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- la Pregunta 1 Belkin, P. (2011) Pgina 7 France, like the United States, believes that it has a special role in the world. The core perceptions of Frances role in the world stem from the Revolution that began in 1789. The Revolution was an event of broad popular involvement: widespread bloodshed, expropriation of property, and execution of the king fed the notion that there could be no turning back to monarchical government. Not only was the monarchy overthrown and a powerful church structure forcibly dismantled, but French armies, and ultimately French administrators in their wake, transformed much of the continent into societies where more representative, democratic institutions and the rule of law could ultimately take root. The Revolution was therefore a central, formative element in modern European history, notably in Europes evolution from monarchical to democratic institutions. The cultural achievements of France before and since the Revolution have added to French influence. French became the language of the lite in many European countries. By 1900, French political figures of the left and the right shared the opinion that France was and must continue to be a civilizing beacon for the rest of the world.13 The view that France has a civilizing mission (la mission civilisatrice) in the world endures today. For many years, the French government has emphasized the message of human rights and democracy, particularly in the developing world and in central Europe and Eurasia. Many French officials, particularly Gaullists,14 have been highly assertive in seeking to spread French values throughout the world. Dominique de Villepin, the last prime minister under Sarkozys predecessor Jacques Chirac, wrote that at the heart of our national identity, there is a permanent search for values that might be shared by others. 2.-pag5 parrafo2 lectura del 2005

France was one of the founding members of the European Union (initially known as the European Coal and Steel Community) in 1952. Improved trade and economic development were central objectives of member states in a Europe still struggling from the dislocation caused by the Second World War, but overarching objectives from the beginning were political rapprochement between Germany and its former enemies, and political stability on the continent. The EU was conceived in this context, with strong U.S. support.
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Many U.S. and French officials believe that bilateral cooperation between the United States and France in law-enforcement efforts to combat terrorism since September 11 has been strong, but at the same time a range of political factors is complicating the relationship.41 France has long experience in combating terrorism, a tightly centralized system of law enforcement, and a far-reaching network that gathers information on extremist groups. Limits on resources and important social and political issues sometimes affect elements of Frances anti-terrorism policies
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For the most part, Frances record over the past decade has been consistent in following the precept that the U.N. must endorse the use of force in a crisis. For

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example, France, along with other countries, since 1990 has obtained a U.N. resolution for the potential or actual use of force for interventions in the first Gulf War, Bosnia, Afghanistan, Congo, the Ivory Coast, and Haiti. One notable exception came in 1999, when France joined its NATO allies in going to war against Serbia in an effort to prevent ethnic cleansing in Kosovo. In that case, until the eleventh hour, the French government sought a U.N. resolution for NATOs use of force. At the same time, in the face of an increasingly likely Russian veto, French officials and counterparts from several other European allies began indicating that Serbian actions had reached a stage where using force to prevent a humanitarian catastrophe in Kosovo would be justifiable without a U.N. resolution.16 When a Russian veto became certain, there was a consensus in NATO that the use of force was justifiable in this instance even in the absence of a U.N. resolution.
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The Chirac government and the Bush Administration and some of its supporters have clashed over Frances pursuit of multipolarity in economic, military, and political affairs. The French government has described multipolarity as a system of balance in international affairs, in part a natural outgrowth of trading blocs and regional global differences, in part a value that is in principled opposition to global domination by one power or bloc. Some Administration officials, notably Condoleezza Rice, have disparaged the concept as a means to thwart U.S. foreign policy. In June 2003, she said that it was troubling that some have spoken admiringly almost nostalgically of multipolarity, as if it were a good thing to be desired for its own sake. She said that France seemed intent upon checking the United States, and that France appeared to consider the United States more dangerous than Saddam Hussein.17 Some Administration supporters in the neoconservative movement are more pointed, and claim that France wishes to reclaim
6.- 12,13 donde dice France has a long history of religious violence. ....hasta Muslim world over the issue of
terrorism.

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Sin embargo , grandes diferencias ocasionales en la OTAN entre Pars y Washington siguen apareciendo en el plano poltico . Por ejemplo , en febrero de 2003 , Francia ( y Alemania) intent bloquear un esfuerzo de EE.UU. en el NAC para discutir el envo de fuerzas de la OTAN para defender a Turqua en caso de que el inminente conflicto en Irak podra estimular el Bagdad de huelga Turqua. Pars y Berln afirmaron que el envo de fuerzas y equipos a Turqua constituira una aprobacin tcita de una decisin de EE.UU. de ir a la guerra, y sera un acto de provocacin . Francia y otros aliados , en lugar deseaban continuar las inspecciones de la ONU en Irak armas de destruccin masiva de armas ( se explica ms adelante ) . La Administracin Bush reaccion con enojo a los esfuerzos de Francia en la NAC . En abril de 2003 , el subsecretario de Defensa Wolfowitz dijo al Comit de Servicios Armados

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del Senado que Francia haba " creado un gran problema " en la OTAN sobre la ayuda a Turqua. Ms tarde anunciar la decisin del Pentgono de excluir a empresas de Francia y otros pases se oponen a la guerra de Irak de los contratos para reconstruir Irak. Richard Perle , que forma parte del movimiento neo -conservador y asesor del Pentgono , dijo , " Francia ya no es el aliado que era. " El mes siguiente , algunos senadores propusieron alterar el proceso de toma de decisiones OTAN para frenar la voz de Francia
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