A.

Diagram of Pathophysiology Predisposing Factor Age > 50 year Nature of work Precipitating Factor Exposure to chemical and bacterial agents.

Inhalation of microorganisms In asion of foreign bodies in the !"# Acti ation of the upper airway defense mechanism$ cough reflex$ mucociliary clearance and nasopharyngeal defense %athogens begin to coloni&e %athogens enter the lower 'amage occurs to mucous membrane Acti ation of the inflammatory process$ release of chemical mediators

(istamin e )timulates goblet cells to increase mucus production Accumulation of mucus in the airway contributing to the narrowing of airway

*radykini n )timulates muscle spasm that contributes to bronchoconstriction Narrowing of airway

Prostaglandin Chemotaxis +igration of ,*to the site of in.ury "elease of pyrogens )timulates the thermoregulatory center of the body to reset body temperature

Fever

-rackles

%roducti e cough

'yspnea

/eukotriene Increase in 0ascular permeability /eaking of fluids and fluid shifting resulting to accumulation of fluid in the al eolar sacs #his accumulation of fluids impairs gas exchange resulting to entilation perfusion mismatch

#achypnea

%allor

-hestpain

If not treated If Treated Medical Management Antibiotics are prescribed based on 1ram stain results and antibiotic guidelines )upporti e #reatment includes hydration$ antipyretics$ antihistamines$ or nasal decongestants )epsis "espiratory failure

%leural effusion and empyema

Abscess *est rest is recommended until infection shows signs of clearing

D"AT$ 2xygen therapy is gi en for hypoxemia

"espiratory support includes endotracheal intubation$ high inspiratory oxygen concentration and mechanical entilation Nursing Interventions 3Administer oxygen as prescribed. 3+onitor respiratory status. 3+onitor for labored respirations$ cyanosis$ and cold and clammy skin 3Encourage coughing and deep breathing and use of incenti e spirometer 3%osition client in semi 4owler position to facilitate breathing and lung expansion. 3-hange client5s position fre6uently and ambulate as tolerated to mobili&e secretions. 3%ro ide -%# 3%erform nasotracheal suctioning if client is unable to clear secreations. 3+onitor pulse oximetry 3+onitor and record color$ consistency$ and amount of sputum. 3%ro ide a high3calorie$ high protein diet with small fre6uent meals. 3Encourage fluids up to 7/ a day to thin secretions unless contraindicated. 3%ro ide a balance rest and acti ity$ increasing acti ity gradually. 3Administer antibiotic as prescribed 3Administer antipyretics$ bronchodilators$ cough suppressants$ mucolytic agents$ and expectorants as prescribed. 3%re ent the spread of infection by hand washing and the proper disposal of secretions.

CON A!"#C"N"#