Introduction
The changing face of
India. Part I: bridging the
digital divide
Khaiser Nikam
A.C. Ganesh and
M. Tamizhchelvan
The authors
Khaiser Nikam is a Reader at the Department of Library and
Information Science, University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka,
India.
A.C. Ganesh is the Chief Web Writer, Express Network Private
Limited, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
M. Tamizhchelvan is Librarian, The New Indian Express,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Keywords
Developing countries, India, Libraries
Abstract
“India lives in villages” said the Father of the Nation, Mahatma
Gandhi. With 1,000 million people and 180 million households,
India is one of the biggest growing economies in the world. With
the advent of the Information, Communication and Technology
(ICT) revolution, India and its villages are slowly but steadily
getting connected to the cities of the nation and the world
beyond. Owing to the late Rajiv Gandhi, India is now a powerful
knowledge economy, and though India may have been slow to
start, it certainly has caught up with the West and is ahead in
important respects. The Government, the corporate sector, NGOs
and educational institutions have supported rural development
by encouraging digital libraries, e-business, e-learning and e-
governance. The aim of this paper is to touch upon and highlight
some of the areas where, by using ICT, the masses have been
reached in this way. A follow-up paper will outline collections of
significant cultural material which, once national IT strategies
are fully achieved, could form part of a digitally preserved
national heritage collection.
Electronic access
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Library Review
Volume 53 · Number 4 · 2004 · pp. 213-219
q Emerald Group Publishing Limited · ISSN 0024-2535
DOI 10.1108/00242530410531839
213
India has a rich cultural heritage, dating back many
centuries. Having missed out on the industrial
revolution, India is now slowly inching towards a
super-power status in an era of knowledge
revolution. Having been left behind by other
countries, successive governments of post-
independence India have pushed forward in the
area of information, communication and
technology (ICT).
With the world at one’s fingertips via ever-
growing numbers of satellite channels, the Internet
and World Wide Web, there is a huge explosion of
information. The concomitant exposure to the
western world has led to a fear of cultural invasion.
But if deployed appropriately, ICTs can effect
economic, social and political empowerment.
Success depends on the private sector, dynamic
non-governmental organisations (NGOs), the free
flow of information and, in particular, equal
information access for women.
Realising the pivotal role that ICT plays in
combating the rural and urban divide, be it in
education, administration or economic
development, Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee
said in a televised address to the nation on 22
March 1998 “The Government will strive hard to
make India a global Information Technology
power – specifically, [we will] make India one of
the largest generators and exporters of software in
the world – within 10 years”. As an initiating step,
a high powered National Task Force on IT and
Software Development was set up by the Prime
Minister’s Office on 22 May 1998, under the
Chairmanship of the Deputy Chairman of
Planning Commission. This task force has a
mandate to formulate the draft of a National
Informatics Policy (National Task Force on IT and
Software Development, 1998).
Thus, the government has tried to ensure the
convergence of a variety of initiatives in this regard,
with the aim of addressing the digital divide among
rural and urban populations. The compiling of
local content, setting up information kiosks in
villages, e-governance for better administration
and educating the masses about the importance of
Received: 24 April 2003
Reviewed: 22 July 2003
Revised: 12 January 2004
Accepted: 28 January 2004
This paper is a revised version of a paper presented at
“International Conference Culture: From
Information to Knowledge: The Role of Culture in
the Knowledge Based Society, Moscow, 7-9 April
2003”.
All Web sites in the text of this paper were accessed
and found correct as of 24 January 2004.
 The changing face of India
Khaiser Nikam et al.
ICT have all played a part in these efforts. In short,
this is a strategy for fostering sustainable
development through creating information rich
societies, supporting livelihoods and bridging the
urban/rural divide. UNCHS (Habitat)
(www.unhabitat.org) says that the objective of
promoting the use of ICT by local government is
to encourage them to follow and adapt to recent
progress in technology, adopting concepts of
e-governance to pursue “a system of government
and a culture of governance that is participatory,
inclusive, based on the rule of law, responsive to
the need of the population, efficient, transparent
and accountable.”
Role of ICT in bridging the rural-urban
divide
In the early years of ICT, libraries were hesitant to
use technologies like computers, modems,
scanners, and the Internet – they were expensive,
especially for the rural masses. But over the last
few years, with access to technology becoming
cheaper and economically viable, one can see
improved information flows throughout the
society. Government and other institutions have
made use of these technologies. If properly
deployed, ICTs have enormous potential as tools
to increase information flows and empower the
poor.
Although radio and television (with 92 and 80
per cent penetration, respectively among Indian
population) play an important role in giving
information to people, they are not interactive and
often fall short of addressing certain information
needs. Though its penetration is less than TV or
radio, the Internet is considered to be an effective
tool for reaching the remotest and most excluded
rural poor, provided there is connectivity or other
means to access information. Such information
should be retrievable in user-friendly modes, in a
language that the poor can understand.
ICT in India: then and now
Information is the raw material of knowledge.
Though information and knowledge are vital for
economic growth and global power, it is only
under the right technological, social and cultural
parameters that they become directly productive
forces. Knowledge and ideas are at the heart of the
development process and are increasingly
overshadowing the natural resource base:
“acquiring and adapting global knowledge and
creating knowledge locally, investing in human
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Volume 53 · Number 4 · 2004 · 213-219
capital to increase the ability to absorb and use
knowledge and investing in technologies to
facilitate both the acquisition and the absorption of
knowledge. . .” represents the best possible strategy
for the overall development of any region or people
“because knowledge generation and information
processing are at the roots of new productivity”
(Vijaya Raghavan and Nair, 2001).
According to the 2001 census, India has a
population of over 1 billion, with an urban
population of around 28 per cent and a rural
population of 72 per cent. In March 2001, the
number of village telephones was around 4
lakhs[1] and Internet users stood at some 30 lakhs.
According to a study report by TeNet Group, IIT
Madras (www.tenet.res.in), India has 180 million
households with 35 million telephone connections
and around 2 million Internet users, though with
very few in rural India. Bharat Sanchar Nigam
Limited (BSNL www.bsnl.co.in) has around
25,000 rural exchanges with 70 per cent of them
connected on fibre. Rural India covers
2,761,300 km2; on average one fibre connects a
rural exchange every 150 km2. With wireless
systems slowly being installed, almost 80-85 per
cent of Indian villages will be connected to the rest
of India and the world.
The Internet in India started off in the late
1980s, when the Education and Research Network
(ERNET www.ernet.in) was launched, with
funding from the Department of Electronics
(DOE) of the Government of India, and the United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The
project involved a number of premier institutions:
the National Centre for Software Technology
(NCST), Mumbai; the Indian Institute of Science
(IISC), Bangalore; the five Indian Institute of
Technologys (IITs); and the DOE. The second
major networking initiative was the National
Informatics Centre (NIC, http://home.nic.in), with
a national network connecting most district
headquarters in India. Currently, NIC
interconnects 1,400 points in different parts of the
country through their network, predominantly
based on VSAT[2]. The NIC is intended to supply
information for governmental programmes. Lately,
NIC has been providing bandwidth for quasi-
governmental organisations as well.
For the ordinary citizen of India, the Internet
arrived in India on 15 August 1995 when Videsh
Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) launched its
gateway services. Initially, there were few takers for
the services, but the late 1990s saw a boom in the
growth of users. The opening up of the telecom
sector in 1999 saw several new players entering the
field and since then, there has been an ever-
growing competition among them, notably,
VSNL, SIFY, TATAs, MTNL, to name a few.
 The changing face of India
Khaiser Nikam et al.
Role of government in rural knowledge
management
Helping India take giant strides to become an
information superpower, at the CII Annual
Session on 28 April 1998, Prime Minister Atal
Bihari Vajpayee said, “Information technology is
an area of special importance. It has already
revolutionised the world. No country can hope to
develop global competitiveness if it ignores
information technology. This is one area where
India can quickly establish global dominance.
India can be fully competitive in this area with
tremendous pay-offs in terms of income
generation and creation of high quality jobs.”
The Prime Minister also urged professionals to
address themselves to three national tasks –
increasing the use of Indian languages in
computers, developing IT applications for rural
development and agriculture, and improving the
government-citizen interface by using computer
networks. He also said that there is a need to create
more and more Indian content, both in English
and other Indian languages, on the Internet.
Vajpayee said that the lack of timely and
accurate information on weather and crop
conditions is a major factor in the current rise in
the prices of essential commodities. Hence, the
government is considering the setting up of a
national centre for crop forecasting that requires
reliable, widespread IT infrastructure.
Furthermore, the application of IT networks for
rural development and agriculture also needs a
growing IT culture in such areas. He said the
“wired villages” pilot project, being implemented
by the government in Warananagar in Maharashtra
is an attempt to create such a culture.
Taking its cue from the PM’s speech, the
Government set up the Ministry of Information
Technology to bridge the rural-urban divide. The
GoI’s Ministry of Information Technology (MIT)
envisages IT providing a unique and new
opportunity to improve the economic status of all
sections of society. The vision also perceives IT
addressing age-old problems in the fields of
education, health, rural development, poverty
alleviation, and employment, while being a major
facilitator for information transparency, good
governance, empowerment, participative
management and grass-roots democracy. The
work of the Vigilance Commission in fighting
corrupt practices is an interesting example of the
GoI’s use of ICTs for better governance.
The poor have information, knowledge and
communication needs, as do all people, yet they
are often unable to address them. Promoting ICT
access for the poor and particularly those in rural
and remote areas where they may have only a
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limited voice in the institutions, policies and
processes that shape their lives, requires effort by
government, NGOs, the private sector and other
partners. ICTs can play a significant role in
supporting livelihoods through information on the
better use of natural resources, markets,
commodity prices, income generation activities,
support services and so forth. However, the rural
poor often have a strong oral knowledge tradition,
which is not easily captured by visual ICTs.
Critical areas requiring work include intellectual
property rights and patent laws and their
enforcement.
Governments have an opportunity to explore
how best to create an enabling environment to take
connectivity to rural and remote areas with the
active participation of the private sector. The
Government of India is now making good progress
in interesting the private sector in infrastructure
creation (bandwidth, connectivity, VSATs) and
has plans to set up community information centres
in North Eastern states at the block level[3]. In
most cities, the Internet is now available at an
affordable price through cafes and kiosks with
ready access to a wide-ranging content. Mostly, it
is the educated and well off who are making best
use of this opportunity. Information on issues like
the rights of labour, land tenure, government
policies on informal settlements or programmes
aiming at benefiting them are seldom available in a
format that is tailor-made to meet the needs of the
urban poor. Unlike in rural areas, there are few
NGOs which address this issue. Of late, some
urban local bodies are making efforts to provide
information and facilities based on a single window
concept with an aim of bringing transparency in
local governance. An example of such initiatives is
“Voice” (Vijayawada Online Information Centre).
Mirzapur city has used a geographic information
system (GIS) platform for the first time in India to
improve revenue by computerising existing
property tax records and through practical
property reassessment. The GIS was also used to
plan solid waste management and the organisation
and management of certain infrastructural
services. In Hyderabad, the e-Seva (electronic
service) project of the government of Andhra
Pradesh (AP) aims to provide services at a single
point and runs on a self-financing model. The
e-Seva is based on a three-tier architecture:
transactions are undertaken on a real time basis;
the servers of different departments are connected
to a central data centre, which is connected to
different centres across the city; and transactions
done in the e-Seva are recorded directly on the
server of the department concerned, after due
processing or accreditation in the central server.
 The changing face of India
Khaiser Nikam et al.
Major e-initiatives taken by state
governments
The guidance and support of the central
government has helped many state governments
adopt progressive information technology policies,
with an emphasis on providing connectivity right
down to village level. These agencies have taken
steps to ensure the benefits of ICT reach the
common people everywhere.
The Andhra Pradesh government has taken a
major lead in the past few years to develop the IT
industry and use IT in the process of governance,
particularly in citizen-oriented services. They have
recently launched schemes like Computer Aided
Registration of Deeds (CARD), which enables the
Registration department to complete registration
deeds and return the documents to the public in
just 1 hour. One million documents have been
processed by the system to date. Twin City
Network Services (TWINS) has been
implemented as a single-counter integrated citizen
service, packaging 18 types of services and
networking six departments of the state
government. This service is being replicated at 285
counters on a Build, Own and Operate (BOO)
basis.
The Karnataka government has launched an
ambitious IT policy, called “Mahithi”, to take IT
benefits to the masses. Mahithi is a two-fold
initiative to grow the IT industry and develop
e-governance. The Bhoomi project is a major
scheme of the government to computerize 190
lakh land records concerning 60 lakh farmers. The
State government has given rights to seven
companies to establish high-speed networking in
the state.
The Kerala government has launched major
initiatives in e-governance. Project Information
Kerala is a Rs. 43 crore[4] project to be
implemented in 1,300 “panchayats” in the state.
Software for the project covering most of the
transactions at panchayat level has been
developed. Applications have been divided into
three areas: certificates such as birth-death, caste,
ration card, etc.; social welfare schemes such as
pension, housing schemes, etc.; and subsidies and
incentives. Kerala is also creating a housing portal.
The Gyandoot project is a lead project of the
Madhya Pradesh government under which 21
rural cyber cafes have been established. Each
soochnalaya (information kiosk) provides service
to about 10-15 grampanchayats (local self
government/ local bodies), in 20-30 villages
covering a population of 20,000-30,0000. These
information centres are located at block
headquarters, bazaars (market place), villages and
bus depot centres for better outreach to the
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masses. The services provided by these centres
include commodity/mandi (commodity trading
place) marketing information, issues of copies of
land records, maps, online registration for issue of
income, caste, domicile certificates, e-mail in
Hindi language, amongst others (Kothari et al.,
2002).
The Maharashtra government aims to use IT to
empower people across socio-economic and
geographic boundaries. Some of the major projects
include registration and stamp duty, sales tax and
transport departments, and treasuries. The
District Collectorate, Pune, has implemented a
service providing one-point access for citizens to
various functions.
The Punjab State government believes that IT
services should be outsourced, giving priority to
establishing IT infrastructure for e-mail and voice
connectivity. A GIS is also being planned with
basic parameters like village database, road
network, irrigation and canal network, power
network.
In a major strategy departure compared to many
other states, the Rajasthan government has
decided to implement most of its e-governance
initiatives on its own without the private sector. An
information system for “mandis” connects 236
“mandis” on-line providing daily rates of all the
“mandis” by 4 p.m. The emphasis of the
government is on using low-cost solutions and
making full use of existing infrastructure and
resources.
The Tamil Nadu government announced an IT
policy as early as 1997. It has laid emphasis on IT
services being provided in local languages. State
government has also organized an international
conference on the standardization of Tamil code
and keyboard. The government has already given
rights to three companies to establish broadband
network infrastructure.
On the education front, Tamil Nadu aims to
make all students IT literate. The State has
tendered to invite private participation in
providing computer science education at all the
1,198 higher secondary schools.
The Uttar Pradhesh government planned to
achieve 100 per cent IT literacy among
government employees by 2002. It decided to
introduce computer education in 100
Intermediate schools. As for IT infrastructure, 70
out of 83 districts have optical fibre connectivity.
In the hill districts, VSATs will be used in the
future.
Other State governments like Delhi, Gujarat,
Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa,
among others, are in the process of spelling out
their IT policies. Plans include furthering
e-governance by the establishment of IT kiosks to
 The changing face of India
Khaiser Nikam et al.
facilitate interaction with the government. These
kiosks will be set up at public places such as
airports, railway stations and even in slums.
NGOs – lifeline to rural development?
NGOs play a crucial role in empowering people
with information on political, social and economic
issues through content development and
networking (e.g. Oneworld, www.oneworld.net/
article/view/67151). NGOs like the MS
Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai
(www.mssrf.org), and the Society for
Development Alternatives, Delhi
(www.indianngos.com/sda), have already begun
working on providing a range of information and
services to rural areas through hybrid networks
and franchised cyber centres involving women
volunteers. The NIC is rendering laudable services
to rural departments through e-commerce
products like Rural Bazaar (to help small
communities sell their wares) and Rural Soft.
Poor health delivery systems and illiteracy
exacerbate poverty. Recent experimentation using
web-based ICTs such as “Telemedicine”
(www.spsood.com/telemedicineinindia),
“Doctoranywhere” in health
(www.doctoranywhere.com), and “Schoolnet” in
education (www.schoolnetindia.com), make it
possible for these services to penetrate into the
remotest areas. In particular, “Schoolnet” is
promoted by Infrastructure Leasing and Financial
Services (IL & FS), a firm which manufactures and
promotes educational CD-ROMs for classroom
teachers. However, the challenge for government is
to make such services available to the poor,
bridging the digital divide.
With Government support, Media Lab Asia
aims to realize Mahatma Gandhi’s vision of a
sustainable village created through culturally
appropriate use of new technologies
(www.iitk.ac.in/MLAsia/infothela). The initiative
is “to create a sustainable digital ecology that
maintains traditional values and community while
opening up economic and expressive
opportunities. The twin themes of the ‘Digital
Village’ projects are tools that empower invention
and expression, and advanced financial tools for
rural markets” (www.medialabasia.org)
Some of the initiatives undertaken by this group
are described at: www.medialabasia.org/
mlaShow.php?typeId¼4&subTypeId ¼ 14, and
include:
.
“Sustainable Access in Rural India” initiative,
which aims to show that viable markets exist
for information and communication services
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among rural poor using appropriate
technologies (e.g. telekiosks).
.
“Digital Mandi”: an electronic trading
platform for agro-commodities, helping to
form a distributed virtual National
Commodity Exchange system.
.
HISAAB (http://hisaab.sourceforge.net) – “a
group level microfinance [MFI] management
framework, intended to document
transactions at the lowest level of MFI
operations.”
Voluntary Health, Education and Rural
Development (VHERD); established in 1985 by
Kanchi Paramacharya, is a non-profit
organisation, working for the improvement of the
rural poor in different parts of Tamil Nadu, Orissa
and Gujarat. The Bio-informatics Centre at
VHERD has the objective of creating a data bank
on common medicinal plants being cultivated on
commercial scale. Assisted by the Health Ministry,
the Medicinal Plants Research and Information
Centre has a site at Keelambi near Kancheepuram
for a Quality Control Laboratory and an extraction
plant for medicinal plants analysis. VHERD has
also signed a memorandum of understanding with
Satyam Computer Services’ Satyam School of
Applied Information System (www.iiit.net/
schools/satyam.php) on e-governance and to
formulate grass roots projects.
Self-employed Women’s Association (SEWA,
www.sewa.org) is an organisation involved in
training, development and self-employment of
women in the informal sector. Many organisations
dealing with SEWA have created their websites and
are promoting and selling their products online.
MS Swaminathan Research Foundation,
located at Pondicherry provides information and
knowledge to rural masses through wireless radios.
The Swaminathan Foundation’s Village
Knowledge Centres have also created and
maintained websites in these villages with local
content.
The Warana Wired Village Project
(www.uncrd.or.jp/ict/warana.html) funded and
supported by the Government of India and the
state government has an IT infrastructure to
network all cooperatives engaged in “sugar
refining, dairy processing and banking, and retail
with a distributed account system developed for
the sugar cane cooperative”.
Other projects
Other social sector projects with a notable
information dimension are:
.
NIIT’s “Hole-in-the-wall” initiative. NIIT a
software company, providing computer
training for urban slum dwellers
 The changing face of India
Khaiser Nikam et al.
(www.niit.com/niit/corporate/aboutniit/
History.asp).
.
Swayam Krishi Sangam (“Self-help union”,
www.sustainableicts.org/levelone/SKSper
cent20Outline.pdf) records transactional
information on micro-finance, education and
health care onto optical ID cards.
.
AsCent (http://ascent.8k.com) has introduced
an online advertising and sales programme
and promoted CAD/CAM training for
artisans.
.
Indiagriline (www.worldbank.org/poverty/
voices/globcoal/baramati/casestudies/
indiagriline.pdf) is an initiative of the
company, EID Parry, for online trading and
networking of agricultural commodities and
rural manufacturing.
.
Pratham (www.pratham.org) is an e-learning
initiative for underprivileged children, which
has provided children with educational games
on a trial basis.
.
E-Gurucool (www.egurucool.com/
index.html) is a commercial educational
project dealing in both online and offline
content, CD-ROMs and TV programmes.
E-learning and online education: making
inroads
The Government has taken the initiative in
developing education and e-learning in India,
e.g. through village-level field projects that support
mass applicable people-friendly technologies.
In Higher education, the University Grants
Commission’s (UGC) dream project is to link all
the 273 Indian universities with an 8 MB/s
(megabytes per second) line. They also want to
network access to all research journals throughout
the country. An ambitious project indeed!
In a small town called Lohari in Maharashtra, a
student of a technical college told the UGC
Chairman that he was not worried if his Professor
taught him or not as they downloaded materials
from the Internet. This incident reflected the
UGC’s thinking in reaching out to rural areas.
Each university will be encouraged to establish a
local area network (LAN) to enable connectivity
within the campus and to establish a larger
network for connecting all colleges under its
jurisdiction. The sites will serve three main
purposes: enabling universities to share library
resources and research journals, providing
teachers and students with access to information
available on the internet and other multimedia
educational material; and helping teachers develop
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their own multimedia courseware. The UGC plans
to invest Rs 150 crore over the next 5 years in this.
Within the capital the first phase of wiring 79
colleges is almost complete across both the north
and south campuses of Delhi University, using
self-finance and funding from the Ministry of
Information Technology (MOIT). Future plans
include providing on-line courses and digital
library resources, and starting a user group for
knowledge-sharing.
The recent visit of Microsoft Chairman Mr. Bill
Gates to India focused, among many things, on
bridging the digital divide and kick-starting
e-learning initiatives in the country. After detailed
discussions, Microsoft agreed to give $20 million
for training the trainers in the e-learning
programme, also known as “Shiksha”
(www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2003/05/14/
stories/2003051402841600). Under this, 80,000
teachers and 3.5 million students would be trained
between a period of 3 and 5 years. The
collaboration would be done in partnership with
the Department of Information Technology
(www.mit.gov.in).
E-education initiatives have been taken up by
many states like Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh,
Uttaranchal, Delhi, Mizoram, Maharashtra to
name a few. The Government in these states have
signed an MoU with various private sector
participants to train teachers in IT.
Conclusion
Technology has transformed contemporary India.
Various initiatives in the field of rural development
have been illustrated earlier to show the impact of
ICT in rural development and progress. The idea
of such initiatives has been to bring people
information, as the rural population has been for
many years deprived of information. The IT Task
Force (National Task Force on IT and Software
Development, 1998) set up by the Indian
Government, has taken up the job of aiding
personal growth and national growth by using IT
as a tool and is engaged in the effective articulation
and dissemination of that vision, so as to create an
ethos consistent with the needs of an emerging
knowledge-driven global civilisation. The task
force has also recommended the extensive use of
IT in all areas of national economy to make the
country a global economy power. The task force’s
vision includes the following elements.
.
The need of the hour for India, with its diverse
cultures and languages is a strategy to boost
learning and the use of IT by using software in
Indian languages, and developing local
content for better outreach to the masses.
 The changing face of India
Khaiser Nikam et al.
.
To offer IT education to all sections of society
and the economy, to ensure better
productivity. In addition, to create an IT-
based society by promoting understanding of
the necessary legal framework for this society.
Therefore, the focus should be on educating
the mass on Intellectual Property Rights
(IPRs), information security and safety.
.
To develop and provide industrial
infrastructure such as power,
telecommunications and IT facilities, together
with intellectual infrastructure such as school/
universities for all villages throughout the
country, while ensuring that the PC density in
the country increases by making available PCs
and connectivity at a nominal cost.
In this way, India will advance towards its full
status as a true information superpower of the
digital age.
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Notes
1 Lakh ¼ 10 to the fifth power, i.e. 100,000.
2 Very Small Aperture Terminal: a small fixed earth station,
the essential communication link required to set up a
satellite based communication network.
3 “Block” denotes an administrative community unit, higher
than the village level, but lower than the district.
4 Crore ¼ one followed by seven zeros, i.e. 10 million.
References
Kothari, Pandey, Brij Avinadh and Amita, Chudgar (2002),
“Gyandoot: can it be the harbinger of knowledge?”, India
Infrastructure Report 2002, Government issues for
commercialisation, 3iNetwork, OUP.
National Task Force on IT and Software Development (1998),
available at: http://it-taskforce.nic.in accessed on 24
January 2004.
Vijaya Raghavan, G. and Nair, V.S.M. (2001), “One of the
greatest discoveries of our times”, Manorama Year Book,
Malayala Manorama Press, p. 32.