1. A rigid container contains one kg of (dry) saturated steam at a pressure of 10 bar. It is cooled until the pressure is 1 bar.

a) Sketch the process on a p v diagram, showing the saturation lines and the two constant pressure lines [6 marks] b) Determine: (i) The initial temperature [3 marks] (ii) The final temperature [3 marks] c) Calculate the final dryness fraction [13 marks] p

1
saturated water line saturated steam line

10 bar

1 bar

Since the state is saturated steam, the temperature must be Ts at 10 bar = 179.9 0C (i) The state is now wet steam, so the temperature is Ts at 1 bar = 99.6 0C [3 marks] (ii) Now note that v1 = v2 (rigid container) v1 = vg at 10 bar = 0.1944 m3/kg

then

x2 =

0.1944 0.001043 = 0.1142 1.694 0.001043

2. 2 kg/s of steam enters a horizontal adiabatic nozzle at a pressure of 100 bar and a temperature of 500 0C. It leaves at a pressure of 50 bar and a temperature of 400 0C. Making the assumption that the inlet velocity is negligible, calculate; (i) the exit velocity of the steam, (ii) the exit area of the nozzle. [15 marks] [10 marks]

(i) apply SFEE

q12 + w12

22 12 = ( h2 h1 ) + + g ( z2 z1 ) 2

where q12 = w12 = 0, 1 and PE can be neglected

22 So ( h1 h2 ) = 2
Thus 2 = 2 ( h1 h2 ) = 2 ( 3373 3196 ) 103 = 594.98 m s

(ii) Apply continuity equation:

A m v 2 2 0.0578 m = 2 2 hence A 2 = = = 1.943 104 m2 v2 2 594.98

3. One kg of air is contained in a rigid vessel. The air pressure is 500 kPa and the temperature is 600 K. The air is cooled until the pressure is 250 kPa Calculate: (i) The volume of the vessel (i) The final air temperature (ii) The heat transfer. For air: R = 287 J/kgK cv = 718 J/kgK (i) First apply pV = mRT [8 marks] [9 marks] [8 marks]

V=

mRT 1 0.287 600 = = 0.3444m3 p 500

p1V1 p2 V2 = T1 T2 p2 250 = 600 = 300kPa p1 500 K!!!

(ii) Apply the general gas law

Then

/ 1 p2 V /2 p1V = T1 T2

thus T2 = T1

(iii) Apply NFEE q12 + w12 = c v (T2 T1) where w12 = 0

Then q12 = c v (T2 T1) = 0.718(300 600) = 215.4kJ

4. A reversible adiabatic turbine uses air as the working fluid. The air enters the turbine at 1.4 MPa, 1000 K and leaves at 500 K. The air mass flow rate is 8 kg/s. Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy. Calculate: (i) The air exit pressure. (ii) The power output. For air: R = 287 J/kgK cp = 1005 J/kgK = 1.4 1 [13 marks] [12 marks]

(i) The process follows pv = constant

p2 T2 1 500 0.4 = = = 0.0884 p1 T1 1000

p2 = 0.0884 x 1400 kPa = 123.74 kPa (ii) Apply SFEE

1.4

Q / 12 + W 12 = m ( h2 h1 ) = mc p ( T2 T1 ) = 8 1.005 ( 500 1000 ) = 4020kW

5. A water tank is 10 m long, 4 m wide and 6 m deep. It is completely full of fresh water of density 1000 kg/m3. Calculate the force on the bottom, the sides and the end of the tank due to the water. [25 marks]

10 m 4m 6m

In each case apply F = gA h

Bottom : A = 10 4 = 40 m2 h = 3 m hence F = 1000 9.81 40 6 = 2354.4kN Side : A = 10 6 = 60 m2 h = 3 m hence F = 1000 9.81 60 3 = 1765.8kN End : A = 4 6 = 24 m2 h = 3 m hence F = 1000 9.81 24 3 = 706.32kN
_ _

6. A vertical rectangular flat plate is 10 m wide and 4 m deep and is submerged in water of density 1000 kg/m3. Its top edge is parallel with the free surface and 5 m below it. Calculate the force on the plate and where it acts. [25 marks]

GG =

bd3 12
Free surface

water

5m

4m

10 m

Force F = gA h = 1000 9.81 ( 4 10 ) ( 5 + 2 ) = 2746.8kN

_

The point it acts = COP, which is z below the free surface

_

z=

FS
_

GG + A h
_

_ 2

GG
_

+h

Ah
_

Ah
_

Ah bd3
_ _

z=

GG
_

+h =

+h =

d2
_

+h =

Ah

12 b d h

12 h

42 + 7 = 7.19m 12 7