INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, NIRMA UNIVERSITY B.Tech. Semester IV (IC) 2EE225:CIRCUIT THEORY INDEX SR. NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

TITLE To verify Superposition Theorem. To verify Thevenin Theorem. To verify Reciprocity Theorem. To verify Norton Theorem. To verify Maximum Power Transfer Theorem. (i) To determine the z parameters of a two port resistive network. (ii) To determine the z parameters of Series connection of two 2-port resistive networks and verify the result by direct calculation. (i) To determine the y parameters of a two port resistive network. (ii) To determine the y parameters of the parallel connection of two 2-port resistive networks and verify the result by direct calculation. (i) To determine the ABCD parameters of a two port resistive network. (ii) To determine the ABCD parameters of the cascade connection of two 2-port resistive networks and verify the result by direct calculation. (i) To determine the h parameters of a two port resistive network. (ii) To determine the h parameters of the series parallel connection of two 2-port resistive networks and verify the result by direct calculation. (i) To determine the g parameters of a two port resistive network. (ii) To determine the g parameters of the parallel-series connection of two 2-port resistive networks and verify the result by direct calculation. Simulation of series RC,RL and RLC circuits with Virtual Laboratory. Simulation of Parallel RC,RL and RLC circuits with Virtual Laboratory. PAGE
FROM TO

DATE

SIGN

REMAR KS

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

EXPERIMENT NO: 1

DATE

AIM

: To verify Superposition Theorem.

APPARATUS: (1) Regulated power supply (D.C) 0 - 30V (2) Board containing the network (3) Ammeters 0 - 250 mA (4) Voltmeter 0 - 30 V 2 1 3 1

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM THEORY: The superposition theorem states that the response in any element of a linear bilateral network containing two or more sources is the algebraic sum of the responses obtained by each source acting separately at a time and with all the other sources set equal to zero, leaving behind their internal resistance in the network. According to this theorem, if there are a number of e.m.fs acting simultaneously in any linear bilateral network, each e.m.f acts independently of the others i.e as if the other e.m.fs doesn't exist. The value of current in any element of the netwrok is the algebraic sum of the currents due to each e.m.f. Similarly voltage across any element/branch is the algebraic sum of the voltages which each e.m.f would have produced while acting separately at a time. In other words, current through or voltage across

any conductor of the network is obtained by superimposing the currents and voltages due to each e.m.f. in the network .It is important to note that this theorem is applicable only to linear networks. The superposition theorem is applied to determine currents and voltages which are linearly related to the sources acting on the network. Power can not be determined by superposition principle since the relationship between power and current or voltage is quadratic. In Fig(a) I1, I2 and I3 represent values of currents due to simultaneous action of the two sources of e.m.fs in the network. In fig(b) I1', I2' and I' represent values of currents due to source of e.m.f E1 alone. In fig (c) I1", I2" and I" represent values of currents due to source of e.m.f E2 alone. By superimposing the current values of fig (b) and fig (c) the actual values of currents due to both the sources can be obtained as under:

Obviously : I1 = I1' + I1" (algebraic) I2 = I2" + I2' (algebraic) I = I' + I" (algebraic) PROCEDURE : 1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in the fig . 2. Connect the network with two e.m.f sources and adjust the source voltages such that current values are not exceeded beyond the ranges and ratings of the resistance and note down the meter readings. 3. Set the e.m.f E2 to zero and note down the readings. due to E1 alone. If any meter indicates negative, interchange the connection of that meter and consider that reading as negative. 4. Adjust E2 as before (as per step. 2) and set E1 to zero and note down the meter readings If any meter indicates negative, interchange the connection of that meter and note down the reading of that meter with opposite sign w.r.t. the step 3. 5. Verify the superposition theorem and tabulate the results.

OBSERVATION TABLE: SR. NO 1 2 3 CALCULATION: I1 = I1' + I1" (Algebraic) V1 = V1' + V1" (Algebraic) 0 0 E1 Volts E2 Volts I1 mA I2 mA I3 mA V1 Volts V2 Volts V3 Volts

I2 = I2' + I2" (Algebraic)

V2 = V2' + V2" (Algebraic)

I3 = I3' + I3" (Algebraic)

V3 = V3' + V3" (Algebraic)

RESULT TABLE: SR. NO Practical Theoretical CONCLUSION: I1 mA I2 mA I3 mA V1 Volts V2 Volts V3 Volts

EXPERIMENT NO: 3

DATE

AIM

: To verify Reciprocity Theorem.

APPARATUS: (1) Regulated power supply (D.C) 0 - 30V (2) Board containing the network (3) Ammeters 0 - 250 mA (4) Voltmeter 0 - 30 V 2 1 3 1

RECIPROCITY THEOREM: THEORY: The reciprocity theorem states that in a linear, bilateral, single source network the ratio of excitation to response is constant when the positions of excitation and response are interchanged. On the basis of mesh current analysis with a single voltage source acting in the network, the theorem may be demonstrated by considering the following equation for mesh current Ir. Ir = V1 (1r/z) + V2 (2r/z) +.. + Vr (rr / z) + Vs (sr / z) Let the only source in the network be Vs then Ir = Vs (sr / z) The ratio of excitation to response is Vs / Ir = z / sr = Ztransfer sr ------------------------------(1) Now when the position excitation and response are interchanged the source becomes Vr and the current Is. Is = Vr(rs / z) The ratio of excitation to response is Vr / Is = z / rs = Ztransfer rs --------------------------(2) The two transfer impedances in (1) and (2) are equal in any linear, bilateral network since in such networks the impedance matrix [z] is symmetrical with respect to the principal diagonal,

and the cofactors rs and sr are equal. Thus the current in mesh r which results from a voltage source in mesh s is the same as the current in mesh s when the voltage source is moves to mesh. It must be noted that currents in other parts of the network will not remain same. The reciprocity theorem also applies to networks containing a single current source. Here the theorem states that the voltage which results at a pair of terminal m n due to a current source acting at terminals a b is the same as the voltage at terminals a b when the current source is moved at terminals m n. It should be noted that voltages at other points in the network would not remain the same.

PROCEDURE: 1. For the circuit shown in figure1 calculate the values of current (I) for different values of source voltage and record them in the observation table. 2. Connect the circuit as shown in figure1 , measure then values of current (I) (for source voltage of same values in step 1) and record them in the observation table. 3. For the circuit shown in figure (2), calculate the values of current (I) (for source voltage of same values as in step 1) and record them in the observation table. 4. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (2), measure the values of current (I)(for source voltage of same values as in step 1) and record them in the observation table. OBSERVATION TABLE: Sr No. Voltage (V) Current (I) A/mA Exp. The. Voltage (V) Current (I) (A/mA) Exp. The.

1. 2. 3. 4.

CONCLUSION:

QUIZ : 1. Superposition theorem can be applied only to circuits having ________. 2. Superposition theorem requires as many circuits to be solved as there are (a) sources , nodes and meshes (b) sources and nodes (c) sources (d) nodes. 3. Total resistance of a parallel circuit is _______ the smallest branch resistance. 4. Is superposition theorem applicable to POWER as it is applicable to voltage and current?

EXPERIMENT NO: 2

DATE

AIM

: To verify Thevenin Theorem.

APPARATUS: (1) Board containing network (2) Milli ammeter (MC) 0 - 50 mA. (3) Voltmeter (MC) 0 - 10V 1 1 1 1

(4) Regulated power supply 0-30V

THEVENIN THEOREM: THEORY: Thevenins theorem state that any two terminal network whether simple or complex can be replaced by a single source of voltage Vth in series with a single resistance Rth (in case of d.c) or impedance Zth(in case of a.c) Hence Thevenin's equivalent circuit consists of Vth in series with Rth (or Zth) as shown in fig(B). Once a Thevenin's circuit is obtained it is connected across the resistance RL in which current is to be determined. Once the current value in RL is known, potential difference across it can be calculated if required. For obtaining Thevenin's circuit, proceed as follows: Eth between the

1. Remove the resistance RL and measure (or calculate) voltage terminals from where RL has been removed.

2. Replace all the e.m.f sources by their internal resistance (or impedances) and measure (or calculate) Rth (or Zth) between the disconnected. 3. Draw the Thevenin's equivalent network. 4. For calculating current in RL, connect RL which was removed earlier across this Thevenin's circuit. 5. Current through RL is given by Vth IL = ----------Rth + RL terminals from where RL has been

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig(1). 2. Switch on the supply and adjust the supply voltage such that meter readings are not exceeded their ranges and ratings of the resistances. Note down the current through the load resistance RL. 3. Disconnect the resistance RL from the circuit and measure the Refer fig(2). 4. Replace source of e.m.f. by its internal resistance and measure the total resistance (or impedance) of the network between the terminals from where the resistance RL is voltage across the terminals from where the resistance RL is disconnected. This voltage is known as Eth.

disconnected. This resistance (or impedance) is known as Rth (or Zth). Refer fig(3). 5. Calculate the current through RL using the formula. Vth IL = ----------Rth + RL 6. Compare it with the value obtained in step (2)

OBSERVATION TABLE: SR. NO VOLTAGE ACROSS RL VL volts 1 Disconnect resistance RL the CURRENT THROUGH RL IL mA RL = VL/IL Eth Volts REMARKS

(Measurement of Rth) SR NO SUPPLY VOLTAGE V volts 1 2 Set source e.m.f to zero Set source e.m.f to zero CURRENT I mA Rth = V/I REMARKS

CALCULATION : (1) RL = VL/IL = Rth = V/I = =

(2)

Vth (3) IL = ----------- = Rth + RL =

RESULT TABLE :

THEORETICAL Vth Rth IL

PRACTICAL

CONCLUSION:

EXPERIMENT NO: 4

DATE

AIM

: To verify Norton Theorem.

APPARATUS: (1) Board containing network (2) Milli ammeter (MC) 0 - 50 mA. (3) Voltmeter (MC) 0 - 10V 1 1 1 1

(4) Regulated power supply 0-30V

NORTON THEOREM: THEORY :

This theorem is an alternative to the Thevenin's theorem. In fact, it is the dual of Thevenin's theorem. Where as Thevenin's theorem reduces a two - terminal active network to an equivalent constant voltage source and series resistance Norton's theorem replaces the network by an equivalent constant current source and a parallel resistance. It states that any two - terminal active network containing voltage/current sources and resistances/impedances when viewed from its output terminals is equivalent to a

constant current source and a parallel resistance (or impedance). The constant current is equal to the current which would flow in a short - circuit placed across the terminals and parallel resistance (or impedance) is the resistance (or impedance) of the network when viewed from these open circuited terminals after all sources of e.m.fs have been supressed and replaced by their internal resistances (or impedances). PROCEDURE for analysis of network: 1. Remove the resistance RL, short the terminals through an ammeter from where RL has been removed and observe ( or calculate) the reading of the ammeter. This gives the value of the current of the Nortons current source, Isc. 2. Replace the source by its internal resistance (or impedance) and measure (or calculate) the resistance RN (or impedance ZN) between the terminals from where RL has been removed. 3. Connect the RN (or ZN) in parallel with the current source and connect RL which was disconnected earlier across Norton's equivalent circuit. 4. Current through the resistance RL Rth IL = Isc ---------Rth + RL is given by

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig 1. 2. Switch on the power supply and adjust the supply voltage such that meter readings are not exceeded their ranges and ratings of the resistances. Note down the current through the resistance RL. 3. Disconnect the resistance RL and short the terminals through the ammeter from where RL has been removed and measure(or calculate) the current. This gives the value of the current (Isc) of the current source. Refer fig(2). 4. Replace source of e.m.f by its internal resistance (or impedance) and measure the total resistance (or impedance) of the network between the terminals from where the

resistance(RL) has been removed. This is known as RN (or ZN). 5. Calculate the current through RL according to RN IL = Isc ----------RN + RL and compare its value obtained in step (2)

OBSERVATION TABLE: SR. NO VOLTAGE ACROSS RL VL volts CURRENT THROUGH RL IL mA RL = VL/IL ISC mA REMARKS

Disconnect RL and short the terminals through ammeter

(Measurement of RN) SR. NO SUPPLY VOLTAGE V volts 1 2 Set source e.m.f. to zero Set source e.m.f. to zero CURRENT I mA RN = V / I REMARKS

CALCULATION : (1) RL = VL/IL = RN = V/I = =

(2)

RN (3) IL = Isc ----------RN + RL RESULT TABLE: = =

THEORETICAL ISC RN IL

PRACTICAL

CONCLUSION: -

QUIZ: -

1. For which type of network the Norton's theorem is applicable? 2. The circuit whose parameters change with voltage or current is called a _______ circuit. 3. _________ theorem is quite useful when the current in one branch of a network is to be determined or when the current in an added branch is to be calculated.

4.. The circuit whose parameters are constant is called a linear circuit. (yes/no) 5. In Thevenin's theorem to find Zth, all independent ________ are set to zero and all independent_______ are open circuited. 6. Thevenin equivalent circuit is preferred when the circuit is analyzed in terms of _________ and __________ . 7. Norton equivalent circuit is preferred when the circuit is analyzed in terms of _________ and __________ . 8. When connected to a 4 resistor, a battery has a terminal voltage of 10.8 V but produces 12 V on an open circuit. Determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the battery. 9. Given the Thevenin`s equivalent of an electric circuit, how will you determine the Norton`s equivalent?

EXPERIMENT NO: 5

DATE

AIM: To verify Maximum Power Transfer Theorem and Tellegan`s Theorem.

APPARATUS: (1) Board (2) Ammeter 0 - 10 ma (3) Voltmeter 0 - 10V (4) Regulated power supply 0-30V MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM THEORY : 01 01 01

Maximum power transfer theorem deals with transfer of maximum power from a source to load. This theorem in d.c circuit states the relationship between the load resistance and the internal resistance of the source for maximum power transfer from source to load. This condition is also referred as resistance matching and it is very important in electronics and communication circuits for obtaining maximum

output. Let us consider a circuit supplying a power to a load of resistance RL ohms. The circuit of fig (1) can be simplified to the circuit of fig (2) by using Thevenin's theorem, From fig (2) the current through RL is given by E I = ------Ri + RL Power transferred to the load PL = I2RL
2 E = -------- RL Ri + RL

E 2 RL = ---------------------(1) 2 (Ri + RL) In the above expression the resistance Rs and voltage E are constant. Hence PL varies wth respect to only variable RL Power delivered to the load is a maximum if,

d PL ------ = 0 d RL

Differentiating the expression (1) w.r.to condition for maximum power i.e RL = Ri

RL and equating to zero, we obtain the

Hence for maximum power transfer the load resistance should be equal to the internal resistance of the source, E2 RL Pmax = -----------(RL + Ri )2 E2 = ------- watts (because RL = Ri) 4RL PROCEDURE: (1) Connect the circuit as shown in the fig.(3) (2) Switch on the supply and adjust suitable voltage of the supply.

(3) Vary the load resistance from zero onward in suitable steps. For each step take meter readings. (4) Calculate the power taken by the load for each value of the load resistance. (5) Draw the graph of PL v/s RL. OBSERVATION TABLE :
SR. NO SUPPLY VOLTAGE Vs (Volts) LOAD CURRENT IL ( mA) VOLTAGE ACROSS LOAD VL(Volts) LOAD RESISTANCE RL = VL/IL POWER DELIVERED TO THE RESISTANCE, RL PL = IL2 X RL

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. CALCUATION : VL (1) RL = ----IL (2) PL = IL2. RL

CONCLUSION: -

QUIZ: 1. When a source is delivering maximum power to a load, the efficiency of the circuit is ___________ . 2. Assuming that we can determine the Thevenin equivalent resistance of our wall socket, why don`t heater, microwave oven and TV manufacturer match each appliances Thevenin equivalent resistance of this value? Would not is permited max power transfer from the utility company to our household appliances?

3. A black box with a circuit in it is connected to a variable resistor. An ideal ammeter and an ideal voltmeter are used to measure current and voltage respectively. The results are:

R 2 8 14

V 3 8 10.5

I 1.5 1.0 0.75 Determine the maximum power from the box.

4. Maximum power transfer theorem is particularly useful for analyzing _________ networks. 5. For high efficiency of transfer of power, internal resistance of the source should be __________.

EXPERIMENT NO: 6

DATE

AIM

: (i) To determine z parameters of a given TwoPort Resistive Network. (ii) To determine the z parameters of series connection of two 2-port resistive networks and verify the result by direct calculation.

APPARATUS : (1) Ammeter 0-50mA (2) Voltmeter 0-10V (3) Regulated power supply 0 - 30V. (4) Board containing two port network 2 1 1 1

THEORY: In electrical network theory a port may be regarded as a pair of terminals in which current in to one terminal equals the current out of the other. A network may have one, two or n ports in general. A one port network is completely identified when voltage current relationship at the terminals of the port is given. A general two port network shown in fig (1) has two pairs of voltage - current relationships. The V1 and I1 are the variables at port 1 and V2 and I2 are the variables at port 2. Only two of the four variables are independent and specifications of any two of them determine the remaining two. The dependence of two of the four variables on the other two is described in a number of ways, depending on which of the variables are chosen to be independent variables. As such there are six possible sets of equations describing a two port network, six different types of parameters, y parameters, transmission parameters are defined as z

parameters, inverse transmission parameters,

hybrid parameters and inverse hybrid parameters.

Z - parameters: In case of z parameters, V1 and V2 are expressed in terms of I1 and I2. i.e. V1 = z11 I1 + z12 I2 - (1) V2 = z21 I1 + z22 I2 - (2) These parameters may be defined in terms of a single voltage and current by letting either I1 = 0 or I2 = 0. Thus,

V2 V1 z11 = ___ I1 V1 z12 = ___ I2 I1 = 0 z22 = I2 = 0 V2 ____ I2 I1 = 0 z21 = ___ I1 I2 = 0

It may be observed that (i) all the z parameters have the dimensions of impedance and (ii) they are specified only when the current in one of ports is zero i.e open circuit at port 1 or port 2. Hence z parameters are designated as open circuit impedance parameters.

Z PARAMETERS OF SERIES CONNECTION OF TWO 2-PORT RESISTIVE NETWORK: Two port network analysis is useful for finding different parameters. The z Parameters are useful in characterizing series connected two port networks. They are found under open circuit conditions and hence they are referred as open circuit impedance functions. They are defined and found as under: The z parameters are useful in characterizing series connected two port networks. The overall z parameters from the individual z parameters can be found as under when the networks are connected in series.

For network Na V1a = V2a z21a z22a I2a ---------(1) z11a z12a I1a

For network Nb V1b = V2b z21b z22b I2b ---------(2) z11b z12b I1b

For overall network N V1 = V2 Note that z21 z22 I2 ---------(3) z11 z12 I1

I1 = I1a = I1b and V1 = V1a + V1b I2 = I2a = I2b and V2 = V2a + V2b ------(4) Combining equation (1), (2) and (4), we get V1 = V2 Z21a+z21b z22a +z22b I2 ---------(5) Z11a+z11b z12a +z12b I1

Comparing equation (5) with equation (3), we get z11 = z11a + z11b z12 = z12a + z12b z21 = z21a + z21b z22 = z22a + z22b ----------------(6) This result may be generalized for any number of networks connected in series. The individual parameters are added to determine the overall Z parameters. PROCEDURE : (1) Connect the circuit for Network Na as shown in fig (1). (2) Apply voltage at port 1 keeping port 2 open circuited as shown in fig (2). Measure voltages and current at the port terminals. Keep levels of voltages and current such that meter readings are not exceeded their ranges and ratings of the resistances. (3) Apply voltage at port 2 keeping port 1 open circuited as shown in fig (3). Measure voltages and current at the port terminals.

(1) Calculate z parameters using measured values of voltages and verify the results theoretically.

and currents

(2) Connect the circuit as shown in fig (4) for network Nb only. Repeat steps 2 to 4 for Network Nb (6) Connect the networks Na and Nb in series as shown in fig(5) to form the overall network N. (7) Repeat steps 2 to 4 to find the z - parameters of network N and Verify the results theoretically. (8) Keep levels of voltages and currents such that the meter readings are not exceeded their ranges and ratings of resistances.

OBSERVATION TABLE : (1) Network : Na SR. NO. 1 2 0 V1a Volts I1a mA V2a Volts I2a mA 0 Port - 2 open circuited Port - 1 open circuited REMARK

(2) Network : Nb SR. NO. 1 2 0 V1b Volts I1b mA V2b Volts I2b mA 0 Port - 2 open circuited Port - 1 open circuited REMARK

(3) Network N : SR. NO. 1 2 0 V1 Volts I1 mA V2 Volts I2 mA 0 Port - 2 open circuited Port - 1 open circuited REMARK

CALCULATION : For Network Na : V1a z11a = ___ I1a V1a z12a = ___ I2 a V2a z21a = ___ I1 a V2a z22a = ___ I2a For Network Nb : V1b z11b = ___ I1b V1b z12b = ___ I2b = I1b = 0 _________________________________ = I2b = 0 _________________________________ = I1a = 0 ________________________________ = I2a= 0 ________________________________ = I1a = 0 _________________________________ = I2a = 0 _________________________________

V2b z21b = ___ I1b V2b z22b = ___ I2b = ________________________________ I1b = 0 = I2b = 0 ________________________________

For Network N : V1 z11 = ___ I1 V1 z12 = ___ = _________________________________ I2 V2 z21 = ___ I1 V2 z22 = ___ I2 Check : (1) z11 = z11a + z11b = ____________ = ____________ (2) z12 = z12a + z12b = ____________ = ____________ (3) z21 = z21a + z21b =____________ = ____________ (4) z22 = z22a + z22b = ____________ = ____________ RESULT TABLE : NETWORK Practical Theoratical = I1 = 0 ________________________________ = I2 = 0 ________________________________ I1 = 0 = _________________________________ I2 = 0

z11a =______ z21a = ______ Network Na z11a =______ z21a = ______

z11a =______ z21a = ______ z11a =______ z21a = ______

z11b =______ z21b = ______

z11b =______ z21b = ______

Network Nb z11b =______ z21b = ______ z11b =______ z21b = ______

z11 =______ z21 = ______ Network N z11 =______ z21 = ______

z11 =______ z21 = ______ z11 =______ z21 = ______

CONCLUSION: -

QUIZ: -

1. What do you mean by two port network? 2. z parameters are known as _________ circuit parameters. 3. If for any two port passive network z12 is 4 ohm, what will be the value of z21? 4. What are the applications of two port parameters? 5. Why two networks are connected in series to get overall z parameters? 6. For two networks connected in series if z21 a = 4 ohm and z21b = 6 ohm , what will be the value of z21 ?

EXPERIMENT NO: 7

DATE

AIM

: (i) To determine y parameters of a given TwoPort Resistive Network. (ii) To determine the y parameters of the parallel connection of two 2-port resistive networks and verify the result by direct calculation.

APPARATUS : (1) Ammeter 0-50mA (2) Voltmeter 0-10V (3) Regulated power supply 0 - 30V. (4) Board containing two port network THEORY: y parameters : In case of y parameters , I1 and I2 are expressed in terms of V1 and V2 i.e I1 = y11 V1 + y12 V2 I2 = y21 V1 + y22 V2 The individual y parameters are defined by I1 y11 = ___ V1 V2 = 0 I1 y12 = ___ V2 V1= 0 y22 = y21 = I2 ____ V1 V2 = 0 I2 ___ V2 V1 = 0 2 1 1 1

It may be observed that (i) All the y-parameters have the dimensions of admittance. (ii) They are specified only when voltage at one of the ports is zero i.e short circuit at port 1 or port 2. Hence y parameters are known as admittance parameters. short circuit

Y PARAMETERS OF PARALLEL CONNECTION OF TWO 2- PORT RESISTIVE NETWORK. The y - parameters ( short - circuit admittance parameters ) are useful in characterizing parallel connected two port networks.

They are found under short circuit conditions and hence they are referred as short circuit admittance parameters. The y-parameters are useful in characterizing parallel connected two port networks. The overall y parameters from the individually parameters can be found as under when the networks are connected in parallel.

For network Na I1a = I2a For network Nb I1b = I2b For overall network N I1 = I2 Note that V1 = V1a = V1b and I1 = I1a + I1b V2 = V2a = V2b and I2 = I2a + I2b ------(4) Combining equation (1), (2) and (4), we get I1 = I2 y21a+y21b y22a +y22b V2 y11a+y11b y12a +y12b V1 ---------(5) y21 y22 V2 y11 y12 V1 ---------(3) y21b y22b V2b y11b y12b V1b ---------(2) y21a y22a V2a y11a y12a V1a ---------(1)

Comparing equation (5) with equation (3), we get y11 = y11a + y11b y12 = y12a + y12b y21 = y21a + y21b y22 = y22a + y22b ----------------(6) This result may be generalised for any number of networks connected in parallel. The individual short circuit admittance parameters are added to determine the overall Y parameters. PROCEDURE : (1) Connect the circuit diagram of Network Na as shown in fig(1). (2) Apply voltage at port 1 short circuiting the port 2 through an ammeter as shone in fig (2). Measure voltage and currents at both the port (3) Apply terminals. voltage at port 2 short circuiting the port 1 through

an ammeter as shown in fig (3). Measure voltage and currents at both the ports. (4) Calculate y parameters using measured values of voltage

and currents and verify the results theoretically. (5) Connect the circuit as shown in fig (4) for network Nb only. Repeat steps 2 to 4 for Network Nb. (6) Connect the networks Na and Nb in parallel as shown in fig(5) to form network N and repeat steps 2 to 4 for Network N. find its y - parameters. Verify the results theoretically. (7) Keep levels of voltages and currents such that the meter readings are not exceeded their ranges and ratings of resistances

OBSERVATION TABLE : (1) Network : Na SR. NO. 1 2 0 V1a VOLTS I1a mA V2a VOLTS 0 I2a mA Port - 2 short circuited Port - 1 short circuited REMARK

(2) Network : Nb SR. NO. 1 2 0 V1b VOLTS I1b mA V2b VOLTS 0 I2b mA Port - 2 short circuited Port - 1 short circuited REMARK

(3) Network N : SR. NO. 1 2 0 V1 VOLTS I1 mA V2 VOLTS 0 I2 mA Port - 2 short circuited Port - 1 short circuited REMARK

CALCULATION : For Network Na : I1a y11a = ___ V1a I1a y12a = ___ V2a I2a y21a = ___ V1a I2a y22a = ___ V2a For Network Nb : I1b y11b = __ V1b = V2b = 0 _________________________________ V1a = 0 = ________________________________ V2a = 0 = _________________________________ V1a = 0 = ________________________________ V2a = 0 = ________________________________

I1b y12b = ___ V2b I2b y21b = ___ V1b I2b y22b = ___ V2b For Network N : I1 y11 = ___ V1 I1 y12 = ___ V2 I2 y21 = ___ V1 I2 y22 = ___ V2 V1 = 0 = ________________________________ V2 = 0 = _________________________________ V1 = 0 = ________________________________ V2 = 0 = ________________________________ = V1b = 0 ________________________________ = _________________________________ V2b = 0 V1b = 0 = _________________________________

Check : (1) y11 = y11a + y11b = ____________= ____________ (2) y12 = y12a + y12b = ____________= ____________ (3) y21 = y21a + y21b =____________ = ____________ (4) y22 = y22a + y22b = ____________= ____________

RESULT TABLE : NETWORK Practical Theoretical

y11a =______ y21a = ______ Network Na y11a =______ y21a = ______

y11a =______ y21a = ______ y11a =______ y21a = ______

y11b =______ y21b = ______ Network Nb y11b =______ y21b = ______

y11b =______ y21b = ______ y11b =______ y21b = ______

y11 =______ y21 = ______ Network N y11 =______ y21 = ______

y11 =______ y21 = ______ y11 =______ y21 = ______

CONCLUSION: -

QUIZ: 1. y parameters are also known as _______ circuit parameters. 2. If for any two port passive network y12 is 0.4 mho, y21 = ______. 3. If two networks Na and Nb are connected in parallel y11a = 3 mho and y11b = 4 mho what will be the value of y11 = ______.

EXPERIMENT NO: 8

DATE

AIM

: (i) To determine ABCD parameters of a given twoport resistive network. (ii) To determine the ABCD parameters of the cascade connection of two 2-port resistive networks and verify the result by direct calculation.

APPARATUS : (1) Network board (2) Ammeters 0 - 50mA (3) Voltmeter 0 - 10V (4) Regulated power supply 0-30 V 2 1 1

THEORY

The transmission parameters serve to relate the voltage and current at one port to voltage and current at the other port. In equation form, V1 = AV2 - BI2 I1 = CV2 - DI2 where A, B, C and D are the transmission parameters. They are also known as chain parameters, the ABCD parameters and general circuit parameters. Their first use is in the analysis of power transmission lines. From the circuit conditions, they can be found as follows,

V1 A = _____ V2 I1 C = _____ V2 I2=0 I1=0

V1 -B = _____ I2 I1 -D = _____ I2 V2=0 V2=0

ABCD PARAMETERS OF CASCADE CONNECTION OF TWO 2-PORT RESISTIVE NETWORK. The transmission parameters are useful in describing two port networks which are connected in cascade or in a chain arrangement. The overall parameters from the individual parameters can be found as under when the networks are connected in cascade.

For network Na V1a = I1a For network Nb V1b = I1b For overall network N V1 = I1 Note that V1a = V1 I1a = I1 V2a = V1b I2b = I2 ------(4) C D -I2 A B V2 ---------(3) Cb Db -I2b Ab Bb V2b ---------(2) Ca Da -I2a Aa Ba V2a ---------(1)

I1b = - I2a V2b = V2

Substituting these in equation (1) and equation (2), we get

V1 = I1

Aa Ca

Ba Da

Ab Bb

V2 ---------(5) -I2

Cb Db

Comparing equation (5) with equation (3), we get A B = C D Ca Da Cb Db Aa Ba Ab Bb = CaAb + DaCb CaBb+ DaDb AaAb+BaCb AaBb + BaDb ------(6)

PROCEDURE : (1) Connect circuit diagram of Network Na as shown in fig (1). (2) Apply voltage at port 1 of network Na short circuiting the port 2 through an ammeter as shown in fig (4). Measure voltages and currents at both the ports. (3) Apply voltage at port 1 of network Na keeping port 2 open circuited as shown in fig (5). Measure voltages and currents at both the ports. (4) Calculate ABCD parameters using measured values of voltages and currents. (5) Connect the circuit as shown in fig (2) for network Nb only. Repeat steps 2 to 4 for network Nb. (6) Connect both the networks in cascade as shown in fig (3). This forms network N. (7) To measure parameters of network N follow the steps 2 to 4. (8) Verify the parameters theoretically and tabulate the results. (9) For each network verify that AD - BC = 1. OBSERVATION TABLE : (1) Network : Na SR. NO. 1 2 V1a Volts I1a mA V2a Volts 0 0 I2a mA Port - 2 short circuited Port - 2 open circuited REMARK

(2) Network : Nb SR. NO. 1 2 V1b Volts I1b mA V2b Volts 0 0 I2b mA Port - 2 short circuited Port - 2 open circuited REMARK

(3) Network N : SR. NO. 1 2 CALCULATION : For Network Na : V1a Aa = ___ V2a = I2a = 0 _________________________________ V1 Volts I1 mA V2 Volts 0 0 I2 mA Port - 2 short circuited Port - 2 open circuited REMARK

V1a Ba = ___ -I2a I1a Ca = ___ V2a I1a Da = ___ -I2a For Network Nb : V1b Ab = ___ V2b V1b Bb = ___ -I2b = V2b = 0 _________________________________ = I2b = 0 _________________________________ = V2a = 0 _______________________________ = I2a = 0 _______________________________ = V2a = 0 _________________________________

I1b Cb = ___ V2b I1b Db = ___ -I2b For Network N : V1 A = ___ V2 V1 B = ___ -I2 I1 C = ___ = ________________________________ V2 I1 D = ___ -I2 Check : A = AaAb+BaCb B = AaBb + BaDb C = CaAb + DaCb D = CaBb+ DaDb =_________________ = ________________________________ V2 = 0 I2 = 0 = V2 = 0 _________________________________ = I2 = 0 _________________________________ = ________________________________ V2b = 0 = I2b = 0 _______________________________

=_________________

=_________________

=_________________

RESULT TABLE : NETWORK - Na Pract. Aa Ba Ca Da Theo. Ab Bb Cb Db NETWORK - Nb Pract. Theo. A B C D NETWORK - N Pract. Theo.

CONCLUSION :

QUIZ : 1. ABCD parameters are also known as ___________ or _________ parameters. 2. Why two networks are connected in cascade connection to get overall ABCD parameter? 3. If A= 7 , B= 8 ohm and C = 2.5 mho , what will be the value of D? 4. Ratio of driving voltage in one mesh to resulting current in other mesh is known as ________ impedance. 5. State the conditions for a network to be loss less in terms of ABCD parameters? 6. State the condition for a network to be reciprocal and symmetrical. 7. For _________ connection of two 2-port networks, ABCD parameters have to be multiplied. 8. Are the ABCD parameters A(s), B(s),C(s) and D(s) the network functions? 9. The relation AD BC = 1 is valid for ________ and _________ networks. 10. Why negative sign is introduced in the equations?

EXPERIMENT NO: 9

DATE

AIM

: (i) To determine h - parameter of a given TwoPort Resistive Network.

(ii) To determine the h parameters of the series parallel connection of two 2-port resistive networks and verify the result by direct calculation. APPARATUS : (1) Network board (2) Ammeters 0 - 50mA (3) Voltmeter 0 - 10V (4) Regulated power supply 0-30 V THEORY : h parameters representation is widely used in modeling of electronic components and circuits, particularly transistors. As both short circuit and open circuit terminal conditions are utilized hence, this parameter representation is known as hybrid parameter representation. In this form of representation, the voltage of the input poet and the current of the output port are expressed in terms of the current of the input poet and the voltage of the output port. We know that V1 = h11I1 + h12V2 I2 = h21I1 + h22V2 In matrix form V1 = I2 Where V1 h11 = ___ I1 V1 h12 = ___ V2 = Reverse voltage ratio when input open circuited I1 = 0 = Input impedance when output is short circuited V2 = 0 h21 h22 V2 h11 h12 I1 ---------(1) 2 1 1

I2 h21 = ___ I1 I2 h22 = ___ = Output admittance when input is open circuited V2 I1 = 0 = Forward current ratio when output short circuited V2 = 0

h PARAMETERS FOR SERIES PARALLEL CONNECTION OF TWO 2-PORT NETWORK. Two port networks are said to be connected in series-parallel if the input ports are connected in series while the output ports are connected in parallel. For network Na V1a = I2a For network Nb V1b = I2b h21b h22b V2b h11b h12b I1b ---------(3) h21a h22a V2a h11a h12a I1a ---------(2)

For overall network Nc V1 = I2 Note that h21 h22 V2 h11 h12 I1 ---------(4)

I1 = I1a = I1b and V1 = V1a + V1b I2 = I2a + I2b and V2 = V2a = V2b ------(4) Combining equation (2), (3) and (4), we get V1 = I2 h21a+h21b h22a +h22b V2 h11a+h11b h12a +h12b I1 ---------(5)

Comparing equation (5) with equation (3), we get h11 = h11a+h11b h12 = h12a +h12b h21 = h21a+h21b h22 = h22a +h22b ----------------(6) This result may be generalized for any number of networks connected in series-parallel. The overall h-parameter matrix for seriesparallel connected two port networks is simply the sum of h-parameter matrices of each individual two-port network connected in series-parallel. PROCEDURE : (1) Connect the circuit diagram of network Na as shown in fig (1). (2) Apply voltage at port 1 keeping port 2 short-circuited. Measure voltages and current at the port terminals as shown in fig (4). Keep levels of voltages and current such that meter readings are not exceeded their ranges and ratings of the resistances. (3) Apply voltage at port 2 keeping port 1 open circuited as shown in fig (5). Measure voltages and current at the port terminals. (4) Calculate h parameters using measured values of voltages and currents and verify the results theoretically (5) Connect the circuit as shown in fig (2) for network Nb only. Repeat steps 1 to 4 for network Nb. (6) Connect the networks Na and Nb in series parellel as shown in fig (3) to form the network N. (7) Repeat steps 2 to 4 to find h parameter for network N and verify results theoretically. (8) Keep levels of voltages and currents such that the meter readings are not exceeded their ranges and ratings of resistances

OBSERVATION TABLE :

(1) Network : Na SR. NO. 1 2 0 V1a Volts I1a mA V2a Volts 0 I2a mA Port - 2 short circuited Port - 1 open circuited REMARK

(2) Network : Nb SR. NO. 1 2 0 V1b Volts I1b mA V2b Volts 0 I2b mA Port - 2 short circuited Port - 1 open circuited REMARK

(3) Network N : SR. NO. 1 2 0 V1 Volts I1 mA V2 Volts 0 I2 mA Port - 2 short circuited Port - 1 open circuited REMARK

CALCULATION :

For Network Na :

V1a h11a = ___ I1a V1a h12a = ___ V2a I1 = 0 = V2a = 0 =

I2a h21a = ___ I1a I2a h22a = ___ V2a I1a= 0 = V2a = 0 =

For Network Nb :

V1b h11b = ___ I1b V1b h12b = ___ V2b I2b h21b = ___ I1b I2b h22b = ___ V2b I1b = 0 = V2b = 0 = I1 = 0 = V2b = 0 =

For Network N :

V1 h11 = ___ I1 V1 h12 = ___ V2 I2 h21 = ___ I1 I2 h22 = ___ V2 I1 = 0 = V2 = 0 = I1 = 0 = V2 = 0 =

Check : (1) h11 = h11a+h11b = ____________= ____________ (2) h12 = h12a +h12b = ____________= ____________ (3) h21 = h21a+h21b =____________ = ____________ (4) h21 = h21a+h21b = ____________ = ____________

CONCLUSION: -

EXPERIMENT NO: 10

DATE

AIM

: (i) To determine g - parameter of a given TwoPort Resistive Network. (ii) To determine the g parameters of the parallel-series connection of two 2-port resistive networks and verify the result by direct calculation.

APPARATUS : (1) Network board (2) Ammeters 0 - 50mA (3) Voltmeter 0 - 10V (4) Regulated power supply 0-30 V 2 1 1

THEORY

Hybrid parameters (h parameters) and Inverse hybrid parameters (g parameters) are dual of each other. For g parameters both short circuit and open circuit terminal conditions are utilized. In this form of representation, the current of the input port and the voltage of the output port are expressed in terms of the voltage of the input port and the current of the output port.

In case of g parameters, I1 and V2 are expressed in terms of V1 and I2. i.e. I1 = g11 V1 + g12 I2 - (1) V2 = g21 V1 + g22 I2 - (2) I1 = V2 Where I1 g11 = ___ V1 g12 = I1 I2 = Input admittance when output is open circuited I2 = 0 = Reverse current ratio when input short circuited V1 = 0 g21 g22 I2 g11 g12 V1 ---------(1)

V2 g21 = ___ V1 = Forward voltage ratio when output open circuited I2 = 0

V2 g22 = ___ = Output impedance when input is short circuited I2 V1 = 0

PARAMETERS FOR PARALLEL - SERIES CONNECTION OF TWO 2-PORT RESISTIVE NETWORK Two port networks are said to be connected in parallel series if the input ports are connected in parallel while the output ports are connected in series. For network Na I1a = V2a For network Nb I1b = V2b g21b g22b I2b g11b g12b V1b ---------(3) g21a g22a I2a g11a g12a V1a ---------(2)

For overall network Nc I1 = V2 g21 g22 I2 g11 g12 V1 ---------(4)

Note that I1 = I1a + I1b and V1 = V1a = V1b I2 = I2a = I2b and V2 = V2a + V2b ------(5) Combining equation (2), (3) and (5), we get I1 = V2 g21a+g21b g22a +g22b I2 g11a+g11b g12a +g12b V1 ---------(6)

Comparing equation (6) with equation (4), we get g11 = g11a+g11b g12 = g12a +g12b g21 = g21a+g21b g22 = g22a +g22b ----------------(6) This result may be generalized for any number of networks connected in parallel-series.

The overall g-parameter matrix for parallel-series connected two port networks is simply the sum of g-parameter matrices of each individual two-port network connected in parallel-series. PROCEDURE : (1) Connect the circuit diagram of network Na as shown in fig (1). (2) Open the output port and excite the input port with a known voltage source Vs as shown in fig (2) so that V1 = Vs and I2 = 0. (3) Determine I1 and V2 to obtain g11 and g21. (4) Then the input port is short circuited and output port is excited with the same voltage source Vs as shown in fig (3) so that V2 = Vs and V1 = 0. (5) Determine I1 and I2 to obtain g12 and g22. (6) Connect the circuit as shown in fig (4) for network Nb only. Repeat steps 2 to 4 for network Nb. (7) Connect the networks Na and Nb in parallel-series as shown in fig (5) to form the network N. (8) Repeat steps 2 to 4 for Network N and verify results theoretically. (9) Keep levels of voltages and currents such that the meter readings are not exceeded their ranges and ratings of resistances

OBSERVATION TABLE :

(1) Network : Na SR. NO. 1 2 0 V1a Volts I1a mA V2a Volts 0 I2a mA Port - 2 open circuited Port - 1 short circuited REMARK

(2) Network : Nb SR. NO. 1 2 0 V1b Volts I1b mA V2b Volts 0 I2b mA Port - 2 open circuited Port - 1 short circuited REMARK

(3) Network N : SR. NO. 1 2 0 V1 Volts I1 mA V2 Volts 0 I2 mA Port - 2 open circuited Port - 1 short circuited REMARK

CALCULATION : For Network Na : I1a g11a = ___ V1a I1a g12a = ___ I2a V1a = 0 = I2a = 0 =

V2a g21a = ___ V1a V2a g22a For Network Nb : I1b g11b = ___ V1b I1b g12b = ___ I2b V2b g21b = ___ V1b V2b g22b = ___ I2b For Network N I1 g11 = ___ V1 I1 g12 = ___ I2 V1 = 0 = I2 = 0 = V1b = 0 = I2b = 0 = V1b = 0 = I2b = 0 = = ___ I2a V1 = 0 = I2a = 0 =

V2 g21 = ___ V1 V2 g22 = ___ I2 Check : (1) g11 = g11a+g11b = ____________ (2) g12 = g12a +g12b = ____________ (3) g21 = g21a+g21b =____________ (4) g21 = g21a+g21b = ____________ V1 = 0 = I2 = 0 =

CONCLUSION: -

QUIZ: 1. Will the g parameter matrix of a passive network always be symmetric? 2. g-parameters matrix will not exist for which type of two port networks? 3. If for any two port passive network g12 is 0.6, g21 = ______. 4. If two networks Na and Nb are connected in parallel, g11a = 1.2 and g11b = 0.8 what will be the value of g11?

EXPERIMENT NO: 11

DATE :

AIM: Simulation of series RC,RL and RLC circuits with Virtual Laboratory.

PROCEDURE:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Open the link www.vlab.co.in Click on Amrita University Click on Virtual Electric Circuits. Click on series RC circuits. Login through Google/Yahoo ID. Click on procedure tab . Now click on simulator tab. According to procedure prepare circuit and plot the graph.

6. 7.

Repeat step 4 and 5 for Series LC circuit and Series RLC circuit. Save all the results in Network drive .

EXPERIMENT NO: 12

DATE :

AIM: Simulation of Parallel RC, RL and RLC circuits with Virtual Laboratory.

PROCEDURE:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Open the link www.vlab.co.in Click on Amrita University Click on Virtual Electric Circuits. Click on Parallel RC circuits. Login through Google/Yahoo ID. Click on procedure tab . Now click on simulator tab. According to procedure prepare circuit and plot the graph.

6. 7.

Repeat step 4 and 5 for Parallel LC circuit and Parallel RLC circuit. Save all the results in Network drive .