Been or Gone

Been and gone are both past participles of the verb go and we use them in the present perfect tense with the auxiliary verb have or has: She has been They have gone Been means to go to a place and come back. I have been to the UAE twice. (You visited the UAE twice in the past but you are not in the UAE now.) Gone means to go to a place but not come back yet. Noura has gone to schoo . (Noura is going to schoo or she is at schoo now. She is not here.)

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There is / are It is / they are

We use there is/are to talk about something for the first time to say that it exists: Theres a new neighbour in flat number 6. Theres a really nice caf next door to our apartment block. There are 6 chairs around my dining room table.

We use it is/they are to talk about a particular thing, place, fact, situation etc. Theres a really nice caf next door to our apartment block. ts famous for its cream cakes. There are 6 chairs around my dining room table. They are blue.

We use its/they are here because now the caf!chairs has!ha"e been introduced we know which particular one(s) we are talking about. Special phrases with its We use its to talk about time distance weather

What time is it# Its half past four. Its a long way from my uni"ersity to where li"e. Its hot today.

Spoken English $ote that in spoken English we use contractions with there is, they are and it is. There is becomes theres. It is becomes its. They are becomes theyre. %owe"er we do not shorten there are. Theres a large kitchen in my apartment. Therere two bathrooms in my house. ! There are two bathrooms in my house.

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"ew or #ittle
We use few before plural nouns and little before singular uncountable nouns. They both mean that the amount we are talking about is not a lot, e.g.

I'm only taking a few things with me on this trip: a couple of T shirts and a pair of trousers. There's a little milk in the fridge. Can you buy some more?

"ew and little 'without the indefinite article (a() are more negati"e in meaning. They express the idea (not as many!much as would like(.

$ "ew or $ #ittle
$ few and a little 'with the indefinite article (a() are similar in meaning to (some(. They express *uite a positi"e idea. "ew and little 'without the indefinite article (a() are more negati"e in meaning. They express the idea (not as many!much as would like(. +ompare these two sentences:

e studied the !resent !erfect yesterday in our "nglish class# few students understood it. $%ot many students understood and that's a problem.&

e studied the !resent !erfect yesterday in our "nglish class# a few students understood it. $'ome students understood and that's () for now.&

,ut be careful: if you are speaking informally, few and little 'without the indefinite article (a() are not "ery common. We prefer to use not many* not much* only a few* only a little* e.g.

+urry up,

e ha-en't got much time. 'This is "ery informal)

They had little time to prepare for the opening ceremony. 'This is more formal)

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Enough
A determiner 1. (a) sufficient to answer a need, demand, supposition, or re uirement! ade uate enough cake! Yes, we have enough cakes to sell today. (b) (as pronoun) enough is now known! Enough is known about Egypt and its amazing history for students to understand. ". used to put an end to an action, speech, performance, etc. Thats enough singing for today, thank you. #. (adverb) so as to be ade uate or sufficient! as much as necessary you have worked hard enough! I think you have worked hard enough to receive a pay rise. $. (not used with a negative) very or uite! rather he was pleased enough to see me. %. (intensifier) oddly enough! surprisingly enough! !mazingly enough, after playing so badly, we won the game. &. 'ust ade uately! tolerably

"e did it well enough.

"or and since

"or and since are both used with time e%pressions& for - period of time two hours six months ten years a long time ages since - point in time nine o clock .ecember /001 uni"ersity was a child

"or and since often ha'e the same meaning& ha"e li"ed in +airo for two years 2 ha"e li"ed in +airo since 3445. "or and Since with Tenses& 6or and since are usually used with the present perfect tense, because they refer to a time up to the present. 7ook at this time line, which illustrates the sentences abo"e.

3445

3446

ha"e li"ed in +airo for two years!since 3445 mo"ed to +airo still li"e in +airo

"or can be used with any tense: was at uni"ersity for six years. %es staying with me for two weeks.

8hell be in hospital for a month.

(o) play or do a sport*

This is actually *uite simple. There are 9 rules +ind of sport f we use a ball: football, basketball, etc, but also tennis, table tennis 'ping pong), badminton, golf, cricket. f we are mo"ing from one place to another: :ogging, walking, climbing, roller&skating but also swimming 'e"en if we stay in one pool) and bungee :umping. We also go dancing. f we are not mo"ing from one place to another but we are mo"ing our arms ; legs, for example gymnastics, :udo, karate, aerobics, yoga, <ilates. ,erb play

go

do

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ha'e got
-eaning
.hen are /ha'e got and /ha'e the same* <ossession ha"e a car and ha"e got a car =bligation ha"e to go now and ha"e got to go now .hen is it not possible to use /ha'e got* n the past ha"e got a car becomes had a car >ctions ha"e a shower P ha"e got a shower O

%a"e got is more common in informal or spoken ?nglish

"orm
>ffirmati"e ha"e %e!she!it has ha"e got ' "e got) %e!she!it has got 'As got) $egati"e dont ha"e %e!she!it doesnt ha"e ha"ent got %e!she!it hasnt got @uestion .o you ha"e# .oes he!she!it ha"e# %a"e you got# %as he!she!it got#

Bemember that in short answers we repeat the auxiliary: .o you ha"e# Ces, do. %a"e you got# Ces, ha"e

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In/at/on& time and place

Time Dse $t 0n In with times of day days and dates long periods 'eg. months!years!seasons)

7ook at the following e%amples& $t 1 oclock!midnight!sunset 0n 6riday!/3 Earch!+hristmas day In =ctober!the /0F4s!the past!the future!the /Gth +entury!/06G 1lace Dse at or in to show where an e"ent takes place!where something happens: ?g. The concert will be held at/in the opera house. The party will be held at/in 8ues apartment.

We use at to mean ne%t to: waited at the station for her for ages. li"e at The <yramids 'not in The <yramidsH) Dse In when you are thinking about the building itself: To mean inside.

?g.There are many amaIing things to see in The ?gyptian museum. We also use in with the following: In a street > s*uare > town > country > city +airo the sea the mountains the building

0n to mean Aon top of ?g. 0n the mountain!the ground

2345678 937 / :;3<=