Risk Management in Equity Derivative Market by Ashish Pugalia

A REPORT
Risk Management in Equity Derivative Market

ON
Risk Management in
Equity Derivative Market
By
Ashish Dilipkumar Pugalia

(08BS0002411)
5/21/2009
1
A REPORT
ON
“RISK MANAGEMENT IN EQUITY

DERIVATIVE MARKET”
Submitted By:
Ashish Dilipkumar Pugalia
Enrollment No: 08BS0002411
INDIA INFOLINE LIMITED
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement

of MBA program of
ICFAI Business School, Ahmedabad
Faculty Guide Company Guide

Prof. Bharat Kantharia Mr. Chintan Shah
Date: 21sh May, 2009
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to thank all those who have helped and inspired me during
the course of time of this project without which the successful completion of the
project would not have been possible.
Firstly, I take this opportunity to thank Prof. P. Bala Bhaskaran (Director, IBS
Ahmedabad), who has always stood by me and encouraged me to embark on the
path of learning.
I wish to convey my special thanks to Mr. Dhiraj Chaudhary (AVP),

Mr. Ishwarsinh Rajpurohit (Territory Manager), my company project guide
Mr. Chintan Shah (Sales Manager) and team members Mr. Mohan Mevada
(RM) and Mr. Mitesh Gandhi (RM) who have helped me directly or indirectly in
my difficulties at India Infoline Ltd., Area Office, Surat. who have been a constant
source of inspiration and encouragement to me.
I wish to express my deepest and most sincere thanks to my Faculty Guide,

Prof. Bharat Kantharia, who has continuously guided me throughout this project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank my fellow management trainees from
IBS, Ahmedabad. By interacting with them, I was able to generate more
meaningful ideas that have enabled me to further complete this project
successfully.
Ashish Pugalia
08BS0002411
3
TABLE OF CONTENT
Acknowledgment………………………………………………………………….3
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………6
Executive Summary………………………………………….……………………7
Introduction……………………………………………………………………….8
 Objective of the Project……………………….………………….………….8

 Benefit for India Infoline Ltd…………………………...…………………...8
 Limitation of the Project………………………………..…..……………….8
 Methodology……………………………………………….………………..9
Company Profile………………………………………………………………...10
Indian Equity Market…………………………………………………………...12
 Derivatives…………………………………………………………………13
 Participants in Derivative Market………………………………………….14
Types of Derivative Market……………….…………………………………….17
 Forward Contract…………………..………….……………………………17
 Future Contract……………………..………….…………………………...18
 Options……………………………………………………………………..10
Options Strategies…………………………………..……………………………23
 Buy Future……………………………………...…………………………..23
 Sell Future……………………………………...…………………………..24
 Buy Call. …………………………………….…..…………………………25
 Buy Put…………………………………………..…………………………26
 Sell Call…………………………………………….………………………28
 Sell Put……………………………………………………………………..30
 Bull Spread(Call) ……………………………………..……………………31
 Bull spread (Put)……………………………………………………………33
 Bear Spread (Call)………………………………………………………….34
 Bear Spread (Put) ……………………………………….…………………35
4
 Buy Straddle ……………………………………………………………….36

 Sell Straddle ……………………………………...………………………..37
 Buy Strangle ……………………………………....……………………….39
 Sell Strangle ……………………………………….………………………40
 Long Butterfly ……………………………………..………………………42
 Short Butterfly ……………………………………..………………………43
Black Scholes Options Pricing Model………………..…………………………46
Findings.……………………………………………...…………………………..51
Conclusions ………………………………………………………………………52
Recommendations ……….………………………………………………………54
References ……………………………………………………………………….55
Annexure ………………………...………………………………………………56
Glossary …………………………...……………………………………………..70
5
ABSTRACT
Derivative Market is high risk high return segment of an equity market. The past
decade has witnessed a massive growth in the use of financial derivatives by a
wide range of corporate and financial institutions. This growth has run in parallel
with the increasing direct reliance of companies on the capital market as the major
source of long term funding. In this respect, derivatives have a vital role to play in
enhancing shareholder value by ensuring access to the cheapest source of funds.
During this project I got to know different ways or different strategies by using
which investor can minimize the loss. An individual always faces the problem as to
which strategy investor should use in different market condition. During this
course of Internship I had gather a good knowledge of cash and derivative market.
This knowledge was helpful in my project to achieve the objective.
I had applied 10 strategies during trading hour on investor from this 10 strategies,
8 strategies was turned out in profit whereas remaining 2 strategies is in loss. By
using Black Schole model I had calculate the option prices from which the investor
or RM will get to know whether to buy the option or not. So that investor gets the
signal of risk while investing in the option market.
6
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This is the report submitted by Ashish Dilipkumar Pugalia studying at Icfai
Business School; Ahmedabad, in the partial fulfillment of the requirement of MBA
Program, carried at India Infoline Ltd, Surat. India Infoline Limited is engaged in
providing financial services all across the country and is regarded as the BEST
broking houses in India.
The project is on ―Risk Management in Equity Derivative Market‖ and the

objective of the project is to identify, understand and analyze the strategy which
helps to minimize the Risk in the Indian Equity Derivative Market. Using the
model generated at the end of the project will helpful for the investor by indicating
whether to invest in the option or not.
Equity market reforms are a major constituent of the overall economic reforms in
India and considering the growing surge in the broking firm, the objective of the
project is such set so that it enables to capture the skills required for forming the
bases of the organization.
To achieve the objectives of the project, training was undergone in to gain practical
knowledge and learn about derivatives and its applications and also to know the
behaviors of investor during trading hours. The training enabled to learn the
concepts of the derivatives and the importance of various tools that were used to
undergo the activities to invest in equity market.
7
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT:
To learn the basics of secondary market. It includes learning various
terminologies used for day-to-day trading.
To learn about derivatives and its application.
To identify, understand and analyze the strategy which helps to minimize the
Risk in the Indian Equity Derivative Market.
To implement strategies on investor portfolio and measures the profit and
loss after implementing the strategies.
BENEFIT FOR INDIA INFOLINE LTD:

Before trading hour all RM read the Research report of the company to
know the current day strategy with help of this strategies RM can able to
know the strategy which will ultimately benefit for the investor.
As per the condition of the market RM will be able to identify which will be
the strategies for the current market condition to implement in the option
market.
LIMITATIONS OF STUDY:
Some of the major limitations of this study are as follows:
a) This study is limited to the Equity derivative market. We are not taking
commodity market, which can also be used as a risk marketing tool in
derivative market.
b) My study is to reduce/minimize the risk in derivative market but we can
just minimize or reduce the risk, and can’t make it to zero.
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c) Brokerage and other charges like security transaction tax and service tax
are not considered while investing which sometimes form a very
important part
METHODOLOGY:
Secondary Source
a) Websites
b) Books
c) Data from India Infoline
d) Articles
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COMPANY PROFILE
“India Infoline Securities Pvt. Ltd.”
“Knowledge is power and power brings security. Risk is a very relative term and
changes with every individual and situation. Financial management is not just
about managing risk but also managing knowledge and finally deriving answers
that generate wealth, security and trust.”
VISION
Vision is to be the most respected company in the financial services space.

To be the premier provider of investment advisory and financial planning
services in India.
PUNCH LINE
―IT’S ALL ABOUT MONEY, HONEY!‖.
OBJECTIVE
To provide unbiased and independent information to market intermediaries and
investors.
BUSINESS DESCRIPTION
The India Infoline group, comprising the holding company, India Infoline Limited
and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, straddle the entire financial services space with
offerings ranging from Equity research, Equities and derivatives trading,
Commodities trading, Portfolio Management Services, Mutual Funds, Life
Insurance, Fixed deposits, Gold, bonds and other small savings instruments to loan
10
products and Investment banking. India Infoline also owns and manages the
websites www.indiainfoline.com and www.5paisa.com .
The company has a network of 596 branches spread across 345 cities and
towns. It has more than 500,000 customers.
BUSINESS STRUCTURE OF INDIA INFOLINE LIMITED
MANAGEMENT TEAM AT INFOLINE LIMITED
Mr. Nirmal Jain Chairman & Managing Director

Mr. R. Venkataraman Executive Director
Mr. Nilesh Vikamsey Independent Director
Mr. Sat Pal Khattar Non Executive Director
Mr. Kranti Sinha & Mr. Arun K. Purvar Independent Director
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INDIAN EQUITY MARKET
The Indian Equity Market is also known as Indian share market or Indian stock
market. The Indian market of equities is transacted on the basis of two major stock
indices, National Stock Exchange of India Ltd. (NSE) and The Bombay Stock
Exchange (BSE).
Indian Equity Market at present is a lucrative field for the investors and investing
in Indian stocks are profitable for not only the long and medium-term investors,
but also the position traders, short-term swing traders and for intra-day traders. In
terms of market capitalization, there are over 2500 companies in the BSE chart list.
Generally the bigger companies are listed with the NSE and the BSE, but there is
the OTCEI or the Over the Counter Exchange of India, which lists the medium and
small sized companies. There is the SEBI or the Securities and Exchange Board of
India which supervises the functioning of the stock markets in India.
The growing financial capital markets of India being encouraged by domestic and
foreign investments is becoming a profitable business more with each day. If all
the economic parameters are unchanged Indian Equity Market will be conducive
for the growth of private equities and this will lead to an overall improvement in
the Indian economy.
12
DERIVATES
In finance, "Derivatives are financial instruments whose price and value derive
from the value of assets underlying them". In other words, they are "financial
contracts whose values derive from the value of underlying stocks, bonds,
currencies, commodities, etc." Examples of the assets which can be referenced by a
derivatives contract are diverse and may be anything from bars of gold
(commodity derivatives), to stocks (equity derivatives), interest rates (interest rate
derivatives), currency exchange rates (currency derivatives), credit risk of third
party obligors (credit derivatives) and even the weather (weather derivatives)
Derivatives can be based on different types of assets such as commodities, equities

or bonds, interest rates, exchange rates, or indices (such as a stock market index,
consumer price index (CPI) — see inflation derivatives — or even an index of
weather conditions, or other derivatives). Their performance can determine both
the amount and the timing of the payoffs. The main use of derivatives is to either
remove risk or take on risk depending if one were a hedger or a speculator. The
diverse range of potential underlying assets and payoff alternatives leads to a huge
range of derivatives contracts available to be traded in the market. The main types
of derivatives are futures, forwards, options and swaps.
THE NEED FOR THE DERIVATIVE MARKET
The derivates market performs a number of economic functions

They help in transferring risks averse people to risk oriented people
They help in the discovery of future as well as current prices
They catalyze entrepreneurial activity
13
They increase the volume traded in markets because of participation of risk

averse people in greater numbers
They increase savings and investments in the long run.
FACTORS DRIVING THE GROWTH OF FINANCIAL

DERIVATIVES
1. Increased volatility in asset prices in financial markets.

2. Increased integration of national financial markets with the international
markets.
3. Marked improvement in communication facilities and sharp decline in their
costs.
4. Development of more sophisticated risk management tools, providing
economic agents a wider choice of risk management strategies, and
5. Innovations in the derivatives markets, which optimally combine the risks
and returns over a large number of financial assets leading to higher returns,
reduced risk as well as transactions costs as compared to individual financial
assets.
PARTICIPANTS IN A DERIVATIVE MARKET
HEDGERS: Hedgers use futures or options markets to reduce or eliminate

the risk associated with price of an asset. For example, the farmers and the
miller both reduce a risk and acquire a risk when they sign the future
contract: The farmer reduces the risk by the way that the prices of wheat will
fall below the price specified in the contract and acquires the risk that the
price of wheat will rise above the price specified in the contract. The miller,
on the other hand, acquires the risk that the price of wheat will rise above the
14
price specifies in the contract. In this way, on party is the insurer (i.e. risk
taker) for one type of risk and the counterparty is the insurer (i.e. risk taker)
for another type of risk.
SPECULATORS: Speculators use futures and options contracts to get extra
leverage in betting on future movements in the price of an asset. They can
increase both the potential gains and potential losses by usage of derivatives
in a speculative venture. Speculators do not aim to minimize risk but rather
to benefit from the inherently risky nature of the futures market. They aims
to profit from the very price change. Hedgers want to minimize their risk no
matter what they’re investing in, while speculators want to increase their risk
and therefore maximize their profits.
ARBITRAGEURS: Arbitrageurs are in business to take advantage of a
discrepancy between prices in two different markets. If, for example, they
see the futures price of an asset getting out of line with the cash price, they
will take offsetting positions in the two markets to lock in a profit. The
simultaneous purchase and sale of an asset in order to profit from a
difference in the price. This usually takes place on different exchanges or
market places. Arbitrageurs are also known as a ―Riskless Profit‖. For
example: Say a domestic stock also trades on a foreign exchange in another
country, where it hasn’t adjusted for the constantly changing exchange rate.
A trader purchases the stock where it is undervalued and short sells the stock
where it is overvalued, thus profiting from the differences.
15
RISK IN DERIVATIVE MARKET

Risk is defined as the chance that an investment's actual return will be different
than expected. This includes the possibility of losing some or all of the original
investment. In risk, the possible outcomes of all the possible events are listed.
Once the events are listed subjectively, the derived probabilities can be assigned to
the entire possible events.
Risk consists of two components, the systematic risk and unsystematic risk.
The systematic risk is caused by factors external to the particular company and
uncontrollable by the company. The systematic risk affects the market as a whole.
In the case of unsystematic risk the factors are specific, unique and related to the
particular industry or company.
16
TYPE OF DERIVATIVES
FORWARD CONTRACT
A forward contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset

(which can be of any kind) at a pre-agreed future point in time. Therefore, the trade
date and delivery date are separated. It is used to control and hedge risk, for
example currency exposure risk (e.g. forward contracts on USD or EUR) or
commodity prices (e.g. forward contracts on oil).
One party agrees to sell, the other to buy, for a forward price agreed in advance. In
a forward transaction, no actual cash changes hands. The forward price of such a
contract is commonly contrasted with the spot price, which is the price at which the
asset changes hands (on the spot date, usually two business days). The difference
between the spot and the forward price is the forward premium or forward
discount.
For example, Jewelry manufacturer Goldbuyer agrees to buy gold at Rs. 600 (the
forward or delivery date) from gold mining concern Goldseller. No money changes
hands between Goldbuyer and Goldseller at the time the forward contract is
created. Rather, Goldbuyer’s payoff depends on the spot price at the time of
delivery. Suppose that the spot price reaches Rs. 610 at the delivery date. Then
Goldbuyer gains Rs. 10 on his forward position (i.e. the difference between the
spot and forward prices) by taking delivery of the gold at Rs. 600.
17
FUTURE CONTRACT
In finance, a futures contract is a standardized contract, traded on a futures

exchange, to buy or sell a certain underlying instrument at a certain date in the
future, at a specified price. The future date is called the delivery date or final
settlement date. The pre-set price is called the futures price. The price of the
underlying asset on the delivery date is called the settlement price.
A futures contract gives the holder the obligation to buy or sell, which differs from
an options contract, which gives the holder the right, but not the obligation. In
other words, the owner of an options contract may exercise the contract. Both
parties of a "futures contract" must fulfill the contract on the settlement date. The
seller delivers the commodity to the buyer, or, if it is a cash-settled future, then
cash is transferred from the futures trader who sustained a loss to the one who
made a profit. To exit the commitment prior to the settlement date, the holder of a
futures position has to offset his position by either selling a long position or buying
back a short position, effectively closing out the futures position and its contract
obligations.
A Futures contract is similar to a Forward contract, with some expectations.

Futures contracts are traded on exchange markets, whereas forward contracts
typically trade on OTC (over-the-counter) markets. Also, futures contracts are
settled daily (marked-to-market), whereas forwards are settled only at expiration.
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Growth in Future Market

40000000 80.00%
70.00%
35000000
Turnover in Lacs
60.00%
30000000
50.00%
25000000
40.00%
20000000 30.00%
20.00%
15000000
10.00%
10000000
0.00%
50000000
-10.00%
0 -20.00%
FY '06 FY '07 FY '08 FY '09
TURNOVER IN LACS 150415342.6 252213791 375083148.8 334703318.1
% GROWTH 0.00% 67.68% 48.72% -10.77%
Source: nseindia.com
Note: FY ’06 is taken as a base year to calculate the growth in the progressive FY
19
OPTIONS
Options are financial instruments that convey the right, but not the obligation, to
engage in a future transaction on some underlying security. For example, buying a
call option provides the right to buy a specified amount of a security at a set strike
price at some time on or before expiration, while buying a put option provides the
right to sell. Upon the option holder's choice to exercise the option, the party that
sold, or wrote, the option must fulfill the terms of the contract.
For example, Jewelry manufacturer Goldbuyer agrees to buy gold at Rs. 600 (the
forward or delivery date) from gold mining concern Goldseller. Suppose that
Goldbuyer belives that there is some chance for the spot price to fall below Rs.600,
so that he losses on his forward position. To limit his loss, Goldbuyer could
purchase a call option for Rs. 5 (the option price or premium) at a strike or
exercise price of Rs. 600 with an expiration date three months from now. The call
option gives Goldbuyer the right (but not the obligation) to buy gold at the strike
price on the expiration date. Then, if the spot price indeed declines, he could
choose not to exercise the option, and his loss would be limited to the purchase
price of Rs. 5. Alternatively, Goldbuyer may anticipate that the spot price is very
likely to decline, and attempt to profit from such an eventuality by buying a put
option, giving him the right to sell gold at the strike price on the expiration date.
20
OPTIONS
CALL PUT
OPTION OPTION
BUY SELL BUY SELL
WORKING OF OPTIONS
1. Options give you the right to buy or sell an underlying instrument.
2. If you buy an option, you are not obligated to buy or sell the underlying
instrument; you simply have the right to.
3. If you sell an option and the option is exercised, you are obligated to deliver the
underlying asset (call) or take delivery of the underlying asset (put) at the strike
price of the option regardless of the current price of the underlying asset.
4. Options are good for a specified period of time, after which they expire and you
lose your right to buy or sell the underlying instrument at the specified price.
5. Options when bought are done so at a debit to the buyer.
6. Options when sold are done so by giving a credit to the seller.
21
7. Options are available in several strike prices representing the price of the
underlying instrument.
8. The cost of an option is referred to as the option premium. The price reflects a
variety of factors including the current price of the underlying asset, the strike
price of the option, the time remaining until expiration, and volatility.
9. Options are not available on every stock. There are approximately 2,200 stocks
with tradable options. Each stock option represents 100 shares of a company's
stock.
40000000
Growth in Option Market 200.00%
180.00%
35000000
160.00%
30000000
140.00%
Turnover in Lacs
25000000
120.00%
20000000 100.00%
80.00%
15000000
60.00%
10000000
40.00%
50000000
20.00%
0 0.00%
FY '06 FY '07 FY '08 FY '09
Turnover in Lacs 33845850.03 79186585.37 136203241.5 372950866.4
% Growth 0.00% 133.96% 72.00% 173.82%
Source: nseindia.com
Note: FY ’06 is taken as a base year to calculate the growth in the progressive FY
22
OPTIONS STRATEGIES
Future Market
There is direct relationship between the Cash and Future market of any scrip.
Direct relationship in this scenario doesn’t mean that there will be same changes in
price in both cash and future market. These relationships indicate that future value
of any scrip is derived from the cash market of that particular scrip. Investor before
investing in any future scrip look at the price change in the cash market so that
while investing in any of the future scrip investor is aware about the somewhat
changes in the cash market of that scrip.
BUY FUTURE
Graph shown below is the example of % change of Reliance future price with the
% change of the Reliance cash market. In this graph one get to know that from 6 th
April to 15th April, 2009 there is more or less same changes of the price changes is
taken place.
Reliance Future and Cash market

relationship
8
6
% Change
4
2
0
-2
6-Apr-09 8-Apr-09 9-Apr-09 13-Apr-09 15-Apr-09

CASH -0.016705882 3.15 0.623529412 2.223529412 3.323529412
FUTURE -1.396237507 3.242210464 0.649617872 2.016460905 3.283362728
23
SELL FUTURE
Graph shown below is the changes in the price of future and cash market of the
INFOSYSTCH. In graph there is a decline in the price of future and cash market
from 6th April to 15th April, 2009 which indicates that if there is holding of the
INFOSYSTCH future scrip then an investor must sell the future scrip in between
the given date to reduce the loss in future.
INFOSYSTCH future cash market relationship

2
-1
% change
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
6-Apr-09 8-Apr-09 9-Apr-09 13-Apr-09 15-Apr-09
CASH -2.023211502 0.769097523 0.133088738 -1.233449477 -2.696864111
FUTURE -2.832773858 0.428170172 0.356237583 -1.061862026 -2.524491334
24
BUY CALL
Strategy View
Investor thinks that the market will rise significantly in the short-term.
Strategy Implementation
Call options are bought with a strike price of a. The more bullish the investor is,
the higher the strike price should be.
Profit
Stock Price
Example Loss
Exercise price (a) Rs. 120

Size of the contract 100 share
Price of the share of the date of the Rs. 124.5
contract
Price of option on the date of contract Rs.10
25
Possible price of the share Investor exercise position

100 -1000
110 -1000
120 -1000
130 0
140 1000
150 2000
160 3000
Net profit=
Payoff from
Stock price Total pay off payoff –
long call
premium
X >10-10 = X
S1 >130 S1-120 X >10
>0
S1=130 130 – 120 10 10 – 10 = 0
S1=<120 Not exercised 0 -10
BUY PUT
Strategy View
Investor thinks that the market will fall significantly in the short-term. .
Put option is bought with a strike price of a. The more
bearish the investor is, the lower the strike price should be.
26
Exercise price Rs.110

Share price on the date of the contract Rs 112

Price of put option on the date of contract Rs.7.50
Example

Share price on the date of the contract Rs 112
Price of put option on the date of Rs.7.50
contract
Option premium paid = 7.5*100 =750
Amount to be paid for the share = 110*100 =11000
Market value of the share = 100*100 =10000
Net profit (loss) = -750+ 11000 -10000 = 250 (profit)
Possible price of the share Investor position

80 +2250
90 +1250
100 +250
110 -750
120 -750
130 -750
140 -750
27
Net profit=
Payoff from
Stock price Total pay off payoff -
long put
premium
S1>110 0 not exercise 0 -7.50
S1=102.50 -102.50+110 +7.50 -7.50+7.50 =0
X>7.50-7.50=
S1<102.50 -X <102.50+110 X >7.50
X>0
SELL CALL
Strategy View
Investor is certain that the market will not rise and is unsure/ unconcerned whether
it will fall.
Call option is sold with a strike price of a. If the
investor is very certain of his view then at-the-
money options should be sold, if less certain, then
out-of-the-money ones should be sold.
28
Example
Exercise price (a) Rs. 120

Price of the share of the date of the contract Rs. 124.5
Price of option on the date of contract Rs.10
Possible price of the share Investor exercise position

100 +1000
110 +1000
120 +1000
130 0
140 -1000
150 -2000
160 -3000
Net profit=
Payoff from
Stock price Total pay off payoff +
short call
premium
S1 >130 130-S1 -X <0 -X-10 = -X <0
S1=130 130 – 120 10 10 – 10 = 0
S1<130 No exercise 0 10
29
SELL PUT
Strategy View
Investor is certain that the market will not go down, but unsure/unconcerned about
whether it will rise.
Put options are sold with a strike price a. If an
investor is very bullish, then in-the-money puts
would be sold.
Example

Share price on the date of the Rs 112
contract
Price of put option on the date of Rs.7.50
contract
Option premium received = 7.5*100 =750
Amount to be paid for the share = 110*100 =11000
Market value of the share = 100*100 =10000
Net profit (loss) = 750- 11000 +10000 = 250 (loss)
30
Possible price of the share Investor position

80 -2250
90 -1250
100 -250
110 750
120 750
130 750
140 750
Net profit=
Payoff from
Stock price Total pay off payoff +
short put
premium
S1>110 0 not exercise 0 7.50
S1=102.50 102.50-110 -7.50 -7.50+7.50 =0
S1<102.50 X <102.50-110 X <-7.50 X<-7.50+7.50=
X<0
BULL SPREAD (CALL)

Strategy View
Investor thinks that the market will not fall, but wants to cap the risk. Conservative
strategy for one who thinks that the market is more likely to rise than fall.
31
Call option is bought with a strike price of a and
• •
another call option sold with a strike of b, E1 E2 Stock price
Profit/loss of
Long call
Profit/loss of
short call
Investor before investing in any of the call or put option looks at the future price of
that scrip then takes the decision to invest in any of the call or put option.
Here investor invests in Reliance Industry. Future price of Reliance on 9th of April
is Rs. 1701
Type of Option Strike Price Premium on 9th
April,2009
Buy Call 1650 Paid Rs.132
Sell Call 1800 Receives Rs.50
On 15th April, 2009 investor exercises this option

Profit/ Loss on Buy Call = Sell price- Buy price
= 208.40-132
= 76.40 (Profit)
Profit/Loss on Sell Call = Sell Price-Buy Price
= 50-94.35
= -44.35 (Loss)
Net Profit/Loss = Profit on Buy call + Loss on Sell call
= 76.40 + (-44.35)
= 32.05 (Profit)
32
BULL SPREAD (PUT)

Strategy View
Investor thinks that the market will not fall, but wants to cap the risk. Conservative
strategy for one who thinks that the market is more likely to rise than fall.
Put option is bought with a strike of a and another put sold with a strike of b,
producing a net initial credit.
Here investor invests in Reliance Industry. Future price of Reliance on 6 th of April

is Rs. 1701.
Profit/loss of
Premium on Long call
Profit/loss of
Type of the
Strike Price option (6th short call
option
April)
Paid Rs.
Put purchase 1650 • •
E1 E2 Stock price
57.85
Received Rs.
Put sold 1740
90

Profit/ Loss on Buy Put = Sell price- Buy price
= 23.75-57.85
= -34.10 (Loss)
Profit/Loss on Sell Put = Sell Price-Buy Price
= 90-41.45
= 48.55 (Profit)
33
Net Profit/Loss = Loss on Buy Put + Profit on Sell Put

= -34.10 + 48.55
= 14.45 (Profit)
BEAR SPREAD (CALL)
Strategy View
Investor thinks that the market will not rise, but wants to cap the risk. Conservative
strategy for one who thinks that the market is more likely to fall than rise.
Call option is sold with a strike price of a and another call option bought with a
strike of b
Investor before investing in any of the call or put option looks at the future price of
that scrip then takes the decision to invest in any of the call or put option.
Here investor invests in INFOSYSTCH. Future price of INFOSYSTCH on 6 th of
April is Rs. 1460.
Type of the Exercise price of Premium
Profit/ loss from Profit/ loss from
option the option on option short call Long call
Call Paid Rs.

1470
purchase 41.35 7• •
Stock price
0
Received 0
Call sold 1380 0
Rs. 100
0
0
34

= 13.25 – 41.35
= -28.10 (Loss)
= 100 – 43.15
= 56.85 (Profit)
Net Profit/Loss = Loss on Buy call + Profit on Sell call
= -28.10 + 56.85
= 28.75 (Profit)
BEAR SPREAD (PUT)
Strategy View
Investor thinks that the market will not rise, but wants to cap the risk. Conservative
strategy for one who thinks that the market is more likely to fall than rise.
Put option is sold with a strike of a and
Profit/ loss from
another put bought with a strike of b. Profit/ loss from
short call Long call
60 70
• • Stock price
35
Type of the
Strike Price Premium on option
option
Put purchase 1440 Paid Rs. 58.50
Put sold 1350 Received Rs. 30

= 90 – 58.50
= 31.50(Profit)
= 30 – 31.85
= -1.85 (Loss)
Net Profit/Loss = Profit on Buy put + Loss on Sell put
= 31.50 + (-1.85)
= 29.65 (Profit)
BUY STRADDLE
Strategy View
Investor thinks that the market will be very volatile in the short-term.
profit
Call option and put option are bought with
The same strike price a.

E
Stock
price
loss
36
Here investor invests in Nifty. Future price of Nifty on 6 th of April is Rs. 3281.50.

April,2009
Buy PUT 3300 Paid Rs.125.50
Buy CALL 3300 Paid Rs. 104.50

= 44.50 – 125.50
= -81 (Loss)
= 238.20 – 104.50
= 133.70 (Profit)
Net Profit/Loss = Loss on Buy put + Profit on Sell call
= (-81) + 133.70
= 52.20 (Profit)
SELL STRADDLE
Strategy View
Investor is certain that the market will not be very volatile (will neither go up nor
down very much).
A call option and a put option are sold with
b• a• •c
the same strike price a.
Here investor invests in RNRL. Future price of RNRL on 6 th of April is Rs. 50.90.
37

April,2009
Sell CALL 55 Receives Rs. 3
Sell PUT 55 Receives Rs. 5.70

Profit/ Loss on Sell Call = Sell price- Buy price
= 3 – 9.50
= -6.50 (Loss)
= 5.70 – 2.25
= 3.45(Profit)
Net Profit/Loss = Loss on sell call + Profit on sell put
= (-6.50) + 3.45
= -3.05 (Loss)
The Reason benefit the Loss in this strategy is that on 6th April, 2009 the opening
price of RNRL was Rs. 50.90. Future market of RNRL as on 15 th April closed at
Rs. 62.25
Date Open Close Change (%)
6-Apr-09 50.90 52.65 3.43
8-Apr-09 50.05 55.6 5.79
9-Apr-09 56.75 56.30 1.37
13-Apr-09 56.75 57.85 3.04
15-Apr-09 57 62.25 8.6
38
BUY STRANGLE
Strategy View
Investor thinks that the market will be very volatile in the short-term [this is similar
to the buy straddle but the premium paid here is less]
Strategy Implementation profit
Put option is bought with a strike a and a call

Profit / loss from put
option
option is bought with a strike b.
Profit / loss from call
option
• •
E1 E2 Stock price
loss
Here investor invests in DLF. Future price of RNRL on 6 th of April is Rs. 243.05

April,2009
Buy CALL 190 Paid Rs. 17
Buy PUT 220 Paid Rs. 9

= 40.80 - 17
= 23.80 (Profit)
39
Profit/Loss on Buy Put = Sell Price-Buy Price

= 5.35 – 9
= 3.65(Loss)
Net Profit/Loss = Loss on buy call + Profit on buy put
= 23.80 – 3.65
= 20.15 (Profit)
SELL STRANGLE
Strategy View
The investor thinks that the market will not be volatile within a broadish band.
Put option is sold with a strike price of a and a call option is sold with the higher
strike price b
c• •a •b •d
Here investor invests in ICICIBANK. Future price of ICICIBANK on 6 th of April

is Rs. 370.
Investor think that the future price of this scrip will move in the range of Rs.360 –
Rs.410 investor estimate this range by looking at the opening price of the
ICICIBANK.
40

April,2009
Sell PUT 360 Receives Rs. 21

= 14 – 48
= -34 (Loss)
= 21 – 4.4
= 16.60(Profit)
Net Profit/Loss = Loss on sell call + Profit on sell put
= (-34) + 16.60
= 17.40 (Loss)
The Reason benefit the Loss in this strategy is that on 6th April, 2009 the opening
price of RNRL was Rs. 370. Future market of ICICIBANK as on 15 th April closed
at Rs. 445.05
Date Open Close Change (%)
6-Apr-09 370 375.85 1.58
8-Apr-09 378.35 378.35 0.67
9-Apr-09 397.25 397.25 5.10
13-Apr-09 416.35 416.35 5.16
15-Apr-09 445.05 445.05 7.75
41
LONG BUTTERFLY
Strategy View
Investor thinks that the market will not be volatile, but wants to cap the downside
risk. .
Call option with low strike b bought and 2 call options with medium strike a sold
and call option with high strike c bought.
Profit/Loss from Profit/Loss from

Profit/Loss from
Short calls long calls
Long calls
•b •d a• •e •c
Here investor invests in RELIANCE.

April,2009
Sell 2 CALL 1710 Receives Rs. (76*2) = Rs.
152

= 85 - 175
= 90 (Profit)
42
Profit/Loss on Sell of 2 Call = Sell Price-Buy Price

= (76*2) – (155.65*2)
= -159.30 (Loss)
= 134.50 - 53
= 81.50 (Profit)
Net Profit/Loss = Profit on buy call + Loss on sell of 2 call + Profit on buy call
= 90 + (-159.30) + 81.50
= 12.20 (Profit)
SHORT BUTTERFLY
Strategy View
Investor mildly thinks that the market will be volatile.
Call option is sold with strike b, two call options are
profit
E1
bought with strike a and a call option is sold with strike c.
E3
a
•b • •c
E2
loss
43
Here investor invests in INFOSYSTCH
Type of Option Strike Price Premium on 6th April,2009

Buy 2 CALL 1410 Paid Rs. (29.85 *2) = Rs.
59.70

= 100 – 43.15
= 56.85 (Profit)
Profit/Loss on Buy of 2 Call = Sell Price-Buy Price
= (29.85*2) – (71.15*2)
= -82.60 (Loss)
= 65 – 19.70
= 45.30 (Profit)
Net Profit/Loss = Profit on sell call + Loss on buy of 2 call + Profit on sell call
= 56.85 + (-82.60) + 45.30
= 19.55 (Profit)
Out of the 10 strategies, 8 strategies are turn out in profit for the investor and 2
strategies are in loss beard by the investor at India Infoline Limited.
44
Strategy Profit/ Loss (Rs.)

Bull Spread (Call) Profit – Rs. 29.10
Bull Spread (Put) Profit – Rs. 14.45
Bear Spread (Call) Profit – Rs. 28.75
Bear Spread (Put) Profit – Rs. 29.65
Buy Straddle Profit – Rs. 52.20
Sell Straddle Loss – Rs. 3.05
Buy Strangle Profit – Rs. 20.15
Sell Strangle Loss – Rs. 17.40
Long Butterfly Profit – Rs. 12.20
Short Butterfly Profit – Rs. 19.55
45
BLACK SCHOLES OPTION PRICING MODEL
The Black Shcoles Model is one of the most import concepts in modern financial
theory. It was developed in 1973 by Fisher Black, Robert Merton and Myron
Scholes and is still widely used today, and regarded as one of the best ways of
determining fair prices of options. The Black-Scholes option pricing formula prices
European put or call options on a stock that does not pay a dividend or make other
distribution. The formula assumes the underlying stock prices follow a constant
volatility.
The Black-Scholes formulas for the prices of European calls and puts on a non-
dividend paying stock are:
C= S0 N(d1) – E e-rt N(d2)
P= E e-rtN(-d2) – S0 N(-d1)
Where, d1 = ln(S0 / E) + (r + 0.5s2)t
s t1/2
d2 = d1 – s t1/2
The Greeks – Delta, Gamma, Vega, Theta and Rho – for the CALL are:
Delta = N (d1)
Gamma = s N (d1)
S0 s t1/2
Vega = S0 N (d1) t1/2
46
Theta = - S0 N (d1) s – r E e-rt N (d2)
2 t1/2
Rho = E t e-rt N (d2)
Where, N denotes the standard normal
The Greeks – Delta, Gamma, Vega, Theta and Rho – for the PUT are:
Delta = N (d1) – 1
Gamma = s N (d1)
S0 s t1/2
Vega = S0 N (d1) t1/2
Theta = - S0 N (d1) s + r E e-rt N (-d2)
2 t1/2
Rho = -E t e-rt N (-d2)
Also, C = Current value of the Call option
P = Current value of the Put option
r = continuously compounded risk-free rate of interest
S0 = Current price of the option
E = Exercise price of the option
t = time remaining before the expiration date (expressed as the fraction of a

year)
47
s = standard deviation of the continuously compounded annual rate of return
ln(S0 / E) = natural logarithm of (S0 / E)
N (d) = value of the cumulative normal distribution evaluated at d.
Assumption underlying Black and Scholes Model
1. The option being values is a European style option, with no possibility of an

early exercise. Comparable American call options are more valuable because
they provide greater flexibility of exercise.
2. There are no transaction (dealing) costs and there are no taxes.
3. The risk-free interest rate is known and constant over the life of the option.
4. The market is an efficient one. This implies that as a rule, the people cannot
predict the direction of the market or any individual stock.
5. The underlying security pays no dividends during the life of the option.
6. The volatility of the underlying instrument is known and is constant over the
life of the option.
7. The distribution of the possible share prices at the end of a period of time is
log normal or, in other words, a share’s continuously compounded rate of
return follows a normal distribution.
48
In this model I had generated different sheet and named them as per the condition
of the market. In each sheet, by using Black & Schole Model I had calculated
Option price, Delta, Gamma, Vega, Theta and Rho which will helpful for India
Infoline Ltd. These calculations are both for CALL and PUT option.
As per the model, the option prices calculated are the European option prices. This
calculated option prices are the theoretical option prices.
 While investing in the option market if the theoretical (calculated) option

prices are more than the current prices then the investor will get to know that
there is risk in investing such option.
49
 If the theoretical (calculated) option prices are less than the current then by
using this one can invest in the option market.
Beside the calculation of option prices in the figure there is a calculation of

profit and loss booked by the investor in the option market. If an investor or the
RM enter the Quantity, Buy and Sell price then one can easily get to know
whether profit or loss.
For an Investor or RM, this model is very easy to understand because the names
of the sheet indicate the condition of the market.
Next thing is that whatever is the condition of the market if an Investor or RM

investor forget what to do in a particular strategy whether to buy or sell the call
or put option at same or different strike price then one can see the condition in
each sheet whether to buy or sell call or put option at same or different strike
price. At the same time what is the profit/ Loss investor has booked by
investing in the option market can easily identify.
50
FINDINGS
Sentiments Sub-sentiments Strategy Diagrams
Bullish Very Bullish Buy Call
Moderately Bullish + Certain that the Sell Put

market will not fall
Moderately Bullish + fairly certain that Bull Spread (Call) or

the market will not fall Bull Spreads (Put)
Bearish Very Bearish Buy Put
Certain that the market will not rise Sell Call
Moderately Bearish + Fairly certain that Bear Spread (Call)

the market will not rise or Bear Spread (Put)
Neutral Expect prices to fluctuate in very Sell Straddle

narrow range
Prices might fluctuate in a broader range Sell Strangle
Moderately certain that prices will not Long Butterfly

fluctuate much
Volatile Expect prices to be very volatile Buy Straddle
Expect prices to be volatile Buy Strangle
Moderately expect prices to be volatile Short Butterfly
51
CONCLUSIONS
The project provided me with an insight into deeper areas of the derivative market.
While doing the project I was exposed to various new terminologies and newer
methods of handling investments.
I want to conclude this project by dividing the option strategies into Bullish,
Bearish and Neutral & by analyzing which strategies give more profit as per the
market condition.
BULLISH STRATEGIES
A. Buy Call: This strategy is very easy to implement and give good amount of
return if price increase. Here maximum loss is only the premium paid.
B. Buy Futures: Futures has given large amount of profits as compared to
options strategies but at the same time risk associated with it also very high.
C. Bull Spread (Call): It provides limited profits and limited loss. If Index/
Scrip goes up then one can have profits and vice-versa. This strategy should
be use when expected volatility in the market is less.
D. Bull Spread (Put): It provides limited profit and limited loss. The
maximum gain can be net premium received in this strategy.
E. Sell Put: In this strategy maximum profit is premium received and loss is
unlimited. If a person expects bullish view then he may go with this strategy
but this strategy is quite risky.
52
NEUTRAL STRATEGIES
F. Buy Straddle: This strategy should only be used when expected volatility is
very high and market outlook is not known. If scrip remains at the same
price then loss will be maximum
G. Buy Strangle: This strategy should be used in very volatile market.
H. Sell Strangle: This strategy should be used when volatility is very less.
I. Long Butterfly: In this strategy there is very minimum risk and limited
profit. This strategy should be used when proper strike prices are available
to make this strategy.
J. Short Butterfly: This strategy led to profit when volatility is very high in
the option market.
K. Sell Straddle: When investor want more returns at higher risk then he may
go with this strategy. IF suddenly the volatility increases at a very high rate
then huge losses may occur.
BEARISH STRATEGIES
L. Buy Put: This strategy should be used when investors perceive that the
option price will go down.
M. Sell Future: This strategy can be use to hedge or it can be use as a
speculative strategy when option market is expected to fall.
N. Bear Spread (Put) & Bear Spread (Call): This strategy involves very less
risk & bearish outlook. So for those investors who expect the option prices
will go down but they are not sure about it then they may use this strategy.
O. Sell Call: In this strategy maximum profit earned and maximum loss is
unlimited. So less risk takers should select very lower strike price while
selecting this strategy.
53
RECOMMENDATIONS
After studying about financial derivatives and different derivative strategies

following recommendations are suggested:
Many strategies like straddle, strip, strangle and butterfly. Depend upon
volatility of scrip or index and give returns accordingly. So volatility should
be forecasted before forming any strategy.
Fundamental and Technical analysis of the scrip or index should be doen
before formulating any strategy.
Specific strategy should be used according to the purpose of investor instead
of investing haphazardly in futures and options.
Derivative market is highly ill- famed among the investor. Thus it is required
to provide in depth knowledge of the market to investors.
Strategies should be evaluated daily for better returns and less risk.
Theoretical price of an option should be found out using option pricing
model (Black & Scholes) and those options whose price is less than
theoretical price should be used for formulation of strategy.
By using a hedging strategy an investor can recover some of his losses and
can also make profit.
When the movement and volatility of market or scrip is not known at that
time investor should use hedging strategies.
Investor should make strategy according to position cash market and
accordingly make strategy.
54
REFERENCES
Books
(a) Options, futures and Other Derivatives by JOHN C. HULL
(b) NCFM Derivative Market (dealers) Module
(c) ―Future and Option‖ second edition Tata McGraw- Hill by N D VOHRA,
B R Bagri
Websites
(a) www.nseindia.com
(b) www.moneysonteol.com
(c) www.bseindia.com
(d) www.indiainfoline.com
(e) www.investopedia.com
(f) http://www.cboe.com/Strategies/EquityOptions/BuyingCalls/Part1.aspx
(g) http://www.quickmba.com/finance/black-scholes/
(h) http://www.riskglossary.com/link/black_scholes_1973.htm
55
ANNEXURE
Instrument Symbol Date Expiry Open High Low Close
6-Apr- 30-Apr-
FUTSTK DLF 09 09 206.7 221.8 198.1 201.1
8-Apr- 30-Apr-
FUTSTK DLF 09 09 193 209.9 186 207.85
9-Apr- 30-Apr-
FUTSTK DLF 09 09 213 220.4 201.1 214.85
13-Apr- 30-Apr-
FUTSTK DLF 09 09 216 232.45 212.3 228.8
15-Apr- 30-Apr-
FUTSTK DLF 09 09 221 253.25 219 243.6
DLF Future (SOURCE: nseindia.com)
Strike
Instrument Symbol Option Date Expiry Price Open High Low Close
6-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK DLF PA 09 09 190 9 18 9 16.9
8-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK DLF PA 09 09 190 19 21.85 12.2 12.8
9-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK DLF PA 09 09 190 11.1 14 9 10.65
13-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK DLF PA 09 09 190 10.4 10.5 7.7 8.3
15-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK DLF PA 09 09 190 7.5 8 4.25 5.35
DLF PUT (STRIKE PRICE: 190) (SOURCE: nseindia.com)
56
Strike
6-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK DLF CA 09 09 220 17 20 13 15
8-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK DLF CA 09 09 220 5.3 18 5.3 16.95
9-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK DLF CA 09 09 220 20.8 21.9 13.5 18.25
13-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK DLF CA 09 09 220 18.1 29 17.05 26.75
15-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK DLF CA 09 09 220 21.7 45.35 21.7 40.8
DLF CALL (STRIKE PRICE: 220) (SOURCE: nseindia.com)

6-Apr- 30-Apr-
FUTSTK ICICIBANK 09 09 370 382 363.7 375.85
8-Apr- 30-Apr-
FUTSTK ICICIBANK 09 09 358.3 381.35 350 378.35
9-Apr- 30-Apr-
FUTSTK ICICIBANK 09 09 384.5 402.35 372 397.25
13-Apr- 30-Apr-
FUTSTK ICICIBANK 09 09 405 422.8 404 416.35
15-Apr- 30-Apr-
FUTSTK ICICIBANK 09 09 417 454.75 403.55 445.05
ICICIBANK FUTURE (SOURCE: nseindia.com)
57
Strike
6-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK ICICIBANK CA 09 09 410 14 14.85 10.95 14.4
8-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK ICICIBANK CA 09 09 410 9 14.75 8 13.2
9-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK ICICIBANK CA 09 09 410 13.25 22 11 20.1
13-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK ICICIBANK CA 09 09 410 25.4 33.5 25.05 29.1
15-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK ICICIBANK CA 09 09 410 26.45 50 25 48
ICICIBANK CALL (STRIKE PRICE: 410) (SOURCE: nseindia.com)
Strike
6-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK ICICIBANK PA 09 09 360 21 24.3 17.5 20
8-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK ICICIBANK PA 09 09 360 25 28 15 16.65
9-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK ICICIBANK PA 09 09 360 15.75 20 9.95 11.1
13-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK ICICIBANK PA 09 09 360 6.25 8.25 6.25 7.55
15-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK ICICIBANK PA 09 09 360 8.1 9.7 3.5 4.4
ICICIBANK PUT (STRIKE PRICE: 360) (SOURCE: nseindia.com)
58

6-Apr- 30-Apr-
FUTSTK RNRL 09 09 50.9 53.3 49.05 52.65
8-Apr- 30-Apr-
FUTSTK RNRL 09 09 50.05 56.7 49 55.6
9-Apr- 30-Apr-
FUTSTK RNRL 09 09 56.75 58.45 55.1 56.3
13-Apr- 30-Apr-
FUTSTK RNRL 09 09 56.75 59.75 56.5 57.85
15-Apr- 30-Apr-
FUTSTK RNRL 09 09 57 62.8 56.3 62.25
RNRL FUTURE (SOURCE: nseindia.com)
Strike
6-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK RNRL CA 09 09 55 3 4.25 2.4 3.9
8-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK RNRL CA 09 09 55 2.8 6.25 2.8 5.5
9-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK RNRL CA 09 09 55 5.9 7.25 5.25 5.8
13-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK RNRL CA 09 09 55 5.85 7.75 5.5 6.55
15-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK RNRL CA 09 09 55 6.05 9.9 6.05 9.5
RNRL CALL (STRIKE PRICE: 55) (SOURCE: nseindia.com)
59
Strike
6-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK RNRL PA 09 09 55 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7
8-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK RNRL PA 09 09 55 5.25 6.05 4.8 5.25
9-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK RNRL PA 09 09 55 4.5 5.25 4 4.5
13-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK RNRL PA 09 09 55 3.4 4 2.95 3.55
15-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK RNRL PA 09 09 55 3.8 3.8 2.1 2.25
RNRL PUT (STRIKE PRICE: 55) (SOURCE: nseindia.com)

6-Apr- 30-Apr-
FUTIDX NIFTY 09 09 3281.15 3305.8 3227 3260.25
8-Apr- 30-Apr-
FUTIDX NIFTY 09 09 3180 3368.8 3157.5 3355.5
9-Apr- 30-Apr-
FUTIDX NIFTY 09 09 3409.25 3409.25 3308.6 3355.4
13-Apr- 30-Apr-
FUTIDX NIFTY 09 09 3385 3432.9 3337.3 3390.9
15-Apr- 30-Apr-
FUTIDX NIFTY 09 09 3345 3507.8 3325 3492.9
NIFTY FUTURE (SOURCE: nseindia.com)
60
Strike
6-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTIDX NIFTY CE 09 09 3300 104.3 119.7 80.5 93.75
8-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTIDX NIFTY CE 09 09 3300 60 154.25 52 145.8
9-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTIDX NIFTY CE 09 09 3300 165 178 115.1 140.8
13-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTIDX NIFTY CE 09 09 3300 155.1 193.15 127.5 161.1
15-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTIDX NIFTY CE 09 09 3300 139.4 248.75 118.1 238.2
NIFTY CALL (STRKE PRICE: 3300) (SOURCE: nseindia.com)
Strike
6-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTIDX NIFTY PE 09 09 3300 125.5 153.1 112.55 134.6
8-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTIDX NIFTY PE 09 09 3300 189 195 85 92.15
9-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTIDX NIFTY PE 09 09 3300 79.8 109.6 71 87.1
13-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTIDX NIFTY PE 09 09 3300 71 94.5 61.3 73.6
15-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTIDX NIFTY PE 09 09 3300 90 95.8 41.25 44.5
NIFTY PUT (STRKE PRICE: 3300) (SOURCE: nseindia.com)
61

6-Apr- 30-Apr-
FUTSTK INFOSYSTCH 09 09 1459.7 1462 1389.1 1418.35
8-Apr- 30-Apr-
FUTSTK INFOSYSTCH 09 09 1392 1431.2 1361.3 1424.6
9-Apr- 30-Apr-
FUTSTK INFOSYSTCH 09 09 1458.9 1458.9 1397.65 1429.8
13-Apr- 30-Apr-
FUTSTK INFOSYSTCH 09 09 1449 1466.35 1382 1414.3
15-Apr- 30-Apr-
FUTSTK INFOSYSTCH 09 09 1360 1386 1310 1377.45
INFOSYSTCH FUTURE (SOURCE: nseindia.com)
Strike
6-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK INFOSYSTCH CA 09 09 1380 100 100 67.25 85.7
8-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK INFOSYSTCH CA 09 09 1380 56.1 96 53.1 89.15
9-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK INFOSYSTCH CA 09 09 1380 75 99.7 75 92.6
13-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK INFOSYSTCH CA 09 09 1380 116 116 67.25 82
15-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK INFOSYSTCH CA 09 09 1380 35 47.95 25.65 43.15
INFOSYSTCH CALL (STRIKE PRICE: 1380) (SOURCE: nseindia.com)
62
Strike
6-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK INFOSYSTCH CA 09 09 1410 71.15 82 52 67.7
8-Apr- 30-Apr-
9-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK INFOSYSTCH CA 09 09 1410 63.2 77.05 57 70.95
13-Apr- 30-Apr-
15-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK INFOSYSTCH CA 09 09 1410 33.1 33.1 16.15 29.85
Strike
6-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK INFOSYSTCH CA 09 09 1440 65 70 40 53.35
8-Apr- 30-Apr-
9-Apr- 30-Apr-
13-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK INFOSYSTCH CA 09 09 1440 70 70 40 49.75
15-Apr- 30-Apr-
63
Strike
6-Apr- 30-Apr-
8-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK INFOSYSTCH CA 09 09 1470 24.5 46.25 24.5 43.4
9-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK INFOSYSTCH CA 09 09 1470 35.3 45 34 41.9
13-Apr- 30-Apr-
15-Apr- 30-Apr-
Strike
6-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK INFOSYSTCH PA 09 09 1350 30 43.7 26 35.35
8-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK INFOSYSTCH PA 09 09 1350 42.1 60 31.1 33.8
9-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK INFOSYSTCH PA 09 09 1350 32 40.5 25 27.5
13-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK INFOSYSTCH PA 09 09 1350 30 46 30 36.55
15-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK INFOSYSTCH PA 09 09 1350 71 72.1 28.2 31.85
INFOSYSTCH PUT (STRIKE PRICE: 1350) (SOURCE: nseindia.com)
64
Strike
6-Apr- 30-Apr-
8-Apr- 30-Apr-
9-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK INFOSYSTCH PA 09 09 1440 65.8 68.5 61 65.7
13-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK INFOSYSTCH PA 09 09 1440 81 89 69.9 79.95
15-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK INFOSYSTCH PA 09 09 1440 140 140 90 90
INFOSYSTCH PUT (STRIKE PRICE: 1440) (SOURCE: nseindia.com)

6-Apr- 30-Apr-
FUTSTK RELIANCE 09 09 1701 1725 1651.25 1677.25
8-Apr- 30-Apr-
FUTSTK RELIANCE 09 09 1630.3 1742.9 1613.65 1732.4
9-Apr- 30-Apr-
FUTSTK RELIANCE 09 09 1755.4 1776 1710 1743.45
13-Apr- 30-Apr-
FUTSTK RELIANCE 09 09 1755.5 1796 1729 1777.75
15-Apr- 30-Apr-
FUTSTK RELIANCE 09 09 1748 1844 1741 1833.6
RELIANCE FUTURE (SOURCE: nseindia.com)
65
Strike
6-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK RELIANCE CA 09 09 1650 134.95 134.95 76 94.65
8-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK RELIANCE CA 09 09 1650 60 136 59.5 129.75
9-Apr- 30-Apr-
13-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK RELIANCE CA 09 09 1650 126.25 172 126.25 161.9
15-Apr- 30-Apr-
RELIANCE CALL (STRIKE PRICE: 1650) (SOURCE: nseindia.com)
Strike
6-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK RELIANCE CA 09 09 1680 85 106 64 78.1
8-Apr- 30-Apr-
9-Apr- 30-Apr-
13-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK RELIANCE CA 09 09 1680 110 150 106.95 139
15-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK RELIANCE CA 09 09 1680 115 180 115 175
66
Strike
6-Apr- 30-Apr-
8-Apr- 30-Apr-
9-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK RELIANCE CA 09 09 1710 105 115 78.25 94
13-Apr- 30-Apr-
15-Apr- 30-Apr-
Strike
6-Apr- 30-Apr-
8-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK RELIANCE CA 09 09 1740 32 79.9 26 75.1
9-Apr- 30-Apr-
13-Apr- 30-Apr-
15-Apr- 30-Apr-
67
Strike
9-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK RELIANCE CA 09 09 1800 50 66.9 40.05 52
13-Apr- 30-Apr-
15-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK RELIANCE CA 09 09 1800 45 99.95 45 94.35
Strike
6-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK RELIANCE PA 09 09 1650 57.85 77.5 53 68.75
8-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK RELIANCE PA 09 09 1650 80 95.9 45 48.7
9-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK RELIANCE PA 09 09 1650 40 56.95 36.05 42.5
13-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK RELIANCE PA 09 09 1650 38 48.7 30.3 33.5
15-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK RELIANCE PA 09 09 1650 38 42 21 23.75
RELIANCE PUT (STRIKE PRICE: 1650) (SOURCE: nseindia.com)
68
Strike
6-Apr- 30-Apr-
8-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK RELIANCE PA 09 09 1740 115.2 115.2 77 83.15
9-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK RELIANCE PA 09 09 1740 75 92 61.15 77.4
13-Apr- 30-Apr-
OPTSTK RELIANCE PA 09 09 1740 70 84.2 53 60.4
15-Apr- 30-Apr-
RELIANCE PUT (STRIKE PRICE: 1740) (SOURCE: nseindia.com)
69
GLOSSARY
Technical Terms used in the Project:
Call Option: A call option gives the holder the right but not the obligation to buy
an asset by a certain date for a certain price.
Put Option: A put option gives the holder the right but not the obligation to sell an
asset by a certain date for a certain price.
Long Position: Long position in a derivatives contract means outstanding

purchase obligations in respect of a permitted derivatives contract at any point of
time.
Option Price/ Premium: Option price is the price which the option buyer pays to
the option seller. It is also referred to as the option premium.
Expiration Date: The date specified in the options contract is known as the
expiration date, the exercise date, the strike date or the maturity.
Strike Price: The price specified in the options contract is known as the strike price
or the exercise price.
Delta: Delta is the rate of change of option price with respect to the price of the
underlying asset. For example, the delta of a stock is 1. It is the slope of the curve
that relates the option price to the price of the underlying asset. Suppose the Delta
of a call option on a stock is 0.5. This means that when the stock price changes by
one, the option price changes by about 0.5, or 50% of the change in the stock price.
70
Gamma: Gamma is the rate of change of the option’s Delta with respect to the
price of the underlying asset. In other words, it is the second derivative of the
option price with respect to price of the underlying asset.
Theta: Theta of the portfolio of options is the rate of change of the value of the
portfolio with respect to the passage of time with all else remaining the same.
Theta is also referred to as the time decay with all else remaining the same.
Vega: The Vega of the portfolio of derivatives is the rate of change in the value of
the portfolio with respect to the volatility of the underlying asset. If Vega is high in
the absolute terms, the portfolio’s value is very sensitive to small changes in
volatility. If Vega is low in absolute terms, volatility changes have relatively little
impact on the value of the portfolio.
Rho: The Rho of a portfolio of option is the rate of change of the value of the
portfolio with respect to the interest rate. It measures the sensitivity of the value to
interest rates.
71

Risk Management in Equity Derivative Market by Ashish Pugalia

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A REPORT

Risk Management in Equity Derivative Market

Ashish Dilipkumar Pugalia

“RISK MANAGEMENT IN EQUITY

A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement

Faculty Guide Company Guide

I wish to convey my special thanks to Mr. Dhiraj Chaudhary (AVP),

I wish to express my deepest and most sincere thanks to my Faculty Guide,

 Objective of the Project……………………….………………….………….8

Indian Equity Market…………………………………………………………...12

Types of Derivative Market……………….…………………………………….17

 Buy Straddle ……………………………………………………………….36

Black Scholes Options Pricing Model………………..…………………………46

The project is on ―Risk Management in Equity Derivative Market‖ and the

BENEFIT FOR INDIA INFOLINE LTD:

“India Infoline Securities Pvt. Ltd.”

Vision is to be the most respected company in the financial services space.

―IT’S ALL ABOUT MONEY, HONEY!‖.

BUSINESS STRUCTURE OF INDIA INFOLINE LIMITED

MANAGEMENT TEAM AT INFOLINE LIMITED

Mr. Nirmal Jain Chairman & Managing Director

INDIAN EQUITY MARKET

Derivatives can be based on different types of assets such as commodities, equities

THE NEED FOR THE DERIVATIVE MARKET

The derivates market performs a number of economic functions

They increase the volume traded in markets because of participation of risk

FACTORS DRIVING THE GROWTH OF FINANCIAL

1. Increased volatility in asset prices in financial markets.

PARTICIPANTS IN A DERIVATIVE MARKET

HEDGERS: Hedgers use futures or options markets to reduce or eliminate

RISK IN DERIVATIVE MARKET

A forward contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset

In finance, a futures contract is a standardized contract, traded on a futures

A Futures contract is similar to a Forward contract, with some expectations.

Growth in Future Market

BUY SELL BUY SELL

1. Options give you the right to buy or sell an underlying instrument.

5. Options when bought are done so at a debit to the buyer.

6. Options when sold are done so by giving a credit to the seller.

Reliance Future and Cash market

6-Apr-09 8-Apr-09 9-Apr-09 13-Apr-09 15-Apr-09

INFOSYSTCH future cash market relationship

Exercise price (a) Rs. 120

Possible price of the share Investor exercise position

Exercise price Rs.110

Share price on the date of the contract Rs 112

Exercise price Rs.110

Option premium paid = 7.5*100 =750

Amount to be paid for the share = 110*100 =11000

Market value of the share = 100*100 =10000

Net profit (loss) = -750+ 11000 -10000 = 250 (profit)

Possible price of the share Investor position

Exercise price (a) Rs. 120

Possible price of the share Investor exercise position

Exercise price Rs.110

Option premium received = 7.5*100 =750

Amount to be paid for the share = 110*100 =11000

Market value of the share = 100*100 =10000

Net profit (loss) = 750- 11000 +10000 = 250 (loss)

Possible price of the share Investor position

BULL SPREAD (CALL)

On 15th April, 2009 investor exercises this option

BULL SPREAD (PUT)

Here investor invests in Reliance Industry. Future price of Reliance on 6 th of April