Denis Dufournet, Chairman IEC TC17 & Fello , IEEE 2armonization of TRVs in IEC and *+SI,IEEE standards for

circ!it brea#ers with rated voltage less than $%% #V

Abstract --This paper describes the efforts by the IEC and the IEEE Switchgear Committee to harmonize the Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV of Circ!it "rea#ers with rated voltages higher than $ #V and less than $%% #V& 'ro(ects in IEC and IEEE have now reached the voting stage and have a good probability to be approved by both organizations& )ther efforts to harmonize IEC and *+SI,IEEE standards in recent years incl!de re-!irements for capacitive c!rrent switching. sh!nt reactor switching. TRVs for circ!it brea#ers rated $%% #V and higher& Index Terms --Circ!it "rea#ers. Standards. IEC. *+SI,IEEE&

(R*s for medium voltage swit)%ing devi)es. (%e out)ome of t%ese investigations %as been publis%ed in CIGRE (e)%ni)al @ro)%ure #7 + !!", ;2< and is in line wit% earlier studies. (%e main modifi)ations introdu)ed in t%e draft amendment & to IEC 8&&4 - '' are presented below0 A. Cable-systems and Line-systems In order to )over all types of networks +distribution$ industrial and sub-transmission, in t%e range of rated voltages %ig%er t%an k* and less t%an '' k* and for standardi1ation purposes$ two types of systems are defined0 Cable systems Cable-systems %ave a (R* during breaking of terminal fault at ''B of s%ort-)ir)uit breaking )urrent t%at does not ex)eed t%e two-parameter envelope derived from (able &7 of draft amendment & to IEC 8&&4 - ''. 3tandard values of (R*s for )able-systems are as in present Edition . of IEC 8&&4 - ''. Note 0 (%is definition is restri)ted to systems of rated voltages %ig%er t%an k* and less t%an '' k*. Note &0 Cir)uit breakers of indoor substations wit% )able )onne)tion are in )able-systems. Note #0 5 )ir)uit breaker in an outdoor substation wit% )able-)onne)tion to over%ead-lines is )onsidered to be in a )able-system if t%e total lengt% of )able )onne)ted on t%e supply side of t%e )ir)uit breaker is at least '' m. Note 70 (%e )apa)itan)e of )able-systems on t%e supply side of )ir)uit breakers is provided by )ables and6or )apa)itors and6or insulated bus. Line systems Line systems %ave a (R* during breaking of terminal fault at ''B of s%ort-)ir)uit breaking )urrent defined by t%e two-parameter envelope derived from (able &2 of draft amendment & to IEC 8&&4 - ''. 3tandard values of (R*s for line-systems are t%ose defined in 5N3I6IEEE C#4.'8 for outdoor )ir)uit breakers. Note 0 (%is definition is restri)ted to systems of rated voltages %ig%er t%an k* and less t%an '' k*. Note &0 In line-systems$ no )able is )onne)ted on t%e supply side of t%e )ir)uit breaker$ wit% t%e possible ex)eption of a s%ort lengt% of )able between t%e )ir)uit-breaker and t%e line+s, or t%e supply transformer. Note #0 3ystems wit% transmission lines dire)tly )onne)ted to a bus bar +wit%out intervening )able )onne)tions, are typi)al examples of line-systems. /igure s%ows t%e )omparison of (R*s for )able-systems and line-systems. (%e rate of rise of re)overy voltage +RRR*, for line systems is approximately twi)e t%e value for )able systems.

Introd!ction

OLLOWING extensive studies done by several CIGRE working groups from !"# to !!"$ IEC %as started in &'' t%e revision of (ransient Re)overy *oltages +(R*s, for )ir)uit-breakers rated %ig%er t%an k* and less t%an ''k*. (%e IEC work lead to )ommittee drafts t%at %ave been largely approved by t%e IEC National Committees. (%e main feature is t%e distin)tion between two types of systems0 )ablesystems and line-systems$ w%i)% are introdu)ed to )over t%e different types of networks t%at )an be met in t%e range of rated voltages )onsidered. /or t%e purpose of %armoni1ation$ Working Group #2 of IEC 3C 45 %as proposed to adopt for )ir)uit breakers in line systems t%e (R* parameters already defined in 5N3I6IEEE for outdoor )ir)uit breakers. 5t t%e same time t%e IEEE 3wit)%gear Committee is revising t%e (R*s for %ig% voltage )ir)uit breakers in standards 5N3I6IEEE C#4.'7$ C#4.'8 and C#4.' . /or rated voltages less t%an '' k*$ it is proposed to adopt t%e IEC values of rated (R*s for )ir)uit breakers in )ablesystems. 5s a )onse9uen)e$ t%e (R*s proposed would be fully %armoni1ed between IEC and 5N3I6IEEE standards for %ig% voltage )ir)uit-breakers rated less t%an '' k*. (%is effort towards %armoni1ation of standards for %ig%voltage )ir)uit breakers %as already lead in re)ent years to )ommon re9uirements for )apa)itive )urrent swit)%ing$ s%unt rea)tor swit)%ing and (R*s for )ir)uit breakers wit% rated voltages '' k* and %ig%er. Revision of IEC /001$-$%% (%e IEC revision uses t%e input )oming from former Working groups of CIGRE 3tudy Committee 5# +3wit)%ing E9uipment, t%at %ave studied t%e ne)essity to adapt t%e (R* re9uirements for )ir)uit-breakers rated less t%an '' k*. In !"#$ a CIGRE 3C 5# (ask /or)e reported on (ransient Re)overy *oltages in :edium *oltage Networks. (%e results of t%e study %ave been publis%ed in Ele)tra "" ;#<. 5not%er working group$ WG #.'2$ studied t%e (R*s generated w%en )learing transformer fed faults and transformer se)ondary faults. (%e results %ave been presented in Ele)tra '& + !"2, ;7<. In !!& toget%er wit% CIRE=$ CIGRE 3C5# )reated t%e Working group CC-'# to investigate again t%e definition of
> =. =ufournet is wit% 5RE*5 (?= 35$ #'$ rue Leon @lum$ *illeurbanne$ /ran)e. +e-mail0 denis.dufournetAareva-td.)om,

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/ig Comparison of (R*s for )able-systems and line-systems

Kaf (p.u.)
1,9 1,8 1,7 1,6 1,5 1,4 1,3 1,2 1,1 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Line-sys e!s

"a#$e-sys e!s

% I / Isc

/ig.&. 5mplitude fa)tor as fun)tion of s%ort-)ir)uit )urrent +Is) is t%e rated s%ort-)ir)uit )urrent,

/igure & gives t%e amplitude fa)tor of (R* as fun)tion of t%e s%ort )ir)uit )urrent. *alues for line-systems are taken from 5N3I6IEEE C#4.'8 and values for )able systems %ave been defined in t%e draft amendment & to IEC 8&&4 - '' and are planned to be adopted by 5N3I6IEEE. !. Transformer-limited faults 5 parti)ular test duty (#' +at #'B of rated s%ort-)ir)uit breaking )urrent, is spe)ified for t%e spe)ial )ase of )ir)uit breakers intended to be )onne)ted to a transformer wit% a )onne)tion of small )apa)itan)e +)able lengt% less t%an &' m,$ in order to verify t%eir )apability to interrupt transformerlimited faults. In t%e general )ase w%ere t%e )apa)itan)e of t%e )onne)tion is %ig% enoug%$ t%e normal test duty (#' demonstrates t%e )apability to interrupt transformer-limited faults. /igures # and 7 illustrate t%e two typi)al )ases of transformer-limited faults. (%ese types of faults )an be subdivided in0 - (ransformer-fed faults +/igure #,. - (ransformer-se)ondary faults +/igure 7,.

/ig.#. /irst typi)al transformer limited fault or also )alled transformer fed fault as studied by IEC.

5s most substations %ave more t%an one transformer$ t%e breaking )urrent for t%e transformer breaker is only a fra)tion of t%e total s%ort-)ir)uit )urrent of t%e substation. In general$ t%e same breaking )apa)ity is spe)ified for transformer breakers and outgoing feeders even if t%e ne)essary breaking )apa)ity is very different. (%ere are two reasons for t%is overdimensioning0 (%e uniformity of all breakers in t%e station$ and t%e fa)t t%at %ig% rated normal )urrents$ are ne)essary for transformer breakers$ and (%e standard )oordination of rated values may imply rated s%ort-)ir)uit breaking )apability %ig%er t%an ne)essary. (%erefore$ for standardi1ation purposes$ test duty (#' is spe)ified to prove t%e )apability of a )ir)uit-breaker to interrupt transformer-limited faults. (wo )ases of appli)ation need to be )onsidered0 a, In )ases w%ere t%ere is suffi)ient )apa)itan)e to eart% between transformer and )ir)uit-breaker$ transformer-limited faults are )overed by performing (#' wit% standard values of (R* parameters. W%ere )ables or insulated busbar are used$ t%e )apa)itan)e to eart% of t%e )onne)tion between transformer and )ir)uit-breaker generally ex)eed t%e re9uired value. Cal)ulations s%ow t%at t%e additional )apa)itan)e ne)essary to redu)e t%e transformerCs natural fre9uen)y to t%e (R* fre9uen)y spe)ified for (#' is independent from t%e rated voltage and proportional to t%e rated s%ort-)ir)uit )urrent. (%e additional )apa)itan)e to eart% %as to be at least Co D '$8 I #' +2' E1, or '$4 I #' +8' E1, W%ere I"# is #' B of t%e rated s%ort-)ir)uit )urrent in k5 and Co is in n/. (ypi)al )ables +'$# to '$2 n/6m, easily provide t%e values of ne)essary additional )apa)itan)e. /or example$ in t%e )ase of a )ir)uit-breaker wit% a rated s%ort-)ir)uit breaking )urrent of # $2k5-2' E1 t%e minimum lengt% of )able for w%i)% type test (#' )overs t%e breaking of transformer-limited faults is

/ig.7. 3e)ond typi)al transformer limited fault or also )alled transformerse)ondary fault as studied by IEC.

'$8 '$# # $2 = !m$ '$# assuming t%at t%e )apa)itan)e is '$# n/6m. b, In t%e spe)ial )ase w%ere t%e )apa)itan)e of t%e )onne)tion between t%e transformer and t%e )ir)uit-breaker is lower t%an t%e value Co defined in a,$ a spe)ial test duty (#' may be spe)ified to )ir)uit-breakers wit% a (R* defined in (able :. of t%e draft amendment & to IEC 8&&4 - ''. 5lternatively a )apa)itan)e )ould be added to allow t%e use of a standard )ir)uit breaker. Farti)ular )ases of appli)ation may exist w%ere t%e substation is fed by only one transformer and wit% t%e s%ort)ir)uit )urrent of t%e transformer breaker e9ual to its rated s%ort-)ir)uit )urrent. In su)% )ases$ t%e breaking )apability may be demonstrated by performing test duty ( ''$ w%en t%e )onne)tion %as suffi)ient )apa)itan)e as explained in a,$ or alternatively a )apa)itan)e may be added in order to obtain (R* parameters )overed by t%e standard values defined for ( ''.
C. $hort-line faults %$LF& 3%ort-line fault is a mandatory duty for )ir)uit breakers wit% rated voltages $3 #V and above$ and dire)tly )onne)ted to over%ead lines. 5s spe)ified for )ir)uit breakers rated $3 #V and above$ t%e rated s%ort-)ir)uit )urrent must be %ig%er t%an &$2 k5 +i.e. Is) G 8 k5,. 5s t%e network and substation topology and layout for 7"$#k* is identi)al to t%ose of 2& k*- and 4&$2 k* systems$ t%e s%ort-line test duty for 7"$# k* is spe)ified in a way similar to 2& k* and 4&$2 k* i.e. wit% a fault )urrent e9ual to !'B and 42B of t%e rated s%ort-)ir)uit )urrent. /or t%e rated voltages 2 k*$ &2$" k* and #" k*$ t%e )%ara)teristi)s and pro)edure are slig%tly different. 5s normally no e9uipment is )onne)ted to t%e line side of t%e )ir)uit breaker$ t%e line )%ara)teristi)s are adapted to virtually no delay )apa)itan)e0 tdL H '$ Is. 5s t%e line lengt% to t%e fault lo)ation s%ould )orrespond to realisti) distan)es$ t%e test duty L!' +wit% !'B of t%e rated s%ort-)ir)uit )urrent, as been dropped and t%e toleran)es on t%e line lengt% for L42 +wit% 42B of t%e rated s%ort-)ir)uit )urrent, %ave been adapted. (%e single-p%ase s%ort-line fault test spe)ified is regarded as )overing t%ree-p%ase s%ort-line faults as well as two-p%ase and single-p%ase faults for t%e following reasons0 - (%e representative surge impedan)e$ seen from t%e terminals of t%e )learing pole$ is su)% t%at for all )ases t%e RRR* for all t%ree poles to )lear is )overed by t%e spe)ified )%ara)teristi)s listed in t%e draft amendment & to IEC 8&&4 ''. It is )onsidered t%at t%e RRR* is t%e more severe parameter for t%ose )ases w%ere 3L/ )an be a )riti)al test duty +typi)ally gas )ir)uit breakers,. - (%e single p%ase s%ort-line fault test$ wit% an ar)ing window of + "'JKd ',$ )overs t%e re9uirement for t%e multip%ase fault )ases for solidly-eart%ed and non-solidly eart%ed systemsL - (%e wit%stand of t%e peak value of (R* during t%reep%ase fault interruption is demonstrated by terminal fault test duty ( ''.

D. $eries rea(tor faults =ue to t%e very small in%erent )apa)itan)e of a number of )urrent limiting rea)tors$ t%e natural fre9uen)y of transients involving t%ese rea)tors )an be very %ig%. 5 )ir)uit breaker installed immediately in series wit% su)% type of rea)tor will fa)e a %ig% fre9uen)y (R* w%en )learing a terminal fault +rea)tor at supply side of )ir)uit-breaker, or )learing a fault be%ind t%e rea)tor +rea)tor at load side of )ir)uit-breaker,. (%e resulting (R* fre9uen)y generally ex)eeds by far t%e standardi1ed (R* values. In t%ese )ases it is ne)essary to take mitigation measures$ su)% as t%e appli)ation of )apa)itors in parallel to t%e rea)tors or )onne)ted to eart%. (%e available mitigation measures are very effe)tive and )ost effi)ient ;8<. It is strongly re)ommended to use t%em$ unless it )an be demonstrated by tests t%at a )ir)uit breaker )an su))essfully )lear faults wit% t%e re9uired %ig% fre9uen)y (R*. (%e servi)e experien)e wit% (R* mitigation measures is so good and t%e )osts involved are relatively so low$ t%at it makes no sense to spe)ify spe)ial re9uirements for )ir)uit breakers for t%is type of appli)ation.
II

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)i*h +olta*e Alternatin* Current Cir(uit-!rea,ers, IEC 8&&4 - '' Edition . IEC 8&&4 - ''$ Geneva$ 3wit1erland$ &''&. )i*h +olta*e alternatin* Current Cir(uit-!rea,ers, Working do)ument IEC 4568"86C=$ Geneva$ 3wit1erland$ &''7. Ele)tra ""$ :ay !"#$ (ransient re)overy voltages in medium voltage networks$ pp 2 -!'. Ele)tra '&$ O)tober !"2$ 5 review of transformer (R* )onditions$ pp. ! - &&. CIGRE (e)%ni)al @ro)%ure No. #7$ Transient re(o-ery -olta*es in .edium +olta*e /et or,s$ =e)ember !!". IEEE (ransa)tions on Fower =elivery$ volume $ No. &$ 5pril !!8. In)omplete referen)e0 I donCt %ave t%e do)ument wit% me$ it must wait for (%ursday IEEE $tandard 0atin* $tru(ture for AC )i*h -olta*e (ir(uit !rea,ers Working do)ument IEEE FC#4.'7 Revision 4$ O)tober &''7. AC )i*h-+olta*e Cir(uit !rea,ers 0ated on a $ymmetri(al Current !asis 1 2referred 0atin*s and 0elated 0e3uired Ca4abilities, Working do)ument IEEE FC#4.'8 Revision 8$ O)tober &''7.

"iographies
4enis 4!fo!rnet +: !"'$ 3: &''&$ / &''2, was born in 5nne)y$ /ran)e on Manuary &2$ !2&. Ee graduated from EN3E: Nan)y in Ele)tri)al Engineering. Ee Noined 5RE*5 (?= +t%en =elle 5lst%om,$ *illeurbanne /ran)e$ in !44 as a resear)% engineer. 3in)e !"8 %e is Eead of Resear)% on Interrupting (e)%ni9ues appli)able to Eig%-*oltage )ir)uit breakers. Ee is a /ellow of IEEE$ a member of t%e IEEE 3wit)%gear Committee and of several IEEE working groups. Ee is presently t%e C%air of IEEE WG in )%arge of revising IEEE C#4.' O5ppli)ation Guide for (R* for 5C Eig%-*oltage Cir)uit @reakersP. Ee is C%airman of IEC (C 4 O3wit)%gear and )ontrolgearP and 3C 45 OEig%-voltage 3wit)%gear ? )ontrolgearP$ Convenor of IEC 3C 45 WG#2 ORevision (R*s for %ig%-voltage )ir)uit-breakers of rated voltages less t%an '' k*. Ee is a member of CIGRE WG 5#- and 5#- !. Ee is a 3enior :ember of t%e /ren)% 3o)iQtQ des Ele)tri)iens et Ele)troni)iens.

CO:F5RI3ON O/ IEC 5N= IEEE-5N3I 3(5N=5R=3

If t%e revisions of (R*s prepared by IEC and IEEE are approved$ t%en bot% organi1ations will %ave )ommon tables of (R*s for )ir)uit-breakers in )able-systems and linesystems as s%own on /igure 8. Cir)uit-breakers in )able systems will %ave standard values of (R*s )oming from Edition of IEC 8&&4 - ''. Cir)uit-breakers in line-systems will %ave standard values of (R*s )oming from 5N3I6IEEE C#4.'8.

/ig.8. Evolution of (R* tables a))ording to revisions in IEC and IEEE.

Concl!sion (%is paper %as s%own t%at a proposal to %ave )ommon values of (R*s for %ig%-voltage )ir)uit breakers rated less t%an '' k* %as been establis%ed by working groups of IEC 3C 45 and t%e IEEE 3wit)%gear Committee. (%is proposal is presently at t%e voting stage in IEC and IEEE. If t%e proposal is approved$ it will lead to )ommon s%ort-)ir)uit interrupting tests a))ording to IEC and 5N3I6IEEE for %ig%-voltage )ir)uit breakers rated less t%an '' k*. References