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Air pollution
Thermal Pollution
Coal plays a vital role in electricity generation worldwide Coal-fired power plants fuel 41% of global electricity In some countries, coal fuels used in a higher percentage for electricity generation Total World Electricity Generation by Fuel (2010) Source: IEA 2011
Coal in Electricity Generation South Africa 93% Australia 78% Israel 58%
Oil LNG
Coal
(g-C/1000kcal)
100 80 60 40 20 0
Greece 54%
Dust, Hydrocarbon
Fuel
Storage Facilities
Combustion Equipment
Range of technologies are being used and developed Capture and Storage of CO2 Flue Gas Cleaning
De- NOX
Dust collector
De-SOX
SOX,NOX, CO2
Dust
Coal
Boiler
De- NOX
EP
De-SOX
Ash
by catalytic reaction, into nitrogen gas and water use ammonia as the reducing agent
Catalyst: TiO2-Ceramic (with V, W, Mo additives) high efficiency in reduction (80% to 90%)
Basic reaction formula: 4NH3 4NO + O2 4N2 6H2O 8NH3 6NO2 7N2 12H2O
Dust Collector a system used to enhance the quality of air released from the boiler Electrostatic Precipitator (EP)
method of dust collection that uses electrostatic forces, and consists of discharge wires and collecting plates
Schematic Diagram of EP more effective to remove very small particles like smoke, mist and fly ash remove 99% of particulates from the flue gas.
Dust Removal
Source: smmec.co.jp
Ash Treatment
Fly ash bricks Fly ash in manufacture of cement Fly ash in distemper Fly ash in road construction
CCS is made up of three key stages. 1. Capture: Carbon capture is the separation of CO2 from the other gases produced when fossil fuels are burnt for power 2. Transport: Once separated, the CO2 is compressed and transported to a suitable sites.
CCS applied to a modern conventional power plant could reduce CO2 emissions to the atmosphere by approximately 8090% compared to a plant without CCS
3. Storage: in geological formations, in the ocean, in mineral carbonates, or for use in industrial processes
Transport Capture
Storage
Solubility trapping
some CO2 dissolves in water, the water becomes denser, and begins to sink downwards it no longer exists as a separate entity, thereby eliminating the buoyant forces that drive it upwards
Mineral storage dissolved CO2 reacts with the reservoir rock, carbonate minerals can
form and precipitate the time line for this trapping mechanism is over thousands of years the permanence of mineral storage, combined with the potentially large storage capacity present in some geological settings, makes this a desirable feature of long term storage
CO2 pumped into disused coal fields displaces methane which can be used as fuel CO2 pumped into oil fields helps maintain pressure, making extraction easier
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