Journal of Advanced Research in Mechanical Engineering (Vol.1-2010/Iss.2) Vasques et al. / Viscoelastic Damping TechnologiesPart II : Experimental / pp.

96-110

Viscoelastic Damping TechnologiesPart II: Experimental Identication Procedure and Validation

C.M.A. Vasques , R.A.S. Moreira and J. Dias Rodrigues

Departamento de Engenharia Mec anica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
e-mail: cmav@fe.up.pt and jdr@fe.up.pt

Departamento de Engenharia Mec anica, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
e-mail: rmoreira@ua.pt Submitted: 05/03/2010 Accepted: 18/04/2010 Appeared: 29/04/2010 c HyperSciences.Publisher

Abstract: This is the second of two companion articles addressing an integrated study on the mathematical modeling and assessment of the eciency of surface mounted or embedded viscoelastic damping treatments, typically used to reduce structural vibration and/or noise radiation from structures, incorporating the adequate use and development of viscoelastic (arbitrary frequency dependent) damping models, along with their nite element (FE) implementation, and the experimental identication of the constitutive behavior of viscoelastic materials. In the rst article [Vasques, C.M.A. et al., Viscoelastic damping technologiesPart I: Modeling and nite element implementation, Journal of Advanced Research in Mechanical Engineering 1(2): 76-95 (2010)] viscoelastic damping has been tackled from a mathematical point of view and the implementation, at the global FE model level, of time and frequency domain methods, namely the internal variables models, Golla-Hughes-McTavish (GHM) and anelastic displacement elds (ADF), and the complex modulus approach based ones, direct frequency response (DFR), iterative modal strain energy (IMSE) and an iterative complex eigensolution (ICE), respectively, were described and formulated. This second article is a natural extension of the rst one. It presents a generic methodology to identify the complex shear modulus of viscoelastic materials. In this case, the complex shear modulus of the well-known viscoelastic material 3M ISD112 is identied and up-to-date values for this material are used and curve-tted in order to obtain the modeling parameters of the GHM and ADF models. Afterward, a viscoelastic sandwich (three-layered) plate specimen and the correspondent FE model are considered numerically and experimentally. Measured and predicted frequency response functions (FRFs) are compared with the purpose of assessing the performance of the damping models presented in the companion article. The analysis allows to assess the validity of the methodology to determine the frequency dependent complex modulus, the GHM and ADF parameters identication procedure and the outcomes and drawbacks of the DFR, IMSE, ICE, GHM and ADF viscoelastic damping modeling strategies and their FE implementations, with the aim of assisting structural designers in the selection of the most appropriate viscoelastic damping modeling approach for their specic needs. Keywords: Damping, viscoelastic, experimental, complex modulus, internal variables, ISD112.

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Journal of Advanced Research in Mechanical Engineering (Vol.1-2010/Iss.2) Vasques et al. / Viscoelastic Damping TechnologiesPart II : Experimental / pp. 96-110

1. INTRODUCTION This is the second of two companion articles addressing an integrated study on the mathematical modeling and assessment of the eciency of viscoelastic damping treatments; it incorporates the adequate use and development of viscoelastic (arbitrary frequency dependent) damping models, along with their nite element (FE) implementation, and the experimental identication of the material properties of viscoelastic materials, which allows the use of more realistic material properties data. In the rst article Vasques et al. (2010) alternative approaches to the generation of representative viscoelastically damped structural FE models, e.g. beam, plate and shell structures with surface mounted or embedded viscoelastic damping layers, are discussed. Both time and frequency domainbased viscoelastic damping models are tackled from a mathematical point of view and their implementation at the global FE level is described. This second companion article is a natural extension of the rst one, addressing the experimental identication of viscoelastic material properties, the identication of the Golla-Hughes-McTavish (GHM) and anelastic displacement elds (ADF) model parameters, and the validation and assessment of the dierent viscoelastic damping models/approaches under consideration. The extensive use of passive or hybrid damping treatments using viscoelastic materials to reduce vibration and sound radiation from structures [Nashif et al. (1985), Mac e (1994), Sun and Lu (1995), Benjeddou (2001), Vasques et al. (2006), Vasques and Rodrigues (2008), Vasques and Dias Rodrigues (2008)] has motivated the integration of the viscoelastic damping models discussed in the companion article (Part I) [Vasques et al. (2010)] into commercial or in-house FE codes. As far as commercial FE codes are concerned, they often oer only solution methods based upon the use of direct frequency response and direct integration methods in the frequency and time domains, respectively, while the remainder models (internal variables models and the iterative complex modulus based approaches) proposed in the companion article are usually developed and implemented by the users and structural designers into in-house codes or adaptations of the commercial ones. The direct frequency response (DFR) approach is a very common strategy used by the major part of the structural designers for studying complex structures with viscoelastic damping treatments. This approach is based on the direct application of the complex modulus and allows directly obtaining frequency response functions (FRFs) with the shortcoming of, in principle, demanding a high computational cost. On the contrary, in general, time domain models represent better alternatives to frequency, or complex modulus approach (CMA), based models, allowing the reduction of the computational burden due to the recalculation of the stiness matrix during the frequency sweep and the study of the transient response in a more straightforward (direct) manner, even for highly damped
The joint funding scheme provided by the European Social Fund and Portuguese funds from MCTES through POPH/QREN/Tipologia 4.2 and project PTDC/EME-PME/66741/2006 are gratefully acknowledged by the authors.

structural systems. This latter approach may lead to a numerical analysis with lower computational cost. Therefore, in principle, time domain models would represent better alternatives than frequency domain ones, but this statement cannot be generalized since it strongly depends on parameters of the analysis such as the problem dimension, frequency range of the analysis, constitutive model detail level and damping properties of the materials. Among the time domain models, internal variables models are more interesting from the computational point of view and easiness of implementation into FE codes. Thus, the GHM and ADF models are two attractive alternative methods, used to model the damping behavior of viscoelastic materials in FE analysis, which yield a standard FE formulation (however with the addition of some nonphysical dissipative variables). In order to use them, one needs the GHM and ADF characteristic parameters which allow characterizing the complex (frequency dependent) constitutive behavior of the viscoelastic material being used. To this end, experimental procedures to measure the isotropic constitutive behavior (usually the shear modulus) may become necessary to be devised/performed and numerical identication procedures of the measured data need to be developed. In order to choose the most appropriate material for a specic application, the designer needs some information regarding the damping capabilities of these materials. The latter is usually obtained through the analysis of the complex (frequency dependent) constitutive behavior of viscoelastic materials at dierent temperatures. To that end, normalized and proprietary experimental procedures to the measurement and analysis of the dynamic constitutive behavior (usually isotropic) and numerical procedures for the identication and graphical representation of the complex moduli of viscoelastic materials have been proposed. There are numerous methods for evaluating the performance of damping materials. These methods can be roughly divided into two categories: those whose purpose is to rank the performance of damping materials on a dened structure [e.g. the SAE J1637 (2007) test of the Society of Automotive Engineers, which is based on the so-called Oberst Bar Test Method and is used to rank order materials used in passenger vehicle applications] and those whose purpose is to measure the properties of the damping material alone so that mathematical models can be used to predict its damping performance when applied to many dierent types of structures. As far as measuring the complex moduli of viscoelastic damping materials is concerned, there are various testing methodologies that have been devised through time and they can be divided in two distinct and somewhat complementary categories: (i) direct methods, which are based on dynamic measurements of bare viscoelastic material samples, and (ii) indirect methods, where the properties are inferred from dynamic measurements made on bars with surface mounted or sandwiched viscoelastic damping layers and from assumed underlying mathematical models which relate the composite bar damping behavior to raw viscoelastic material one. Both methods, though, rely on the time-temperature superposition principle to construct

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master curves of the storage modulus and loss factor from data sets measured at several distinct temperatures, inherently assuming that the material is thermorheologically simple [Ferry (1980)]. Regarding the direct methods, they usually consider raw material samples in a single degree of freedom (DoF) system conguration, which is conceptually the simplest means for obtaining complex moduli data, where the damping material sample is deformed in a specic mode, such as shear or extension. These tests can be dynamic or pseudo-static and involve the measurement and acquisition of force and displacement time histories, which are later processed to obtain the complex modulus data. In the former case, the material is dynamically (usually harmonically) deformed and the frequency dependent complex modulus is directly obtained through transmissibility- or impedance-based approaches. Regarding the latter approach, usually a step deformation (relaxation test) or force (creep test), or other types of stimuli, is used to deform the material and it yields the complex moduli indirectly through time-frequency equivalences, based upon the identication of a representative time domain model by tting the measured response to the model. On the other hand, indirect methods consider test specimens where the damping material is surface mounted or embedded in beam structures, with the most popular conguration of the test specimen being the Oberst beam where the damping material is surface mounted only in one side of the beam being subjected mainly to extensional deformations, which was alleged rst proposed and studied by Li enard (1951) and Oberst (1952) in the early 1950s. Other congurations have also been used considering a symmetric Oberst beam with damping material on both sides (so-called Van Hoort beam ) or sandwiched beams [Nashif et al. (1985), Jones (2001), ASTM E756-05 (2005)], or even beams with constrained damping layers [e.g. Hambric et al. (2007)]. These test specimens are used to infer complex elastic moduli by resonance- or impedance-based methods, which use analytic expressions [e.g. Ross et al. (1959), Kerwin (1959), Liao and Wells (2008)] or approximated numerical models [e.g. Wojtowicki et al. (2004), Hambric et al. (2007), Castello et al. (2008)] of distributed parameters systems, that relate the complex modulus of the viscoelastic material to the resonances and loss factors or to the FRFs of the test specimen (beam and the damping material), respectively. The dierent experimental apparatus for measurement of the viscoelastic constitutive behavior by the aforementioned approaches (e.g. resonant beam tests, SDoF resonant and dynamic modulus testing, creep and relaxation tests), along with measurement and determination procedures and representation of viscoelastic materials properties are described and discussed, for example, in monographs and books [Drake and Soovere (1984), Nashif et al. (1985), Tschoegl (1989), Findley et al. (1989), Sun and Lu (1995), Jones (2001), Cremer et al. (2005)], articles [Paxson (1975), Ferguson (1984), Allen and Pinson (1991), Allen (1996), Willis et al. (2001), Etchessahar et al. (2005), Sorvari and Malinen (2007), Jaouen et al. (2008)] and standards [ISO 10112:1991 (1991), ASTM D5026-95a (1995), ANSI S2.21-1998 (R2007) (2007), ANSI S2.22-1998 (R2007)

(2007), ANSI S2.23-1998 (R2007) (2007), ANSI S2.242001 (R2006) (2006), ASTM D5023-01 (2001), ASTM E756-05 (2005), ASTM D5418-07 (2007), ASTM D502407 (2007)] and the references therein. Furthermore, some information of proprietary apparatus and test methods such as the Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA), Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analyzer (DMTA), Rheovibron, Autovibron, Viscoanalyzer, RSA II, to name a few, from companies and laboratories such as CSA Engineering (Mountain View, CA, US), Polymer Laboratories (Amherst, MA, US) and Roush Technologies (Livonia, MI, US), can be found in [Allen (1996), Jones (2001), ASTM E756-05 (2005), Melo and Radford (2005), Price et al. (2008)] and the references therein. In the previous references, viscoelastic material master curves, tables and empirical and fractional derivative analytical expressions of the complex modulus and shift factor are presented for several types of viscoelastic materials. However, as referred by Jones (2001), that information is provided from various sources and is fairly accurate, in general, but it is by no means the best data which can be obtained. Better, trustworthy and up-to-date data may be obtained by additional testing or purchase of data from inhouse and proprietary data bases [e.g Drake and Terborg (1980), Drake (1988)]. The viscoelastic material considered in this work is the ISD112 from 3M (1993), which was chosen because of its widespread use, its commercial availability and because most of the related published work on the open literature is related to the application or characterization of this specic material. Regarding its constitutive behavior, an empirical explicit analytical denition of the complex modulus and shift factor obtained by curve tting master curves of 3M ISD112 is given by Drake and Soovere (1984). However, the accuracy of these expressions is not clear and, with time, manufacturers have changed the production process, with implications on the properties of the viscoelastic materials, making old data inaccurate. All these aspects strongly justify the development and usage of an experimental methodology to alternatively test and measure the viscoelastic material complex modulus, which is hereby proposed and validated for the 3M ISD112. However, the proposed methodology to identify the material properties can obviously be adapted and applied to any viscoelastic material and in fact the same experimental procedure and apparatus was also used to identify the frequency dependent material properties of cork compounds as described by Lopes et al. (2006). Regarding the structure of the article it is divided into three main sections: viscoelastic material characterization, identication of constitutive model parameters and experimental assessment and validation of the damping models. Therefore, the experimental test rig and methodology used to identify the complex shear modulus of the viscoelastic material 3M ISD112 are described rst. Next, the curvetted viscoelastic material data is compared with the measured one and the parameters of the GHM and ADF models are presented and used to represent the frequency dependent viscoelastic stiness and to model the viscoelastic damping behavior of the structure. The identied parameters are then utilized in a FE model and the analysis of a sandwich plate with a viscoelastic core and elastic

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Journal of Advanced Research in Mechanical Engineering (Vol.1-2010/Iss.2) Vasques et al. / Viscoelastic Damping TechnologiesPart II : Experimental / pp. 96-110

skins is performed. The measured and predicted FRFs are compared with the purpose of assessing the performance of all the damping models. The analysis allows to assess the validity of the methodology to determine the frequency dependent complex modulus, the GHM and ADF parameters identication and the outcomes and drawbacks of the direct frequency response (DFR), iterative modal strain energy (IMSE), iterative complex eigensolution (ICE), GHM and ADF viscoelastic damping modeling strategies and their FE implementations presented in the companion article [Vasques et al. (2010)]. The main contributions and novelties of this work are related to the fact that both measured and predicted results are utilized to validate the methodologies used to include viscoelastic damping into FE models. Therefore, the developed experimental procedure to determine the viscoelastic material properties is presented and discussed, and the characteristic material parameters of the GHM and ADF models of the 3M ISD112 are obtained by curvetting the measured shear storage modulus and loss factor of the actual 3M ISD112 material. It is important to point out, though, that the experimental data is usually taken by a manual graphical procedure from the plot of the nomogram given by the manufacturer of the viscoelastic material. A similar study is reported by Trindade et al. (2000) where the GHM, ADF and iterative MSE models are compared. However, such study does not comprise neither an eective assessment with measured experimental results nor a performance comparison with predicted results obtained by a DFR approach, which, being in some circumstances the most time consuming technique is, however, for sure, the most precise in the frequency domain. Additionally, the proposed ICE approach is assessed and compared with other damping modeling strategies. Therefore, to conclude, it is important to emphasize that the damping methodologies proposed here are assessed and compared in a more rigorous way. 2. EXPERIMENTAL IDENTIFICATION OF VISCOELASTIC MATERIALS 2.1 Underlying Analytical Model The proposed experimental methodology for the dynamic characterization of the complex modulus of viscoelastic materials is based on the direct identication of the complex equivalent stiness K (j ) of a discrete single degree of freedom (SDoF) system [Allen (1996)]. The complex stiness is physically materialized by a thin viscoelastic layer which is subjected to cyclic shear deformation imposed by a dynamic exciter. The dynamic response of the considered SDoF system is then used to evaluate the shear storage modulus and loss factor variation with frequency and temperature. The receptance FRF of a SDoF system, assuming stationary harmonic motion, is given by H (j ) = (j ) X 1 , = K (j ) 2 M F

The complex valued stiness K (j ) of the viscoelastic sample can be directly determined through the inverse of the receptance, the dynamic stiness function Z (j ) = H 1 (j ), as K (j ) = 2 M + Z (j ). (2) The viscoelastic material storage modulus G ( ) and loss factor ( ) functions can then be evaluated from G ( ) = h 2 M + Re [Z (j )] , AS Im [Z (j )] , ( ) = 2 M + Re [Z (j )]

(3a)

(3b)

where h is the thickness of the viscoelastic sample and AS its shear area. 2.2 Experimental Apparatus The test rig representing the dynamic SDoF system used to identify the complex shear modulus of viscoelastic materials is illustrated in Figure 1. The underlying analytical model of the SDoF system previously described comprises a moving mass M , represented by the upper bar (2), and a complex stiness K (j ), represented by the thin viscoelastic layer sample (4) introduced between two rigid blocks, as shown in Figure 2. The upper bar is guided by two thin lamina springs (3), which provide the restraint of the spurious DoFs, allowing the viscoelastic specimen to deform mainly in shear due to the relative horizontal motion between the moving bar (2) and the xed bar (1).

Fig. 1. Test rig used to identify the complex shear modulus.

Fig. 2. Detailed view of the viscoelastic specimen.

(1)

and X (j ) are the amplitudes of the dynamic where F force and displacement response and M is the active mass.

The dynamic excitation of the moving bar is provided by an electrodynamic shaker (Ling Dynamic Systems - model 201), using a thin stinger to minimize the rotation and lateral excitation, driven by a random signal generated by

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the signal generator of a dynamic signal analyzer (Br uel & Kjr - model 2035) and amplied by a power amplier (Ling Dynamic Systems - PA25E). The applied excitation force is measured using a piezoelectric force transducer (Br uel & Kjr - model 8200). The acceleration response of the moving mass is measured with a piezoelectric accelerometer (Br uel & Kjr - model 4371) and the relative displacement response with a proximity probe (Philips PR6423). The signal conditioning and the frequency response functions are determined with the aforementioned dynamic signal analyzer. The test rig and the electrodynamic shaker are rigidly assembled onto an inertial block (Figure 3), which is supported by rubber pads in order to reduce the inuence of the rigid body modes of the assembly on the utile bandwidth. Furthermore, the experimental apparatus was introduced into a thermal chamber, providing nearly isothermal conditions between 0 and 35 C; the temperature range is limited by the shaker admissible range of operating temperature. The analysis at various temperatures allows the use of the temperature-frequency equivalence principle [Jones (2001)], extending the frequency range of the characterization and allowing data correlation. The temperature of the viscoelastic material is evaluated using two thermocouple probes located near the specimen, as depicted in Figure 2.

Viscoelastic damping is a property exhibited by a wide variety of materials such as polymeric materials, ranging from natural or synthetic rubber to industrial plastics, or even cork and cork compounds [Lopes et al. (2006)]. The class of polymer materials is extremely wide and many polymeric compounds, displaying somewhat dierent complex modulus properties, available from commercial manufacturers and other sources [see Nashif et al. (1985) and Jones (2001) for manufacturers] can be found. Several viscoelastic materials, specically tailored for passive damping treatments, are commercially available in the market, both as raw materials for OEM application or available as part of a damping solution service/product. The ISD series from 3MTM company (ISD110, 112 and 113), the DYAD series from Soundcoat R company (DYAD601, 606 and 609) and the HIP2 from the Heathcote Industrial Plastics company are just a few examples of such materials. In this work, a special attention is given to the 3M ISD112 material, which is experimentally characterized and applied as a damping treatment in the experimental specimen used to assess the dierent viscoelastic damping models and approaches. As stated before, the main reason for its choice is related to the fact that it is the viscoelastic material more often used in most of the numerical and experimental studies published in the open literature. Nevertheless, the experimental and numerical methodologies hereby implemented and applied may be straightforwardly applied and adapted to characterize other materials with a somewhat dierent viscoelastic constitutive behavior. The receptance and accelerance FRFs of a 0.57 mm 480 mm2 3M ISD112 viscoelastic material specimen, measured in a bandwidth of [0 400] Hz at nine dierent temperatures between 2.7 and 33.5 C are represented in Figure 4. The obtained FRFs, whether using directly the receptance or the accelerance FRFs, are the inputs for the complex modulus description calculated according to Equations (3). In order to identify and lter possible random errors due to the high frequency noise, rigid body modes or other error sources, a Wicket plot representation, which is proved to be a useful graphical representation to highlight erroneous data values [see Jones (2001) for further details], is applied to the identied complex modulus data. In this graphical representation the storage modulus calculated from the data at dierent temperatures is plotted against the corresponding loss modulus values (or loss factor values). Figure 5 (a) represents the Wicket plot of the identied complex modulus data of the 3M ISD112 specimen without any ltering of scattered data. From the analysis of this plot, the master curve of the complex modulus can be determined, making it possible to identify erroneous data sets and thus to eliminate the data not following the main tendency of the data distribution. After ltering the data, i.e. removing all scattered points, a reliable data set of complex modulus is obtained, as illustrated in Figure 5 (b), which can be used to characterize the viscoelastic material under analysis. The dierent sets of complex modulus functions, identied at dierent temperatures, should nally be correlated to identify the shift factor T (T ) distribution of the material by using the frequency-temperature equivalence principle.

Fig. 3. Experimental apparatus into the thermal chamber. 2.3 Analysis of Measured Complex Modulus Data The receptance and accelerance FRFs of the SDoF dynamic system described in the previous sections are measured using the transducer response signals (proximity probe, accelerometer and force transducer) for dierent temperatures. Since two dierent FRFs were measured using two dierent transducer responses (displacement and acceleration), the corresponding FRFs can be correlated in order to identify high frequency noise generated by the thin springs, the stinger and shaker trunnion (highly evidenced by the receptance results), and the rigid body modes eects at low frequencies (evidenced in the accelerance results). Therefore, the simultaneous use of both transducers allows to correlate the two response measurements in order to conveniently combine information from both measurements and to enlarge the utile frequency range.

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10
10
5

(a) Unfiltered data

Magnitude [m/N]

Loss modulus G" [Pa]

10

6

10

10

7

Temperature

10

Phase []

180

0 0

100

200

300

400

Frequency [Hz]

10 5 10

Storage modulus G [Pa]

10

10

10

(b) Filtered data Storage modulus G" [Pa]

10

10

10 5 10

Storage modulus G [Pa]

10

10

Fig. 4. Measured receptance and accelerance FRFs at 2.7, 5.8, 7.1, 11.2, 14.4, 14.5, 18.8, 21.5 and 33.5 C. The shift factor relationship might be described by the Arrhenius equation [Jones (2001)] as log [T (T )] = TA

Fig. 5. Wicket plot of the identied complex modulus functions (spectral ltering). (1985) and Jones (2001), and standard ANSI S2.24-2001 (R2006) (2006), for further details about the temperaturefrequency equivalence principle and the nomogram (also known as nomograph) elaboration. 3. IDENTIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTIVE PARAMETERS OF TIME DOMAIN MODELS As previously mentioned, time domain models may represent a better alternative to CMA-based models, with the latter not requiring any curve tting procedure, since they directly allow a transient analysis to be performed, even for highly damped structural systems where CMA-based models experience some diculties. Additionally, time domain models may also reduce the computational cost that is usually signicant when using a direct frequency domain response method such as the DFR approach, with the dierence being more signicant as the required frequency resolution and bandwidth increase. Among the time domain models, internal variables models are more interesting from the computational cost and easiness of implementation into FE codes viewpoints. The GHM and ADF models are two of such methods, used to model the damping behavior of viscoelastic materials in FE analysis, which yield a standard FE formulation (however with the addition of some non-physical and non-

1 1 T0 T

(4)

where T is the absolute temperature of each data set, T0 is the reference temperature and TA is identied by tting the experimental data to the model. Using the identied shift factor distribution, the identied complex modulus functions can be represented in the unied and universal representation, the so-called reduced-frequency nomogram [ISO 10112:1991 (1991), ANSI S2.24-2001 (R2006) (2006)]. This representation is very useful and broadly applied since it represents simultaneously the frequency and the temperature dependence of the complex modulus of a viscoelastic material by a single pair of curves: one for the storage modulus and the other representing the loss factor distribution. Figure 6 overlaps the original nomogram of the 3M ISD112 viscoelastic material provided by the manufacturer 3M (1993) with the identied nomogram of the 3M ISD112 specimen under analysis. The identied nomogram agrees well with the one published by the viscoelastic material manufacturer and is consistent with other nomograms obtained with other specimens with dierent dimensions using the same methodology. The reader is referred to the well-known books of Nashif et al.

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Fig. 6. Nomogram of the viscoelastic material 3M ISD112: manufacturers (black) and identied (color). observable dissipative variables). In order to use them, one needs the GHM and ADF characteristic parameters which allow characterizing the complex (frequency dependent) constitutive behavior of the viscoelastic material being used. To this end, experimental testing to measure the isotropic constitutive behavior (usually the shear modulus) may be necessary and numerical identication procedures need to be applied to determine the unknown model parameters from the measured data. As reported by Trindade and Benjeddou (2002), the parameters of internal variables models, in general, are adjusted by curve-tting the viscoelastic material master curves provided by the manufacturer, in order to minimize the dierence between the measured and estimated data. In fact, such procedure was carried out in the 1990s by Lesieutre and Bianchini (1995) that presented the results of the curve-tting of the 3M ISD112 material data at 27 C in the frequency range [8 8000] Hz. They concluded that ve ADF series (with two ADF parameters per each series) would accurately represent the behavior of the material shear modulus and loss factor. Friswell et al. (1997) performed the same analysis for the GHM model, with three or four parameters per series. They used the 3M ISD112 material at 20 C in the frequency range [10 4800] Hz and the DYAD601 material at 24 C in the frequency range [2 4800] Hz. Their results evidenced that a more accurate constitutive description is obtained with a model with four parameters than that with only three parameters. In general, GHM and ADF models t well the master curves of materials whose properties have strong frequency dependence. Nevertheless, the number of parameters needed is somewhat related with the degree of frequency dependence of the material properties and usually increases with that dependence. These reasons motivated Enelund and Lesieutre (1999) to propose a combination of the ADF model with a fractional derivative model, where the relaxation equation for the anelastic strain is taken as an in time dierential equation of fractional-order, combining the best features of the ADF model and the fractional calculus (FC). It was shown that this fractionalorder ADF model can predict the instantaneous transient response of the material over a wide frequency range using a single anelastic strain eld (only one ADF series) governed by a fractional-order equation with the drawback of yielding a non-standard FE formulation, which requires a more complex characteristic solution procedure typically used for FC. From the measured material properties (identied nomogram) of the 3M ISD112, and using the shift factor relationship previously determined, the frequency dependent complex modulus for dierent temperature values can be obtained. In order to use the internal variables viscoelastic damping models GHM and ADF dened in the companion article [Vasques et al. (2010)], the characteristic model parameters (three and two per each GHM and ADF series, respectively) were determined using a curve tting procedure based upon the minimization of the least mean square error between the measured and predicted data; the latter data was obtained using the GHM and ADF

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Table 1. Identied GHM and ADF parameters for the 3M ISD112 at 27 C using three series (n = 3).

GHM

ADF

G [M Pa]

G [M Pa]

1 2 3

0.1633

4.8278 14.548 40.043

28045 41494 41601

22.013 3.1275 0.6165

0.1789

3.5286 8.7533 60.324

504.20 4286.5 39313

denitions of the complex shear modulus, for a specied frequency range of interest. The number of series used in the GHM and ADF models determines how well the models are capable of matching the data over the frequency range of interest. For each viscoelastic model, one and three series of parameters were used to curve t the identied complex modulus of the 3M ISD112 material at 27 C over the frequency range [10 3000] Hz. The tted curves of both models are presented in Figures 7 and 8 and compared with the measured data. As can be veried, the quality of the t strongly depends upon the number of terms (series) retained in the models. Using more series improves the accuracy of the material models, however increasing the size of the problem. The values of the parameters determined in the tting process for both GHM and ADF models are presented in Table 1. It is worthy to mention that the values of the parameters determined are guaranteed to dene the material properties with accuracy only over the frequency range specied in the tting process, which in this case is [10 3000] Hz. From the analysis of Figures 7 and 8, it may be concluded that both models t the measured data with a satisfactory accuracy with three series of parameters and that only one series would yield a bad t. 4. ASSESSMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE DAMPING MODELS The aim of this section is to assess and validate the time domain based GHM and ADF viscoelastic damping models, and their correspondent FE implementation and solution method, and the frequency domain based ones, IMSE and ICE, presented and described in the companion article [Vasques et al. (2010)]. With that in mind, a comparison between measured FRFs of a viscoelastic sandwich plate and predicted ones utilizing the aforementioned models and the DFR approach is performed. 4.1 Experimental specimen To perform the experimental analysis, a sandwich plate specimen with an embedded viscoelastic damping treatment was utilized. The viscoelastic material considered is the ISD112 from 3M (1993) which was used for the viscoelastic layer applied in the core of the sandwich plate. The specimen was manufactured using two aluminum plates (aluminum alloy 1050A H24) with dimensions 200 100 1 mm, to produce the sandwich skins, and a viscoelastic core with thickness 0.127 mm (Figure 9). It was produced following the manufacturer instructions and it

was found that the 3M ISD112 can be easily bonded to the metallic substrate at room temperature. The properties of the viscoelastic material and aluminium applied in the specimen are presented in Table 2. Table 2. Material properties of the viscoelastic sandwich plate specimen.
Material E [ Pa] G [ Pa] [ kg m3 ]

AA 1050A H24 3M ISD112

70 109

Figure 6

0.32 0.49

2708 1140

4.2 Experimental setup The aim of the experimental study was the determination of a representative set of FRFs providing a reliable basis for comparison and validation of the numerical models. The experimental specimen was suitably suspended in the air through thin lightweight nylon wires attached to a rigid frame to get approximate free boundary conditions, which minimizes the boundary error eects. A grid with 15 points, as depicted in Figure 9, was dened for measurement. An electrodynamic shaker (Ling Dynamic Systems model 201), suspended from an independent rigid frame, was utilized to generate a random [0 800] Hz excitation applied in point 5 of the specimen. A thin and exible stinger was used to link the shaker to the miniature force transducer (Br uel & Kjr - model 8203) attached to the plate surface, which provided the measurement of the applied dynamic force (Figure 10). The specimen response was evaluated by using a laser vibrometer (Polytec - model OFV303) to measure the velocity of each point of the measuring mesh (Figure 11). The FRFs determination was performed by a dynamic signal analyzer (Br uel & Kjr - model 2035). The temperature was continuously monitored by a thermocouple located near the specimen. Fifteen FRFs (mobility functions) were determined for the specimen. However, here, for comparison of the damping models, only the driving point mobility FRF measured at point 5 is considered. 4.3 Comparison and assessment of the results For comparison of results, the driving point mobility FRF measured at point 5 of the mesh depicted in Figure 9 is utilized. The predicted FRFs were determined using a 4-node facet type quadrangular shell FE based on a layerwise theory, developed for the dynamic modeling of laminated structures [Moreira et al. (2006)]. A threelayered layerwise FE with 9 DoFs per node is considered and the sandwich plate was modeled with a FE mesh discretization of 32 16 elements with 5049 DoFs. The

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10

Storage modulus (G) [MPa] and loss factor ()

G (measured)

(3 series)

(measured)

10

G (1 series)

(1 series)
G (3 series)
10
1

10

10 Frequency [Hz]

10

10

Fig. 7. Curve tted GHM curves with 1 and 3 series of parameters at 27 C.

10

Storage modulus (G) [MPa] and loss factor ()

G (measured)

(3 series)

(measured)

10

G (1 series)

(1 series)
G (3 series)
10
1

10

10 Frequency [Hz]

10

10

Fig. 8. Curve tted ADF curves with 1 and 3 series of parameters at 27 C. damping behavior of the viscoelastic sandwiched layer was incorporated by the ve methods described in Part I of this article [Vasques et al. (2010)]: (i) DFR, where the stiness matrix is re-calculated at each frequency value; (ii) IMSE, where an iterative procedure is used to estimate the modal parameters with the modal loss factor determined through a MSE approach; (iii) ICE, where, similarly to the IMSE method, the modal parameters are determined through an iterative solution usually requiring only a few iterations (typically less than 10) where, in this case, a complex eigenvalue problem is considered instead of a real one, which allows a direct estimation of the loss factor and damped natural frequency from the complex eigenvalue; (iv and v) and GHM and ADF models, based in the use of additional internal (or dissipative) variables, utilizing the three series of parameters previously identied (Table 1). The measured and predicted FRFs are compared in Figure 12. Results of the natural frequencies and modal loss factors for the rst 4 modes are presented in Table 3. In order to quantify the correlation level between the measured and predicted FRFs, the global amplitude criterion (GAC), proposed by Zang et al. (2001), is utilized here and the

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15
13

14

12
11
10
8
7
5
4
3
2
1

200mm
6

frequency distributions of the GAC indicator for the ve dierent methods are presented in Figure 13. It is worthy to mention that this correlation criterion will only be unitary if the compared FRFs have identical phase and magnitude, and since it is correlating mainly the amplitude, it allows more clearly to identify the damping deviation between the measured and each of the ve predicted FRFs [Moreira and Rodrigues (2002)]. From the results it can be seen that the predicted FRFs are well correlated with the measured one. Both natural frequencies and modal loss factors are well estimated with the internal variables models, GHM and ADF, and with the DFR and ICE approaches. Discrepant results, both in terms of natural frequency and damping estimation, are obtained with the IMSE, which is shown to be less accurate (at least for highly damped systems, as demonstrated in the present case study). It is worthy to mention that the DFR approach may be considerably time-consuming and that it does not directly provide the modal parameters of the viscoelastically damped structure. Although, it directly provides FRFs that may be embodied into a frequency response model which can be directly correlated with experimental measurements. In opposition, both the internal variables models and the two iterative approaches allow the denition of a mathematical model of the structure allowing, as in this specic case, directly and iteratively determining the natural frequencies and modal loss factors from the extracted eigenvalues, identifying all the modes within the frequency range under analysis, which sometimes might be dicult to identify from the postprocessing of highly damped FRFs. Furthermore, these mathematical modal models can be used both in time and frequency domain analysis. Moreover, it is also shown that the GHM and ADF models conduct to similar results, with the size of the ADF model being smaller than the GHM one, and it is concluded that the tting process is easier to perform with the ADF model. Lastly, the proposed ICE approach is shown to be very accurate in terms of damping estimation and less accurate in the natural frequency estimation, with the drawback of requiring a complex eigenvalue solution but without the need to increase the size of the problem, as is the case in the internal variables models. A summary and comparison of the general features of the ve damping methods is presented in Table 4. 5. CONCLUSION This companion article has assessed FE-based analytical strategies to model the damping behavior of viscoelastic materials, which might be used as surface mounted, constrained or embedded damping treatments in structures to control noise and vibration levels. An experimental procedure to identify the complex shear modulus of viscoelastic materials was presented and the obtained data was used to t the internal variables models, GHM and ADF, and identify the characteristic parameters for the 3M ISD112 viscoelastic material. Measured and FE-based predicted FRFs based on a DFR, internal variables models (GHM and ADF), and two iterative approaches (IMSE and ICE), were compared in order to assess the damping models and validate the experimental procedure for the material properties identication and the curve tting process.

100mm

Fig. 9. Measuring mesh and viscoelastic sandwich plate specimen.

Fig. 10. Experimental setup (specimen excitation).

Fig. 11. Experimental setup (response measurement).

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Table 3. Measured and predicted natural frequencies [ Hz] and modal loss factors [%] of the rst 4 modes of the viscoelastic sandwich plate specimen.

1st mode

2nd mode

3rd mode

4th mode

Measured Predicted Predicted Predicted Predicted Predicted

(DFR) (IMSE) (ICE) (GHM) (ADF)

235.1 233.9 212.7 230.3 235.7 233.8

(28.2) (26.0) (39.0) (26.4) (27.4) (28.2)

223.1 (38.0) 237.1 (29.8) 268.2 (25.4) 269.4 (26.6)

521.0 518.6 476.7 504.6 524.3 524.2

(24.2) (30.2) (38.2) (31.0) (33.6) (33.0)

526.6 (41.4) 558.9 (34.0) 556.8 (38.6) 554.5 (37.4)

Table 4. General features and comparison of the ve damping methods.

DFR

IMSE

ICE

GHM

ADF

DoFs

Number of series (n) 2nd order form Elastic (nE ) Internal: dissipative (nnD ) or anelastic (nnA ) Total (nE + nnD ; nE + nnA ) 1st order form Elastic (2nE ) Internal: dissipative (2nnD ) or anelastic (nnA ) Total (2nE + 2nnD ; 2nE + nnA )

5049 5049 10098 10098

5049 5049 10098 10098

5049 5049 10098 10098

3 5049 15147 20196 10098 30294 40392

3 5049 15147 20196 10098 15147 25245

Model Generation

Spatial model Frequency response directly obtained Time response directly obtained Modal model Directly obtained Identication procedure Frequency response model Directly obtained Synthesized (generated)

 N/A N/A   

N/A N/A  N/A N/A 

N/A N/A  N/A N/A 

     

     

Solution Methods

Eigenanalysis Real Complex System of linear equations Complex

N/A N/A 

  N/A

N/A  N/A

N/A  

N/A  

Viscoelastic Constitutive Data

Creep/relaxation data Curve tting Discrete data Frequency dependent data Curve tting Discrete data

N/A N/A N/A 

N/A N/A N/A 

N/A N/A N/A 

 N/A  N/A

 N/A  N/A

Notes: , necessary/appropriate; , not necessary/appropriate; N/A, not applicable/available.

Singular augmented mass matrix. Computational eort depends upon the frequency bandwidth and required resolution of the analysis. Iterative procedure applied to each mode.

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10
Magnitude [ms /N]

10

Measured Predicted (DFR) Predicted (ADF) Predicted (GHM) Predicted (IMSE) Predicted (ICE)

10

90
Phase []

90

100

200

300

500 400 Frequency [Hz]

600

700

800

Fig. 12. Direct mobility FRF of the viscoelastic sandwich plate at 27 C.

GAC

0.9

Predicted (DFR)

GAC

0.9

Predicted (ADF)

GAC

0.9

Predicted (GHM)

GAC

0.9

Predicted (IMSE)

GAC

0.9
0

Predicted (ICE)

100

200

300

500 400 Frequency [Hz]

600

700

800

Fig. 13. GAC correlation indicators for the ve damping models.

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The application of a discrete SDoF dynamic system and the underlying analytical model proved to be a reliable identication methodology, since it is based on the direct characterization of the complex stiness of a viscoelastic material sample in shear deformation (in opposition to indirect measuring approaches like the resonant beam technique). The obtained results are consistent with those published by the material manufacturer. Regarding the internal variables models under analysis here, which were implemented at the global FE model level, the ADF model is shown to lead to an augmented model of the damped structural system with a lower size than the GHM model when cast in a state space form. In rst-order form and considering the present analysis, the ADF model represents the most interesting alternative to accurately model the general damping behavior, since it yields good trade-o between accuracy and complexity providing also a better description of the constitutive behavior with only two parameters per series. One major disadvantage in using internal variables models such as the GHM or ADF is the introduction of additional dissipation (or anelastic) variables increasing the size of the coupled damped FE model. Providing an alternative procedure, the DFR approach relies on the use of the FE spatial model and in a frequency domain step by step (discrete) solution, which sees its complex viscoelastic stiness matrix being continuously updated with the current value of the complex modulus for the current value of frequency, as the current frequency value is changed across the discrete range of frequencies of the analysis. This procedure, while being simpler to implement and not increasing the problem size, can lead to a time-consuming analysis with an high computational cost, which mainly depends upon the number of discrete frequency values which in turn is related to the frequency range and required frequency resolution. Furthermore, this type of analysis also does not allow the direct determination of the modal model of the damped structural system, but enables a more straightforward comparison with experimental FRFs as is often necessary in validation tasks when experimental data is a set of measured FRFs. The modal parameters can still be indirectly determined by using a modal identication procedure, which may become more troublesome, if not impossible, for highly damped structures with an high modal density and with the modes not well separated. Alternatively, the ICE approach was successfully utilized and it was shown that this strategy has some advantages over the ADF model: it does not need to increase the size of the problem and the eigensolution can consider only a small number of modes necessary to build a reliable truncated modal basis able to represent the damped system response over a limited frequency range. However, it has the drawback of requiring complex eigensolution calculations (of a smaller size than the ADF approach, though) during an iterative process until convergence is achieved. The IMSE method proved to be the less accurate approach, specially for highly damped systems, though it is an attractive approach to give an estimate of the FRFs when low cost and fast analysis are required.

In general, it can be stated that all the models but the IMSE have similar accuracy and yield representative results of viscoelastically damped structural systems. However, they present signicant dierences in terms of easiness of implementation, which makes the decision on which method is most adequate strongly problem-dependent, i.e. it depends, among other aspects, upon the material and geometric characteristics of the structural system and upon the type of analysis required. With this reection on state-of-the-art viscoelastic damping modeling methodologies and the results of this research, presented in two companion articles, it is expected to somewhat contribute in the selection of the best (most appropriate) method meeting the needs of structural designers. REFERENCES 3M (1993). Scotchdamp Vibration Control Systems: Product Information and Performance Data, 3M Industrial Tape and Specialties Division, St. Paul, Minnesota, US. Allen, B. R. (1996). A direct complex stiness test system for viscoelastic material properties, Proceedings of 3rd Smart Structures and Materials (SPIE), Vol. 2720, San Diego, CA, US, pp. 338345. Allen, B. R. and Pinson, E. D. (1991). Complex stiness test data for three viscoelastic materials by the direct complex stiness method, Proceedings of Damping 91, Vol. 2, San Diego, CA, US, pp. EAE 114. ANSI S2.21-1998 (R2007) (2007). American National Standard: Method for Preparation of a Standard Material for Dynamic Mechanical Measurements, American National Standards Institute, New York, US. ANSI S2.22-1998 (R2007) (2007). American National Standard: Resonance Method for Measuring the Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Viscoelastic Materials, American National Standards Institute, New York, US. ANSI S2.23-1998 (R2007) (2007). American National Standard: Single Cantilever Beam Method for Measuring the Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Viscoelastic Materials, American National Standards Institute, New York, US. ANSI S2.24-2001 (R2006) (2006). American National Standard: Graphical Representation of the Complex Modulus of Viscoelastic Materials, American National Standards Institute, New York, US. ASTM D5023-01 (2001). Standard Test Method for Measuring the Dynamic Mechanical Properties in Flexure (Three-Point Bending), American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, US. ASTM D5024-07 (2007). Standard Test Method for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties in Compression, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, US. ASTM D5026-95a (1995). Standard Test Method for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties in Tension, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, US. ASTM D5418-07 (2007). Standard Test Method for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties in Flexure (Dual Cantilever Beam), American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, US. ASTM E756-05 (2005). Standard Test Method for Measuring Vibration-Damping Properties of Materials, Amer-

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