Aim

Study the Diffusion of Solids in Liquids

Introduction
When substances are brought in contact with each other, they intermingle with each other. This phenomenon is known as Molecular diffusion. Molecular diffusion, often called simply diffusion, is a net transport of molecules from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration by random molecular motion. The result of diffusion is a gradual mixing of material. In a phase with uniform temperature, absent external net forces acting on the particles, the diffusion process will eventually result in complete mixing or a state of equilibrium. Diffusion in the most general state refers to the random, thermal motion of particles. The first thing to remember about diffusion is that all movement is driven by heat energy Diffusion takes place very rapidly in case of gases, to a lesser extent in case of liquids, and not at all in the case of solids. owever, diffusion of solids in liquids does take place at a very slow rate.

!olecules of solute are in constant random motion ,called Brownian movement due to the collision between molecules of solute and that of the solvent. It is this physical interaction between solute"solvent particles that leads to diffusion. The force of the heat does not move the molecule in a particular direction but pushes it randomly. The atoms #and molecules and other microscopic particles$ move every which way, constantly bumping into each other and changing direction .

%rownian movement

If a solid is kept in contact with excess of solvent in which it is soluble, some portion of the solid gets dissolved. This process is known as dissolution of a solid in liquid, and it takes place due to the diffusion of solid particles into liquid medium.

Objective
To demonstrate that rate of diffusion depends upon the following factors& Temperature& 's temperature increases, the kinetic energy of the particles increases. Thus, the speed of particles also increases, the amount of energy available for diffusion is increased. This means that a given particle will move faster at a higher temperature. Thus the rate of diffusion will be faster as the temperature increases. Size of the particle& 's the si(e of particle increases, rate of diffusion decreases. The source of energy for the movement of particles in diffusion is the heat in the environment. 't a given temperature, a smaller particle #molecule$ moves faster

than a larger one. Thus the rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to the si(e of the particle. That is, a smaller particle will diffuse faster than a larger one. Mass of the particle& 's the mass of the particle increases, the rate of diffusion decreases because the speed of particle decreases and hence the kinetic energy of the particle decreases so the particle becomes less mobile. )o as the mass increases the rate of diffusion decreases

Diffusion of two gases

Experiment 1
Aim

To study diffusion when copper sulphate is brought in contact with water #liquid$. Requirements *opper sulphate #*u)+,$ crystals, -.. m/ beaker Procedure Take about two grams of copper sulphate crystals in -.. m/ beaker.

'dd about 0. m/ of water and allow it to stand for few minutes. 1ote the development of blue colour in water. 'llow to stand undisturbed further till it is observed that all copper sulphate disappears. 1ote the blue colour change in water.

'ppearance of blue colour in water when *opper sulphate crystals are 'dded to it

Conclusion When solids such as copper sulphate are brought in contact with liquids such as water, the molecules of copper sulphate intermingle with the molecules of water due to their constant random motion , which is clearly observed from development of blue coloration in water i.e., diffusion takes place.

Experiment 2
Aim To study the effect of temperature on the rate of diffusion of solids in liquids. Requirements *opper sulphate #*u)+,$ crystals, three -.. m/ beakers, watch glass, wire gauge, burner, tripod stand, thermometer, stop watch. Procedure

Take five gram of copper sulphate each in three beakers. 2our -.. m/ of distilled water slowly in one of the beakers. *over this beaker with a watch glass. 2our -.. m/ of cold water in a second beaker slowly. 2lace a third beaker containing -.. m/ of water on a tripod stand for heating. +bserve the diffusion process which begins in all the beakers. 3ecord of copper sulphate the time taken for the dissolution of copper sulphate in all the three cases.

Observations !
B"A#"R Temperature of $ater 6 7 Conclusion ! The rate of diffusion of copper sulphate in water is in the order as given below& Beaker 3 > Beaker 2 > Beaker 1 9aster diffusion will take place if the surroundings are warmer. Increase in temperature means an increase in molecules: speed #kinetic energy$. )o the molecules move faster and there will be more spontaneous spreading of the material which means that diffusion occurs quicker. -. 4* 60 4* 8. 4* Time Ta%en to &iffuse -5 minutes -0 minutes 8 minutes

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Experiment 3
Aim

To study the effect of si(e of particles on the rate of diffusion of solids in liquids.
Requirements

;raduated -.. m/ measuring cylinders, copper sulphate #*u)+,$ crystals of different si(es, stop watch.
Procedure

'dd 0. m/ of water to each of the three cylinders. Take five gram each of big si(e, medium si(e, small si(e crystals of copper sulphate, and add them separately in three cylinders. 'llow to them to stand for some time. 1ote the time taken for blue colour to reach any fixed mark in each of the cylinders and note the observations.

Observations !
B"A#"R -. 6. 7. Cr'stal size %ig !edium )mall Time Ta%en to &iffuse -? minutes -7 minutes 0 minutes

Conclusion The rate of diffusion of copper sulphate in water is in the order as given below& Beaker 3 > Beaker 2 > Beaker 1 We know that smaller particles have larger surface area. )o the small particles of the third beaker interact more with the water molecules than the particles in the first and the second beaker, the

diffusion hence is fastest in third beaker and slowest in the first beaker. )o larger the si(e of the particle slower is the rate of diffusion

Result

When solids such as copper sulphate are brought in contact with liquids such as water, intermingling of substances, i.e., diffusion takes place. The rate of diffusion varies directly with temperature. )mall particles undergo diffusion more quickly than bigger particles.

Diffusion of Solids in liquids

Name: School: class:

PAVNEET SINGH G.G.N.PUBLIC.SCHOOL 12th

Acknowledgemen ts
"There are times when silence speaks so much more loudly than words of praise to only as good as belittle a person, whose words do not express, but only put a veneer over true feelings, which are of gratitude at this point of time." I would like to exp e!! "# !i$%e e & 'titude to "# %he"i!t # "e$to Mrs. KIRANJEET KAUR( )o he *it'l !uppo t( &uid'$%e '$d e$%ou '&e"e$t + without whi%h thi! p o,e%t would $ot h'*e %o"e )o th. I would 'l!o like to exp e!! "# & 'titude to the !t')) o) the -ep' t"e$t o) Che"i!t # 't G.G.N.PUBLIC.SCHOOL )o thei !uppo t du i$& the "'ki$& o) thi! p o,e%t.