Symmetrical Fault

By
Zetty Nurazlinda Zakaria

EET308/EET408
SYMMETRICAL FAULT
ANALYSIS
At the end of this chapter, student should
be able to:
Define and explain transient during symmetrical fault.
Analyze and calculate the balanced three-phase fault.
Fault calculation using internal voltage
Fault calculation using Thevenin method
Fault calculation using Zbus equivalent circuit
Analyze the selection of circuit relay (SC MVA) .
Basic Knowledge
Students should have basic knowledge on:-
Circuit theory
What is power system? Its components and function.
Single line diagram
Per unit
Base power, S
base
and base voltage, V
base
Calculation on new per unit
2
new
X
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
b
new
b
old
b
old
b
new
old
V
V
S
S
X
Why do I need an electrical fault study?
Are you planning an expansion?
If so, you need to know the capabilities and limitations
of your existing power distribution system. Over the
years things have changed.
As with any facility, over the years things changed,
electrical loads have been added. Sometimes electrical
equipment is modified or relocated. We dont always
think about withstand or interrupting ratings of our
electrical equipment. By completing an electrical fault
or load study, you will know that you have the right
protection and equipment design for your existing or
expanded power distribution system.
Introduction to Faults
Faults studies important part of power system
Problemdetermining bus voltages and line currents
during various types of faults
Faults:-
Balance faults==3-phase fault
Unbalanced faults:
Single-line to ground
Double-line to ground
Line-to-line faults
Type of Faults
Introduction to Faults
Results used for:
Specifying ratings for circuit breakers and fuses
Protecting relay settings
Specifying the impedance of transformers and generators
Transient on a Transmission Line
Consider the short circuit transient on a transmission
line. Certain simplifying assumptions are made:
The line is fed from a constant voltage source
Short circuit takes place when the line is unloaded
Line capacitance is negligible and the line can be represented
by a lumped RL series circuit.
The short circuit (SC) is assumed to take place at t=0.
the parameter controls the instant on the voltage wave
when short circuit occurs.
It is known from circuit theory that the current after short
circuit is composed of two parts, i.e.
t s
i i i + =
Where,
i
s
= steady state current
I
t
= transient current [it is such that i(0)=i
s
(0)+i
t
(0)=0 being an
inductive circuit; it decays corresponding to the time constant
L/R]
( )
( )
|
.
|
\
|
= Z + =
+ =
R
L
L R Z
t
Z
V
e
u e
u o e
1
2 / 1
2 2
2
tan
sin
2
( )
( )
( )
( )t L R
t L R
s
e
Z
V
e i
/
/
sin
2
0
=
=
o u
Thus SC current is given by:
symmetrical SC DC off- set
current current
( ) ( )
( )t L R
e
Z
V
t
Z
V
i
/
sin
2
sin
2

+ + = o u u o e
i
s
i
t
The maximum momentary SC current, i
mm
correspond to
the first peak. If the decay of transient current in this
short term is neglected,
Since the transmission line resistance is small, 90.
( )
Z
V
Z
V
i
mm
2
sin
2
+ = o u
Z
V
Z
V
i
mm
2
cos
2
+ = o
This has the max possible value for =0, i.e. SC occurring
when the voltage wave is going through zero. Thus,
= twice the max of symmetrical SC current (doubling
effect)
For the selection of circuit breakers, momentary SC
current is taken corresponding to its max possible
value (a safe choice).
( )
Z
V
i
possible mass mm
2
2
_
=
L2
11mH
1 2
0
V1
FREQ = 50
VAMPL = 240
VOFF = 0
R4
0.864
I
U3
200m
1
2
R5
8.64
L3
49.5mH
1
2
Now consider the single-phase circuit of
figure below. Let see what happen
Result
SC of a Synchronous Machine (No Load)
Under steady state SC conditions, the armature reaction
of a synchronous generator produces a demagnetizing
flux.
In term of a circuit this effect is modeled as a reactance
Xa in series with the induced emf.
This reactance when combined with the leakage
reactance Xl of the machine is called synchronous
reactance Xd (direct axis synchronous in the case of
salient pole machines). Armature resistance being small
can be neglected.
Xa
= armature reactance
Xf
Xdw
X
l
= field winding reactance
= damper winding reactance
= leakage flux reactance
Consider now the sudden SC (3-phase) of a synchronous
generator initially operating under open circuit conditions. The
machine undergoes a transient in all the three-phase finally
ending up in a steady state conditions.
The circuit breaker must interrupt the current much before
steady conditions are reached. Immediately upon SC, the DC
off-set currents appear in all three-phases, each with a different
magnitude since the point on the voltage wave at which SC
occurs is different for each phase.
These DC off-set currents are accounted for separately on an
empirical basis and therefore for SC studies, we concentrate
the attention on symmetrical (sinusoidal) SC current only.
Immediately in the event of a SC, the symmetrical SC current
is limited only by the leakage reactance of the machine.
The reactance presented by the machine in the initial
period of the SC, i.e.:
is called the subtransient reactance of the machine.
While the reactance effective after the damper winding
currents have died out, i.e.:
is called the transient reactance of the machine.
( )
dw f a
l d
X X X
X X
/ 1 / 1 / 1
1
' '
+ +
+ =
( )
f a l d
X X X X ||
'
+ =
The reactance under steady conditions is the
synchronous reactance of the machine. Obviously
Xd<Xd<Xd. The machine thus offers a time-varying
rectance which changes from Xd to Xd and finally Xd.
Example 1
For the radial network below, a three-phase fault occurs at F.
Determine the fault current and the line voltage at 11 kV
bus under fault condition. Select a system base of 100 MVA.
ANSWER Example 1
Steps:-
Determine voltage bases at each region.
Determine new reactances in per unit.
Draw the impedance diagram with reactances in per unit.
Note: All sources = 1 p.u
Determine the total impedances, Z
total
and the short circuit current,
I
f
= 1.0 / Z
total
Note: To obtain fault current in Ampere, determine the base current, I
base
I
f
= 0.22-68.3
0
pu = 1925 A
Voltage at 11kV bus = 0.966 -0.7
0
=10.63 kV
base
base
V
S
=
3
I
base
Short Circuit of a Loaded Synchronous
Machine( through internal voltage)
The analysis of SC on a loaded synchronous machine is
complicated.
Eg is induced emf under loaded condition
Xd is the direct axis synchronous reactance of the machine
When SC occurs at the terminals of this machine, above
figures are used for computing SC current.
The induced emfs to be used in these models are given
as:
If no load, Eg=Eg=Eg
Synchronous motors have internal emfs and reactances
similar to that of a generator except that the current
direction is reversed.
' '
' ' ' '
d
o o
g
d
o o
g
X jI V E
X jI V E
+ =
+ =
During SC conditions these can be replaced by similar circuit
models except that the voltage behind subtransient/transient
reactance:
Whenever deals with SC of an interconnected system, the
synchronous machines (generators and motors) are replaced
by their corresponding circuit models having voltage behind
subtransient/transient reactance in series with the
subtransient/transient reactance.
The rest of the network being passive remains unchanged.
' '
' ' ' '
d
o o
m
d
o o
m
X jI V E
X jI V E
=
=
Example 2
Refer figure below.
The motor is drawing 15 MW at 0.8 power factor leading and
a terminal voltage of 10.6 kV at bus 2 when a symmetrical 3-
phase fault occurs at the motor terminals.
Find the subtransient current in the generator, motor and fault.
Solve by using internal voltage method.
ANSWER Example 2
I
g
= (816.4 j 2197.4) A
I
m
= ( 816.2 j 9041.8) A
I
f
= -j 11, 239 A
SC Current Computation through the
Thevenin Theorem
Thevenin Theorem
Thevenins Theorem
The changes in network voltages and currents due
to the addition of an impedance between two
points of a network are identical with those
voltages and currents that would be caused by
placing an emf, having a magnitude and polarity
equal to the prefault voltage between the nodes, in
series with the impedance all other voltage sources
being zeroed.
Thevenin Theorem
4 Steps for SC Computation for
Thevenin Theorem
Step1 : Obtain steady state solution of loaded system (load flow
study)
Step 2: Replace reactances of synchronous machines by their
subtransient/ transient values. Short circuit all emf
sources. The result is the passive Thevenin network.
Step 3: Excite the passive network of step 2 at the fault point by
negative prefault voltage in series with the fault
impedances. Compute change of voltages and currents at
all points of interest.
Step 4 : Postfault currents and voltages are obtained by adding
results of step 1 to 3.
**assume all prefault voltage magnitudes are 1 p.u
**all prefault currents are zero
Example 3
Recalculate Example 2 by using Thevenin Method.
Selection of Circuit Breakers
Two of the circuit breaker ratings which require the
computation of SC current are:
rated momentary current and
rated symmetrical interrupting current.
Symmetrical SC current is obtained by using
subtransient reactances for synchronous machines.
Momentary current (rms) is then calculated by
multiplying the symmetrical momentary current by a
factor of 1.6 to account for the presence of DC off-
set current. This is based on empirical basis.
Symmetrical current to be interrupted is
computed by using :-
Subtransient reactances for generators
Transient reactances for motors
The DC off-set value to be added to obtain the current to be
interrupted is accounted for multiplying the symmetrical SC
current by a factor as tabulated below:
Circuit Breaker Speed
(interruption time of CB)
Multiplying Factor
8 cycles or slower 1.0
5 cycles 1.1
3 cycles 1.2
2 cycles 1.4
Example 4
A 25 MVA, 11 kV generator with Xd = 20% is connected through a transformer,
line and a transformer to a bus that supplies three identical motors as shown below.
Each motor has Xd=25% and Xd= 30% on a base of 5 MVA, 6.6 kV. The three-
phase rating of the step up transformer is 25 MVA, 11/66 kV with a leakage
reactance of 10% and that of the step down transformer is 25 MVA, 66/6.6 kV with
a leakage reactance of 10%. The bus voltage at the motors is 6.6 kV when 3-phase
fault occurs at the point F. For the specified fault, calculate:
(A) the subtransient current in the fault
(B) the subtransient current in the breaker, B
(C) the momentary current in breaker B
(D) the current to be interrupted by breaker B in 5 cycles.
Given: reactance of the transmission line = 15% on a base of 25 MVA, 66 kV.
Assume that the system is operating on no load when the fault occurs.
ANSWER Example 4
(a) I
f
= - j 4.22 p.u = 9229 A
(b) I
f
(B) = - j 3.42 p.u = 7479.5 A
(c) I
momentary
(B) = 11967 A
(d) I
interrupt
(B) = 7581 A
The current that a circuit breaker can interrupt is
inversely proportional to the operating voltage over
the certain range.
Amperes at operating voltage = amperes at rated
voltage x rated voltage/operating voltage
The CB rating therefore can be defined as:
Rated interrupting MVA (3-phase) capacity
= 3 |Vline|
rated
x |Iline|
rated interrupting current
3-phase SC MVA to be interrupted is:
SC MVA (3-phase)
= 3 x prefault line voltage (kV) x SC current (kA)
= |V|
prefault(pu)
x |I|
SC(pu)
x (MVA)
Base
Example 5
Three 6.6 kV generators A, B and C, each of 10% leakage
reactance and MVA rating 40, 50 and 25, respectively are
interconnected electrically as shown in figure by a tie bas
through current limiting reactors, each of 12% reactance based
upon the rating of the machine to which is connected. A 3-
phase feeder is supplied from the bus bar of generator A at a
line voltage of 6.6 kV. The feeder has a resistance of 0.06 ohms/
phase and inductive reactance of 0.12 ohms/phase. Choose as
base 50MVA, 6.6kV
Estimate the maximum MVA that can be fed into a
symmetrical short circuit at the far end of the feeder.
(ans: 212 MVA)
Example 5
Figure for Example 5
Example 6
Consider the 4-bus system shown in figure below. Bus 1 and 2
are generator buses while bus 3 and 4 are load buses.
The rating of each generator is 11 kV, 100 MVA base with the
transient reactance of 10%.
Both transformers are rated at 11/110 kV, 100 MVA with the
leakage reactance of 5%.
Line reactances at 100 MVA base, 110 kV are stated in the
figure.
Assume the pre-fault voltage is 1.0 per unit, pre-fault current is
zero and MVA base is 100 MVA.
Obtain SC solution for a bolted three-phase fault occurs at
bus 4.
Solve using Thevenins Theorem Method.
Figure for Example 6
ANSWER Example 6
I
f
(bus 4) = - j 7.37463 p.u
V
1
f
= 0.42445 p.u
V
2
f
= 0.46936 p.u
V
3
f
= 0.4514 p.u
V
4
f
= 0 p.u
SC MVA at bus 4 = 737.463 MVA
How to construct Zbus???

j i where
0
ij ij
n
j
ij ii
y Y
y Y
=
= =
=
Self-admittance
Transfer-admittance
Algorithm for SC studies using
Zbus equivalent circuit
In order to apply the 4 steps of SC computation to larger
systems, it is necessary to evolve a systematic general
algorithm.
1
st
step is obtain prefault voltages at all buses and currents in
all lines through load flow study.
Assume that the r
th
bus is faulted through a fault
impedance of Z
f
as shown in the next figure.
The postfault bus voltage vector will be given as:
Where delta V is the vector of changes in bus voltages caused by fault
V V V
BUS
f
BUS
A + =
0
Step 2, draw the passive Thevenin network of bus system
replaced by transient/subtransient reactances with
their emfs shorted.
Step 3, excite the passive Thevenin network with V
o
r
in
series with Z
f
as shown in figure previously (fig 9.20)
The vector V comprises the bus voltages of this
network. Now:
vector injection current bus J
Z Z
Z Z
Z
where
J Z V
f
nn n
n
BUS
f
BUS
_ _ _
1
1 11
=
(
(
(
=
= A

Since the network is injected with current I
f
only at the
r
th
bus:
f
rr r
f f
r
f
I Z V
I I
J
= A
(
(
(
(
=
=
0
0

Step 4, the voltage at the rth bus under fault is:
At the i
th
bus:
f
rr
r
f
f f f
r
f
rr r r r
f
r
Z Z
V
I thus
I Z V and
I Z V V V V
+
=
=
= A + =
0
0 0 0
,

0 0
0
,
,... 2 , 1 ,
r
f
rr
ir
i
f
i
f
ir i
f
i
f
ir i
V
Z Z
Z
V V thus
n i I Z V V
I Z V
+
=
= =
= A
For i=r:
Prefault bus is known from load flow study, Zbus can be
obtain from inverse Ybus matrix.
Postfault current in lines:
0
r
f
rr
f
f
r
V
Z Z
Z
V
+
=
) (
f
j
f
i ij
f
ij
V V Y I =
Step1: Determine Y-bus
Step 2: Determine Z-bus; [Zbus] =[Ybus]
-1
Step 3: Prefault voltage
Step 4: Bus Voltages and line current during fault at r-bus.
0 0
voltage, Bus
r
f
rr
ir
i
f
i
V
Z Z
Z
V V
+
=
ij
f
j
f
i f
j
f
i ij
f
ij
z
V V
V V Y I
) (
) ( current, Line

= =
f
rr
r
f
Z Z
V
I
+
=
0
current, Fault
Example 7
Recalculate example 6 using Zbus equivalent circuit.
Compare and discuss results obtained in Example 6. and
Example 7.

Symmetrical Fault

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Zetty Nurazlinda Zakaria

Algorithm for SC studies using

Algorithm for SC studies using

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