STORAGE AREA NETWORKS

Introduction With the advent of the Internet much business has moved on-line, requiringenterprise systems to interact with millions of users and handle the associated dataflow. Data must be available promptly and continuously.Data stored electronically is roughly doubling every year.

The above figure shows Directly-attached storage Directly-Attached Storage Servers are at the center of the informationsystem. They store data on their dis s and access them to satisfy the users! requeststhat arrive on the "#$. %ach server is connected to its dis s by means of fi&ed, dedicated channels, such as the S'SI( parallel bus.This paradigm is called )Directly-attached Storage* +D#S,. Drawback o! directly-attached torage a. Scalability"The number of devices that can be attached to a dis controller is limited. b. #er!or$ance "#s the physical media is shared, adding devices results in less bandwidth being availableto each of them. c. Di tance li$itation "-arallel buses are limited in length few tens of meters by electrical issues, such as s ew. d. A%ailability "Devices attached to the bus cannot be added or removed without putting the whole thingoff-line. This causes downtime every time the storage subsystem needs to be reconfigured. e. Data &rotection "%ach server must be equipped with proper devices +for e&ample, tape drives, to bac upits data. If bac up operationsare performed through the "#$, the performance of the corporate networ might beseverely impacted for long time f. E!!iciency "Dis space not used by a server cannot be relocated to another one. Re'uire$ent (or E!!icient Storage Sub y te$ Systems must. - offer almost unlimited scalability, allowing the interconnection of thousands ofdevices distributed across distances spanning tens of /ilometers or more - provide high, dedicated bandwidth, at least comparable to that offered by "#$technologies +few gigabits0s, - allow large movement of data between storage devices +for e&ample, for bac up orreplication purposes, without involving neither the servers nor the "#$ - allow the reconfiguration of the system and almost any other maintenance operationwithout downtime - offer advanced and centrali1ed management capabilities

Storage Area Network )SAN*

# S#$ is a dedicated networ connecting servers and storage devices. It is separatedfrom either the "#$ or the W#$. Servers and storage devices are nodes of the S#$,which allows meshed, any-to-any connectivity.

S#$ facilitates direct high speed data transfers between servers and storage devices, potentially inany of the following three ways. 1. Server to storage. This is the traditional model of interaction with storage devices. The advantage is that the same storage device may be accessed serially or concurrently by multiple servers. 2. Server to server. # S#$ may be used for high-speed, high-volume communications between servers. 3. Storage to storage. This outboard data movement capability enables data to be moved without server intervention, thereby freeing up server processor cycles for other activities li e application processing. %&amples include a dis device bac ing up its data to a tape device without server intervention, or remote device mirroring across the S#$. Ad%antage o! SAN" (. 2. 4. 5. 7. Improvements to application availability. Storage is independent of applications and accessible through multiple data paths for better reliability, availability, and serviceability. 3igher application performance. Storage processing is off-loaded from servers and moved onto a separate networ . 'entrali1ed and consolidated storage. Simpler management, scalability, fle&ibility, and availability. Data transfer and vaulting to remote sites. 6emote copy of data enabled for disaster protection and against malicious attac s. Simplified centrali1ed management. Single image of storage media simplifies management

SAN +o$&onent S#$ 'omponents are a. Storage b. 'onnectivity c. Server

a, Storage Di k y te$ " Dis system usually hasa central control unit that manages all the I08, simplifying the integration of the system with other devices, such as other dis systems or servers. -u t A .unch O! Di k )-.OD* In this case, the dis system appears as a set of individual storage devices to the device they are attached to. Thecentral control unit provides only basic functionality for writing and reading data from the dis s. Redundant Array o! Inde&endent Di k )RAID* It is a storage technology that combines multiple dis drive components into a logical unit.it possible to utili1e the individual dis s in such a way to achieve higher fault-tolerance and0or performance. Ta&e y te$ There are basically three types of systems. drives, autoloaders and libraries, thatare described as follows. Tape drives #s with dis drives, tape drives are the means by which tapes can be connectedto other devices9 they provide the physical and logical structure for reading from,and writing to tapes. Tape autoloaders Tape autoloaders are autonomous tape drives capable of managing tapes andperforming automatic bac -up operations. They are usually connected tohigh-throughput devices that require constant data bac -up. Tape libraries Tape libraries are devices capable of managing multiple tapes simultaneouslyand, as such, can be viewed as a set of independent tape drives or autoloaders. b, SAN connecti%ity 'omponents can be divided into three sections according to the level abstraction to which they belong. i. lower level layers ii. middle level layers iii. higher level layers. i,/ower le%el layer Ethernet interface: They build up a common-bustopology by which every attached device can communicate with each other,using this common-bus for such. Fibre Channel: :ibre 'hannel +:', is a serial interface +usually implemented with fiber-opticcable, and is the primary architecture for the vast ma;ority of S#$s. SCSI The Small 'omputer System Interface +S'SI, is a parallel interface. S'SIdevices are connected to form a terminated bus +the bus is terminated using aterminator,. The ma&imum cable length is 27 meters, and a ma&imum of (<devices can be connected to a single S'SI bus. ii,0iddle le%el layer FCP The :ibre 'hannel -rotocol +:'-, is the interface protocol of S'SI on :ibre 'hannel. It is a gigabit speed networ technology primarily used for Storage $etwor ing. SCSI Internet S'SI +iS'SI, is a transport protocol that carries S'SI commands from an initiator to a target. It is a data storage networ ing protocol that transports standard Small 'omputer System Interface +S'SI, requests over the standard Transmission 'ontrol -rotocol0Internet -rotocol +T'-0I-, networ ing technology. FCIP

:ibre 'hannel over I- +:'I-, is also nown as :ibre'hannel tunneling or storage tunneling. It is a method to allow the transmission of :ibre 'hannel information to be tunnelled through the I- networ . IFCP Internet :ibre 'hannel -rotocol +i:'-, is a mechanism for transmitting data to and from :ibre 'hannel storage devices in a S#$, or on the Internet using T'-0I-.i:'- gives the ability to incorporate already e&isting S'SI and :ibre 'hannel networ s into the Internet. iii,1igher le%el layer This section comprises of the presentation and application layers. Ser%er-attached torage Storage is attached directly to the server bus using an adapter card, and the storage device is dedicated to a single server. The server itself controls the I08 to the device, issues the low-level device commands, and monitors deviceresponses. Network Attached Storage" $etwor #ttached Storage +$#S, is basically a "#$-attached file server that serves files using a networ protocol such as $etwor :ile System +$:S,. $#S is a term used to refer to storage elements that connect to a networ and provide file access services to computer systems. # $#S storage element consists of an engine that implements the file services +using access protocols such as $:S or 'I:S,, and one or more devices, on which data is stored. $#S storage element consists of an engine that implements the file services +using access protocols such as $:S or'I:S,, and one or more devices, on which data is stored. $#S elements may beattached to any type of networ . +, Ser%er " %ach of the different server platforms +I=> %server1Series?, @$IA, #IA?, 3-,Sun, "inu&, and others,, 8S05BB?, and Windows +-' Servers, have implemented S#$ solutions using various interconnects and storage technologies. i, 2NI3-ba ed er%er " @$IA operating systemcalled #IA, offers various processor to storage interfaces, including S'SI, SS#,and:ibre 'hannel. The SS# interconnection has primarily been used for dis storage. :ibre 'hannel adapters are able to connect to tape and dis .

WIRE/ESS SENSOR NETWORKS # wireless sensor networ +WS$, consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound,pressure, etc. and to cooperatively pass their data through the networ to a main location. +O0#ONENTS O( WIRE/ESS SENSOR NETWORKS %ach nodeconsists of a. >icrocontroller b. Transceiver c. %&ternal memory d. -ower source e. Sensors. a, 0icrocontroller" The controller performs tas s, processes data and controls the functionality of other components in the sensor node. While the most common controller is a microcontroller, other alternatives that can be used as a controller are. a general purpose des top microprocessor, digital signal processors, :-C#s and #SI's. # microcontroller is often used in many embedded systems such as sensor nodes because of its low cost, fle&ibility to connect to other devices, ease of programming, and low power consumption. b, Tran cei%er" The functionality nownas transceivers. c, E4ternal $e$ory" :rom an energy perspective, the most relevant inds of memory are the on-chip memory of a microcontroller and :lash memoryDoff-chip 6#> is rarely, if ever, used. :lash memories are used due to their cost and storage capacity. >emory requirements are very much application dependent. Two categories of memory based on the purpose of storage are. @ser memoryE for storing application related or personal data -rogram memory- :or programming the device. of both transmitter and receiver are combined into a single device

d, #ower ource" The sensor node consumes power for sensing, communicating and data processing. >ore energy is required for data communication than any other process. The energy cost of transmitting ( /b a distance of (BB metres +44B ft, is appro&imately the same as that used for the e&ecution of 4 million instructions by a (BB million instructions per second0W processor. -ower is stored either in batteries or capacitors. =atteries, both rechargeable and non-rechargeable, are the main source of power supply for sensor nodes. 'urrent sensors are able to renew their energy from solar sources, temperature differences. Two power saving policies used are Dynamic -ower >anagement +D->, and Dynamic Foltage Scaling +DFS,.D-> conserves power by shutting down parts of the sensor node which are not currently used or active. # DFS scheme varies the power levels within the sensor node depending on the non-deterministic wor load. e, Sen or " Sensors are hardware devices that produce a measurable response to a change in a physical condition li e temperature or pressure. Sensors measure physical data of the parameter to be monitored. The continual analog signal produced by the sensors is digiti1ed by an analog-to-digital converter and sent to controllers for further

processing. # sensor node should be small in si1e, consume e&tremely low energy, operate in high volumetric densities, be autonomous and operate unattended, and be adaptive to the environment. Sensors are classified into three categories. -assive. -assive sensors sense the data without actually manipulating the environment by active probing. They are self-powered9 that is, energy is needed only to amplify their analog signal. 8mni-directional sensors . 8mni-directional sensors have no notion of direction involved in their measurements. -assive, narrow-beam sensors . $arrow-beam sensors have a well-defined notion of direction of measurement, similar to a camera. #ctivesensors . #ctive sensors actively probe the environment, for e&ample, a sonar or radar sensor, and they require continuous energy from a power source.

+haracteri tic o! WSN" Sel!-organi5ing" Self-organi1ing networ s allow a new node to automatically ;oin the networ without the need for manual intervention. Sel!-healing"Self-healing networ s allow nodes to reconfigure their lin associations and find alternative pathways around failed or powered-down nodes.

To&ologie Wireless sensor networ s use three basic networ ing topologies a. -oint-to-point . -oint-to-point is simply a dedicated lin between two points.

b. Star +point-to-multipoint,. #ggregation of point-to-point lin s, with a central master node that manages fi&ed number of slave nodes and serves as the conduit for all upstream communication.

c. >esh. #ll nodes are connected to all the nodes.

Working o! Wirele

Sen or Network "

The applications are based on smaller nodes, controller, radio transceiver, and battery. The system is totally dependent on the nodes and the harmony established between them through proper frequency. These nodes are of different si1es according to the function they perform. To activate the monitoring 0 trac ing function of these nodes a radio transmitter is attached to forward the information in the form of waves. They are controlled by the microcontroller according to the function and device in which they are used. #ll the system remains in wor ing condition with the help of energy supply which is in the form of battery. The wireless sensor networ s perform function concurrently where nodes are autonomous bodies incorporated in the field spatially for the accurate results. The distributed measurement nodes communicate wirelessly to a central gateway, which acts as the networ coordinator in charge of node authentication, message buffering, and bridging from the I%%% GB2.(7.5 wireless networ to the wired %thernet networ . where you can collect, process, analy1e, and present your measurement data.

A&&lication (. >ilitary applications such as battlefield surveillance 2. Industrial process monitoringand control 4. >achine health monitoring.

AD1O+ NETWORKS
#n ad hoc networ is a collection of wireless mobile nodes dynamically forming a temporary networ without the use of e&isting networ infra-structure or centrali1ed administration. # collection of two or more devices equipped with wireless communications and networ ing capability To&ologie " 1eterogeneou " Differences in capabilities

1o$ogeneou or !ully y$$etric "#ll nodes have identical capabilities and responsibilities.

Ad 1oc Network 6 O&erating #rinci&le #n ad-hoc networ is a self-configuring networ of wireless lin s connecting mobile nodes. These nodes may be routers and0or hosts. The mobile nodes communicate directly with each other and without the aid of access points, and therefore have no fi&ed infrastructure. They form an arbitrary topology, where the routers are free to move randomly and arrange themselves as required. %ach node or mobile device is equipped with a transmitter and receiver. They are said to be purposespecific, autonomous and dynamic. There is no master slave relationship that e&ists in a mobile ad-hoc networ . $odes rely on each other to establish communication, thus each node acts as a router. Therefore, in a mobile ad-hoc networ , a pac et can travel from a source to a destination either directly, or through some set of intermediate pac et forwarding nodes.

Working o! Ad hoc Network

The figure depicts a peer-to-peer multihop ad hoc networ >obile node # communicates directly with = +single hop, when a channel is available If 'hannel is not available, then multi-hop communication is necessary e.g. #-HD-H= :or multi-hop communication to wor , the intermediate nodes should route the pac et i.e. they should act as a router %&ample. :or communication between #-', =, or DI %, should act as routers .ringing u& an Ad hoc Network (. #d hoc networ begins with at least two nodes broadcasting their presence +beaconing, with their respective address information. 2. They may also include their location info if C-S equipped. 4. =eaconing messages are control messages. If node # is able to establish a direct communication withnode = verified by appropriate control messages between them, they both update their routing tables. 5. Third node ' ;oins the networ with its beacon signal. Two scenarios are possible. +i, # I = both try to determine if single hop communication is feasible +ii, 8nly one of the nodes e.g. = tries to determine if single hop communication is feasible and establishes a connection. 7. In first scenario, all routes are direct i.e. #-H=, =-H' +"ets assume bi-directional lin s, <. In the second scenario, the routes are updated i. :irst between = I ', ii. then between = I #, iii. Then between = I ' again confirming that # and ' both can reach each other via =

To&ology 2&date Due to a /ink (ailure

(. 2. 4. 5. 7.

>obility of nodes may cause lin brea age requiring route updates #ssume lin between = I ' brea s because of some reason $odes # I ' are still reachable via D and % So old route between # I' was #-H=-H' is to be replaced by #-HD-H%-H' #ll five nodes are required to incorporate this change in their routing table i. This change will happen first in nodes = I ' ii. Then # I % iii. Then D

#roble$ (aced during Routing in Ad hoc Network (. 6outers mobile 2. "in changes are happening quite often 4. %vent updates are sent often E a lot of control traffic 5. 6outing table may not be able to, converge 7. 6outing loop may e&ist <. 'urrent wired routing uses shortest path metric J. Distributed channel access, i.e. no fi&ed G. Fery hard to avoid pac et collisions K. Fery hard to support LoS (B. %arly wor on pac et radio is based on 'S>#

O#TI+A/ NETWORKS
8ptical networ ing is defined as the types of connection between more than two networ ing devices with the help of fiber optical cables for the sa e of computer networ ing and for other uses such as surfing internet, watching TF, telecommunication and file sharing technology etc is called as the optical networ ing. Ad%antage o! !ibre o&tic cable co$&ared to $etallic cable" 'ompared to metallic cable, fiber optic systems offer greater bandwidths, lower attenuation, and no crosstal or electrical interference. The co$&onent o! O&tical !ibre" #n optical fiber is a cylindrical waveguide made of two transparent materials each with a different inde& of refraction. The layers of optical fibre are a. 'ore b. 'ladding c. Mac et "ayer d. =uffer +ore and +ladding # glass core of Nbre with a cladding around the outside with a lower inde& of refraction. This causes total internal reOection."ight rays reOect bac into the core if the hit the cladding at a shallow angle -acket /ayer The cladding is usually coated with a tough resin buffer layer, which may be further surrounded by a ;ac et layer, usually glass. These layers add strength to the fiber but do not contribute to its optical wave guide properties. .u!!er The cladding is coated by a PbufferP that protects it from moisture and physical damage. The buffer is what gets stripped off the fiber for termination or splicing. These coatings are @F-cured urethane acrylate composite materials applied to the outside of the fiber during the drawing process.

Working" 8ptical fibers are made from a clear material, such as glass. Two layers of the material are used. a core, through which light travels, and a cladding layer which eeps the light in the core. =ecause of differences in the refractive inde&es of the layers, light attempting to leave the core is reflected by the cladding. This allows signals to travel through the wire for long distances, even if the wire is bent, because the cladding eeps the signal from Pescaping.P :or the appropriate wavelength +color, of light, the e&treme purity and clarity of the materials used allows the light to travel for long distances with little reduction in strength.

The fiber shown above and to the right is a multimode +i.e. more than one wave of light can flow through it, plastic fiber. $otice how little light escapes from the sides and how the light goes around the loops from the "%D to the end of the fiber facing you at left.

#ccording to above optical concept, we can build up a data lin system by using a transmitter, receiver, andcable assembly that can transmit information between two points. Ty&e o! O&tical Networking" >a;or types of optical networ ing. (. -assive 8ptical $etwor ing 2. Synchronous 8ptical $%Twor 4. Star $etwor ing 7, #a i%e O&tical Networking" # type of optical networ ing in which only single strand of fiber optics can ta e part and build a connection between the multiple computer networ ing clients from different areas is called as the passive optical networ ing. =ut some times customers complained that it can lower the rate of internet connection. 8, SONET S8$%T is a physical layer networ technology designed to carry large volumes of traffic over relatively long distances on fiber optic cabling. S8$%T was originally designed by the #merican $ational Standards Institute +#$SI, for the @S# public telephone networ in the mid-(KGBs. S8$%T possesses several characteristics that ma e it appealing on the Internet today.

S8$%T defines clear interoperability standards between different vendorsR products S8$%T can carry nearly any higher-level protocol +including I-,, and S8$%T includes built-in support for ease of management and maintenance.

S8$%T performs at very high speeds. #t the base signalling level called PSTS-(,P S8$%T supports 7(.G5 >bps. The ne&t level of S8$%T signalling, STS-4, supports triple the bandwidth, or (77.72 >bps.

3igher levels of S8$%T signalling increase the bandwidth in successive multiples of four, up to appro&imately 5B Cbps.The speed and cost of S8$%T ma e the technology competitive with alternatives li e #T> and Cigabit %thernet. Self Healing S8$%T can be built in a self-healing ring architecture that uses two or more transmission paths between nodes. In the event one path fails, traffic can be rerouted. 9, Star networking" $etwor ing carried out with the help of star networ s is called as the star networ ing. Star networ s deals with connection between the main computer systems to the other multiple computers over the networ . They are also able to enhance the performance of the connection san the networ . .ene!it o! O&tical Networking" (. They are faster as compared to other mode of transmission of data between distances. 'o a&ial cables are also used for the data transmission purposes but they are quite slow. 2. 8ptical networ s are more reliable and convenient for the users to en;oy the facility of the transmission from different places at large distances because all the data is wrapped in the core of fiber optics. 4. The connectivity of the optical networ ing is more efficient as compared to other connections between the networ s Drawback o! O&tical Networking" The ma;or disadvantages are I (. It is very e&pensive process to construct the fiber optics for optical networ s 2. It is very difficult to ;oin the fiber optical cables as compared to the copper cables etc.