Abstract This research aims to investigate how the linguistic expressions used by Hemingway reflect his own vision

of war, reality, fantasy, love and loss by applying Hallidays Theory of Transitivity on his novel A Farewell To Arms. The framework for the analysis of transitivity is mainly provided by Systemic Functional Linguistics (Eggins,1994; Halliday,1994; Halliday&Martin,1993). The representation of reality or experiences when they are expressed in the grammar of the clause involves particular selections made from the transitivity system. This system serves to organize experience, i.e. the experiential function of language, and is expressed in the processes, the participant involved, and the circumstances (Eggins,1994; Halliday,1994). The analysis carried out in this study will focus on the system of transitivity as realized in A Farewell To Arms. The transitivity system deals with the way in which clauses are organized to express meanings semantically. Halliday (1994) observes that the transitivity system construes the world of experience into a manageable set of process type (p:106). The world of experience is represented in processes, which are typically realized in the verbal group.

I.

Introduction

Linguistics is a powerful tool for the interpretation of written and spoken texts. Since the writer has the option to choose from among the various linguistic choices, which are made available to him by the language, the analysis may provide a vision into the writer himself and his work. The linguistic analysis of literary texts provides a theoretical framework within which the function and construction of the context can be described and explained. It also helps getting a deep understanding not only of the structure, but also of the effects of the whole work that can be added to human knowledge and experience. Transitivity, a concept introduced by M.A.k Halliday, is one of the various linguistic theoretical frameworks used for both literary and nonliterary text analysis. It refers to the way meaning is represented within a clause. The choices made in light of the principle of transitivity indicate the way the writer sees the world . Thus a narrative would be a suitable material for the application of the theory as narratives construct a world using various linguistic resources. It is a microcosm of how people act, feel, think and what they value as individuals in their lives. Written texts are involving the transference of ideas that belong to the ideational function which is concerned with the representation of the mental picture that a writer has of the world. It focuses on how a writer represents experiences of who acts and who is acted upon. Since transitivity is a part of the ideational function and it portrays the writers world view, it could be investigated as a means to uncover the link between language and the way how the writer manifests his own vision. A Farewell To Arms is chosen as the data for the study as Hemingway is well-known for his distinctive simple language in his writings and this novel is no exception. He is a master of the declarative subject-verb-object sentence. He prefers using simple structured sentences emphasizing nouns and verbs rather than adjectives and adverbs, or he uses long sentences

consisting of short phrases and clauses connected by conjunctions. These simple clauses are what transitivity is concerned with. II. Significance of the Study

The aim of this research is to examine the relationship between meanings and structures that account for the choice and organization of the linguistic features of the text by applying Hallidays Theory of Transitivity to Ernest Hemingways novel A Farwell To Arms. This study aims at shedding light on the close relationship between linguistics and language content as literary themes. The analysis can help readers foster their critical thinking skills by analyzing linguistically the literary texts. It also enhances the readers linguistic awareness by revealing the reflection of an authors autobiography, style, lexical choices and profound expressions. III. Questions of the Study

In the course of the present study the researcher will attempt to answer the following questions and sub-questions: 1. To what extent do the linguistic choices made by Hemingway throughout his novel A Farewell To Arms reflect his own beliefs and vision? 2. To what extent do transitivity tools help to reveal the authors perspective of the themes of war, reality, fantasy, love and loss? 3. What are the dominated process types? 3.1. How do these process types serve highlighting the main themes of the novel? 4. What participants would be recognized in the selected themes? 4.1. How do these participants compare with real world entities and events? 5. What circumstances are referred to in the selected themes?

IV. Methodology: A- Data of the Study The source of data for the analysis is the novel A Farewell To Arms (19261928) written by Ernest Hemingway. A Farewell To Arms is considered to be a semi-autobiographical novel that highlights Hemingways personality and beliefs. In A Farewell To Arms, Hemingway offers powerful description of life during and after World War I and brilliantly maps the psychological complexities of its characters. The novel offers masterful description of the conflict, senseless brutality and violent chaos. By employing Hallidays Theory of Transitivity, the analysis of events, motifs and characters would help explaining how linguistic choices serve the themes of Hemingway. B- Procedures of Analysis: The study draws on Hallidays theory of transitivity which is concerned with the experiential function of the clause. Extracts of the novel are selected and divided into the clauses which would contribute to revealing the reality and experiences made up of processes. The grammatical system by which this is achieved is Transitivity. A Process consists of three components: (I) the process itself; (II) participants in the process; (III) circumstances associated with the process . ( Halliday 1994:p107)

The first element of a process can be typically realized by verbal group, the Second can be achieved by nominal group and the last one expressed by adverbial group or prepositional phrase . There are six types of Process: 1- Material Processes: processes of doing Material processes are processes of doing. They express the notion that some entity does something which may be done to some other entity. Material processes consist of two participants ACTOR and GOAL . The Actor is the logical Subject ; the one that does the deed . Some
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processes and not all may have a second participant which is the Goal . The Goal is the one to which the process is extended. In other words the Goal is the logical object of the verb if the later is a transitive one. Halliday noted that if there is a Goal of the process , as well as an Actor , the representation may come in either of two forms : either active or passive. 2. Mental Processes: processes of sensing Clauses of feeling, thinking and perceiving go under the general category of MENTAL PROCESS . The mental clauses are much concerned with the internalized feelings or thoughts of a conscious being . Within the clause of the mental process there are two participants The SENSER and The PHENOMENON . The Senser is the conscious being that is feeling , thinking or seeing. The Phenomenon is that which is sensed felt , thought or seen . (Halliday1994:p117). The main three verbs of mental processes of feeling , thinking and seeing can be labeled in more general terms as follows : (1) PERCEPTION ( seeing , hearing ) (2) AFFECTION (liking , fearing ) (3) COGNITION ( thinking , knowing , understanding ) (Halliday1994:p 118) 3. Relational Processes: processes of being As the name suggests, relational processes are being set up between two entities. There are three main types of systemic constructions of relational processes in English as Halliday noted as follows: 1- Intensive x is a

2- Circumstantial x is at a 3- Possessive x has a (Halliday, 1994:p 118)

Each of these comes in two distinct modes:

a- Attributive : a is an attribute of x b- Identifying : a is the identity of x 4 Behavioral Processes

(Halliday, 1994:p 118)

Behavioral processes are processes of behaving, of psychological and physiological behavior of human being like breathing, coughing, smiling, dreaming, staring (Halliday 1994:139). The participant who is behaving is called Behaver and the Behaver is usually a conscious being. Behavioral processes stand between mental and material processes. 5. Verbal Processes Verbal processes are processes of saying. There is a participant who speaks called the Sayer. The Sayer can be anyone or anything, conscious or unconscious entity. The verbal processes display distinctive patterns in addition to the Sayer; Receiver, Verbiage and Target. The Receiver is the one to whom the saying is directed. The Verbiage is the function that corresponds to what is said. The Target is the entity that is targeted by the process of saying. 6. Existential Processes These represent that something exists or happens-as Halliday assertstypically have the verb be(1994 : 142). Verbs that mean exist or happen can be grouped as : exist , remain , arise , occur , come about, happen , take place , follow , sit , stand , grow ( Halliday, 1994 : 142 ) . The event or the entity that is being said to exist is called EXSISTENT . The phenomenon that is going to be existed can be a person , an object , an institution , an action or an event . In addition . The existential clause may contain a circumstantial element of time or place called CIRCUMESTANCE.

C- Sample Analysis Hemingway is against war. He is a humanist whose attitude is that of viewing war as a senseless waste of life. His novel under investigationA Farewell to Arms- is considered an anti-war novel. The main character of the novel -Henry- views war as evil and unjust. War is one of the most main dominated themes of the studied novel. The events of the novel take place in the front during WWI. Hemingways characters and linguistic choices echo his negative view towards war. Chapter one of the novel is introduced by the narrator and the protagonist of the novel Lieutenant Fredric Henry. Henry is an American who volunteers for the Italian army and serves as an ambulance driver during WWI. He is stationed near the front and he observes the soldiers march carrying heavy pebbles and boulders toward the fighting , while officers are in cars and any passing speedy car is probably carrying the king of Italy out to monitor the fighting. Winter starts and brings rain which results in a cholera epidemic by which only 7,000 soldiers die. This chapter reflects how horrible WWI is and how Henry is against it. Hemingway manages to manifest his own reflection towards war throughout his linguistic choices. For example, *Actor] the dust [Process: Material] they raise powdered [Goal] the leaves of the trees. ( Ch.1 P.7 ) In this clause, during the marching of the troops, they caused dust which covered the green color of the trees as if it erases life exchanging it with the pale of death and war. ..*Behaver] the leaves [Process: Behavioral] fell early that year. ( Ch.1 P.7 ) Due to this dusty weather caused by the marching troops, the leaves of the trees behave up normally as if they declare giving up life hating the atmosphere of war.
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Throughout the chapter we can find clauses of mental actions like: .. *Senser] we [Process: Mental]saw[Phenomenon] the troops marching.. ..*Senser] we [Process: Mental]could see [Phenomenon+flashes.. ..*Senser] we [Process: Mental] heard [Phenomenon]the troops marching.. ..*Senser] we [Process: Mental]see [Phenomenon] a forest of chestnut trees.. ( Ch.1 P.7 ) These mental processes express facts that could be seen, heard or felt by human perception of reality. These descriptions reflect the conditions of war that people faces everywhere. Moreover, we can extract verbs of existential processes as: ..*Existent]There [Process: Existential] was fighting [Circumstance]in the mountains.. ..*Existent]the nights [Process: Existential] were [Circumstance] cool.. *Existent] The[Process: Existential] was [Circumstance] much traffic at night.. *Existent]There[Process: Existential] were [Circumstance+ big guns.. ..*Existent]there [Process: Existential]was [Circumstance] an officer on the seat with the driver.. ..*Existent]vines [Process: Existential]laid [Circumstance] over the tractors. ( Ch.1 p:7 ) Here, these extracts of the chapter primarily give us description of the conditions of the WWI. In addition, the author is showing up the image of soldiers, officers, transportation, ammunition, land, plants and weather. This is an actual display of existent phenomena.

Out of this sample analysis, we can find out that linguistic choices made by Hemingway in the light of transitivity analysis help to express and manifest Hemingways experiences and themes of war, reality, fantasy, love and loss. They help to organize and express the authors experiences into a manageable way. He uses various types of processes that help readers to get easily the interpretation of the events of the novel. Hemingway uses Material processes to express the physical effect of war. He also uses Mental processes to make readers feel how the prevailed conditions of war are really horrible and to realize the internal thoughts and feelings of the characters. In addition, he utilizes Behavioral processes in order to tell us how people behave during war. Moreover, the writer employs Existential processes to transmit a vivid image of everything found in the setting of the novel to allow the reader watch the events as if they were live. V- Survey of Literature Nguyen (2012) applied Hallidays Transitivity Theory on Hoa Phams Heroic Mother to investigate to what extent the linguistic choices made by the author help to portray the main characters personality . The researcher proved throughout the search that transitivity, indeed, played an important role in building up the main character of the story. Cunanan (2011) used Systemic Function Grammar to show how the usage of any linguistic resource would help the reader to discover the persona of the author or the writer . He aimed at helping to capture the mind style of the writer . Pasha (2011) used various linguistic techniques to analyze the news reports in the Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram as Idealized Reader (IR) framework , transitivity , sourcing , lexical choices and presupposition . Transitivity theory is very useful for his study as it deals with the verb clauses and its participants (circumstances , verbs , subjects , objects) . As Halliday stated transitivity is an area of meaning in which a writer or a speaker chooses and constructs a certain type of process for his clauses (1994 p:106).
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Following the steps of Hallidays theory of transitivity Yaghoobi (2009) established a systemic analysis of Newsweek and Kayhan International Newspaper proving that Hizbullah and Israeli forces who are already ideologically opposed, were against each other. Greene (2007) tried to detect implicit sentiment or spin within a literary text which is highly consists of emotions and ideas expressed by lexical semantics , argument structures , and psycholinguistic experimentations. Hopper and Thompson (1980) concentrated on the linguistics theory of Transitivity from a clausal notion . They argued that each linguistic item has its high or low value with reference to Transitivity . Their main focus was the Transitivity Hypothesis , which said that if a clause achieves a high value of Transitivity for any item or a linguistic feature , then the others components in the clause would also exhibit a high value of Transitivity elsewhere . Halliday (1971) applied transitivity analysis on William Goldings The Inheritors . He proved that capturing grammar could help getting a deep understanding of the intended meaning .Carter and Stockwell described it as one of the groundbreaking analysis in stylistics (1971p:19). VIStructure of the study

Chapter One: Introduction - Significance of the study - Questions of the Study Chapter Two: Review of literature - Theory of Transitivity: A Theoretical Background - Value and Importance of transitivity - Value of linguistic analysis of literary texts based on transitivity - Previous Studies
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Chapter Three: Methodology - Data - Procedures and Data analysis Chapter Four: Results and Discussion Chapter Five: Conclusion - Answering Research Questions - Suggestions for further Studies - Limitations of the Study

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