Pumps

Dynamic (Centrifugal) pumps Positive-Displacement pumps

Group introduction
Abid Hussain PG-M10-20
M. Yaqoob

CE-M10-32 Abdul Sattar PG-M10-13 Adnan Ali

CE-M10-40

Table of Contents:
Introduction Types Positive displacement Pumps Reciprocating/Rotary Construction & Working Selection Pumps terminologies Power & Efficiency Operational Problems Limitations

Introduction:
Pump is used to transform mechanical work into fluid energy. It is a mechanical device which is used to:
i. ii. Move liquids from lower elevation to higher elevation Move liquids from lower pressure areas to areas of higher pressure

iii.

Increase the flow rate of a liquid

Types:
Dynamic
(Centrifugal Pumps)

Positive-displacement
a) Reciprocating:
(piston, plunger and diaphragm)

b) Rotary:
(gear, lobe, screw, vane)

Centrifugal Pump
The centrifugal pump is the most used pump type in the world. The principle is simple, well-described and thoroughly tested, and the pump is robust, effective and relatively inexpensive to produce. There is a wide range of variations based on the principle of the centrifugal pump and consisting of the same basic hydraulic parts.

Types of P.D Pumps (Reciprocating)

Plunger pumps a reciprocating plunger pushes the fluid through one or two open valves, closed by suction on the way back.

Diaphragm Pump
Diaphragm pumps
similar to plunger pumps, where the plunger pressurizes hydraulic oil which is used to flex a diaphragm in the pumping cylinder. Diaphragm valves are used to pump hazardous and toxic fluids.

Piston Pump
Piston Displacement pumps usually simple devices for pumping small amounts of liquid or gel manually. The common hand soap dispenser is such a pump.

Rotary Pumps Gear pump

This is the simplest of rotary positive displacement pumps It consists of two meshed gears that rotate in a closely fitted casing The tooth spaces trap fluid and force it around the outer periphery The fluid does not travel back on the meshed part, because the teeth mesh closely in the center Gear pumps see wide use in car engine oil pumps and in various hydraulic power packs

Screw Pump
The screws are mounted on parallel shafts That have gears that mesh so the shafts turn together and everything stays in place. One screw turns clockwise and the other counterclockwise. The screws turn on the shafts and drive fluid through the pump.

Lobe Pump

This lobe pump displaces the liquid trapped between two long helical rotors Each fitted into the other when perpendicular at 90, rotating inside a triangular shaped sealing line configuration This design produces a continuous flow with equal volume and no vortex It can work at low pulsation rates, and offers gentle performance that some applications require

Vane pump
A rotary vane pump is a positivedisplacement pump that consists of vanes mounted to a rotor that rotates inside of a cavity. In some cases these vanes can be variable length and/or tensioned to maintain contact with the walls as the pump rotates.

Working Principle:
Centrifugal Pumps
Liquid is forced into an impeller either by atmospheric pressure In case of a jet pump by artificial pressure The vanes of impeller pass kinetic energy to the liquid, thereby causing the liquid to rotate The liquid leaves the impeller at high velocity The impeller is surrounded by a volute casing or in case of a turbine pump a stationary diffuser ring The volute or stationary diffuser ring converts the kinetic energy into pressure energy

Positive-Displacement Pumps
liquid is taken from one end and positively discharged at the other end for every revolution P.D pumps are widely used for pumping fluids other than water, mostly viscous fluids a fixed quantity of liquid is pumped after each revolution If the delivery pipe is blocked, the pressure rises to a very high value, which can damage the pump

Construction of Centrifugal Pumps

A. Packing B. Stuffing Box C. Shaft D. Shaft Sleeve E. Vane F. Casing G. Eye of Impeller H. Impeller I. Casing Wear Ring K. Discharge Nozzle

Construction of P.D Pumps

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. Compact cast-iron power frame Taper roller bearings Spur timing gears Heavy-duty duplex stainless steel shaft Oil lubrication of bearings and timing gears Timing gears and shaft assemblies rotor-face and back-face clearance

Selection Criteria:
Centrifugal Pumps

Flow Rate and Pressure Head

has varying flow depending on the system pressure or head

Positive-Displacement Pumps

Flow Rate and Pressure Head

has more or less a constant flow regardless of the system pressure or head Generally gives more pressure than Centrifugal Pump's

Capacity and Viscosity

The flow is reduced when the viscosity is increased Inefficient at even modest viscosity

Capacity and Viscosity

The flow is increased when viscosity is increased higher volumetric efficiency and a P.D Pump is better suited for high viscosity applications

Mechanical Efficiency
Changing the system pressure or head has a dramatic effect on the flow rate

Net Positive Suction Head - NPSH

function of flow determined by pressure

Mechanical Efficiency
Changing the system pressure or head has little or no effect on the flow rate

Net Positive Suction Head NPSH

function of flow determined by speed

Pump Head
Head is the height of liquid The static head corresponding to any specific pressure is dependent upon the weight of the liquid according to the following formula

Head in feet =

2.31

Suction lift
Suction Lift
It exists when the source of supply is below the center line of the pump.
Atmospheric pressure

Static Suction Lift

It is the vertical distance in feet from the centerline of the pump to the free level of the liquid to be pumped.

Suction Head
Suction head
It exists when the source of supply is above the centerline of the pump.

Static suction head

It is the vertical distance in feet from the centerline of the pump to the free level of the liquid to be pumped
A

Discharge Head
Static discharge head
It is the vertical distance in feet between the pump centerline and the point of free discharge or the surface of the liquid in the discharge tank. Total static head It is the vertical distance in feet between the free level of the source of supply and the point of free discharge or the free surface of the discharge liquid.

Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) NPSH Available:

Absolute pressure at the pump suction, changed into head minus the vapour pressure of the liquid being pumped, changed to head.

NPSH Required:
Minimum head needed at the suction to get the liquid into the impeller without vaporizing

NPSHa must always be greater than

Absolute pressure at Pump suction Vapor pressure at pump temp NPSH = Specific Gravity x 0.433

How to increase NPSH?

Raise the suction tank (or level in the tank). Lower the pump. Increase the pressure in the suction tank.

Cool the liquid to reduce vapor pressure.

Modify the suction piping. - Increase pipe diameter -

reduce the length - change fittings - modify valve type - reduce number.

Power & Efficiency

Brake horsepower (bhp)
Actual horsepower delivered to the pump shaft

Hydraulic horsepower (whp)

The liquid horsepower delivered by the pump

Operational Problems
Cavitation:
A reduction in pump capacity A reduction in the head of the pump The formation of bubbles in a low pressure area of the pump A noise that can be heard when the pump is running Damaged that can be seen on the pump impeller and volute

cavitation is an abnormal condition that can result in loss of production, equipment damage and worst of all, personnel injury

Limitations
Centrifugal Single stage will not develop high pressure Low efficiency Priming NRV Can not handle viscous liquid efficiently Poor sucking power Positive-Displacement dynamic problems with check valves when applicable higher maintenance costs construction is in general more complex need for safety relieve valve to protect the piping against exceeding the design pressure of the system