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ambedkar nagar ludhiana submitted by chetna sheetal, a student of 5th year B.Arch.,2002-2007 , under my guidance be accepted for the partial fulfillment for the five year degree program of Bachelor of Architecture. This submission is her original work and may be accepted for the partial fulfillment for a five year Bachelor of Architecture program.
Thesis Guide Ar. Ranbir kaur Department of Architecture Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar
Thesis Coordinator Ar. Sandeep Dua Department of Architecture Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar
Head of Department Ar. P.S. Mahoora Department of Architecture Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar
To, The Thesis Coordinator, Department of Architecture, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. Subject: Undertaking regarding authenticity/originality of B.Arch Thesis (Jan-May 2007). Sir, This is for your kind information that I, Chetna Sheetal am working on the project slum rehabilitation scheme dr. ambedkar nagar, ludhiana as my B.Arch Thesis.I hereby state that the work submitted by me is my original and has not been copied from anywhere at any stage of the thesis.If at any time(even after I pass out from the department),my work is found to be copied, I am ready to face consequences as per the University Rules.
Yours faithfully,
Name: Chetna Sheetal Class: B.Arch 10 th sem Roll No: 05/02 Dated:
My first thanks to God my parents my brother manav my bhua and my best friend vrinda who are solely responsible for where I am today and for giving me unconditional love and support. Then thanks to head of department mr. paramjit singh mahoora for giving us good lessons and always helping us whenever we went up to him. My sincerest thanks to my thesis guide Ms. Ranbir Kaur for believing in me, guiding me, and churning the best out of me, which only she could do. I would like to thank all faculty and staff of my department for always being helpful and always making things easy for us. Then my thanks to Mr.Balkar Singh brar, senior town planner Ludhiana, Mr.. S.S. Bhatia, municipal town planner ,Ludhiana, Prof. Rajiv mishra from J.J. College of Architecture,mumbai for helping me thoroughly with my case studies. I would also like to extend my thanks to Ar. Chaman Lal, chief architect , Delhi development authority, Mr.. Jitram , architect, slum and J.J wing ,municipal corporation of Delhi, for helping me understand the topic in depth. My sincerest thanks goes to Ar.. Vivek Gupta of Arvind Vivek and associates for inspiring me to give my best. I would also like to thank my senior Ar. Jaspreet bedi for lending his valuable support during the case studies This acknowledgement cannot be complete without thanking my friends harjit, manrit, ketan, simran, jasmine, gagan, kanika, mayank, shikha, mansi, abhineet and my juniors manvi and arandeep for helping me whenever I needed, standing with me in every thick and thin and supporting me unconditionally. I also want to thank gaurav for always believing in me. Last but not the least I want to thank all residents of Ambedkar Nagar, Ludhiana, Ajanta Nagar ,Pune and Sion Shivaji housing society for giving their full support during the surveys.
Chetna sheetal b.Arch 10th sem Deptt. Of architecture Guru nanak dev university, Amritsar
Slum networking
Slum Networking is an innovative concept which exploits the linkage between the slums, natural drainage paths which influence the urban infrastructure and the environmental fabric of the city. Slum Networking is an initiative driven primarily through community control. In a holistic frame which converges scales, activities, agencies and resources it exploits the slum fabric in the context of the total city for sustainable and cost effective improvement in the quality of life of its people as a whole. The objective is not to find solutions unique to the slums but, instead, explore the commonality between the slums and the better parts of the city to integrate the two. As slums are not the causes of urban degradation but the consequences of distorted development, the solutions likewise must treat the slums as mere symptoms and use them to work back into the city fabric to the origins of the problems. examples of this kind of project are slum networking in Indore, slum networking of north Baroda and slum networking of Ahemdabad.
On site development
Under this project type, the site which already has slums is redevelopment and the dwellers are rehabilitated by giving them better living conditions a strong pacca shelter. On site development can be of two types 1. Land sharing project: Under such project a piece of land is acquired on which slums already exist. then is constructed a building which can be sold out in open market and profits made from it are used to construct houses for slum people and then given these free of cost to them. On the same site. Complete site rehabilitation: this kind of project redevelops the site as a whole. it involves local government and N.G.O. participation and funds are allotted for this purpose.
2.
Slum relocation/resettlement
this project aims at relocation of slum dwellers. People are relocated at a new site , new area either by their consent or forcefully. They might be given a better living condition in this area but they have to vacate the area inhabitated by them.
Transit housing
This is a relatively new concept and has been introduced in cities like Hyderabad and Bangalore. Under this project a housing is set up by the government and people are given the tenements on lease for some period of time and amount taken from them is very nominal. They are not given the ownership of the house so as to avoid them to sell it off and go back to the slum. After the lease period is over depending upon the propensity and willing ness of the dweller the house may be transferred at his/ her name by giving some amount of money.
Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission is designed to assist city governments in improving property tax collection and bring user charge to the levels that cover at least operating and maintenance costs and change their accounting methods. The Mission is meant to bring in transparency in local budget making, as also a higher degree of community participation in d ecision-making processes. under this project there are further two schemes as follows: B.S.U.P- basic services to urban poor I.H.S.D.P.-integrated housing &slum S.R.S.J.Y Vambay
The Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY) : The Central Government scheme has the primary objective to facilitate the construction and upgradation of the dwelling units for the slum dwellers and to provide health and enabling urban environment through community toilets under Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan, a component of the scheme. This is the first scheme of its kind meant exclusively for slum dwellers with a Government of India subsidy of 50 percent. The balance 50 percent is to be arranged by State Government with ceiling costs prescribed both for dwelling units/community toilets. During the financial year 2002-03, central subsidy to the extent of Rs.218.35 crores for the construction of 110388 dwelling units and 21488 toilet seats was released. So far a total of 2.08 lakh dwelling units covering 20 States and Union Territories have been sanctioned under VAMBAY. N.S.D.P. National Slum Development Programme (NSDP) was introduced in the Eight Five Year Plan during 1996-97 with the specific objective of providing basic amenities to slum dwellers in the field of physical & social amenities, community infrastructure etc.. NSDP is a centrally sponsored scheme meant for the improvement of slums
4.COMPONENTS 4.1The components for assistance under the scheme will include all slum improvement/upgradation/relocation projects including upgradation/new construction of houses and infrastructural facilities, like, water supply and sewerage. Cost of land for such projects will not be provided under the programme and has to be borne by the State Government. In case the project is to be undertaken on private land, which is to be acquired by the State, cost of land may also be part of the project costing only in the case of North Eastern States and hilly States of Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal and Jammu & Kashmir. 4.2TITLE OF THE LAND Title of the land should preferably be in the name of the wife and alternatively jointly in the names of husband and wife. In exceptional cases, title in the name of male beneficiary may be permitted. 4.3A&OE Not more than 5% of the total allocation of funds under the scheme for A&OE purposes for preparation of project reports and for administrative purposes which may be distributed among Ministry and State/UTs/Implementing Agencies. 4.4Ceiling Cost for Dwelling Unit will be @Rs.80,000 per unit for cities other than those covered under the Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Development Renewal mission (JNNURM). This ceiling cost will, however, be reviewed after one year.For special category/hills States and difficult/far flung areas, 12.5% additional will be permissible over and above the prescribed ceiling cost per dwelling unit. 4.5Selection of Beneficiaries By SUDA/DUDA/ULBs/Government Nodal Agency authorized by the State Government. 4.6Minimum Floor Area of Dwelling Unit Not less than 25 sq. meters. Area and preferably two room accommodation plus kitchen and toilet should be constructed. 4.7Infrastructure Development and maintenance in the slums State Government should ensure a separate provision for upkeep and maintenance of the public assets created under the scheme. 4.8Beneficiary Contribution Housing should not be provided free to the beneficiaries by the State Government. A minimum of 12% beneficiary contribution should be stipulated, which in the case of SC/ST/BC/OBC/PH and other weaker sections shall be 10%.
4.9 Admissible Components Provision of shelter including upgradation & construction of new houses. ii) Provision of community toilets. iii) Provision of physical amenities like water supply, storm water drains, community bath, widening and paving of existing lawns, sewers, community latrines, street lights, etc. iv) Community infrastructure like provision of community centers to be used for pre-school education, non-formal education, adult-education, recreational activities, etc. v) Community Primary Health Care Centre Buildings can be provided. vi) Social amenities like pre-school education, non-formal education, adult-education, maternity, child health and Primary health care including immunization, etc. vii) Sites and Services/houses at affordable costs for EWS & LIG categories. ix) Slum improvement and rehabilitation projects. x) Land acquisition cost will not be financed except for acquisition of private land for schemes/projects in the North Eastern States & Hilly States, viz., Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal and Jammu & Kashmir.
Building cost
The building construction cost can be divided into two parts namely: Building material cost : 65 to 70 % Labour cost : 30 to 35 % The scope for effective means of reducing cost of construction lies with minimizing the quantity of building materials which consumes less energy. This is possible if one could follow a rational design procedure of the efficient use of materials. Cost of reduction is achieved by selection of more efficient material or by an improved design.
2. Plinth
3. Walling Wall thickness of 6 to 9" is recommended for adoption in the construction of walls all round the building and 41/2 " for inside walls. It is suggested to use burnt bricks which are immersed in water for 24 hours and then shall be used for the walls.
Rat - trap bond wall It is a cavity wall construction with added advantage of thermal comfort and reduction in the quantity of bricks required for masonry work. By adopting this method of bonding of brick masonry compared to traditional masonry, it is possible to reduce in the material cost of bricks by 25% and about 10to 15% in the masonry cost. By adopting rat-trap bond method one can create aesthetically pleasing wall surface and plastering can be avoided. Concrete block walling In view of high energy consumption by burnt brick it is suggested to use concrete block (block hollow and solid) which consumes about only 1/3 of the energy of the burnt bricks units production. By using concrete block masonry the wall thickness can be reduced from 20 cms to 15 cms. Concrete block masonry saves mortar consumption, speedy construction of wall resulting in higher output of labour, plastering can be avoided thereby an overall saving of 10 to 25% can be achieved. Soil cement block technology It is an alternative method of construction of walls using soil cement blocks in place of burnt bricks masonry. It is an energy efficient method of construction where soil mixed with 5% and above cement and pressed in hand operated machine and cured well and then used in the masonry. This masonry doesn't require plastering on both sides of the wall. The overall economy that could be achieved with the soil cement technology is about 15 to 20% compared to conventional method of construction.
6. Roofing
.And this is how the simplest filler slab looks like !!!
Funicular shell roof is compression structure, which ensures conservation of natural resources by utilizing waste materials effectively and optimizing the use of expensive steel and cement. Further, the arch distributes the point load in all direction equally thus, is able to withstand impact loading at any point. Diagonal g rid of funicular shell gives the illusion of a larger space. Eliminate use of high-energy steel reinforcement used in the conventional RCC roof. Allows efficient use of waste materials and provides personality, colour and texture. Minimizes requirement of internal plasters. Provides roofing at a lower cost. Can be demoulded every 48 hours. using natural materials and technology as can take any shape- square, rectangle, trapezium, triangular or any other shape. can carry various conduits, toilet pipes in the area above the brick -bat layer. facilitates the installment of fixtures like- ceiling fans, light fixtures etc. The edge beam can be given a slight camber or lift in the centre, about 1"-3". Thus, the beam also acts as an arch, comes under compression, further increasing its load bearing capacity. This also reduces the amount of steel and cement consumed in the beam. Since it acts as an arch, it takes load in compression and distributes it equally in all directions. Thus, on the first floor, the wall can be placed anywhere since it will always rest on the arch.
Step 1
Step 2
Ferro cement channel/shell unit provide an economic solution to RCC slab by providing 30 to 40% cost reduction on floor/roof unit over RCC slabs without compromising the strength. These being precast construction is speedy, economical due to avoidance of shuttering and facilitate quality control.
7. Finishing Work
The cost of finishing items like sanitary, electricity, painting etc., varies depending upon the type and quality of products used in the building and its cost reduction is left to the individual choice and liking.
1.Insulating material
clay-coated straw One of the best low-cost insulating materials is clay-coated straw (or other lightweight plant materials). A light coating of clay acts as both a binder and preservative. Clay-coated straw has been shown to last over 700 years as a non-deteriorating insulation!! As the clay dries, it binds the straw together in a surprisingly rigid mass. It's a "natural Styrofoam".
Uses
In addition to being an insulator, it can be used as a wall forming material. In the middle ages, even up the present time, the method works like this: A post and beam structure is first built. Two boards are temporarily nailed to the posts, one on each side. The resulting cavity is filled with straw-clay. The material is tamped down (a 2x4, 4x4, or small post will do). The idea is not to compact it into a solid mass, you couldn't do it easily anyway because the straw will remain springy until it dries. The two side boards are moved up immediately and stuffed again and again until the wall is as high as desired. No need to wait for the straw-clay to dry before moving the boards up. (A moveable, sliding form could also be used to make walls.)
A saw is used to cut out windows, or window frames are placed first. The wall is allowed to dry and is hand plastered inside and out. The soft undulating plastering adds a charm that cannot be found in modern buildings. The straw-clay can also be pressed against forms to create a structure. Then the structure can be plastered and waterproofed. This method is talked about in the Design Ideas section. Or it can be used as an insulated fill material for the honeycomb construction method as described in the Design section. The important concept here is that insulation materials protect us from extremes of heat and cold. The best insulators are ones that are non-toxic, renewable, and widely available. Low cost insulation materials such as straw or expanded aggregates such as perlite, vermiculite, and other expanded ceramics make excellent non-toxic insulation. In developed countries with the requisite technologies, the perlite type materials may be preferable to straw-clay. Fiber composites can be both structural and insulating.
2.Structural Materials
Composites: Fiber, Lightweight Aggregates, and Binders The best low-cost structural materials are composites. Composites are a combination of distributed fiber reinforcement, lightweight aggregate, and a binding agent. Ferro-cement is one such composite using metal or synthetic fibers and portland cement, but there are many others. Fiberglass is a common (but toxic) composite.
A newcomer in fiber composites is papercrete or fibercrete, which is a combination of pulped paper, or other cellulose-based raw material, and binders such as lime, cement, and/or clay.
Sand adds strength and density to these composites, but lightweight aggregates could also be used. Any composite material can be used to create shell structures which we call Composite-Shell construction. Domes 100 ft. in diameter, (and only 10 mm thick!) have been built using portland cement and glass fibers. Using lesser fibers and binders, more modest structures can be built. If the fiber composite is applied to both sides of a thick insulating layer such as straw-clay, perlite cement, or agcrete (see below), a strong "sandwich" is formed. If the insulation layer is made from a structural honeycomb of lightweight fiber composite (filled with insulation), the strength of the shell is even better.
Composite materials can be sprayed (using compressed-air driven sprayers), or poured, or packed directly onto a reusable formwork (using hand methods). Simply pour from a bucket, or apply from a scoop, and spread. Fiber reinforcement options include natural fibers such as wood (paper), bamboo, industrial hemp, sisal, and jute, for low-tech applications, and synthetic, glass, and steel fibers for high-tech applications where greater rigidity is desired. Recycled clothing fibers can be used. Bamboo has been used successfully in place of rebar in many countries for decades. Wood (paper) fiber has been used in Japan for centuries for its strength and beauty. Industrial hemp fiber has tremendous potential where it is available. It is used for architectural molding in North America. Discrete bamboo fibers have tremendous strength, exceeding hemp, and could be the most effective fiber of all if properly processed. Jute (burlap) is also a strong natural fiber. All high silica fibers last a long time if protected from rust or rot. 3.Designing Materials Fibercrete Composite A suggested composite material is paper fiber and mineral binder. So much waste paper is available, it makes sense to use it. One suggested mix is 60% paper and 40% binder by weight. The binder can be 50:50 Portland cement/hydrated lime or 25:25:25:25 cement, lime, clay, and sand. Sand adds strength and density. Liquid soap adds bubbles for a lighter, insulating mix. By volume, these mixes are primarily paper fiber, but will not burn. Various mixes emphasize strength or insulating qualities. AgStone Composite Another composite with even more potential than papercrete is Agcrete. This method uses common agricultural wastes such as crop stalks, chipped wood, or any other low density, commonly available lightweight material. It's similar to using perlite, vermiculite, scoria, or other lightweight mineral aggregates. Waste material is simply chopped (up to golf ball size or so), blended, and mixed with cement (and/or lime) just as you would use ordinary gravel. When cured and dry, it makes a very lightweight composite. In France, hemp Hurds are used for aggregate and they have been building quite successfully with it.A formula developed by John Stahl is: Lightweight AgStone Formula 20 parts chips (any agricultural waste) Plants which are high in silica include: Hemp Hurds, Western Sorghum, Concho Wheat, Corn, Bamboo, Lantana, Sunflower, and Medusa Head. We're searching for more information and more specifics on high silica plants. 5 parts clay (with sand is OK) 5 parts binders (3 lime, 2 cement)
It may not be such a good idea to build too rigidly, as is common in both industrialized countries and developing countries. Rigid concrete materials are brittle and fail catastrophically during earthquakes. Rebar reinforcement is totally inadequate. Ferro cement structures fare better. But these structures are very heavy. As a result, we now favor very light composites such as Fibercrete and Agcrete as more forgiving structural building materials. A lightweight foamed composite using paper-hemp-bamboo for fiber reinforcement with cement/lime/clay binder may be an ideal building material. Natural glues may improve flexibility, but some minerals (20-40% by weight) are needed for fire protection.
Fibercrete Mixers
Depending upon the scale of operations, several types mixers are used. The simplest is a 5 gallon bucket. A 1/2 to 1 hp electric motor with mixing blade is attached to the lid (plywood reinforced) of a 5 gallon bucket and small batches are mixed. A sharp 4-6 inch blade (S-blade is ideal) is mounted 4-6 inches from the bottom. Paper is inserted through a hole, or the operation is stopped and the lid is lifted to add fiber. For larger batches, a 55 gallon drum is cut in half and a gasoline engine from 3-10 hp is mounted on a board. A larger blade of up to 7-9 inches is attached to an extended shaft. Large round animal "stock" tanks, watering tanks, can be used for larger volumes. Shafts are extended by a collar attached to the motor shaft and a length of shaft is added. Replaceable blades are screwed on. For long shafts, some lateral reinforcement may be necessary to avoid excess stress on the motor or engine bearings. Place a bearing near the blade using a frame. Such mixers can be moved from tank to tank for mixing many batches or different ingredients. Uses Composite Shell construction can be used to build ultra low-cost housing, approaching nearly rs.50 per square foot (shell only) for the do-it-yourselfer. Also, walls, gazebos, hot tubs, solar greenhouses, garden walls, almost anything can be made out of these materials inexpensively using inflatable forms or reusable solid forms. Combined with natural insulation, every kind of life supporting, non-toxic construction can be built. Waterproofing is necessary for fiber composites. For light duty, drying type vegetable oils, such as soy or linseed, can be used.
In these days of increasing cost of instruction of the dream of owning a house particularly for low income and middle income family is becoming a difficult reality. Hence it has become a necessity to adopt cost effective, innovative and environmental friendly housing technology for the construction of houses and buildings for enabling the common people to construct houses at affordable cost. Building Centers (Nirmithi Kendras) Established by the Govt.& HUDCO in all the districts are promoting Low Cost Housing Technologies and are providing their Technical Advice and Guidance services to the general public for enabling them to construct the houses at an economical cost. The above list of suggestion for reducing construction cost is of general nature and it varies depending upon the nature of the building to be constructed, budget of the owner, geographical location where the building is to be constructed, availability of the building material, good construction management practices etc. However it is necessary that good
Conclusion
planning and design methods shall be adopted by utilizing the services of an experienced engineer or an architect for supervising the work, thereby achieving overall cost effectiveness to the extent of 25% in actual practice.
Target population
The population statistics show that: 1. Majorly population has a monthly family income between 2500-500,and thus after the regular monthly expenditure they are left with almost nothing to save. 2. This means their propensity to maintain their tenement is almost negligible. 3. Almost 90% of residents have an occupation which takes them out of their houses. thus they do not need too much working space within their tenements. 4. Most of the people who reside here have a family size of 6-7 so they feel that a mere 180 sq ft tenement is in sufficient for them. 5. Most of the population of this locality are either gujrati or Marathi in their origin. So they have some kind of similar cultural practices. 6. Almost 30% of the population is Andhraites and almost all of them live in block A of the complex while rest live in block B.`
Daily wages Vendors laborers and small 15% shopkeeper s 20% Monthly income employees Misc. 55% 10%
Occupational groups
4 8 person 88%
From here.
Above 8 Up to 4 2% 10%
Family size
Monthly income
Maharashtrians 20%
origin
Site
Location The site is located very near to the famous Sion hospital or Lokmanya Tilak Hospital and about 5 km from Mahim railway station. Condition The site was earlier as any other slum would be dirty unhygienic and dilapidated.
The site is divided into two parts one part is of the commercial building and the other part contains slum rehabilitation building. Even slum building has two wings, wing Awith 28 tenements and wing B- 122
as we can see that the site is longitudinal in nature and runs from south to north being broad at the north end not much could be done for open spaces because prime concern here is to give shelter and not open spaces
Part Plan
Standards say that the minimum corridor width in front of the staircase should be twice the width of the single stair or 5 which ever is more, thus the corridor width In front of staircase is very less.
View of corridor lit up naturallythe only source of natural light. Natural light is a big problem because there is only on window in the tenement
The bath and toilet could have been separate so that in a big family both can be used at a time
Roadside view
Financial arrangements
First phase of this scheme, which consists of 688 households, has been funded 50% by ma math. Second and third phase of this scheme has been proposed under JNNURM.
The statistics show Majorly dwellers are of Maharashtrians origin. they have come to Pune from neighboring villages and small towns. The other major community which have been found in this housing are from Andhra Pradesh Monthly income of almost 60% of the dwellers is between 2500-5000. But 30%people have a monthly income of less than 2500.This clearly indicates that the people cannot afford expensive land and shelter.
Origin
Misc. 12%
rs.2500-5000 60%
Site
Location: Ajanta Nagar was an 8-acre
slum, home to over 1700 families, is located in Nigdi,12km from Pune city.
Monthly Income
Site plan
Trapezoidal site contains two types of planning. there is A block which has cutouts in centre and stairs running along the A type blocks are 3 in no. and they go uptil g+3 Whereas type b wing has simple linear type of planning in which dwelling units are arranged on both sides of a corridor and stairs at the end. they are 25 in no. and go only upto two floors Whole buit up is standing on stilts and area under stilts act as multi usage area. There are two wide open spaces yet to be converted into gardens.
The distance between two blocks is very less, so the whole row looks like one single strip
Upper ground floor plan (b block) The building stands partially on stilts So the space thus created acts as multifunctional spaces, like parking area, working area, playing and assembling areas Typical floor plan (b block) Upper ground floor plan (a block) Creating a sense of enclosure Typical floor plan (a block)
section x-x
The building stands partially on stilts So the space thus created acts as multifunctional spaces, like parking area, working area, playing and assembling areas
-ve points Only one window and that to is not able to give proper light and ventilation. Grouping tenements could have been better so as to provide better one to one interaction
Ownership All tenements are registered on the name of a female in the family. As the dwellers have sifted here very recently i.e. just three years back the original owner ship is almost 95%. The remaining 5%are those who live as a tenant. Another reason for this is that many families are such who have been allotted more than one tenement so they rent out one and live in the other. There is no visible case of a dweller who has sold he tenement. Maintenance and condition of buildings There are total 28 buildings, and each one has its own small society , and its own chairman, which takes care of the building maintenance. The dwellers pay Rs. 50 per month as maintenance charges. They have their separate water meter and electricity meter. Even after these measures and building being very new, the condition of services is very poor.
Riverfront before
Riverfront after
Slum before
slum after
Community toilets can never be maintained and thus add to the plight of slum
Do not use short-term measures to save money e.g. the provision of community toilets is wasted investment when income levels in the slum become higher. (In any case they are rarely used or maintained) Provide flexibility to enable upgrading when the resources of the slum dwellers increase e.g. by making provision for private toilets and house-to-house water supply, the slum dwellers are able to invest in the option when they can afford it. The success of a project depends on the information available to those designing it. Data banks and drawing archives must be established prior to design so as to ascertain need and existing provision, as well as the physical conditions of the site. Professionalism is needed in all aspects of the work carried out, since slum upgrading is more complex to plan and implement than conventional engineering projects. Use appropriate and innovative technologies. For example, conventional expensive brick manholes will not work in the narrow and twisting lanes of the slums, but small earthenware gully traps can be used instead. Set realistic standards and workable specifications. For example, designing for an ideal water consumption of 250 liters per capita per day, which is unlikely ever to be achieved, will only result in expensive water supply systems and dry sewer runs. Balance the standards adopted with affordability. The infrastructure systems need to be assessed on the basis of both the capital costs and continuing maintenance. Looking a capital costs only can produce a deceptive picture. For example, the cost of public latrines appears low if only the capital cost is considered but once maintenance costs are included a different picture emerges.
Linking slum through pacca roads to entire city benefits both slums and cities
Creating road linkages through slum networking Similarly, as the city grows, existing water lines branch out further to reach new areas and at the remote ends the pressure drops so much that there is no water available. The internal water lines in the Indore slums were used to short circuit the existing city branches and turning them into loops. This improved the water distribution of the city and increased water pressures in the remote areas.
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
As per a 1990 survey, over two thirds of the slum families in Indore lived below the poverty line. On average 40% of slum dwellers were illiterate, with the female illiteracy rate as high as 53%. A large proportion of persons reported being sick within the fortnight before the survey. In addition to the working days lost, about 8% of the monthly income was reportedly spent on medical expenses. A mid-term evaluation of the Indore project showed that many slums are heading towards full literacy, frequency of epidemics has dramatically reduced and incomes, particularly of women, have increased. ACHIEVEMENTS 120 community halls built 4 vocational training workshops built 1 health centre built 3 existing dispensaries upgraded 79 neighborhood committees formed with 4,788 members 71 women's groups started with 4,706 members 190 kindergarten established in 100 slums 67 non-formal education centers in 47 slums covering 1098 drop-out children 83 adult education centre covering 15,541 persons. 20 slums have reached 100 percent literacy level
Site layout
A rectilinear site measuring 86 hectares is designed on the idea of site and services basis, to accommodate over 6500 families (dwellings), largely from the economically weaker section. Their size and organization incorporates all the neighborhood facilities such as school, medical centers, shops etc. in appropriate quantities to sustain community life. For identity, access equity and cohesive functioning and commercial, community and recreational amenities, required for all, are located in a linear spine in the center of the settlement while convenient shops and other neighborhoods facilities are dispersed to be accessible in walking distance. Amenities are well integrated with open spaces to allow overlapping use all throughout day. Open spaces are interlines to form a pedestrian network connecting the whole settlement.
Site plan showing the layout of the housing. The whole site is divided into6 different sector And a main arterial (not straight) road running through Centre. And nodes are created to bifurcate the wider roads into narrower ones. And gradually into pathways.
Circulation
The formal street network draws the vehicular traffic outward to the perimeter road while pedestrian on informal pathways and open space network flows in the opposite direction achieving clear and safe segregation of slow and fast moving traffic. Non-rectilinear alignment of streets with varying widths, bends and widenings are provided to accommodate range of spontaneous human activities. The hierarchy of commercial activities coincides with street hierarchy. Formal commercial outlets are along major arterial roads while informal shopping areas occur along narrow streets and open spaces throughout the settlement.
Services
Introduction of open slot around service core combines twice as much toilets per manhole and cuts down pipe lengths to half, achieving economic efficiency without effecting its performance. The service slot has been integrated as design element helping break the continuous built mass and becoming useful play area for children with platform for neighborly interaction.
Fig. Showing the sewage networks in a sector. This is how a proper network is maintained
Concentric circles showing various amenities and their respective distance as we move from a dwelling unit to outwards
community/street level- approach to social interaction Promote person to person contact through cluster of human scale. Provide an individual character to each cluster. Create a functionally sympathetic and an esthetically pleasing street environment. Provide spaces for social and religious activities. Promote income generation at cluster level. Provide all essential amenities and utilities to every street. Define clearly each clusters territory and the sense of entry. Have regards for pedestrians. Optimize cluster patterns for economic infrastructure provision and easy access. For planning the sanitary service core in low cost housing, the following additional guidelines were considered: Ensure full privacy to the W.C. and wash area. Provide safe and adequate sanitation for all families. Consider the environmental impact of the sanitation core. Integrated the sanitary facilities within the dwelling. Make the sewage system adaptable to alternative treatment/disposal methods. Consider energy conservation and the recycling of waste. Radically streamline the services to reduce costs and ensure easy maintenance. Propose economic planning of services, structure, sub-structure and cores.
Ariel view of a street Which gives an effect of mohalla Providing great deal of security as well as social interaction
Such close placing also reduces the pipe lenghts making the whole process of services networking very economical
Dwelling level- incremental approach Make the dwellings sensitive to the lifestyle and daily needs of the people. Give each dwelling a rich, unique identity Integrate the spaces with in and outside the dwelling. Maintain privacy within and from outside. Consider orientation, light, cross ventilation, etc. for natural climate control Allow for vertical and horizontal expansion of the dwelling in future. Provide rear access for sub-letting bicycle, cattle etc. Study the efficiency of plot sizes, walls, foundations and internal circulation. Use appropriate materials and construction methods. Make the dwelling simple and economic to encourage the self-built approach
Giving dwellers freedom to build on their own not only brings sense of belongingness but also provides a rich street faade.
Comparative analysis
topics
Concept /projec t type Financi al arrang ements
Aranya, Indore
Sites and services
Mixed user group so e.w.s people were given loans and monthly installments based on avg. family income
Original slum dwellers Longitudinal site not much could be don But had an additional advantage of 2.5 fsi Did maximum that could be done for this site. Absence of adequate green spaces and open play areas
Mixed user group but largely e.w.s . people Whole site of 86 hectare has been fully exploited Hierchy of spaces from township level to sector level to street level to dwelling unit level has been properly maintained and is clearly visible
Site was big enough to accommodate dwelling units, and recreational spaces. But not much has been done to provide green spaces Lack of intimate scale Raising the building on stilts gave adequate space for parking and temporary market place.
topics
Plannin g at communi ty level
Aranya, Indore
person to person contact through cluster of human scale spaces for social and religious activities all essential amenities and utilities to every street. regards for pedestrians dwellings sensitive to the lifestyle and daily needs of the people. Integrate the spaces with in and outside the dwelling. Scope for incremental growth in a house. Design aims at proper grouping of income groups community feel encouraged in design User group is the basic of design.
The project aims at overall development so design of tenement depends purely on the dweller
Widely accepted by people living standard improved a lot People actively participate and mobilize their resources for the upgradation An example for rest of the cities for following this type of project Evolution and replication has already initiated
Almost 85% of the dwellers are the ones who are the original occupants. Nicely maintained complex Community initiative to keep the housing clean and healthy
Almost 95% of the dwellers are the ones who are the original occupants. badly maintained complex No Community initiative to keep the housing clean and healthy
A sceme dwellers can identify with Highly successful Perfect example of how a housing should be designed specially for ews and slum dwellers
Site
Location Site is located near one of the very posh colonies-model town extension. Very near to the site lies the Sidhwan canal which carries the waste water disposal of the surrounding areas Physical condition The neighboring area of the site is a one of the very posh area of city but the slum area is in a total dilapidation. There is one road which is a major traffic road which adjoins back side of model town ext to main road which cuts the site into two unequal parts. Total area of the site is approx 9 acres all of which contains illegal and haphazard semi pucca 532 dwelling units 2o shops which people have opened their houses and some are the encroachments on the roads. Stagnant water at places and level of road higher than plinth of houses make condition all the more worse. Almost no sewerage system and illegal water supply pipes make the place very unhygienic. Total no of families to rehabilitate-1005
Site plan
Description Residential Flatted Type a Type b type c Plotted Open spaces and parks Circulation (roads and pathways) Primary and middle school Primary health centre Community centre Community hall Slum office Reading hall crche Other community facilities Water pump and tank Electric substation Informal markets shops
No. Per unit 1005 840 250 270 320 165 --1 1 1 1 1 1 1 375 325 270 430 ----------1 1 1 1 40 ---60
Websites
www.ddadelhi.com www.hudcoindia.org www.bmptc.com www.anangpur.com www.jnnurm.com www.urbanindia.nic.in www.archnet.com