter, Roy S. Porter, and Wokler, Robert (1995) (eds) Inventing human science: eighteenth-century domains Berkeley: University of California Press

Freidson, Eliot. (1963) (ed) The hospital in modern society Free Press of Glencoe Freund, Peter E.S. (1982) The Civilized Body: Social Domination, Control, and Health Temple University Press Gatens, Moira (1996) Imaginary bodies: ethics, power and corporeality Routledge Jones, Colin and Porter, Roy (1992) (eds) Reassessing Foucault : power, medicine and the body Routledge Kern, Stephen (1975) Anatomy and destiny: a cultural history of the human body Indianapolis : Bobbs-Merrill La Mettrie, Julien Offray de (c1912) Man A Machine Open Court McNeill, William H. (1977) Plagues and Peoples Anchor Books Osborne, Thomas (1996) Security and vitality: drains, liberalism and power in the nineteenth century in Barry, Andrew, Osborne, Thomas and Rose, Nikolas (eds) Foucault and Political Reason: Liberalism, neo-liberalism and rationalities of government UCL Press Porter, Roy and Hall, Leslie (1995) The facts of life: the creation of sexual knowledge in Britain, 1650-1950 New Haven: Yale University Press Porter, Roy (1987) Disease, medicine and society in England, 1550-1860 Macmillian Sawday, Jonathan (1995) The Body Emblazoned: Dissection and the Human Body in Renaissance Culture London: Routledge Sennett, Richard (1994) Flesh and Stone: The Body and the City in Western Civilization Faber and Faber Turner, Bryan S (1992) Regulating bodies: essays in medical sociology Routledge

5) THE MILITARY BODY IS BORN

Discussion Questions: Is the history of the modern world anything more than the history of the constitution of the military body? When one looks at the whole of the earlymodern period it seems difficult to escape the referent of warfare as the key determining factor in the development of political systems and political technologies. If we go with this, what picture do we have of the modern world, of which we are part? Do the concerns of the early modern military technicians continue to dominate our world, and if so, where do they affect their powers? Are we no more than the citizen-soldiers dreamt of by jurists, statesmen, theologians and administrators of the Classical age? If not, how are we really any different. Is freedom in conflict with security?

Principal Texts

Foucault, Michel (1997) Society Must be Defended in Rabinow, Paul (ed) Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth The New Press Foucault, Michel (1980) Body/Power in Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972-1977 (ed) Colin Gordon Harvester Wheatsheaf Weber, Max (c1948) The Origins of Discipline in War in Gerth, H.H. and Mills, C.Wright From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology Routledge Rothenberg, Gunther E. (1986) Maurice of Nassau, Gustavus Adolphus, Raimondo Montecuccoli, and the Military Revolution of the Seventeenth Century, in Peter Paret (ed.), Makers of Modern Strategy: from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age New Jersey: Princeton University Press Palmer, R.R. (1986) Frederick the Great, Guilbert, Blow: From Dynastic to National War, in Peter Paret (ed.), Makers of Modern Strategy: from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age New Jersey: Princeton University Press

Historical Text
Oestreich, Gerhard (1982) Neostoicism and the early modern state Cambridge

Supplementary Readings
Clausewitz, Carl von, (1942) Principles of war Harrisburg, Pa., The Military service publishing company _____ (1976) On War Princeton (especially Book 2, sections II and III, the whole of Book 3, sections X to XIII of Book 4, and sections I, II, and VI of Book Eight) _____ (1992) Historical and political writings N.J: Princeton University Press Gilbert, Felix (1986) Machiavelli: the Renaissance of the Art of War, in Peter Paret (ed.), Makers of Modern Strategy: from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age New Jersey: Princeton University Press Guerlac, Henry (1986) Vauban: The Impact of Science on War, in Peter Paret (ed.), Makers of Modern Strategy: from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age New Jersey: Princeton University Press Hultn, Karl Gunnar Pontus, (1968) The machine, as seen at the end of mechanical age New York, Museum of Modern Art; distributed by New York Graphic Society, Greenwich, Conn. Jnger, Ernst (c1930) Total Mobilization in Wolin, Richard (1991) (ed) The Heidegger Controversy: A Critical Reader MIT Press Lipsius, Justus (1670) A discourse of constancy, in two books. Chiefly containing consolations against publick evils. Written in Latin by Justus Lipsius, and tr. into English by Nathaniel Wanley, M.A London, Printed by F. Redmayne, for J. Allestry Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso (c1972) Selected Writings (ed) R. Flint London McNeill, William (1982) The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force and Society since AD 1000 University of Chicago Press Napoleon I, Emperor of the French (1861) The officiers manual; Napoleons Maxims of war New York Paret, Peter (1975) Clausewttz and the State Oxford University Press _____ (1986) Napoleon and the Revolution in War, in Peter Paret (ed.), Makers of Modern Strategy: from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age New Jersey: Princeton University Press _____ (1986) Clausewitz, in Peter Paret (ed.), Makers of Modern Strategy: from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age New Jersey: Princeton University Press Parker, Geoffrey (1996) The military revolution: military innovation and the rise of the West, 1500-1800 Cambridge University Press

Pick, Daniel (1993) War Machine: The Rationalisation of Slaughter in the Modern Age Yale Shy, John (1986) Jomini, in Peter Paret (ed.), Makers of Modern Strategy: from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age New Jersey: Princeton University Press Veblen, Thorstein (c1936) The Dynastic State in What Veblen Taught: Selected Writings of Thorstein Veblen (ed) Wesley Mitchell Viking Press _____ (c1936) On the State and its Relation to War and Peace in What Veblen Taught: Selected Writings of Thorstein Veblen (ed) Wesley Mitchell Viking Press Virilio, Paul (1985) The Spirit of Defence Impulse Vol 11 No 4 _____ (1986) Speed and Politics: An Essay on Dromology Semiotext(e) _____ (1990) Popular Defense and Ecological Struggles Semiotext(e) _____ (1996) A century of hyper-violence Paul Virilio: an interview Economy andSociety Vol 25 No. 1 February

6) POWER TOUCHES THE IMAGINATION

Discussion Questions: Was the expanding horizon of perception associated with the age of discovery any less political than the anatomical mapping of the human body? Werent both simply projects of dominion, on different scales? How was cartography used as a political technology of government? In what ways did power target the imagination for intervention?

Principal Texts
Buisseret, David (1992) (ed) Monarchs, ministers, and maps: the emergence of cartography as a tool of government in early modern Europe University of Chicago Press Silverberg, Robert (1996) The Longest Voyage: Circumnavigators in the Age of Discovery Ohio University Press

Historical Text
Boorstin, Daniel J. (1983) The Discoverers: A History of Mans Search to Know his World and Himself Random House Blumenberg, Hans (1987) The Genesis of the Copernican World MIT

Supplementary Readings
Buisseret, David (1986) Tools of empire: ships and maps in the process of westward expansion : An exhibit at The Newberry Library, opening on 3 June 1986 Chicago : The Newberry Library Columbus, Christopher (1992) The voyage of Christopher Columbus: Columbus own journal of discovery / newly restored St. Martins Press

Conley, Tom (1996) The self-made map : cartographic writing in early modern France University of Minnesota Press Cowen, James (1996) A Mapmakers Dream: The Meditations of Fra Mauro, Cartographer to the Court of Venice Shambhala Dussel, Enrique D (1995) The invention of the Americas: eclipse of the other and the myth of modernity New York: Continuum Edgerton, Samuel (1975) The Renaissance Rediscovery of Linear Perspective Basic Books Harley, J.B. (1988) Maps, knowledge and power in Cosgrove, D. and Daniels, S. (eds) The Iconography of Landscape: Essays in Symbolic Representation, Design and Use of Past Environments Cambridge University Press _____ (1989) Deconstructing the Map, Cartographica Vol 26 No 2, pp. 1-20. _____ (1990) Cartography, Ethics and Social Theory, Cartographica Vol 27 No 2, pp. 1-23. Kelley, Kevin W. (1988) (ed) The Home Planet Mir Publications Konvitz, Josef W (1987) Cartography in France, 1660-1848 : science, engineering, and state craft (with a foreword by Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie) University of Chicago Press Lestringant, Frank (1994) Mapping the Renaissance world: the geographical imagination in the age of discovery University of California Press Nader, Helen (1992) Rethinking the world : discovery and science in the Renaissance / an exhibition prepared and described by Helen Nader Indiana University Sale, Kirkpatrick (1990) The conquest of paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian legacy A. A. Knopf Stannard, David E (1992) American holocaust: Columbus and the conquest of the New World Oxford University Press Taviani, Paolo Emilio (1985) Christopher Columbus: the grand design London: Orbis Taviani, Paolo Emilio (1991) Columbus, the great adventure : his life, his times, and his voyages New York: Orion Books Yewell, John, Dodge, Chris, DeSirey, Jan (1992) (ed) Confronting Columbus: an anthology Jefferson, N.C: McFarland & Co.

REMEMBER! MANY OF THE FOLLOWING CITATIONS ARE VERY SHORT: THEY DONT TAKE THAT LONG TO READ!

7) THE POLICEY SCIENCES

Discussion Questions: From the power to deduct to a concern to multiply: in what ways does the study of power in the 18th century entirely and wholly reverse our common assumptions about the ways in which institutions have pursued security? Why is it that, in the words of Voltaire, we are still ignorant of the first principles of the police? Is imperialism the most tyrannical face of the State? Should we be affraid of the welfare state?

Principal Texts
Michel Foucault, Omnes et Singulatim: Towards a Criticism of Political Reason, in: Sterling M. McMurrin (Ed.), The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, Vol. 2 (University of Utah Press: 1981).

Marc Raeff, The Well-Ordered Police State and the Development of Modernity in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Europe: An Attempt at a Comparative Approach, The American Historical Review, Vol. 80, No. 2 (1975) Pasquino, Pasquale (1991), Theatrum politicum: The genealogy of capitalpolice and the state of prosperity in: Burchell, et.al. (eds.), The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality London: Harvester Wheatsheaf Tribe, Keith (1984) Cameralism and the Science of Government, Journal of Modern History, Vol. 56 No. 2

Historical Texts
Albion M. Small, The Cameralists: The Pioneers of German Social Polity (University of Chicago Press, 1909) Mann, Michael (1993) The Sources of Social Power, Volume II: The Rise of Classes and Nation-States, 1760-1914 Cambridge

Supplementary Readings
Chamberlain, Neil W (1970) Beyond Malthus; population and power New York, Basic Books Dean, Mitchell (1991) The Constitution of Poverty: Toward a genealogy of liberal governance Routledge Donzelot, Jacques (1979) The Policing of Families Hutchinson _____ (1991) The Mobilization of Society in Burchell, Graham, Gordon, Colin and Miller, Peter (eds) The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality Harvester Wheatsheaf Dorn, Walter L. (1931) The Prussian Bureaucracy in the Eighteenth Century, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. XLVI Earle, Edward Meade (1986) Adam Smith, Alexander Hamilton, Friedrich List: The Economic Foundations of Military Power, in Peter Paret (ed.), Makers of Modern Strategy: from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age New Jersey: Princeton University Press Everett, Alexander Hill (1826) New ideas on population: with remarks on the theories of Malthus and Godwin Boston, Cummings, Hilliard Foucault, Michel (1996) Problematics in Foucault Live: Collected Interviews, 1961-1984 (ed) Sylvre Lotringer Semiotext(e) Griffith, Grosvenor Talbot (1967) Population problems of the age of Malthus New York Hazlitt, William (1967) A reply to the Essay on population by the Rev. T. R. Malthus, in a series of letters, to which are added extracts from the Essay; with notes New York, A. M. Kelley Hobman, Daisy Lucie (1953) The welfare state London, J. Murray Hunter, Ian (1996) Assembling the School in Barry, Andrew, Osborne, Thomas and Rose, Nikolas (eds) Foucault and Political Reason: Liberalism, neo-liberalism and rationalities of government UCL Press Johnson, Hubert C. (1964) The Concept of Bureaucracy in Cameralism, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 79 No. 3 Krygier, Martin (1979) Saint-Simon, Marx and the non-governed society, in Eugene Kamenka and Martin Krygier (eds.), Bureaucracy: the Career of a Concept London: Edward Arnold Malthus, Thomas Robert (1986) The works of Thomas Robert Malthus / edited by E.A. Wrigley and David Souden London Pickering Marsland, David (1995) Self-Reliance: Reforming Welfare in Advanced Societies London: Transaction Marx, Karl (1954) Marx and Engels on Malthus: selections from the writings of Marx and Engels dealing with the theories of Thomas Robert Malthus / edited with an introductory essay

and notes by Ronald L. Meek New York : International Publishers Neurath, Paul (1994) From Malthus to the Club of Rome and back: problems of limits to growth, population control, and migrations N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe Parry, Geraint (1963) Enlightened Government and its Critics in Eighteenth-Century Germany, Historical Journal, Vol. VI Saint-Simon, Henri, comte de (1976) The political thought of Saint-Simon / edited by Ghita Ionescu Oxford University Press Saint-Simon, Henri, comte de (1975) Henri Saint-Simon (1760-1825): selected writings on science, industry, and social organization Holmes and Meier Publishers Skinner, Quentin (1978) The foundations of modern political thought Cambridge University Press Spengler, Joseph John (1980) French predecessors of Malthus; a study in eighteenthcentury wage and population theory New York, Octagon Books Sumner, L. W (1996) Welfare, happiness, and ethics Clarendon Press Viroli, Maurizio (1988) Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the well-ordered society Cambridge University Press

8) THE GOVERNMENT OF SOULS

Discussion Questions: What does the genealogy of the prison tell us about modernitys fascination with security? (When was it that Kant wrote his essay perpetual peace?) What does it tell us about the nature of the State? What does it tell us about the genealogy of modern government? What does it tell us about humanism and liberalism more generally? Why is it that social order is such a universally accepted public good? Is carceral society more just than that of spectacular punishment? What does this tell us about war and peace?

Principal Texts
Foucault, Michel (1977) Discipline and Punish, the Birth of the Prison New York Foucault, Michel (1980) The Eye of Power in Power/ Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977 (ed) Colin Gordon Harvester Wheatsheaf Foucault, Michel (1997) The Punitive Society in Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth The New Press Foucault, Michel (1980) Prison Talk in Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977 (ed) Colin Gordon Harvester Wheatsheaf

Historical Text

Donzelot, Jacques (1979) The Policing of Families Hutchinson

Supplementary Readings
Barret-Kriegel, Blandine (1992) Michel Foucault and the Police State in Michel Foucault, Philosopher (trans.) Timothy Armstrong Harvester Wheatsheaf Beccaria, Cesare (1764) On Crimes and Punishments London Bentham, Jeremy (1995) The Panopticon Writings Verso Crozier, Michel, Huntingdon, Samuel P. and Watanuki, Joji (1975) The Crisis of Democracy: Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Commission New York Deleuze, Gilles (1992) Postscript on the Societies of Control October No 59 Winter p.3-7 Donzelot, Jacques (1988) The promotion of the social Economy and Society Vol 17 No 3 August Foucault, Michel (1967) Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason Routledge (Chapter, IX) _____ (1975) (ed) I, Pierre Rivire, having slaughtered my mother, my sister, and my brother ..: a case of Parricide in the 19th Century Random House _____ (1982) The Subject and Power in Dreyfus, Hubert L. and Rabinow, Paul Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics University of Chicago Press _____ (1978) The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An Introduction New York: Vintage _____ (1991) Governmentality in Burchell, Graham, Gordon, Colin and Miller, Peter (eds) The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality Harvester Wheatsheaf _____ (1996) History, Discourse and Discontinuity in Foucault Live: Collected Interviews, 1961-1984 (ed) Sylvre Lotringer Semiotext(e) _____ (1996) What Calls for Punishment? in Foucault Live: Collected Interviews, 1961-1984 (ed) Sylvre Lotringer Semiotext(e) _____ (1996) Talk Show in Foucault Live: Collected Interviews, 1961-1984 (ed) Sylvre Lotringer Semiotext(e) _____ (1996) Confining Societies in Foucault Live: Collected Interviews, 1961-1984 (ed) Sylvre Lotringer Semiotext(e) _____ (1996) From Torture to Cellblock in Foucault Live: Collected Interviews, 1961-1984 (ed) Sylvre Lotringer Semiotext(e) _____ (1996) The Impossible Prison in Foucault Live: Collected Interviews, 1961-1984 (ed) Sylvre Lotringer Semiotext(e) Gordon, Colin (1987) The Soul of the Citizen: Max Weber and Michel Foucault on Rationality and Government in Whimster, Sam and Lash, Scott, Max Weber, Rationality and Modernity Allen and Unwin Kafka, Franz (1948) The penal colony, stories and short pieces, trans. by Willa and Edwin Muir Schocken Books Kant, Immanuel (1932) Perpetual peace Calif., U. S. library association, inc. Kinsman, Gary (1996) Responsibility as a strategy of governance: regulating people living with AIDS and lesbians and gay men in Ontario Economy and Society Vol 25 No 3 August Nead, Lynda (1988) Myths of Sexuality: Representations of Women in Victorian Britain Basil Blackwell (especially chapter 3, Forms of Deviancy: The Prostitute) Semple, Janet (1996) Benthams Prison: A Study of the Panopticon Penitentiary Oxford

9) SATANIC MILLS

Discussion Questions:

What satanic mill ground men into masses? asked Karl Polanyi. Is it surprizing asked Foucault, that prisons resemble factories, schools, barracks, hospitals, which all resemble prisons? In the prison, self-regulation was seen as the best means to security, and reform. This was the essence of the panopticon. Yet as Polanyi describes, it didnt quite work that way in society at large. What can we say about his thesis, and our recent experience of the rebirth of the self-regulatory, market economy?

Principal Texts
Polanyi, Karl (1957) The Great Transformation Beacon Books (especially Political Economy and the Discovery of Society) Veblen, Thorstein (c1936) The Cultural Incidence of the Machine Process in What Veblen Taught: Selected Writings of Thorstein Veblen (ed) Wesley Mitchell Viking Press

Historical Texts
Zola, Emile (1993) Germinal Oxford Giedion, Sigfried (1948) Mechanization Takes Command: a contribution to anonymous history Oxford University Press

Supplementary Readings
Donzelot, Jacques (1979) The Policing of Families Hutchinson Ellul, Jacques (1965) The Technological Society Alfred A. Knopf Jaspers, Karl (1951) Man in the Modern Age Anchor Books Marcuse, Herbert (1964) One Dimensional Man Routledge and Kegan Paul Marx, Karl (1971) The Grundrisse Harper & Row Meuret, Denis (1988) A political genealogy of political economy Economy and Society Vol 17 No 2 May Miller, Peter (1987) Domination and Power Routledge and Kegan Paul _____ (1992) Accounting and Objectivity: the Invention of Calculating Selves and Calculable Spaces Annals of Scholarship 9 (1/2) p.61-86 Miller, Peter and Rose, Nikolas (1990) Governing economic life Economy and Society Vol 19 No 1 February Mumford, Lewis (1970) The Pentagon of Power: The Myth of the Machine, Volume II Harvest Noble, D. (1984) Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation New York Power, M. (1994) The Audit Society in Hopwood, A.G. and Miller, P. (eds) Accounting as Social and Institutional Practice Cambridge Rose, N. (1992) Governing the Enterprising Self in Heelas, P. and Morris, P. (eds) The

Values of the Enterprize Culture - The Moral Debate Routledge Rabinbach, Anson (1979) The Aesthetics of Production in the Third Reich in Mosse, George L. (ed) International Fascism: New Thoughts and New Approaches Sage Weber, Max (c1948) The Rationalization of Education and Training in Gerth, H.H. and Mills, C.Wright From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology Routledge Weber, Max (1930) The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism HarperCollins

10) THE DROMOCRATIC REVOLUTION

Discussion Questions: In the early to mid- 19th century an all-together new conception of history was emerging. More than anyone else, Napoleon Bonaparte would come to embody this new history that would dominate the entire century. If we focus in on the question of political technology (and the uses of this new history), what do the writings of Paul Virilio tell us about how power was reconceived in the early part of the 19thC? How, in the new national state, were discipline, security and warfare reconceived? Why is it that this second renaissance (what Paul Virilio calls the dromological revolution) has been so underexamined?

Principal Texts
Virilio, Paul (1986a) Speed and Politics: An Essay on Dromology Semiotext(e) Foreign Agent Series Foucault, Michel (1996) Power Affects the Body in Foucault Live: Collected Interviews, 1961-1984 (ed) Sylvre Lotringer Semiotext(e) Simmel, Georg (1950) The Metropolis and Mental life in Wolff, Kurt H. The Sociology of Georg Simmel Free Press

Historical Texts
Tocqueville, Alexis de (c1966) The Ancien Rgime and the French Revolution Fontana Durant, Will and Ariel (1975) The Age of Napoleon MJF Books

Supplementary Readings

Avis, Paul (1986) Foundations of Modern Historical Thought: From Machiavelli to Vico Croom Helm Carlyle, Thomas, (1904) The French revolution, a history by Thomas Carlyle. With introduction, notes and appendices by John Holland Rose London Cassirer, Ernst (1950) The Problem of Knowledge: Philosophy, Science, and History Since Hegel Yale Uniiversity Press (Part 3) _____ (1951) The Philosophy of the Enlightenment Princeton University Press (Chapter V) Crawley, C.W. (ed.) (1965) The New Cambridge Modern History, Volume IX, War and Peace in an Age of Upheaval Cambridge University Press Davis, R.H.C. and Wallace-Hadrill, J.M. (1981) The Writing of history in the Middle Ages: essays presented to Richard William Southern Clarendon Durant, Will and Ariel (1963) The Age of Louis XIV New York: MJF Books Edwards, Lyford P. (1927) The Natural History of Revolution University of Chicago Press Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1876) Napoleon; Or, the Man of the World in Representative Men New York Foucault, Michel (1970) The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences Routledge Hegel, G.W.F. (c1975) Lectures on the Philosophy of World History Cambridge University _____ (c1991) Elements of the Philosophy of Right Cambridge University Iggers, Georg G. and Powell, James M. (1990) (eds) Leopold von Ranke and the shaping of the historical discipline Syracuse University Press Krieger, Leonard (1977) Ranke: the meaning of history University of Chicago Press Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso (c1972) Selected Writings (ed) R. Flint London Meinecke, Friedrich Meinecke, Friedrich (1970) Cosmopolitanism and the national state Princeton University Press _____ (1972) Historism; the rise of a new historical outlook London, Routledge & K. Paul Napoleon I, Emperor of the French (1948) Napoleons memoirs, edited by Somerset De Chair Faber and Faber Paret, Peter (1986) Napoleon and the Revolution in War, in Peter Paret (ed.), Makers of Modern Strategy: from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age New Jersey: Princeton University Press _____(1986) Clausewitz, in Peter Paret (ed.), Makers of Modern Strategy: from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age New Jersey: Princeton University Press Reill, Peter Hanns (1975) The German enlightenment and the rise of historicism University of California Press Schama, Simon (1989) Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution Alfred A. Knopf Sorel, Albert, (1947) Europe under the old regime Ward Richie Press Tilly, Charles (1975) (ed) The Formation of National States in Western Europe Princeton _____ (1990) Coercion, Capital and European States Basil Blackwell. Ward, A.W., Prothers, G.W. and Leathers, Stanley (eds.) (1909) The Cambridge Modern History, Vol IX: Napoleon Cambridge University Press White, Hayden V. (1973) Metahistory: the historical imagination in nineteenth-century Europe Johns Hopkins University Press

11) THE NEW SECLUSION

Discussion Questions: Where does the information revolution fit-in to the modern genealogy of political technology? Is what Paul Virilio calls the generalized arrival actually taking us back to the Classical age; making us little more than receptors in the frozen space of the perfectly governed city? Has mediatization lost its original meaning as the stripping of ones immediate rights? Is the information revolution just the last phase in the long genealogy of the instrumental coding of individuals?

Principal Texts
Virilio, Paul (1995) The Art of the Motor University of Minnesota Press Virilio, Paul (1997) Open Sky Verso

Historical Texts
McLuhan, Marshall (1964) Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man Routledge

Supplementary Readings
Baudrillard, Jean (1988) America Verso _____ (1994) Simulacra and Simulation University of Michigan Press _____ (1996) The Perfect Crime Verso (especially The Automatic Writing of the World) Bolter, J. David, (1984) Turings man: western culture in the computer age University of North Carolina Press Brook, James and Boal, Iain A. (1995) Resisting the virtual life: the culture and politics of information San Francisco: City Lights Books Cohen, John (1966) Human robots in myth and science Allen & Unwin Davis, Philip J. and Hersh, Reuben (1986) Descartes dream: the world according to mathematics Harcourt Brace Douglas, Ian R. (1998) The New Seclusion, New Formations Spring Ellis, Bret Easton (1995) American Psycho Abacus Kelly, Kevin (1988) (ed) Signal: communication tools for the information age NY : Point Foundation/Harmony Books _____ (1994) Out of Control: The Rise of Neo-Biological Civilization Basic Books Kroker, Arthur & Marilouise (1997) (eds) Digital delirium St. Martins Press Kroker, Arthur & Weinstein, Michael A. (1994) Data Trash: the theoy of the virtual class St. Martins Press Mowshowitz, Abbe (1980) The conquest of will: information processing in human affairs Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. Nora, Simon and Minc, Alan (1980) The computerization of society: a report to the President of France MIT Press Rochlin, Gene (1997) Trapped in the net : the unanticipated consequences of computerization

Princeton University Press Scott, Gini Graham (1995) Mind your own business: the battle for personal privacy New Yo r k : Insight Books Simons, Geoff (1985) Silicon Shock: The Menace of the Computer Oxford: Basil Blackwell Stock, Gregory (1993) Metaman: the merging of humans and machines into a global superorganism Simon & Schuster Stone, Allucqure Rosanne (1995) The war of desire and technology at the close of the m e chanical age MIT Press Talbott, Steve (1995) The future does not compute: transcending the machines in our midst CA : OReilly & Associates Toffler, Alvin (1970) Future Shock London Virilio, Paul (1991) The Lost Dimension Semiotext(e) _____ (1993) The Third Interval: A Critical Transition in Conley, Verena Andermatt (ed) R e thinking Technologies University of Minnesota _____ (1995) Interview in Rtzer, Florian (ed) Conversations with French Philosophers H u manities Press _____ (1995) Red alert in cyberspace! Radical Philosophy

12) THE ACCIDENT

Discussion Questions: Are accidents always something to fear? If we reject the various coercive technologies of governing men, are we left with an insecurity that paralyses society? Kant was in favour of perpetual peace. For the sake of freedom, and in the name of truth, should we be in favour of perpetual revolution? Is that not really what democracy should be? What is it to resist? What is critique?

Principal Texts
Unabomber (1996) Industrial Society and its Future supplement to The Washington Post (widely available on the Internet) Deleuze, Gilles (1992) Control and Becoming in Deleuze, Gilles, Negotiations Columbia University Press Foucault, Michel and Chomsky, Noam (1997) Human Nature: Justice versus Power in Davidson, Arnold (1997) (ed) Foucault and His Interlocutors University of Chicago Press Foucault, Michel (1984) Politics and Ethics and Polemics, Politics, and Problematizations in Rabinow, Paul (ed) The Foucault Reader Random House

Foucault, Michel (1997) The Ethics of the Concern of the Self as a Practice of Freedom, in Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth The New Press Baudrillard, Jean (1996) The Perfect Crime Verso (especially Radical Thought)

Historical Texts
Camus, Albert (1956) The Rebel Vintage Books

Supplementary Readings
Arendt, Hannah (1963) On Revolution Viking Press Baudrillard, Jean (1990) Fatal Strategies Semiotext(e) _____ (1995) The Gulf War did not take place Power Publications Dumm, Thomas (1996) Michel Foucault and the Politics of Freedom Sage Foucault, Michel and Chomsky, Noam (1997) Human Nature: Justice versus Power in Davidson, Arnold (1997) (ed) Foucault and His Interlocutors University of Chicago Press Foucault, Michel and Deleuze, Gilles (1996) Intellectuals and Power, in Foucault Live: Collected Interviews, 1961-1984 (ed) Sylvre Lotringer Semiotext(e) Foucault, Michel (1980) Power and Strategies in Foucault, Michel Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972-1977 Gordon, Colin (ed) Harvester Wheatsheaf _____ (1991) Discourse on Power, in Michel Foucault Remarks on Marx Semiotext(e) _____ (1996) The End of the Monarchy of Sex in Foucault Live: Collected Interviews, 19611984 (ed) Sylvre Lotringer Semiotext(e) Guattari, Flix (1997) Soft Subversions Semiotext(e) Isaac, Jeffrey C. (1992) Arendt, Camus, and Modern Rebellion Yale University Press Miller, James (1994) The Passion of Michel Foucault Flamingo

ASSESSMENT

There will be no examination for this unit. ing way:

The unit will be assessed in the follow-

25% - seminar/discussion participation overall 75% - assessed essay work (Essay 2) You are required to write two essays of at least 4000 words (excluding footnotes and bibliography). The first of these essays, which will be due at 12 noon on the Friday of week 8 will be marked by me in the normal way but the mark will not be entered as your final mark of the course. Rather a minimum of 40% will allow you to approach the second essay which will be assessed in the same way and the mark put forward as the main part (75%) of your assessment overall. The rationale is that you write the first essay as if it were assessed. Then in the light of my comments/suggestions and our discussions, you then go on to write your final, and hopefully better/more experienced/considered essay.

THE ASSESSED ESSAY

This essay should be at least 4000 words (excluding footnotes and bibliography). 1. The essay will normally address one of the questions listed below. Feel free, however, to reject this list and formulate your own concerns. If you do so, you are required to discuss this with me. 2. The essay should not be on the same topic as the seminar for which you assume responsibility. There is always a trade-off between breadth and depth, but we are here to attack a range of issues. Your knowledge of one issue will only be supplemented by wider reading within the range of sources listed here. Please cast your net widely. 3. All essays must be word-processed, and properly formatted (i.e., footnote style, bibliography, quotations and so on). No hand-written essays will be accepted. I will distribute a general handout on essay writing/formatting in the second session. You can ask me about this - or anything else - at any time.

ESSAY QUESTIONS
These questions are suggestive. Feel free to break them apart, rejoin them, take select parts only. Whatever. Please clear things with me, however, before you start your research. Even if you just take one of these questions whole,

please endeavour to talk to me about your thoughts. You are also welcome to take on one of the seminar questions, if you prefer, as long as you were not the seminar leader of the question youre interested in.
1. Would you rather that the State managed your life, or held the right to your death? 2. In what ways are the processes of populations (mortality, sexual and reproductive conduct, general health) interconnected with national security? 3. Is it ever possible to escape the State? How do we escape the State when increasingly we cant even escape our own homes? 4. Mercantilism, Weber remarked, meant: .. running the state like a set of enterprises. To what extent was the development of a set of enterprises concerned with the government of men a precondition for the birth of the modern economy? 5. If NATO governs bodies, who governs souls? 6. In the concept of biopower Foucault understood: .. a power bent on generating forces, making them grow, and ordering them, rather than one dedicated to impeding them, making them submit, or destroying them. How might such a conception of power help us to understand the rise of multiculturalism, globalization and new social movements? 7. What might our contemporary bureaucrats of international relations learn from the history of the exclusion of unreason in the Classical age? Do our modern cosmopolitan diplomats not finally resemble the doctors and psychiatrists of the Classical age in their concern to cure and reintegrate difference (the birth of the global citizen)? 8. Modern mind has become more and more calculating. The calculative exactness of practical life which the money economy has brought about corresponds to the ideal of natural science: to transform the world into an arithmetic problem, to fix every part of the world by mathematical formulas. Through the calculative nature of money a new precision, a certainty in

the definition of identities and differences, an unambigousness in agreements and arrangements has been brought about in the relations of life-elements - just as externally this precision has been effected by the universal diffusion of pocket watches .. the technique of metropolitan life is unimaginable without the most punctual integration of all activities and mutual relations into a stable and impersonal time schedule. (Georg Simmel, in Wolff, The Sociology of Georg Simmel, p. 412) Are cities spaces of freedom or incarceration? 9. .. each vehicular advance erases a distinction between the army and civilisation. (Paul Virilio, Speed and Politics, p. 106) Are contemporary societies merely armies of speed? 10. Foucaults thesis in Discipline and Punish is that the shift from spectacular to institutional punishment was not, as is often claimed, a triumph of humanism, but rather the fine-tuning of the instruments of domination of the State. The ultimate aim of this State was not foremost to reintegrate delinquents, but to ensure - as far as expedient - that such categories of behaviour would not exist. How do these insights - indeed the whole text of Discipline and Punish, as well as Foucaults other writings - make us feel about such humanistic objectives, and practical issues like human rights, justice, normative values in the discussion and practices of international relations? Is there something to be feared in the very notion of a perpetual, universal peace? 11. The reduction of distances has become a strategic reality bearing incalculable economic and political consequences, since it corresponds to the negation of space .. In less than half a century, geographical spaces have kept shrinking as speed has increased .. The loss of material space leads to the government of nothing but time. (Paul Virilio, Speed and Politics: 133-4, 141) We equate the erosion of borders with the erosion of controls; the free peoples of the world become global citizens. Thrust into the age of globalization, in what ways are the lives of people governed? 12. Life is the object of police: the indispensable, the useful, and the superfluous. That people survive, live, and even do better then just that, is what the police has to ensure. (Michel Foucault,

1978 Lecture, Collge de France) How might this statement force us to reconceive our notions of national development, and necessarily our notions of underdevelopment? 13. In the words of Paul Virilio: To govern is more than ever to fore-see, in other words to go faster, to see before. (Paul Virilio, Popular Defense and Ecological Struggles: 87) Discuss the importance of surveillance to national and international security. 14. At a certain speed, the speed of light, you lose even your shadow. (Jean Baudrillard, The Gulf War did not take place, p. 49) Should we fear fibreoptics and the immanent transparency of the world made possible by the information revolution? 15. Diplomacy, writes James Der Derian, is the practice of mediating estrangement. Does the dream of global governance entail the death of diplomacy? 16. No special proof s necessary to show that military discipline is the ideal model for the capitalist factory, as it was for the ancient plantation. (Max Weber, From Max Weber, p. 261) Do recent changes in the organization of the factory floor (team working, just-in-time, lean production) entail a relaxation of the military origins of capitalist production? 17. In vulgar usage, Progress has come to mean limitless movement in space and time, accompanied, necessarily, by an equally limitless command of energy: culminating in limitless destruction. (Lewis Mumford, The Pentagon of Power, p. 204) How might the works of Mumford, Heidegger and Virilio be used by thinkers of international relations to construct an ethical relation to the Earth and its inhabitants? 18. To what extent does the territorialization of deviancy invite the tyranny of normality? 19. As soon as it takes power, the Nazi government offers the German proletariat sport and transport. No more riots, no need for much repression; to empty the streets, its enough to promise everyone the highway. This is the

political aim of the Volkswagen, a veritable plebiscite, since Hitler convinced 170,000 citizens to buy a VW when there still wasnt a single one available. (Paul Virilio, Speed and Politics, p. 25) In the light of this statement, what on earth can we think of the hysteria that surrounds the birth of the information superhighway? 20. Normalization separates and excludes, but it also interns. To what extent have all members of modern society lost their freedom in the context of efforts to codify, secure, and organize the human type? 21. In what ways was security fundamentally reconceived by the Italian political technicians of the early-modern age? 22. In the 19th century consumption was a wasting disease. When and why did it become a national profession? 23. Is it surprising that the cellular prison, with its regular chronologies, forced labour, its authorities of surveillance and registration, its experts in normality, who continue and multiply the functions of the judge, should have become the modern instrument of penalty? Is it surprising that prisons resemble factories, schools, barracks, hospitals, which all resemble prisons? (Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish, p. 227-8) When we talk about security in international relations should we be as suspicious as we are laudatory of the institutions (IMF, UN, NATO) that are supposedly there to protect us? 24. I decline to accept the end of man. (William Faulkner) In the postwar period humanity faced the real possibility of nuclear extinction. Or so it is said. That technology of domination, like so many others, has now disappeared. What has replaced it, if anything? 25. Gatess vision of the future is looming up so fast that, for many people, there may not be time to react when it actually arrives. That old phrase about there only being two kinds of pedestrian, the quick and the dead, may never have been truer. (Business Age, 1996, p. 107) Is the information revolution truely setting us free? 26. Can democratic rights be validated in such as way as to prevent our becoming dominated by the social relations and matrixes of power upon which they depend?

27. What is the real security dilemma? 28. What can we understand by the closing of hospitals, asylums and traditional factories? Is the contemporary world less coded than in the epoch described in detail by Foucault? What has happened to disciplinary space? Will we see a similar procession of disappearances at the level of global institutions, and if so, what does that suggest about the nature of power in our societies, and between our societies? 29. Is anything real anymore? Can we see the blurring of the distinction between reality and virtuality as a final threshold in the technical specialization of the art of government? 30. The objects of police are the cheapness of commodities, public security, and cleanliness .. Under this head we will consider the opulence of a state. (Adam Smith, Lectures on Jurisprudence: 349) How might such lost sentiments and forgotten words help us reconceive our discussions of international relations? 31. It is often said that mans technical control of the environment began with the fight against the ravages of nature. The consequences of this technological/scientific viewpoint (states, militaries, prisons, hospitals, asylums) are therefore merely the benign and somewhat perhaps unfortunate consequence of that original war. If we try to step beyond the violence of the modern world, and its efforts to map and control the human type might this mean affirming the right of nature to kill? Does resistance to the historical development of violence actually depend upon our reconceiving our own relation to health? 32. What might we think of the debt that modern liberalism owes to the theory of police? What does it mean for our conceptions of politics when the domain of thought most often equated with liberty finds its roots in that equated most closely with tyranny? 33. What are the dangers of health? 34. Is freedom impossible within the context of modern practices of biopolitics? 35. What is the biopolitical significance of global governance? 36. Were the achievements of Columbus inevitable? Were the inequities unavoidable? 37. Lets make no mistake: whether its the drop-

outs, the beat generation, automobile drivers, migrant workers, tourists, Olympic champions or travel agents, the military-industrial democracies have made every social category, without distinction, into unknown soldiers of the order of speeds speeds whose hierarchy is controlled more and more each day by the State (headquarters), from the pedestrian to the rocket, from the metabolic to the technological. (Paul Virilio, Speed and Politics, p. 119-120) In this amazing paragraph Virilio opens our eyes to a whole new world of political government and intervention. In his later works, however, the state doesnt dominate so much. It is itself a victim of speed. Has Virilio lost the edge on a vital argument, or is the world not as tragic and tyrannical as sometimes it seems? 38. A normalizing society is the historical outcome of a technology of power centered on life. (Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality: 144) Think about this statement in relation to the general historical importance that the practice of having a lifestyle has had in our century. Can we view the differentiation of the world along these lines as itself a deeper form of normalization, securitization and defeat? 39. If something disappears, does that always mean that it has been superseded, or is no longer effective and functional? How does Paul Virilio conceive disappearance? 40. Does globalization equate with the universalization of order; and if so, is that necessarily a bad thing? 41. We need distance. (Paul Virilio). Discuss. 42. Was Napoleon a great man, or a bloody murderer? 43. In all parts of the world, social lodgings, the city-dormitory or port of transit, implanted at the edges of cities, highways or railways, the toll systems that the government insists so strongly on instituting at the very entrances to a capital that selection is depopulating, the general police headquarters set up right nearby - this whole apparatus is only the reconstitution of the various parts of the fortress motor, with its flankings, its gorges, its shafts, its trenches, admission to and escape from its portals, the

whole primordial control of the masses by the organisms of urban defense. (Paul Virilio, Speed and Politics, p. 15) How central has the whole question of urban planning been to the project of universal order? Are cities the most effective ordering units known to political technicians? 44. Many people have talked about the end of modernity with little to no knowledge of what modernity was/is in the first place. From your reading over the course of this unit do you think modernity has come, or is coming, to an end? 45. Foucault can only draw such an admirable picture since he works at the confines of an area (maybe a classical age, of which he would be the last great dinosaur) now in the process of collapsing entirely. (Jean Baudrillard, Forget Foucault, p. 11) Are our investigations on this course only possible because the locus of power has already moved on? If so, is there any relevance to reading Foucault? Is there any relevance to reading anyone? 46. In less than half a century, geographical spaces have kept shrinking as speed has increased. And if at the beginning of the 1940s we still had to count the speed of naval strike power - the major destructive power of the time - in knots, by the beginning of the 1960s this rapidity was measured in machs, in other words in thousands of kilometres per hour. (Paul Virilio, Speed and Politics, p. 134) Assess the military significance of the speed of light. 47. What is the relationship between the knowledges that define an epoch or episteme, and the institutions that operate within? 48. ... in order to govern, one must first penetrate and then communicate. (Paul Virilio, Speed and Politics, p. 107) Napoleon often talked of the importance of controlling the imagination. In the sea of difference that is the global media complex, is there a trajectory, or set of parameters, that we may identify with such a project of governance?

49. This Gulf War is such a sham, so paltry ..

The scandal today is no longer in the assault on moral values but in the assault on the reality principle. (Jean Baudrillard, The Gulf War did not take place, p. 76) Has war finally gone virtual? 50. The States political power ... is only secondarily power organised by one class to oppress another. More materially, it is the polis, the police, in other words highway surveillance, insofar as, since the dawn of the bourgeois revolution, the political discourse has been no more than a series of more or less conscious repetitions of the old communal poliorcetics, confusing social order with the control of traffic (of people, of goods), and revolution, revolt, with traffic jams, illegal parking, multiple crashes, collisions. (Paul Virilio, Speed and Politics, p. 14) The modern epoch has been dominated by two political imperatives: the control of circulation, and the control of happiness. In what ways does each imperative depend on the other? Why were so many people disturbed and horrified when David Cronenberg filmed Crash, where speed and sexual excitement are linked? 51. [T]he manipulation of the masses by power .. even apathy must have been imposed on it by power. What contempt behind this interpretation! .. power manipulates nothing, the masses are neither mislead nor mystified .. this indifference of the masses is their true, their only practice .. a collective retaliation .. It is silence that is unbearable. It is the unknown of the political equation, the unknown that annuls every political equation. Everybody questions it, but never as silence, always to make it speak. (Jean Baudrillard, In the Shadow of the Silent Majorities, p. 12-29) Outline Baudrillards radical re-reading of the politics of democracy and its implications for our discussions of globalization, citizenship, and the information age. How does Baudrillard propose resisting the Empire of Signs? Does he indeed propose a project of resistance at all? 52. When there is no ontological necessity that security should translate as enclosure, why has the practice of the former over the course of the modern world led only to a form of the latter? 53. In the capitalist urban milieu .. the routinisation

of day-to-day activities is stripped away from tradition .. large tracts of activity are denuded of moral meaning; they become matters of habit or of dull economic compulsion. (Anthony Giddens, A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, Vol 2, p. 11) For Foucault the accumulation of capital depended upon the birth of modern techniques for the accumulation of men. In what ways is Foucaults formulation more radical and disturbing than that of Giddens? 54. On the day that Columbus set sail with his instruments and charts, and his view to the stars, did the nomadic destiny of whole populations become inevitable; caught, as we all are, jetting from city to city, in search of the illusionary path (the life-journey) of our imaginations? Did the outward expansion of European modernity (made possible by mapping), prepare the way - as intended - for a new world of security, paradise and profit? Or did it lay the foundations of modern psychosis and the radical fragmentation of all of our lives, disorientated as we are having little left to discover but the possibility of living on other planets? 55. What satanic mill ground men into masses? (Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation, p. 41) What does Polanyis thesis of the implosion of the self-regulating society tell us about the possibilities of populations to resist the dehumanizing effects of industrial discipline? 56. .. tomorrow there will be nothing but the virtual violence of consensus, the simultaneity in real time of the global consensus: this will happen tomorrow and it will be the beginning of a world with no tomorrow. (Jean Baudrillard) Compare and contrast Francis Fukuyama and Jean Baudrillards conceptions of the end of history, globalization and the liberal peace. 57. Does knowledge always lead to greater security? 58. We hear a lot about chemical pollution, should be also be concerned about speedpollution? 59. What is revolution? 60. What is critique?

 .. what blindness, what deafness, what density of ideology would have to weigh me down to prevent me from being interested in what is probably the most crucial subject to our existence, that is to say the society in which we live, the economic relations within which it functions, and the system of power which defines the regular forms and the regular permissions and prohibitions of our conduct. The essence of our life consists, after all, of the political functioning of the society in which we find ourselves. Michel Foucault