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Whatdoesan OperatingSystemdo?

Introductionto OperatingSystems
COMP755 Advanced OS

AnOperatingSystemprovidesalogical environmentforusingthecomputer. IfyouareusingasystemwithLinux(or Windows orUnixorSolarisorwhatever),it doesntmatterwhathardwareyouareusing, itstillrunsthesame same. Usersworkwithlogicalconceptsinsteadof physicalhardware.

MappingofPhysicaltoVirtual
Virtual file large address space single user named devices display windows Physical blocks on the disk limited RAM many users hardware addresses bit mapped display

PurposeofanOS
Ap program g thatcontrolstheexecutionof applicationprograms Aninterfacebetweentheuserorapplications andthehardware Masksthedetailsofthehardware Allocatesresourcestoprograms

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FunctionsofanOS
Compatibility Th OSprovides The id avirtual i t lmachine hi allowing ll i programstorunonavarietyofmachines. Convenience Providesaneasytouseinterface. Efficiency Allowsresourcestobeusedefficiently. Security Restrictaccesstoresources

ServicesofanOperatingSystem
Sharing Programexecution ControlledaccesstofilesandI/Odevices Systemaccessandsecurity Errordetectionandrecovery Hardwarecontrol

JustaProgram
Theoperatingsystemisacomputerprogram. Mostoperatingsystemsarelarge,sometimes verylarge,programs. Operatingsystemscanexecuteprivileged instructionstocontrolthehardware. Operatingsystemrelinquishescontrolofthe processortoexecuteotherprograms

History of Operating Systems

Who Cares?
Thisisnot ahistoryclass.

Operatingsystemsareshapedbythepath takentogethere.
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Ithinkthereisaworldmarketfor aboutfivecomputers.

HardwareLeadstheOS
B Becauseof fth theb better tt performance f of fmodern d computers,theOScanprovidemoreservices. Oldercomputersdidnthavethespeedor storagetoruntheOSoftoday.

ThomasJ.Watson(1945) presidentofIBM

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TheEvolutionofOperatingSystems
NoOperating N O ti Systems S t Monitors SimpleBatchSystems Multiprogrammed BatchSystems Ti Sharing Time Sh i Systems S

NoOperatingSystems
Eachprogramdirectlyinterfacedwiththe h d hardware. Onepersonusedthecomputeratatime. JobSchedulingwasdonewithaclipboard Librariesofcommonlyusedprocedureswere thefirststartofoperatingsystems. systems

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Monitors
Themonitorwasaprogramthatloaded applicationprogramsintoRAM. RAM Themonitor,orasmallportionofit, remainedinRAMwhiletheapplication programran. Themonitorcontaineddevicedriversto simplifyaccesstoperipherals. Whentheprogramterminated,itwould jumpbacktothemonitor.
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The monitor loads a job into the User Program Area A monitor instruction branches to the start of the user program When the user program is finished, the CPU fetches instructions from f the Monitor

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SimpleBatchSystems
Theusersubmitsajob(writtenonpunched cards)tothecomputer. Theoperatingsystemwouldcopytheinput datatoadisk. Whenajobcompleted,theOSwouldselect oneofthejobsfromthediskandrunit. Printedoutputfromthejobwaswrittento thedisk.Whentheprogramterminated, theoutputfilewascopiedtotheprinter.
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JobControlLanguage(JCL)
JCLwasusedtospecifycommandstothe operatingsystem system. Thefirstcharactersoftheinputcard identifieditasJCLordata. TheJCLspecifiedwhatprogramwastobe runorwhatdatafilewastobeused.

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JCLExample
//KENJOB RUN ACCOUNT=COMP755 // DD DDNAME DDNAME=* data cards // EXEC DDNAME=WILLIAMS.PROG //

MultiprogrammedBatchSystems
SeveralprogramshadtobekeptinRAMat thesametime,eachprotectedfromthe other. TheOShadtobeabletoswitchfromone userenvironmenttoanother. ReliedonhardwarethatsupportsI/O interruptsandDMA
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TimeSharingSystems
Usingmultiprogrammingtohandlemultiple interactivejobs Processorstimeissharedamongmultiple users Multipleuserssimultaneouslyaccessthe systemthroughterminals Anewcontrollanguagewasrequiredfor interactivework.
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MemoryOrganization
EarlycomputersdidnothavecacheorVirtual M Memory. C Cache h h haslittl littlei impact tonth theOS OS. SomeearlymachineshadtwotypesofRAM. TheOSmovedjobsbetweenthefastandslow RAM.

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VirtualMemory
TheIBM/370introducedvirtualmemory. TheIntel386providedvirtualmemory support. Theoperatingsystemhastomovepages betweenRAManddisk. TheOShastomaintainthepagetablesand addressingenvironment.

DOS 3270PCDOS Windows3.1 31

History of Microsoft Windows

Microsoft &IBM Windows95 NT3.0 OS/2 Windows98 NT4.0 OS/2Warp WindowsME Windows2000 WindowsXP WindowsVista Windows7
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HistoryofUnix
OriginallydevelopedforaPDP7in1970by BrianKernighanandDennisRichie. WritteninCin1973 OSwithsourcecodewasavailablefree. AndrewTanenbaum createdMinix Linus Torvalds extendedMinix toLinux

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