A R C H IT E C T U R E

A r . M o h a m e d A l i S h a r i e f P r o f e s o r & D e a n i / c , F a c u l t y o f A r c h i t e c u r e K a r p a g m U n i v e r s i t y , C o i m b a t o r e

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
PRE-HISTORY TO ANCIENT

Time line of human pre-history: Comprises the time from the first appearance of Homo sapiens in Africa 200,000 years ago to the invention of writing and the beginning of history. It covers the time from the Stone Ages to the Bronze Ages and ending in the Iron Ages. The divisions used are those delineating the European ne Age; however, many regions around the world underwent various stages of Stone Age development at different times. All dates are approximate and based on research in the fields of anthropology, archaeology, genetics, geology, and linguistics. They are all subject to revision based on new discoveries or analyses.

PRE-HISTORY TO ANCIENT

Paleolithic [Old Stone Age] : Middle Paleolithic: 200,000 years ago: appearance of Homo sapiens in Africa 150,000 years ago: time of mitochondrial Eve 125,000 years ago: peak of the Eemian Stage interglacial 100,000 years ago: earliest estimate for the domestication of dogs 90,000 years ago: time of Y-chromosomal Adam 75,000 years ago: Toba Volcano supereruption. 60,000 years ago: out of Africa migration of modern humans; 50,000 years ago: Modern humans spread from Africa to the Near East; In the next millennia, these human group's descendants move on to southern India, the Malay islands, Australia, Japan, China, Siberia, Alaska, and the northwestern coast of North America. Later Stone Age begins in Africa. 42 000 years ago: Paleolithic flutes in Europe 41 000 years ago: Denisova hominin lives in the Altai Mountains

PRE-HISTORY TO ANCIENT

PRE-HISTORY TO ANCIENT

Upper Paleolithic: 40,000 years ago: 40,000 years ago: 35 000 years ago: 32,000 years ago: 30,000 years ago: oldest known cave paintings Cro-Magnon colonization of Europe. oldest known figurative art (Venus of Hohle Fels) Aurignacian culture begins in Europe. First domestic dogs, A herd of reindeer is slaughtered and butchered by humans in the Vezere Valley in France. 29,000 years ago: extinction of Homo neanderthalensis. 28,500 years ago: New Guinea is populated by colonists from Asia/Australia. 28,000 years ago: Gravettian period in Europe. Harpoons, needles, and saws invented. 26,000 years ago: Women around the world use fibers to make baby-carriers, clothes, bags, baskets, and nets. 26,000-20,000: Last Glacial Maximum 25,000 years ago: first colonization of North America. A hamlet consisting of huts built of rocks and of mammoth bones is founded in Dolni Vestonice in Moravia in the Czech Republic. This is the oldest human permanent settlement that has yet been found by archaeologists. 22,000 years ago: the oldest known tally stick (the Ishango Bone)

PRE-HISTORY TO ANCIENT

PRE-HISTORY TO ANCIENT

Mesolithic [Middle Stone Age] : Mesolithic: 20,000 years ago: Chatelperronian culture in France. Kebaran culture in the Levant. 16,000 years ago: Wisent sculpted in clay deep inside the cave now known as Le Tuc d'Audoubert in the French Pyrenees near what is now the border of Spain. 14,800 years ago: The Humid Period begins in North Africa. The region that would later become the Sahara is wet and fertile, and the Aquifers are full. 13,000-10,000: Late Glacial Maximum, end of the Last glacial period, climate warms, glaciers recede 12,000 years ago: Land ice leaves Denmark and southern Sweden; start of the current Holocene epoch. 11,000 years ago: (9000 BC) - Emergence of Jericho, which is now one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. 10,000 years ago: (8000 BC) - The Quaternary extinction event, which has been ongoing since the mid-Pliestocene, concludes. Many of the ice age megafauna go extinct.

PRE-HISTORY TO ANCIENT

PRE-HISTORY TO ANCIENT

Neolithic [New Stone Age] : Neolithic: (8000 BC): In northern Mesopotamia, cultivation of barley and wheat begins. At first they are used for beer, gruel, and soup, eventually for bread. In early agriculture at this time, the planting stick is used, but it is replaced by a primitive plow in subsequent centuries. Around this time, a round stone tower, now preserved to about 8.5 meters high and 8.5 meters in diameter is built in Jericho. atal Hyk urban settlement founded in Anatolia Jiahu culture began in China Copper smelting in evidence in Plocnik and other locations. late Neolithic civilizations, invention of the wheel and spread of proto-writing. Civilizations develop in the Mesopotamia region. mass graves at Tell Brak in Syria. Minoan culture begins on Crete Uruk period in Sumer. First evidence of mummification in Egypt. Writing is invented in Sumer, triggering the beginning of history.

(7500 BC): (7000 BC): (5500 BC): (5000 BC): (4000 BC): (3800-3600 BC): (3700-3600 BC): (3600-3500 BC): (3500-3400 BC):

PRE-HISTORY TO ANCIENT

PRE-HISTORY TO ANCIENT

Bronze Age : The Bronze Age is characterized by the use of copper and its alloy bronze as the chief hard materials in the manufacture of some implements and weapons. Chronologically, it stands between the Stone Age and Iron Age. Worldwide, the Bronze Age generally followed the Neolithic period, but in some parts of the world, a Copper Age served as a transition from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. Although the Iron Age generally followed the Bronze Age, in some areas such as subSaharan Africa, the Iron Age intruded directly on the Neolithic from outside the region. The term Stone Age implies the inability to smelt any ore, the term Bronze Age implies the inability to smelt iron ore and the term Iron Age implies the ability to manufacture artifacts in any of the three types of hard material. The whole, the use of copper or bronze was only the most stable and there the most diagnostic part of a cluster of features marking the period. In addition to the creation of bronze from raw materials and the widespread use of bronze tools and weapons, the period continued development of pictogramic or ideogramic symbols and proto-writing, and other features of urban civilization. An ancient civilization can be in the Bronze Age either by smelting its own copper and alloying with tin, or by trading for bronze from elsewhere.
PRE-HISTORY TO ANCIENT

PRE-HISTORY TO ANCIENT

Chalcolithic Copper Mine in Timna Valley, Negev Desert, Israel

Two handled Bronze artefact, Shang dynasty, China

Bronze Age Copper Ingot, Crete

Bronze weapons, Romania, Europe

PRE-HISTORY TO ANCIENT