1.

Difference between GSM and CDMA GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) are two dominant technologies for mobile communication. The CDMA network operates in the frequency spectrum of CDMA 800 MHz while the GSM network operates in the frequency spectrum of GSM 900 MHz and 1800 MHz (in India). The CDMA is based on spread spectrum technology which makes the optimal use of available bandwidth. It allows each user to transmit over the entire frequency spectrum all the time. On the other hand GSM operates on the wedge spectrum called a carrier. This carrier is divided into a number of time slots and each user is assigned a different time slot so that until the ongoing call is finished, no other subscriber can have access to this. GSM uses both Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) for user and cell separation. TDMA provides multiuser access by chopping up the channel into different time slices and FDMA provides multiuser access by separating the used frequencies.

2. TDMA , FDMA Time division multiple access (TDMA) is a channel access method for shared medium networks. It allows several users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots. Frequency Division Multiple Access or FDMA is a channel access method used in multipleaccess protocols as a channelization protocol. FDMA gives users an individual allocation of one or several frequency bands, or channels.

3. GSM block diagram

4. 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G Analog cellular networks 1G The first analog cellular system widely deployed in North America was the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS). It was commercially introduced in the Americas in 1978, Israel in 1986, and Australia in 1987. AMPS was a pioneering technology that helped drive mass market usage of cellular technology, but it had several serious issues by modern standards. It was unencrypted and easily vulnerable to eavesdropping via a scanner; it was susceptible to cell phone "cloning;" and it used a Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) scheme and required significant amounts of wireless spectrum to support. Digital cellular networks 2G In the 1990s, the 'second generation' mobile phone systems emerged. Two systems competed for supremacy in the global market: the European developed GSM standard and the U.S. developed CDMA standard. These differed from the previous generation by using digital instead of analog transmission, and also fast out-of-band phone-to-network signalling. Mobile broadband data 3G The main technological difference that distinguishes 3G technology from 2G technology is the use of packet switching rather than circuit switching for data transmission. Native IP networks 4G By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications like streaming media. Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized 4th-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies. The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard (offered in the U.S. by Sprint) and the LTE standard, first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera. One of the main ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of circuit switching, instead employing an all-IP network. Thus, 4G ushered in a treatment of voice calls just like any other type of streaming audio media, utilizing packet switching over internet, LAN or WAN networks via VoIP. 5. Crossbar switching and strowger switching A crossbar switch is an assembly of individual switches between multiple inputs and multiple outputs. The switches are arranged in a matrix. If the crossbar switch has M inputs and N outputs, then a crossbar has a matrix with M N cross-points or places where the "bars" cross. At each crosspoint is a switch; when closed, it connects one of M inputs to one of N outputs. A given crossbar is a single layer, non-blocking switch. "Non-blocking" means that other concurrent connections do not prevent connecting an arbitrary input to any arbitrary output. The Strowger switch was the first example of an electromechanical stepping switch telephone exchange system. It was invented by Almon Brown Strowger, and first patented in 1891. Because of its operational characteristics it is also known as a step-by-step (SXS) switch. 6. Broadband The term broadband refers to the wide bandwidth characteristics of a transmission medium and its ability to transport multiple signals and traffic types simultaneously. The medium can be coax, optical fiber, twisted pair or wireless.

In telecommunication Broadband refers to a communication bandwidth of at least 256 kbit/s. Each channel is 6 MHz wide and it uses an extensive range of frequencies to effortlessly relay and receive data between networks. 7. PSTN The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the aggregate of the world's circuitswitched telephone networks that are operated by national, regional, or local telephony operators, providing infrastructure and services for public telecommunication. The PSTN consists of telephone lines, fiber optic cables, microwave transmission links, cellular networks, communications satellites, and undersea telephone cables, all interconnected by switching centers, thus allowing any telephone in the world to communicate with any other. Originally a network of fixed-line analog telephone systems, the PSTN is almost entirely digital in its core and includes mobile as well as fixed telephones. The technical operation of the PSTN adheres to the standards created by the ITU-T. 8. MOBILE Communication Mobile communication is a communication network that does not involve cable or wire connection between two entities. The current mobile communications technologies are GSM, and CDMA. 9. Voice Frequency and Mobile frequency A voice frequency (VF) or voice band is one of the frequencies, within part of the audio range, that is used for the transmission of speech. In telephony, the usable voice frequency band ranges from approximately 300 Hz to 3400 Hz. Mobile frequency is the frequency band used for transmission of signal/data. The CDMA network operates in the frequency spectrum of GSM 800 MHz while the GSM network operates in the frequency spectrum of GSM 900 MHz and 1800 MHz (in India).

10. Switching The assemblies of switching and control devices provided so that any station in a communications system may be connected as desired with any other station. To enable the transmission facilities to be shared, stations are connected to and reached through switching system nodes that are part of most telecommunications networks. Switching systems act under built-in control to direct messages toward their ultimate destination or address. 11. How a call is generated from a tower to a mobile? Go through the figure of Question 3. 12. WiFi WiFi, is a popular technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data or connect to the internet wirelessly using radio waves. The name is a contraction of "Wireless Fidelity". Wi-Fi allows cheaper deployment of local area networks (LANs). Also spaces where cables cannot be run, such as outdoor areas and historical buildings, can host wireless LANs. A WiFi signal occupies five channels in the 2.4 GHz band.

13. WiMAX WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless communications standard designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates, with the 2011 update providing up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations. The original version of the standard on which WiMAX is based (IEEE 802.16) specified a physical layer operating in the 10 to 66 GHz range. 14. Bluetooth range and wifi range Maximum range for Bluetooth based wireless connections is 30m while for Wi-Fi, it can extend well upto 100m. 15. Android Android is an operating system based on the Linux kernel and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smart-phones and tablet computers. Initially developed by Android, Inc., which Google backed financially and later bought in 2005.