INDUSTRIALIZATION NOTES FOR TEST America has more resources, starts to change economically, financial and political infrastructure

is altered, larger gap between owner and worker, skyscrapers, bridges, extend railcars. People fleeing Europe and coming U.S., changing culture. 1) Company vs. corporation at the turn of the century (late 1800s, early 1900s). In the Gilded Age, a company is privately owned, and a corporation is publicly owned. 2) Define: a) Stock a share of the corporation b) Dividends profit youre making off stocks or shares; profit off stock, profit check from stocks, corporation own owners, shares of the profit to shareholders c) Monopoly when one industry is dominated by either one company or one corporation, or one person d) Trust companies in related fields agree to combine under the direction of a single board of trustees which meant that shareholders had no say, used to strength control over a market without violating monopoly laws, SUPER MONOPOLY! DBQ with seven primary sources - 3) Robber Barons v. Captains of Industry What is the role of philanthropy? DBQ with 7 primary sources, get to choose how you see these African American individuals. Robber Barons A negative term for wealthy industrialists such as John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie. Captains of Industry A positive term for wealth industrialists during the age of the industry. They pushed America forward. 4) What was the thesis of Carnegies book, The Gospel of Wealth? A book written by Andrew Carnegie suggesting that if you worked hard and you were frugal you too could be rich. 5.) Explain Herbert Spencers theory of Social Darwinism. Why did many rich Americans believe in it? Darwins theory applied to society by Herbert Spencer. The rich are the strongest and therefore stay rich because it is survival of the fittest. 6.) What type of stories did Horatio Alger Jr. write?

A prolific writer. His stories were popular because of their portrayals of the Great American Dream. His stories almost always began with a young boy who was down on his luck and had no money and nowhere to go. But, as the story unfolded, through courage and hard, honest work, the boy grew into a successful man. 7.) What is the economic theory of laissez-faire? Why does it benefit large corporations? A political and economic philosophy practiced during this time by the caretaker presidents (Grant to McKinley). It translates to do nothing; in this case it meant that the government did nothing to help the poor immigrants and used their power to benefit large corporations by not putting in regulations. 8.) List three complaints of workers during the industrial revolution. a) Long hours b) Dangerous working conditions c) Child labor/loss of personal freedom/childhood d) Gap between bosses and workers/rich and poor/industrialists/immigrants 9.) What is a sweatshop? Describe the Triangle Fire of 1911? End result? Factory in the clothing industry with the bad stuff listed above. 10.) What is a labor union? A labor union is the concern or complaints of workers. Individual workers once important in agrarian society no longer had a voice and were made insignificant and powerless in the face of giant industry. Unsafe working conditions, hours, and wages. Negative depiction of Jay Gould. Immigration policies allowing many unskilled immigrants to come in from Europe. Corporations were all-powerful. Retain high priced lawyers. Buy up local press. Bribe various officials. Pressure on politicians. Import strikebreakers (scabs). Thugs to beat up strikers. Jay Gould in 1886 stated: I can hire one half of the working class to kill the other half. Big business US Steel Judges on the payroll would issue injunctions to order strikers to stop If they didnt state and federal troops could be called in. Employers could use lock outs starve them into submission. Ironclad oaths, yellow dog contracts. Agitators on a blacklist. Company towns cycle of debt. Middle class becomes annoyed with strikers. 861 very few unions. Post Civil War and demands on labor. 1872 several hundred thousand 32 national unions that organized skilled labor.

Knights of Labor all workers under one roof, skilled and unskilled. An injury to one is the concern for all. In unity there is strength. American Federation of Labor led by Samuel Gompers, a Jewish cigar maker. This federation allowed national unions to retain their power. No individual labor could join the union. Skilled workers. Labor Day made by an act of Congress 1894. Demands fair wages for a fair days work. Safety and health. 8 hour days. 40 hour work week. 11.) Who was Lewis Hine? Lewis Hine was a sociologist, teacher, and photo journalist. Photographed the industry, worked for the WPA. From 1908 to 1912, Hine took his camera across American to photograph children as young as three years old working for long hours, often under dangerous conditions, in factories, mines, and fields. Hine was an immensely talented photographer who viewed his young subjects with the eye of a humanitarian 11.) Why do some historians call the U.S. presidents from the Civil War to 1901 the caretaker presidents? (Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, Harrison, McKinley) They did nothing to help the poor class. 12.) Why is this time period (late 1800s) referred as the Gilded Age? Its golden and appealing on the outside, but ugly on the inside. This refers to how immigrants saw America during this period.

1) What is a company v. corporation A company is privately owned and a corporation is publically held. 2) Define: a) Stock- A percentage of ownership in a company b) Dividends- Shares of the profit to shareholders c) Monopoly- The controlling of one industry by one person d) Trust- Companies in related fields agree to combine under the direction of a single board of trustees. Which meant that shareholders had no say. 3) Robber Barons v. Captains of IndustryWhat is the role of philanthropy Robbers Barons is a negative term for wealthy industrialists John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie Captains of Industry is a positive term for wealthy industrialists during the age of industry. They pushed America forward.

4) What was the thesis of Carnegies book, The Gospel of Wealth? The book written by Andrew Carnegie suggesting that if you worked hard and you were frugal you too could be rich. 5.) Explain Herbert Spencers theory of Social Darwinism. Why did many rich Americans believe in it? It was a theory by Darwin applied to society by Herbert Spencer. The rich are the strongest and therefore stay rich because it is the survival of the fittest. 6.) What type of stories did Horatio Alger Jr. write? He was a pop artist who wrote often about people who went from rags to riches. He told of people who worked hard to become successful. 7.) What is the economic theory of laissez-faire? Why does it benefit large corporations? A political and economic philosophy practiced during this time by the caretaker presidents. It translates to to do nothing. In this case it meant that the government did nothing to help the poor immigrants and use their power to benefit large corporations. 8.) List three complaints of workers during the industrial revolution. a) Low Wages/Long Hours (According to the book American Labor, in 1834-1836 women worked 16-17 hours a day to earn $1.25 to $2.00 b) Dangerous working conditions c) Child Labor/Loss of personal freedom/Childhood d) Gap between bosses and workers/rich and poor/industrialists and immigrants

9.) What is a sweatshop? Describe the Triangle Fire of 1911? End result? Child Labor: Lewis Hines took photographs to create change in society. From 1908-1912 he traveled across America to take pictures; he got in under false pretenses to see kids as young as 3 years old working under dangerous conditions. People started to become aware of the injustices that occurred during the age of industry. Some of his pictures include: Bobbin boys-Dangerous, fire hazard, no adult supervision Selling newspapers-Paperboys; Boy looks slightly desperate as men just walk by without buying Coal miner-Extremely dirty which shows working conditions

Glassblowing-Very dangerous for lungs; theyre missing masks, no ventilation Making brooms

10.) What is a labor union? Concerns/Complaints of Workers Individual workers once important in agrarian society, no longer had a voice and were made insignificant, powerless in the face of giant industry Unsafe working conditions, hours and wages Cheap and abundant labor market from all parts of the country Pre-new deal (workers starved-no government assistance) Corporations were all powerful Retain high priced lawyers Buy up local press Bribe various officials (like judges, police) Pressure on politicians Company towns-cycle of debt 1861-Very few unions Post-Civil War: 1872 several hundred thousand organize skilled labor National Labor Union-skilled/unskilled In unity there is strength-an injury for one is the concern for all