Dynamic Stability of FGM Cylindrical Shells: F. Ebrahimi

Dynamic Stability of FGM Cylindrical Shells
F. Ebrahimi*

* Department of Mechanical Eng.., University of Tehran, North
Karegar Avenue, Tehran, Iran
tel/fax: +98 21 88 005 67
e-mail:.febrahimy@ut.ac.ir
Submitted: 23/03/2010
Accepted: 16/04/2010
Appeared: 29/04/2010
HyperSciences.Publisher
Abstract In this study, a formulation for the stability of cylindrical shells made of functionally graded
material (FGM) subjected to combined static and periodic axial loadings are presented. The properties are
temperature dependent and graded in the thickness direction according to a volume fraction power law
distribution. The analysis is based on two different methods of first-order shear deformation theory
(FSDT) considering the transverse shear strains and the rotary inertias and the classical shell theory
(CST). The results obtained show that the effect of transverse shear and rotary inertias on dynamic
stability of functionally graded cylindrical shells is dependent on the material composition, the
temperature environment, the amplitude of static load, the deformation mode, and the shell geometry
parameters.
Keywords: FGM, CST, Dynamic Stability, Cylindrical Shell.
1. INTRODUCTION
Functionally graded materials are microscopically
inhomogeneous materials. By choosing specific
manufacturing processing, the property of the produced
FGMs may vary from points to points or from layer to layers.
Most importantly, certain properties (usually the desired
ones) of the specifically produced FGMs are superior to those
of corresponding homogeneous materials. Recent advance in
the manufacturing technology has made FGMs more
preferential from both functionality and economy points of
views. As a result, the usage of FGMs has been significantly
broadened. For example, early successful applications of
FGMs were reported as the high-temperature materials in
nuclear reactors and chemical plants in Japan (Koizumi and
Niino (1995)). Now, FGMs are also considered as potential
structural materials for the future high-speed spacecrafts.
Formulation and theoretical analysis of the FGM plates and
shells were presented by Reddy (2004), Reddy and Chin
(1998), Arciniega et al. (2007) and Praveen et al. (1999).
Shell structure made up of this composite material (FGM) is
also one of the basic structural elements used in many
engineering structures.
Despite the evident importance in practical applications,
investigations on the static and dynamic characteristics of
FGM shell structures are still limited in number.
Among those available, Loy et al. (1999) investigated the free
vibration of simply supported FGM cylindrical shells, which
was later extended by Pradhan et al. (2000) to cylindrical
shells under various end supporting conditions. Gong et al.
(1999) presented elastic response analysis of simply
supported FGM cylindrical shells under low-velocity impact.
Ng et al. (2001) studied dynamic instability of simply
supported FGM cylindrical shells, a normal-mode expansion
and Bolotin method were used to determine the boundaries of
the unstable regions. In all the above studies, theoretical
formulations were all based on classical shell theory, i.e.,
neglecting the effect of transverse shear strains. Using Loves
shell theory and the Galerkin method, Sofiyev (2005)
presented an analytic solution for the stability behavior of
cylindrical shells made of compositionally (or functionally)
graded ceramicmetal materials under the axial compressive
loads.
This paper studies the effect of transverse shear and rotary
inertias on dynamic stability of the functionally graded
cylindrical shells subjected to combined static and periodic
axial forces, through a comparison of results obtained by
using two different methods such as the first-order shear
deformation theory (FSDT) considering the transverse shear
strains and the rotary inertias and the classical shell theory
(CST). Material properties of functionally graded cylindrical
shells are considered as temperature dependent and graded in
the thickness direction according to a power-law distribution
in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. The
results obtained show that the effect of transverse shear and
rotary inertias on dynamic stability of functionally graded
cylindrical shells subjected to combined static and periodic
axial forces is dependent on the material composition, the
temperature environment, the amplitude of static load, the
deformation mode, and the shell geometry parameters. It is
found that the effect of transverse shear and rotary inertias on
dynamic stability of functionally graded cylindrical shells
Journal of Advanced Research in Mechanical Engineering (Vol.1-2010/Iss.2)
Ebrahimi / Dynamic Stability of FGM Cylindrical Shells / pp. 111-119
111 Copyright 2010 HyperSciences_Publisher. All rights reserved www.hypersciences.org
subjected to combined static and periodic axial forces is not
neglected in some cases. The new features of the effect of
transverse shear and rotary inertias on dynamic stability of
functionally graded cylindrical shells and some meaningful
results in this paper are helpful for the application and the
design of nuclear reactors, space planes and chemical plants,
in which functionally graded cylindrical shells act as basic
elements.
2. THEORETICAL FORMULATIONS
A functionally graded materials cylindrical shell with mean
radius of R, thickness h, and the length L is shown in Fig. 1.
The displacement components in the x, and z direction are
denoted by u, v and w respectively. The pulsating axial load
is given by
Pt N N N
d o a
cos + = (1)
where P is the frequency of excitation in radians per unit
time. The material properties of FGM cylindrical shells with
both temperature dependent and position dependent are
accurately modeled, by using a simple rule of mixtures for
the stiffness parameters coupled with the temperature
dependent properties of the constituents. The volume fraction
is described by a spatial function as follows
( ) + =

0 , ) 2 1 ( ) ( h z z V (2)
where expresses the volume fraction exponent. The
combination of these functions gives rise to the effective
properties of functionally graded materials. An FGM
cylindrical shell that is metal rich at the inner surface and
ceramic rich at the outer surface is considered as Type A. The
corresponding effective material properties are expressed as
( ) ( ) z V T F z V T F z T F
m c eff
+ = 1 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , (
(3)
where
eff
F is the effective material property of the FGM
cylindrical shell, including the effective elastic modulus,
effective mass density and effective Poissons ratio.
c
F and
m
F are the temperature dependent properties of the ceramic
and metal, respectively . On the other hand, an FGM
cylindrical shell that is ceramic rich at the inner surface and
metal rich at the outer surface is defined as Type B, whose
effective material properties are given by
( ) ( ) z V T F z V T F z T F
c m eff
+ = 1 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , (
(4)
Based on the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT),
the equations of motion for an FGM cylindrical shell under
axially dynamic load are as follows (Timoshenko and
Woinowsky-Krieger 1959)
+ =
1 2 1
6 1
1
I u I
N
R x
N
(5)

+ =
+ +
2 2 1
2
2
2
1 6
1 1
I v I
x
v
N Q
R
N
R x
N
a
(6)
w I
x
w
N
R
N Q
R x
Q
a
=
1
2
2
2 2 1
1
(7)
+ =
1 3 2 1
6 1
1
I u I Q
M
R x
M
(8)
+ =
2 3 2 2
2 6
1
I v I Q
M
R x
M
(9)
where
1
and
2
are the rotations of a normal to the
reference surface, ) 3 , 2 , 1 ( = i I
i
is the mass inertia terms
defined as
( )

=
2
2
2
3 2 1
) , , 1 )( ( , ,
h
h
z z z I I I (10)
and ) (z is the effective mass density of functionally
graded materials. The stress resultants of FGM cylindrical
shells are given by
Fig. 1. Coordinate system of the FGM cylindrical shell
112
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\
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|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
6
2
1
6
2
1
66 66
22 21 22 21
12 11 12 11
66 66
22 21 22 21
12 11 12 11
6
2
1
6
2
1
0 0 0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0
0 0
D B
D D B B
D D B B
B A
B B A A
B B A A
M
M
M
N
N
N
|
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\
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.
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\
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=
|
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.
|
\
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4
5
55
44
2
1
0
0
C
C
Q
Q
(11)
where
ij
A ,
ij
B ,
ij
D and
ij
C are ,respectively, the
extensional, coupling, bending, and shear stiffness, which are
given by
( ) ) 6 , 2 , 1 ( , ) , , 1 ( , ,
2
2
2
= =
i dz z z Q D B A
h
h ij ij ij ij
2
22 11
1
eff
eff
E
Q Q

= = ,
( )
eff
eff
E
Q
+
=
1 2
44
) 1 (
2
21 12
eff
eff eff
A
E
Q Q
= = , A Q Q
44 55
=
R z A + =1 ,
) 1 ( 2
66
eff
eff
A
E
Q
+
=

= =
2
2
55 55
2
2
44 44
,
h
h
h
h
dz Q C dz Q C (12)
where
eff
E and
eff
are the effective elastic modulus and
effective Poissons ratio of FGM cylindrical shells,
respectively. is the shear correction factor introduced by
Reddy (2004) and is equal to 5/6 . The strains are expressed
as
x
u
=
1
,
|
.
|
\
|
+
= w
v
R
1
2
,
=
u
R x
v 1
6
,
+ =
w
R
1
2 4
,

x
w
+ =
1 5
,
x
=
1
1
=
2
2
1
R
,
=
1 2
6
1
R x
(13)
Utilizing Eqs.(5)-(9), (11) and (13), the equations of motion
can be expressed in terms of generalized displacement
) , , , , (
2 1
w v u as follows
+ =
1 2 1 2 1 1
) , , , , ( I u I w v u L
(14)
+ =
+
2 2 1
2
2
2 1 2
) , , , , ( I v I
x
v
N w v u L
a
(15)
w I
x
w
N w v u L
a
=
+
1
2
2
2 1 3
) , , , , ( (16)
+ =
1 3 2 2 1 4
) , , , , ( I u I w v u L
(17)
+ =
2 3 2 2 1 5
) , , , , ( I v I w v u L
(18)
By neglecting terms
2
I and
3
I involving in equations
(5)-(9) and setting
,
1
x
w
= ,
1
2
=
w
R
(19)
the equations of motion based on a classical shell theory
(CST) can be easily obtained.
Here, the two ends of FGM cylindrical shells are considered
as simply supported, so that a solution for the motion
equations (14)-(18) can be described by

n x e A u
m
t i
mn mn
cos cos =

n x e B v
m
t i
mn mn
sin sin =

n x e C w
m
t i
mn mn
cos sin =

n x e H
m
t i
mn mn
cos cos
1
=

n x e K
m
t i
mn mn
sin sin
2
= (20)
Fig. 2. Comparison of CST and FSDT unstable regions for a
simply supported FGM cylindrical shell under
combined static axial compressive loading and periodic
axial loading ( m=1,2 , n=1,2,
cr
N N 5 . 0
0
= , L/R=1.0,
T=300K, =1.0 , h/R=0.01).
113
Fig. 3. Effect of thickness to radius ratio h/R on the first
unstable region for a simply supported FGM cylindrical
shell under combined static axial extensional loading
and periodic axial load (m=1,2 , n=1,2 ,
cr
N N 5 . 0
0
= ,
L/R=1.0 , T=300K, =1.0 ).
where
L
m
m
= , n represents the number of

circumferential waves and m represents he number of axial
half-waves.
Substituting Eq. (20) into Eqs.(14)-(18) and letting 0 =
d
N
in Eq.(1), yields
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=
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.
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\
|
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|
|
|
|
.
|
(
(
(
(
(
(
\
|
(
(
(
(
(
(
+
+
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
3 2
3 2
1
2 1
2 1
2
55 54 53 52 51
45 44 43 42 41
35 34 0
2
33 31 31
25 24 23 0
2
12 21
15 14 13 12 11
mn
mn
mn
mn
mn
m
m
K
H
C
B
A
I I
I I
I
I I
I I
T T T T T
T T T T T
T T N T T T
T T T N T T
T T T T T
(21)
where
ij
T is given in appendix A.
To solve the equations of motion containing the dynamic
load
d
N , a solution is sought in the form shown below
=
=
=
=
5
1 1 1
5
1 1 1
cos cos ) (
) , ( ) (
j m n
m mnj mnj
j m n
mnj mnj
n x A t q
x U t q u

(22)
=
=
=
=
=
5
1 1 1
5
1 1 1
sin sin ) (
) , ( ) (
j m n
m mnj mnj
j m n
mnj mnj
n x B t q
x V t q v

(23)
=
=
=
=
=
5
1 1 1
5
1 1 1
cos sin ) (
) , ( ) (
j m n
m mnj mnj
j m n
mnj mnj
n x C t q
x W t q w

(24)
=
=
5
1 1 1
1
) , ( ) (
j m n
xmnj mnj
x t q
=
=
5
1 1 1
cos cos ) (
j m n
m mnj mnj
n x H t q
(25)
=
=
=
=
=
5
1 1 1
5
1 1 1
2
sin sin ) (
) , ( ) (
j m n
m mnj mnj
j m n
mnj mnj
n x K t q
x t q

(26)
where ) (t q
mnj
is a generalized co-ordinate, and
mnj
U ,
mnj
V
,
mnj
W ,
xmnj
and
mnj
are the modal function of FGM
cylindrical shells with simply supported ends, under the
axially static load
0
N . Substituting Eqs.(22)-(26) into
Eqs.(14)-(18), yields
mnj mnj mnj mnj
mnj xmnj mnj mnj mnj
H I U I
W V U L
2
2
2
1
1
) , , , , (

=
(27)
mnj mnj mnj mnj mnj m
I V I V N
W V U L

2
2
2
1
2
0
2
) , , , , (
=
(28)
mnj mnj mnj m
W I W N
W V U L
2
1
2
0
3
) , , , , (

=
(29)
xmnj mnj mnj
I U I
W V U L

3
2
2
4
) , , , , (

=
(30)
mnj mnj mnj
I V I
W V U L

3
2
2
5
) , , , , (

=
(31)
Eqs. (14)- (18) may be rewritten as
114
Fig. 4. Unstable region versus axial compressive loading
cr
N N
0
for a simply supported FGM cylindrical shell under
combined static axial compressive loading and periodic axial loading ( m=1,2 , n=1,2 , L/R=1.0 , T=300K,
=1.0 , h/R=0.01 ).
Table 1. Comparison of the points of origin P
1
for a simply supported silicon nitride-nickel FGM cylindrical shell under
axial extensional loading
P
1
(Type A) P
1
(Type B)
Present Ng et al. (2001) Present Ng et al. (2001)

0 10.955 10.956 10.778 10.774
0.5 10.896 10.894 10.849 10.849
1.0 1.0867 10.865 10.883 10.883
5.0 10.809 10.805 10.936 10.937
10 10.795 10.791 10.945 10.946
10.778 10.773 10.955 10.946
( )( )
=
= + +
5
1 1 1
2 1
2
0 cos cos
j m n
m mnj mnj mnj mnj mnj
n x H I A I q q (32)
( )( )
=
+ +
5
1 1 1
2 1
2
sin sin
j m n
n x K I B I q q
=
= +
5
1 1 1
2
0 sin sin cos
j m n
m mnj mnj m d
n x q B Pt N
(33)
( )
=
+
5
1 1 1
1
2
cos sin
j m n
m mnj mnj mnj mnj
n x C I q q
=
= +
5
1 1 1
2
0 cos sin cos
j m n
m mnj mnj m d
n x q C Pt N
(34)
( )( )
=
= + +
5
1 1 1
3 2
2
0 cos cos
j m n
n x H I A I q q (35)
( )( )
=
= + +
5
1 1 1
3 2
2
0 sin sin
j m n
n x K I B I q q (36)
115
Making use of the orthogonality condition, Eqs.(32)-(36) are
simplified to
0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
cos
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
2 2
2
2 2
5
2
1
5
2
1
5
2
1
5
2
1
5
1
1
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
N N
d
N
N N
q
M
q
q
Q
Q
Q
Pt N
k
k
k
q
M
q
q
m
m
m
(37)
where
In the above formula, the coefficients of mode shapes
I
A
,
I
B ,
I
C ,
I
H and
I
K can be obtained from Eq. (21).
Based the CST and the orthogonality condition, Eq.(37) can
be simplified to
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
(
(
(
(
(
\
|
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
0
0
0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
cos
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
2 2
2 2 2
3
2
1
3
2
1
3
2
1
3
2
1
3
1
1
M
q
M
q
q
Q
Q
Q
Pt N
k
k
k
q
M
q
q
m
m
m
N N
d
N N N
(40)
where
The coefficients
I
A ,
I
B ,
I
C in Eqs.(40) can be obtained
from Eq.(24). Equations (37) and (40) are in the form of a
second order differential equations with periodic coefficients
of the Mathieu-Hill type. Using the method presented by
Bolotin (1964), the regions of unstable solutions are
separated by periodic solutions. As a first approximation, the
periodic solutions with period 2T can be sought in the form
where
I
a and
I
b are arbitrary constants. Substituting
equation (42) into equations (37) and (40), and equating the
coefficients of the 2 sin Pt and 2 cos Pt terms, a set of
linear homogeneous algebraic equations in terms of
I
a and
I
b can be obtained. The conditions for non-trivial solutions
for the linear homogeneous algebraic equations are
Each unstable region is bounded by two lines which originate
from a common point from the P-axis. The branches emanate
( ) ( ) [
( ) ( ) ( ) ]
( ) [ ]
2
1 2 1
2
2
2
3 2
2
3 2 1
2
2 1
2
2 1
2
,
2
I I I I m I
I I I
I I I I I
I I I I I
C I K I B I B
L
Q
m k
K I B I H I A I C I
H I A I K I B I
l
m
+ + =
=
+ + + +
+ + + + =
(38)
); 5 ( 5 ), 2 ( 3 5
), 1 ( 4 5 : ) , ( ) , (
); 5 ( 5 5 ), 2 ( 2 5
), 1 ( 1 5 : ) 1 , 2 ( ) , (
); 5 ( 5 ), 2 ( ) 3 ( 5
), 1 ( ) 4 ( 5 : ) , 1 ( ) , (
); 5 ( 10 ), 4 ( 9 ), 3 ( 8
), 2 ( 7 ), 1 ( 6 : ) 2 , 1 ( ) , (
); 5 ( 5 ), 4 ( 4 ), 3 ( 3
), 2 ( 2 ), 1 ( 1 : ) 1 , 1 ( ) , (
2 2
2
= =
= = =
= + = +
= + = =
= =
= = =
= = =
= = = =
= = =
= = = =
j N j N
j N I N N n m
j N j N
j N I n m
j N j N
j N I N n m
j j j
j j I n m
j j j
j j I n m
(39)
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
2
2
1 1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
3 ,..., 3 , 2 , 1
,
2
,
,
2
N I
C I B I B
L
Q
m k
C I A I B I
l
m
I I I m I
I I I
I I I I
=
+ =
=
+ + =
(41)
2
cos
2
sin
Pt
b
Pt
a q
I I I
+ = (42)
0
2
1
4
1
2
= +
I d I I I
Q N k m P
(43)
0
2
1
4
1
2
= + +
I d I I I
Q N k m P (44)
116
at 0 =
d
N from the
I
2 . The left and right branch
correspond with
) 0 (
2 4
2 4
>
=
+
=
d
I
I d I
I
I
I d I
I
N
m
Q N k
P
and
m
Q N k
P
) 0 (
2 4
2 4
<
+
=
=
d
I
I d I
I
I
I d I
I
N
m
Q N k
P
and
m
Q N k
P
.
3. NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The ceramic material used in this study is silicon nitride and
the metal material used is nickel. The density of silicon
nitride is
c
=2370 kg/m
3
that of nickel is
e
=8900 kg/m
3,
the Poissons ratio is
c
=0.24 for silicon nitride and
e
=0.31 for nickel, which are independent of the
temperature. The elastic moduli are given by
where
c
E and
m
E are the elastic modulus of silicon nitride
and nickel, respectively, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.
Based on the classical shell theory, the points of origin,
=
1 1
2 P [the nondimensionalized coefficient
1 , 2
11 1
= = I A I R ] is presented in Table 1, for a
silicon nitride-nickel FGM cylindrical shell with simply
supported ends, under axial extensional loading, Where the
computation parameters are taken as
100 , 1 , 5 . 0 , 1
0
= = = = = h R R L N N n m
cr
.
The results in Table 1 present the transverse modes
corresponding to the points of origin
1
P , which is a good
agreement with Ng et al. (2001) .
The dynamic instability regions for the first order parametric
resonances of a silicon nitride-nickel FGM cylindrical shell
with simply supported ends, under combined static and
periodic axial loads are presented in Fig. 2 using CST and
FSDT. The effect of the first-order shear deformation on the
dynamic instability regions is relational to the points of
origin, ) 6 ( 2
6 1
= = I P ,
) 16 ( 2
16 2
= = I P , ) 1 ( 2
1 3
= = I P .
For the points
1
P and
2
P , the dynamic instability regions
obtained from FSDT are less than those obtained from CST
no considering shear deformation and rotary inertias. For the
points
3
P , the dynamic instability regions are very close for
CST and FSDT. Where
6
,
16
and
1
denote the three
lowest natural frequency using the first-order shear
deformation theory.
Fig. 3 shows the effect of thickness to radius ratio ( R h ) on
the first unstable region for an FGM cylindrical shell under
combined static axial extensional loading and periodic axial
load, based on FSDT. It is observed that the points of origin
of the unstable region are lower for the thinner shells. The
angle gives a good measure of the size of the unstable
region in Fig. 3. Here, the unstable regions increase with the
increasing thicknesses.
The effect of static axial compressive loading
cr o
N N on
unstable angles can be seen from the results presented in
Fig.4, using the CST and the FSDT. The points of origin are,
respectively, ) 6 ( 2
6 1
= = I P ,
) 16 ( 2
16 2
= = I P , ) 1 ( 2
1 3
= = I P ,
) 11 ( 2
11 4
= = I P . The first four unstable angles
(corresponding to the points of origin
1
P ,
2
P ,
3
P ,
4
P )
for a silicon nitride-nickel FGM cylindrical shell under
combined static axial compressive loading and periodic axial
loading are described in Fig. 4(a) and Fig. 4(b), respectively.
The unstable region increases as the static axial load
increases, and the effect of shear deformation and rotary
inertias on the unstable region is dependent on the points of
origin. It is shown from the results presented in Figs.4 (a) and
(b) that the unstable angle for the points
1
P ,
2
P and
4
P
obtained using the FSDT are less than those obtained using
the CST, and when the static axial compressive loading
cr o
N N is larger than 0.4, the third unstable angle
(corresponding to the point of origin
3
P and m=1, n=1) is
almost the same using the CST and the FSDT.
Figs. 5(a)-(c) show the effect of volume fraction exponent on
the unstable angle of a silicon nitride-nickel FGM
cylindrical shell under combined static axial compressive
loading and periodic axial loading, based on two different
theories such as the CST and the FSDT. The first three
unstable regions are described in Figs. 5(a)-(c), respectively.
It is observed that the unstable angle nonlinearly increases
as the volume fraction exponent increases, the effect of
shear deformation and rotary inertias on the unstable angles
(corresponding to m=1, n=1) is not only dependent on the
points of origin, but also dependent on the volume fraction
(
)
3 11 2 7
4 9
10 946 . 8 10 160 . 2
10 070 . 3 1 10 43 . 348
T T
T E
c

+
=
( )
2 9 4
9
10 998 . 3 10 794 . 2 1
10 95 . 223
T T
E
m

=
117
exponent , the unstable angles for the point
2
P obtained
by using the CST and the FSDT are the same.
Fig. 5. Effect of the volume fraction exponent on the
unstable angles for a simply supported FGM
cylindrical shell under combined static axial
compressive loading and periodic axial loading (m=1 ,
n=1 ,
cr
N N 5 . 0
0
= , L/R=1.0 , T=300K, =1.0 ,
h/R=0.01).
4. CONCLUSION
This paper reports the result of an investigation into the effect
of the first-order shear deformation theory considering rotary
inertia and the transverse shear strains on the dynamic
instability of functionally graded cylindrical shells with
simply-supported ends, under combined static and periodic
axial forces. The result obtained using FSDT is compared
with that obtained using CST. The differences between the
results from FSDT and the results from CST increase as the
deformation mode and thickness increase. It is proved that
the unstable angle is different using the classical shell theory
and the first-order shear deformation theory for the higher
mode. It was found that reasonable control can be achieved
on the dynamic instability regions by correctly varying the
ratio of length to radius, the ratio of thickness to radius, the
amplitude of static axial load, thermal environment and
volume fraction exponent.
REFERENCES
Koizumi, M. and Niino, M. (1995). Overview of FGM
research in Japan, MRS Bull.; volume (20), 19 21.
Reddy, J.N. (2004) Mechanics of Laminated Composite
Plates and Shells, Second Edition ,CRC Press, New
York.
Reddy, J.N. and Chin, C. D. (1998). Thermomechanical
Analysis of Functionally Graded Cylinders and Plates. J.
Thermal Stresses, volume (26), 593-626.
Arciniega, R.A. and Reddy, J.N. (2007). Large deformation
analysis of functionally graded shells. International
Journal of Solids and Structures, volume (44), 2036-
2052.
Praveen, G. N., Chin, C. D. and Reddy, J.N. (1999).
Thermoelastic Analysis of a Functionally Graded
Ceramic-Metal Cylinder. ASCE Journal of Engineering
Mechanics, volume (125), 1259-1267.
Loy, CT, Lam, KY, Reddy, JN. (1999). Vibration of
functionally graded cylindrical shells, International
Journal of Mechanical Sciences, volume (41), 309-24.
Pradhan, SC, Loy, CT, Lam, KY, Reddy, JN. (2000).
Vibration characteristics of functionally graded
cylindrical shells under various boundary conditions,
Applied Acoustics, volume (61), 119-29.
Gong, SW, Lam, KY, Reddy, JN. (1999). The elastic
response of functionally graded cylindrical shells to low-
velocity impact. International Journal of Impact
Engineering; volume (22), 397-417.
Ng, TY, Lam, KM, Liew, KM and Reddy, JN. (2001).
Dynamic stability analysis of functionally graded
cylindrical shells under periodic axial loading.
International Journal of Solids and Structures, volume
(38), 1295-309.
Sofiyev, AH. (2005). The stability of compositionally graded
ceramicmetal cylindrical shells under a periodic axial
impulsive loading. Composite Structures, volume (69):
24757
118
Timoshenko, SP. and Woinowsky-Krieger S .(1959). Theory
of Plates and Shells. Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, New
York.
Bolotin, VV. (1964). The Dynamic Stability of Elastic
Systems. Holden-Day, San Francisco.
Appendix A.
2
2
66 2
11 11
R
n A
A T
m
+ = , n
R
A A
T
m
66 12
12
+
=
2
2
66 2
66 14
R
n B
B T
m
+ = , n
R
B B
T
m
66 12
15
+
=
2
55
2
2
22 2
66 22
R
C
R
n A
A T
m
+ + = , n
R
C A
T
55 22
23
+
=
2
55
2
2
22 2
66 25
R
C
R
n B
B T
m
+ = ,
m
R
A
T
21
31
=
2
22
2
2
55 2
44 33
R
A
R
n C
C T
m
+ + = ,
m
R
B
C T
|
.
|
\
|
=
21
44 34
2
2
66 2
11 41
R
n B
B T
m
+ = , n
R
B B
T
m
66 12
42
+
=
44
2
2
66 2
11 44
C
R
n D
D T
m
+ + = , n
R
D D
T
m
66 12
45
+
=
R
C
R
n B
B T
m
55
2
2
22 2
66 52
+ = , n
R
RC B
T
2
55 22
53
=
n
R
D
n
R
D
T
m m

66 21
54
= , n
R
B R C
T
2
22 55
35
=
m
R
A
T
12
13
= ,
m
R
B
C T
|
.
|
\
|
=
12
44 43
n
R
A A
T
m
66 12
21
+
= , n
R
B B
T
m
66 21
51
+
=
n
R
B B
T
m
66 21
24
+
= , n
R
A C
T
2
22 55
32
+
=
2 66
55
2
2
22
55 m
R
D
C n
R
D
T + + =
119

Dynamic Stability of FGM Cylindrical Shells: F. Ebrahimi

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