WIRELINE ACCESS NETWORK MAKING A TELEPHONE CALL A telephone call starts when the caller lifts the handsets

of the base. Once the dial tone is heard, the caller uses a rotary or a push button dial mounted either on the handset or on the base to enter a sequence of digits, the telephone number of called party. The switching equipment from the exchange removes the dial tone from the line after the first digit is received and after receiving the last digit, determines the called party is in the same exchange or a different ones. If the called is in the same exchange, burst of ringing current is applied to the called partys line. Each telephone contains a ringer that responds to specific electric frequency. When the called party answers the telephone by pocking up the handset, steady start to flow in the called partys line and is detected by the exchange. The exchange than stops applying ringing and sets up the connection between the caller and the called party. If the called party is in different exchange from the caller, the caller exchange set up the connection over the telephone network to the called partys exchange. The called party then handles the process of ringing, detecting an answer, and notifying the calling and billing machinery when the call is completed. When conversation is over, one or both parties hang up by replacing their handset on the base, stopping the flow of current. The exchange when initiates the process of taking down the connection, including notifying billing equipment of the duration of the call if appropriate Components of a Wireline access network.

Wireline access network can be categorized into Wireline access network and wireless network. The Wireline network can be described using the above figure. Telephones from different users/subscribers are connected to the remote switch unit (RSU).The RSU is responsible for access to the subscriber. This connection is done through copper pair. This RSU is connected to the main exchange through optical fibre. In the main exchange switching is done. There is physical pairing up to RSU , thereafter virtual pairing is done using optical fibre .After main exchange there is connection to TAX (trunk automatic exchange) level II, which is then connected with level I tax i.e. main TAX of the city. This level I tax is connected with level I tax of other cities by using optical fiber cables. In every circle there is only one level I TAX (i.e. of a state).In every district there is level II TAX. ABOUT THE EXCHANGE

All exchange has some purposes and some basic structural units, which are: 1. subscribers connection unit 2. Switching network (CX)

3. Control unit 4. OMC For smooth working of an exchange following unit are very important:1. Computer Unit: - it deals with additional services of the exchange to the customers with the help of computers. 2. Power Plant: - to feed proper power supply to exchange 3. AC Plant: - to maintain the continuous temperature + or 2 degree Celsius to the digital switch (exchange). 4. MDF: - to connect switch (exchange) with the external environment (subscriber) i.e. it is the interface between subscribers and exchange. Computer unit As the name specified it is the main part of the exchange that deals with the all services provided by the exchange to the customers with the help of computer. It also provides the updated data to all other part of the exchange. The customers are using the services of the exchange by using the internet also gets connected to the main server present this room via an internet room. It mainly consists of the servers that are providing the different services. The main servers of this room are:IVRS is used for the change number services provided by the exchange. CERS are provided by the exchange to avoid the problems that the users are facing the repairing of telephone. In this system when the user enters its complained it gets directly entered to the server and user is allotted with an id number. LOCAL DIRECTORY ENQUIRY is another services provided by the exchange, by using this; subscribers calls the particular number and gets the directory enquiry. The server present in the main computer room provides this service. INTERNET DIRECTORY ENQUIRY is the latest service by the exchange. In this type of service makes it enquiry using the internet, which gets connected to the main server at the internet room in the exchange and further to the main server in the computer room.

POWERPLANT

As we know that, the power is the main source or any organization. It is the case of E-10B exchange. That is the first requirement of any organization is the input. The main source of this exchange is AC supply. However, as soon as the power supply is gone off, then what is source? No one think on this that the telephone is always plays its role in the human life. Even if the power supply gone off. Thus there must be adjustment source of power. The main parts of the power room are: Batteries: - these are the instant sources of the power as soon as power is gone off. UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply):- the UPS must give supply to the computer. As we know there is some equipment which can withstand any type of power supply, but there are also some instruments which cannot withstand with this type of power supply, even a microsecond delay will cause the loss of data. Charging- Discharging Unit: - the batteries we are using in the power room need timely charging. As soon as the AC power supply is on, we make use of the charging unit present in the power room. The slowly charging of the batteries is known as the trickle charging. But sometimes we need the BOOSTER charging. In this type of charging awe take of the batteries from the load and charge separately, until it gets fully charged. The main work of the discharging unit is to control the discharging of the batteries. Inverter and Converter Unit: - the main use of this system is to change AC mains to DC and vice versa as required by the parts of exchange. Engine Room:-we know that the batteries are the instant source of supply but we cannot use it for much larger time, thus for this, we have an engine to generate the power supply. They are of 885 KVA. Thus, this room controls the supply of the engine. CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONER For the function of electrical equipment, cooling system is basic requirement. The basic advantages of cooling systems are followingIt provides the thermal stability so that the temperature does not reach the tolerance limit of electronic equipment It saves equipment from dust so to avoid malfunction of equipments. It protects equipment from excess humidity which can caused rusting of equipment. The basic unit of measurement used in the industry is known as ton of refrigeration (TR) which is equivalent to the heat extracted in 24 hours for converting thousands kg of liquid to ice at zero degree. The compressor is the heart of the AC system and the costliest. It increases the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant gas coming from the evaporator coils by compressing it. Compressor comes in various types. The most widely used is simple reciprocal type a cylinder and piston arrangement. For capacity more than 120 TR, centrifugal compressors are used. The condenser liquefies the refrigerant gas by a heat exchange process. The capillary tube or the expansion valve pressurizes liquid refrigerant and meters it flows to the evaporator.

The refrigerant then passes trough the evaporator coils, which extract heat out of the ambience. MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME The primary function of MDF is: The fault of telephone number is removed in the MDF; it is called as Fault Remove Section. For removing the fault of telephone number, we use the testing These testing are T.T.Y. testing, Group testing, etc. For any type of testing firstly we need the vertical no. or the live tester, printer and computer test N.E. number of that particular telephone number. The telephone numbers are also disconnected in the MDF because of some specific reason. PARTS OF THE MDF Horizontal side Vertical side HORIZONTAL SIDE: It is again subdivided in to two parts Exchange side Line side Description of the horizontal side:RACK: - On the rack, the tags are situated. One rack is having eight tags. The courting is done from up (0) to down (7). TAG: - Each rack consists of eight tags. 1 tag = 4 core 1 core = 4 bunch 1 bunch = 2 line N.E.:- The word NE stands for the NUMBER OF EQUIPMENT. It is a 128 pair cable. The EWSD and MDF connected by NE. WEDGE:-If we want to disconnect any two numbers then we insert a wedge between subscriber side and exchange side. Here wedge works as insulator made of plastic.

VERTICAL SIDE: The vertical aside connected to the underground cable. This cable is having 100 pairs. These pair is distributed when we allot the telephone number to the subscriber. Vertical side is again subdivided in two parts:

One part is connected with the horizontal side and another with the subscriber line by using 100 pair underground cable. This is how the present day telephone system works. Different exchanges have different architectures of switching call routing and other features. Now let us see how BSNL has kept up with the changing world and provided the subscribers with the latest facilities technologies, which include the V-SAT network, Internet, the WLL (wireless in local loop) and the GSM mobile. FIXED ASSIGNMENT TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (F-TDMA)

In a fixed assignment TDMA, each frame is divided in to slots of fixed time durations among stations of network. The assignment of stations to slots is permanent similar to TDMA system carrying digitalized voice except FTDMA does not have synchronization. Packets are sent asynchronously, with no frame sync signals. FEATURES No inter modulation problems. Transport utilization is better. Burst from different stations must arrive at satellite exactly in allocated slots. Throughput is 70% to 80% Delay medium is too high. Complexity-medium. RANDOM ACCESS

With TDMA schemes, signals are transmitted by earth stations in a burst mode. If no scheduling is provided b/w the transmitting station, this type of access is called time random multiple access. This simplest method for the stations to transmit burst without regard for other station.