Contents

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Switch on 11'. myjob
Make your poi nt ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ t I
li st ening Readi ng Speaki ng I l anguage spot Vocabul ary Pron unciati on
Pai rwork
Probl em-solving
1 Ways in to technology _ p.4
Product sand St uartCo le: Orderi ng a Acollege St udyi ng Course -;ngform and to Word famili es Unstressed
courses Engi neeri ng presentat ion prospectus t echnology components infinitive syllables
Apprentice
2 Food and agriculture . p.1O
Agri cultural Begi nni ng a Food preservation Precision Scanning- Testingfruit Past Simple v
inventi ons presentat ion agricult ure Pedalling water Present Perfect
3 Bridges and tunnels . p.16
Famous bridges Sandra light er: Bridgesfor The Great Belt Bridge t ypes The Passive
Tunnel Engi neer shipping rout es East Bridge
4 Plastics _ p.22
Properties of Describing a pie Plastics - names The hist ory and Packaging Abili ty and Collocations in Disappearing
plastics chart and codes properties of tech nology inability plastics sounds and wor d
plastics l inking
S Alternative energy _ p.28
Sourcesof Decentralized Wave Energy Makin g Past Continuous v Grouping words
renewable energy energy Innovato r infe rences-Wind Past Simple
power
6 Aeronautics _ p.34
Cont rolli ng a Alan Bueno:Ai r Making Silent aircraft Ghdersand First and Second
plane Traffi cCont roller tele phone cal ls
Jet engi nes
hel icopt ers Condit ionals
7 Future homes _ p.40
Future homes Labelling a Eart h homes tnsfdeth e fut ure Obligatio n and Adject ives with
predicti ons diagra m of a wa ll home necessity ableand ible
Special ized
accommodation
8 Mass transportation _ p.46
Transport qctz Matt Haydon . Persuasion Skimming- Fast t rains Comparat ive and Compoun d Showing
Mari ne Engineer A European superlative adjectives and enthusiasm
project review nouns
Wr iti ng Bank . p.52
Email s Memos Reports
Describin g gr aphs Instruct ions Writ ing bank key p.66
CV (Curriculum Vitae) Health and safety
9 Petroleum engineering . p.68
Identifying oil - Michaellennon : Oil platforms Arotary derri ck Oil ref ining Present tense Collocatio ns in bewith th e
basedproducts Drill er review pet roleum Present
t echnology Conti nuous
10 Environmental eng i neering . p.14
Causesof lu tzWerner: Cleaning water Chi na'seco-cny Report ed Reportin g Showi ng
environmental Envi ronmenta l speech verbs disbeli ef
poll utio n Engineer
11 Robotics . p.80
Matching robot s Jaako Ikonen. Partsof a Sensors How robot swork Assessing Causi ng.
to t hetr Senior presentati on
Robot design
explanat ions preventin g. and
appli cation s Manufactu ring
competi ti on
enabling li nks:
Systems Engineer cause to. make.
prevent.stap.
allo w re.enable
re,let
12 Household technology . p.86
Domestic Asma Bakour : Ref rigerator Making kit chens Eco-appuances Questio n review Verbs mate.do, Pol it e requests
applian ces Kitchen Designer have, and take and responses
13 Defence technclcgy e p.92
Civilian usesfor Grvmg a poster Military The futu re of Visby: a stealt h Non-lethal Preposit ions
defence presentation technology with defence war ship weapons review
t echnologies a civi li an
applicat ion
14 Elect ronics . p.98
Circuit symbols Brian Jones: Evaluating a Explaining how a Electroni calarm Complex Collocat ions in Readin g
Elect ronics present ati on circui t works circui ts sentence review elect ronics component
Technician values
1S Career development . p.l0 4
The stagesof a Preparing for an Milkround Interview wit h a Job ad and Second interview Fut ure review Keyskills
career intervi ew Net work Designer covering lett er task
Technologygame
Pai rwork acti vi t i es . p.nD Grammar refe rence . p.114 list ening scri pts . p.124 Glo ssary . p.131
4 Unit'
--------------- .
-, Ways into technology
Aeronautical engineering Informatio ntechnology
1
Switch on
Air craft maintenance Manufactu ring engi neeri ng Pairwork
Workin pairs.Aand 8. Each of youhas a list of three
components fromfour of t he technologycourses listed
in Switchon. Decidefirst which oft he four courses you
have . Then find out t he components of your partn er's
courses. Ask for one component at a ti me and guess
which course it is for . Note all t he component s of your
part ner's courses.
Automot ive engineering
Civil engi neering
Comm unications
engineeri ng
Computer-aided
draughting
Computer game s
t echnology
Ma rine technology
Mechanical engineering
Media
engineering
Medical
t echnology
Music
technology
Student A
St ude nt B
Goto p.ll0.
Goto p.1l2.
Defence tec hnology
Electrical engineering
Elect rical installat ion
Elect ronics
Enviro nmental
technology
Network comp uting
Radio and digi ta l audio
Security tech nology
Sports t echnology
Vehicle maintenance
and repair
Webquest
Work in groups of four. Search the Web for further
details of two courses with th e same or simila r titles to
t he courses included in Pairwork . Report your find ings
t o ot hers in your group . (Tip: sea rch for urls which
include .edu or .ac,as t his will make your searc h
quic ker.)
Reading
Studying technology
The texts describe different ways of studying
technology. Work in groups of three. Read one text
each and note the information.
Which way of studying technology does your t ext
describe?
2 Why did t he student choose this way?
3 What kind of courses do the students take?
4 How long does it take to complete their study?
5 What kinds of jobs can they do when they complete
their studies?
2 Now find out from the others in your group about t he
texts they have read.
o University
Crist ina is a second-year st udent of Electronic
engineering at university. She decided to study at
university because she wants t he best choice of career
and because she's interested in doing research in
digital communications in particular. Most degrees
take three years to complete, but some take up to five
years because they include periods of work experience.
Degrees may have a broad focus, for example Electrical
engineering, or focus on a specialized area, such as
Power and High-voltage engineering. Cristina's course
is broad-based to start, but she can specialize in digital
communicat ions lat er. Engineering can be studied in
combination with other subjects. Cristina is tak ing
German because she wants to spend six months in a
German telecommunications company. This work
experience will earn her credits towards he r degree.
There is a wide career choice for graduate Engineers in
design, production, quality assurance, and other fields.
They may also work in marketing or become
managers.
Cristina hopes to become a Resea rch Engineer, finding
new and better ways of doing things.
Ways in to technology 5
In this unit
reading f or informat ion and exchangi ng informat ion
wit h ot hers
speaki ng about course components
-ingform and to infinitiveaft er certai n verbs
ordering and delivering a short ta lk
[]] Technical college
Okan is a first-year student at a technical college. He
chose to studyfull time because he wanted to get a
qualification before he started work. He thinks that
being at college will give him more time to decide
exactly which career he wants to follow and that
having a qualification first will help him to get the kind
of job he wants.
Colleges offer a wide range of vocational qualifications.
Courses combine applied science, practical skills, and
technical know-how. An Electronics Technician, for
example, studies physics to understand the principles
of the subject, learns howto find fau lts in equipment,
and acquires a great deal of knowledge about
electronic devices and components. Courses also
include Communication skills to help students deal
with communication at work and with the public.
College courses may take a year for a certificate and
two years for a diploma. When he graduates, Okan can
start work as a Technician or go on to further study at
university.
[I] Apprenticeship
Alessandro has just started as an apprentice Aircraft
Fitter with a large defence industry company.
Apprenticeships are a way of combining work with
practical training. He chose an apprenticeship because
he wanted to leave school and start working and
earning money as soon as possible.
Today, apprentices combine work, on-the-job training,
and part-time study ona day-release basis at a local
college, paid for by their employer. Apprenticeships
last from one to th ree yea rs. In Alessandro's case, over
the next two years he can obtain vocational
qualifications to become a skilled Techn ician. He can
also study to obta in entrance qualifications for higher-
level studies so he can go on to become an Aeronautical
Engineer.
6 Uni t l
Gadget box
Moodle is a course management system {(MS) - a free, Open
Source software package designed t o he lp ed ucato rs create
effective online learni ng comm unities . The Mood le approach to
education emphasi zesth at learner s (and not just teachers) can
contribute lathe educational experience in many ways.What
soft wa re packages doyou use in your learning?
Problem-solving
Work in pai rs. List the questions you expect to find
answered in a description of a coursein a college
prospectus .
EXAMPLES
Which subjects will ! study!
Howmuch will thiscoursecost?
How long wil l thecourse last?
Z Now st udy th e cours e descripti on. Each section begins
with a question,as in theexamples.Fill inthe questions.
With t he help of the text , expl ai n these te rms .
1 vocationally-focused
2 conventional entry requi rements
3 work-based learning
4 prior knowledge
5 in-course assessments
6 sustaine d growt h
Further study:
The Foundati on Degree in
Computing (Web Technolo gies) has
been designed to enable successful
students to progr ess to the final
stage of the Uni versity 's Honou rs
Degree in Computer Studie s should
they wish to do 50. This would
invol ve just one more year of full-
time stud y or two years of part-time
study.
A career:
A Foundation Degree opens up the
possibility of a career in a wid e
range of areas throughout
commerce, industry. entertai nment ,
and the public sector. There is
sustai ned growth in employment
pr ospect s for atl lT specialists.
All uni t s are assessed and graded.
Most units invol ve in-course
assessment s. Systems Desi gn
and Networ ks and
Communications are assessed by
examination. To be awa rded a
Foundat ion Degr ee. you must
pass a mi nimum of ten modules.
8 _
7 _
The programme of study requires
you to study twelve modules over
two or three years.
For the two-year cou rse : students
must have at least one year of
experien ce in related employment
and an employer who is willing to
support them by providing
suitable work-based learning
projects and academic
monitoring. Prior knowledge of
comput ing is helpful but not
essential.
Studying over two years req uires
atte ndance fo r one day per week
from 9 a.m. ti ll 9 p.m . wi t h breaks.
The course is delivere d usin g
t ut or-l ed classes. workshops.
pract ical sessions. and tutorials.
Add itional support is given when
req uested.
5 _
s _
The Foun dation Degr ee in
Computing (Web Technologies)
wi ll include IT Applications
(Access and Excel), System
Design. User Support. and
Professional Studies. Additional
modules enab le particular
spec ialisms t o be developed.
These incl ude Website
Developme nt. Visual
Progr amming. Database Systems.
Networks and Communica ti ons.
and Website Management .
Foundation Degree - Level4 - Part Time
What does this cours e involve ?/ 3
Who is this cours e for?/ What
are the course aims?
Th is course is a voc at lonallv-
focused higher educatio n
qualificatio n. It provides the high
level of tec hnical skills t hat will be
needed by many organizations. Lf _
Foundati on Degrees are designed
for learne rs from a wide range of
backg rounds. including those
who have wo rk experience but do
not have conventional entry
requirements.
2 _
Cl DarlingtonCollege, 2006.Adaptedfrom onnne prospectus
Ways into technology 7
mean
prefer
start
prom ise
want
intend
like
love
decide
hope
learn
With some verbs, we can use both the -ing form and
the to infinitive with little change of mean ing, for
example:
begin
continue
hate
We use the to infinitive afte r cert ain ver bs, for
example;
afford
aim
choose
Go to Grammar reference p.114
Fillthe gaps from an interview with an apprentice. Use
the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
Ididn't enjoy (study) very much.
But I was always good at (work)
with my ha nds . I enjoyed working on mot orbike
eng ines .
I learned (repair) elect rical
equipment with my fathe r's help.
4 Hesuggested (take) a course at
college.
But 1wanted (sta rt) work as soon
as possib le after school.
Idecided (apply) for an
app rentices hip with a local company.
Language spot
-ingform and to infinitive
Study these examples:
She started working and earni ng money.
He's interested in doing research.
Research Engineers find new and bet te rways ofdoi ng
things.
She wanted to leave school.
He wanted to get a qualification.
Hedecided to st udy.
We use the -ing form after prepositions and after
certain verbs, for example:
avoid keep (on) suggest
enjoy practise
fin ish stop
It's myjob
Before you listen to St uart Cole,an Engineering
Apprentice, look at Cin Reading on p.5.Try to predict
the answers to t hese questions.
How does he spend his wor king week?
2 How long will his app renticeship last?
3 What sorts of skills will he acquire?
:z Now listen and check your answers.
J Listen agai n and answer these questions.
What does Stuart's company ma ke?
What stage in hi s ap prenti ceship is Stuart at?
Why is the re a lot of paperwork?
Why do you t hink he has t wo days a week at college
now?
5 When does he st udy?
6 How much studying does he do?
7 What are t he attractions of becom ing a team
leader ?
4 Work in pairs. Listen to what Stuart says in
t he last section of th e record ing (from '1like
learning ... ').Help each other to make a comp lete
and accurate version.Then compare wit h t he Listening
script on p.124.
Fill in the missing wo rds. All the words are used in t his
unit.
Vocabulary
Word families
8 Unit l
Scientists investigate that
which already is. Engineers
create t hat which never was .
Albert Einstein
1 Use the correct form of t he verbs to complete the gaps
in t hese sentences about jobs in technology.
become do measure
connect maintain repair
cut make transfer
design manufacture turn
Maintena nce Technicians are responsible for
______and equipment
in a factory.
Estimators calculate the costs of _
and a product .
Research Engineers find new and better ways of
____ __things.
4 Fitte rs are responsible for new
equi pme nt to t he net work.
Design Engi neers aim ideas into
plans.
Control Engineers atte mpt and
regulate all the variables in a system.
Product ion Enginee rs plan t hings
in t he mos t efficien t way.
They look at ways of prod uction
costs.
Some Enginee rs decide to
marketi ng.
10 Ot hers choose managers.
Pronunciation
Unstressed syllables
Verb
t ransmi t
perform
propel
inst all
develop
mainta in
specialize
qualify
Adjective Noun
elect ricity
regulation
medicine
envi ronment
Study t he Glossaryen try for the wor d environmental
on p.132. In addition to giving its meaning, it tells you
how to pronounce t he word .The stressed syllable of
t he word comes after 1'1. When we stress a syllable, we
say it more clearly; we t ake a litt le longer to say it and
we pronounce th e vowel sound fully.
Listen to the nou ns in t he completed Vocabulary
t able. Mark t he stressed syllable in each word wit h a 1'1.
Note th at someti mes t he st resse d syllable shi fts in
related verbs, nouns, and adjectives. For example:
mechanic /ma'kremk/ mechanism "mc kanrzam/
2 In unstressed syllables, the vowe l sounds are wea k. In
the Glossaryth ese are marked wt th /o/, This is one of
t he commonest sounds in English. Note the IJI sound in
enviro nmental:
/mvarran'mentl/
Listen to t he nouns in t he Vocabulary t able.
Underli ne t he wea k I ;}/ vowel sounds.
Make your point
Ordering a presentation
The first step in preparing any ta lk is to make notes of
the t hings you want to say and to put t hese notes in
t he best order. Read t he advice from Lee Avata r.
Note downwhat your audiencewants to knowor
needs to know about the subject .
Somet imes it helps to make a set of questions you
intend toanswer for your audience.Eachof your
points should help to answe r these questions.
Arrange yourpcintsin a logicalwaythat your
audiencecanfollow. Don't jump fromonepoint to
another in ahaphazard manner.
Give examplestohelp your audienceunderstand
your points .
Decide what is the bes t order to present these points in
a st udent talk on hybrid cars.
a Why are hybrid cars becoming pop ular? _ _
b Howisthebatlerycharged? _ _
c Whatisahybridcar? _ _
When are both t he engine and motor used? __
e The future of hybrid cars __
f When is t he petrol engine used?
g Some popul ar makes _ _
h The two bas ic types __
i Whenistheelectricmotorused? __
Z Now make not es about your course for a one-minu te
t alk. Practise you r t alk in a group of three. Ask t he other
students at least one questi on after the ir ta lks.
Waysin totechnology 9
Checklist
Asse ss you r progress in th is unit. Tick(.I ) t he
stat ements which are t rue.
I can use the -ingform and to infi nit ive
after certain verbs
I canwork out t he meaning of wo rds
from context
I can recognize the difference between
stressedand unstressedsyllables
I can order and deliver a short ta lk
My reading and liste ni ng are good
enough to unde rstand most of each
text in this unit
Keywords
Adj ect ives
aeronautical
environmental
skilled
Nouns
appre ntice
degree
know-how
marketing
media
paperwork
production costs
qualification
quality assurance
work experience
Verbs
earn money
find faults
Note here anyth ing about how English i s used
in technology that i snew t oyou.
10 Unit 2
Switch on
DJ [3] - - - - - -
St udy t hese examp les from Switch on. What t en se
is used?
When did Jethro Tull invent the seed drill?
The American frontier moved westwards during the
19t h century.
Seed was often eaten by birds. (passive)
We use t he Past Simple to ask ques tions wit h What
time? or When?, and to make sta te ments about when
thi ngs hap pened.These are common pas t t ime
expre ssions we use wit h t he Past Simp le:
when dur ing the 19th cent ury in 1793
200 years ago the last century yesterday
We use the Prese nt Perfect Simp le,often wit h since or
for ,for act ions which hap pened dur ing a per iod from
t he pas t to t he present. We also use it for past events
when no specific time is given or when the time is
un importa nt, or to showt hat t he event is relevant now.
Over the years there have been many similar inventions,
but this one has been the most popular.
The same princip le has been used in machines ever
since. (passive)
We use the Present Perfect Conti nuous t o emphasize
the activity itself. The activity mayor may not be
comp lete . We use t he Present Perfect Simp le to answer
How many? or How much?
A They' ve been harvesting wheatfor the last three
days. (The fields are looking bare.)
B How much grain have they harvested?
A They'vefilled f ive silos.
Go to Grammar reference p.114
Language spot
Past Simple v Presen t Perfect
Thi s machine for harvesting
was the first ste p in t he
mechanizatio n of farm
\vork. The first version cut
standing grain mech an ically,
a nd two men swept the
grain into piles. It was five
times faster than cut ting by
hand . A mor e adva nced
mac hine could a lso tin the
grain into bundl es. It was
oveutually replaced by th e
modern combine ha rvest er
- operated by on ly on e
per son .
When seed was scattered by
ha nd . it was often eate n by
birds or failed to germi nate.
Th is hor se-drawn machine
ma de a hole and planted
seeds au tomatically in
straight rows. su reducing
the amount of waste.
As th e America n frontier
moved westwards duri ng
t he l Uth ce nt ury. there
was a shortage ufwnodcn
rails a nd sto ne. As a result.
there was a need for an
alte rn at ive material for
fencing structures. This
mater ial all owe d large
ar eas of lan d to be divided
into fields .
Look at the pictures of some famous agricultural
inventions. Match the pictures A- Dwith the
inventi ons 1-4. What do you think th ey were use d for?
Which one do you th ink was invented first?
1 bar bed wire (invented by Jose ph Glidde n)
2 cotton gin (invented by Eli Whitney)
3 reaper (invented by Cyrus McCormi ck)
4 seed drill (invented by Jethro TuB)
Z Read t he texts and write th e name of the invention on
t he lines .
Th i s mechanical device
rem oves the seeds, hulls.
a nd ot her small objects
fro m the fibri ls, a process
which had been ver y
lab our-int ensive befor e.
The inve nti on of this
implement quickly led to
furth er industrial [I]
inventi ons for producing ---- --- -
fabri c. such as spin ning
and weavi ng machines.
m- - - - - -
Foodand agriculture 11
In this unit
study ing the impact of agricult ural inventions
and developments
Past Simple v Present Perfect
how t o begin a present ation
scanning a t ext for required informat ion
2 G Listen to Barry Stones , an Agricult ura l Engineer,
talking about precision agr iculture and see if your
ideas were right.
G Listen again and answer the questions.
1 What sort s of variations could there be ina field?
2 Why is it not a good idea to apply chemicals to a
field uniformly?
In what way s can information about the field be
collected?
What example does Barry give to showth e savings
that can be made?
4 Note the advantages and disadvant ages of the two
systems for collecting information. Then listen again
to complete and check your answers.
Comple te the t ext about th e histo ry of tractors. Put the
verbs in brackets in the correct tense, Past Simple or
Presen t Perfect Simple, active or passive .
Tractors 1 (use) on farms since the
sta rt of t he twentieth cen tury. The first mechanical
implements 2 (draw) by horse.
Around 1920, petrol -engine d tract ors
_ _ ___ _ , (begin) to replace the horse , These
ea rly tractors 4 (pull) implements
from a drawbar. Around 1940,tractors
___ _ _ _ , (begin) to use a hydraulic lift
system. In addition, it 6 (be) poss ible
for far mers to use a power take-off sha ft for tra iled
imp lements, such as manure spreaders. Since the
ear ly 1950s, there '(be) many
improvements in design.There 8 (be)
changes in t he tractor cab, making it safer and more
comfortable. Computer systems _
(make) it possible for farmers to check on operations.
The eng ine power for tract ors _
(increase) over t he years . For many years it
_ _____ n (be) 2D-40h p, but it
___ _ _ _ ra(rise) t o over 120hp, and
some times over 200hp.
Z Use t he notes to write sentences in t he Present Perfect
Simple or Present Perfect Continuous.
He I work I on this project I since joining the
company.
How much field dat a I you I collect?
Erik and All study I agriculture I for two years and
they are really enjoying it.
4 They I design I a robot systemt o kill wee ds and
t hey I demonstrate I it to potential manufacturers
over t he last few weeks.
Since the 1980s manufacturers I made I a number of
imp rovements in design.
They I not I use I t his machine for long. They still
need some time to get used to it.
Listening
Precision ag riculture
Advantages Disadvantages
12 Unit 2
OUo Rohwedder wastheonly personwho sawthe
point of sliced bread . He spe nt year s trying to devise a
systemfor holding the slices together after they wer e
cut .His fir st invent ion used hairpin s. In 1928 he
fi nally succeeded,and only afewyearslater, 80%of
all breadsold inAmerica was pre-slfced.
Pairwork Problem-solving
chemical preservati on
4 salti ng
5 past eur izati on
6 fermentati on
7
Work with a partner. Use the word s to fill the gaps.
act ivity conditi ons destroyed disease
The principle behind food preservation is to slow
down the I of bacteria whi ch could
potentially cause 2, or to kill bacteria
completely. In addition, enzyme s which cause food
to discolour or decay can be 1 in certain
food preservation methods. Preservation mod ifies
the 4 which favour bacteria or enzyme
activity.
2 With your partner match pictures A-G wi th the food
preservati on met hods 1-7.
1 refrigeration and
freezing
canning and sealing
de hydration
In the pas t, the only way to test t he sweetness or
firmness of fruit, such as apples. peaches, and
apri cots, was to select samples of the newly-
harvest ed fruit and eat them! Farme rs ass ume d t hat
if t hey used this ty pe of dest ructive testing on a few
fruits, th ey would know abo ut th e condit ion of all t he
ot hers in th e batch. Now, ever y individua l fruit can be
test ed using non-destructive technologies to grade
and sort them. Imaging spectroscopy or
multispectral imaging can measur e t he sweetness
and firmness of frui t . An optica l detecto r fuses four
laser beams, each at a differen t waveband of light,
into one . An imaging spect rograph, a digital camera,
and a computer analyze the amount of laser light
that is absorbed by the fruit .This indicates the
sweetness of the fruit, while the firmness is
measured by the amount of light bounced back.
This technology has many other applications in
indu stry and in space exploration,but in the fruit
indu stry it is used to sort frui t just after it ha s been
picked.
Workin pairs,Aand B.Each of you has a short text
about te chnol ogy used in fruit production. Read your
text and then an swer the questions.
1 What is t he technology us ed for ?
2 What equipment is used?
3 What does it mea sure?
4 How has thi s t echnology benefitedthe growers?
Student A Go to p.uo,
Stu dent B
2 Ask your partner the same questi ons about hi s I he r
text and ma ke notes.
Matc h t hese principles with t he one of th e methods
in 2:.
a Benzoates, nitrites, or sul phites eit her stop bacterial
activity or kill bacteria.
Yeast produces alcohol. which kills bact er ia.
c Sodium chloride draws out the moist ure and creat es
conditions wh ich are not favourable for bacteria.
Cool conditions slow t he activity of bacteria, while
very cold con ditions make bacteria totally
ina ct ive.
e Boili ng food and sealing it in a container with no air
dest roys any bacteria already present and prevents
any mo re entering.
Boiling t o bet ween 62.8C and 72.8Cdestr oys some
bacteria and disables certain enzymes.
Bacteria die or become inactive in dry conditions.
Makeyourpoint
Beginning a presentation
As an expert in your t echnical field, you will have to
present t echnical iss ues, often to people who do not
have a technical background.
tC;l Work in pairs. Listen to Lee Avatar talk ing about
pre paring a presentation. Matc h t he pict ures wi th
some of the points Lee makes in his talk. Explain what
each one rep resents.
Laundl ofthe
X380Z
Foodand ag ricult ure 13
Z Work in small groups. You have to give a presentation
to a group of visitors about the town where you live.
Practise giving the introduction to t he others in your
group. Use Lee's Useful language.
USEFUL LANGUAGE FOR THEINTROOUCTION
Goodafternoon.
Hello. It'sgoodtoseeyou[alii .
Myname's ... andI'm [j obtitle].
I'm... and Iworkin the department.
I'dlike to explain how works.
I'd like to giveyou some information about ..
First of all, we'll lookat .. . , and then .. . Finally, . .
If you want to ask me any quest ions, please interrupt.
I'llexplain first of all and then you can as kany questions
at the end.
I'dliketo as k you to keep any quest ions until the end.
When you have finished, discuss t he good points of
each other's presentation.Think of ways you could
improve it.
Point 3
INTRODUCTION
Point 1
Point 2
Po;nt3
14 Unit 2
Gadget box
The German company Alcoa has produced a new wine bot t le stop per
called Vino -Lok.The device is made of a glass bu ng sur rounded bya plastic
membrane and held in place byan alum i nium cap. The manufacturer
claimsit is100per cent neutral,resealable. andrecyclable.
What doyou t hink are t he advantages of using t his stoppe r rat her than
cork or a screwtop?
Reading
Scanning
Look at th e picture and t he title of t he text. What do
you t hink t he article is about?
Pedalling water
In man y parts of t he world farml and s are sup plied
with wate r t hrough irrigation syste ms so that crops
can be grown. Irrigati on is necessary in parts of th e
wor ld where rainf all is low or where rainfall is
rest ricted t o cert ain mont hs in the year.
The tr eadle pump is an eff ective and environme nta lly-
friendly tech nology used in ma ny areas of Africa and
Asia t o lift water from sha llow aqui fers or canals. It
costs abo ut a quarter of t he price of a motorized pum p
-from as litt le as U5$12 t o abo ut $35-and costs less
t o ope rate. The operator uses his / her body we ight an d
leg muscles in a wal king movement to pump t he
wa ter. The pump can lift water from a dep t h of up to
seven metres and produce between 3,500 and 5,000
lit res of water per hour. It does not require a gre at dea l
of effort. so can be operated by anyone in t he family,
from chil dren to gra ndpa ren ts. It is ideally suite d to
areas where t he water ta ble is at a high level. The
t rea dle pump can provi de water for up t o 0.5 hectares
of land and is very su ita ble for most small farmers
who cul tiva te less than this.
The pump consists of t wo pistons positioned insi de
two cylinders.Two t readles are connected to t he
pistons by a piece of rope . By treading on the two
treadles in a walk ing motion, the pistons rise and fall,
crea t ing a vacuum that allows water t o be pum ped.
The user has a ha ndle t o grip and the whole pump
stands on a wooden base board.Water is drawn
t hro ugh a hose, pressurized, an d t he n discha rged in a
steady flow t hrough the discharge pipe to the field.
For many farmers t hese low-cost irr igation pu mps
have removed t heir reliance on a sing le crop, allowing
them t o grow more crops out of season.They can
obta in higher yields and grow hi gher-value crops
such as fru its and vegetables. This technology is
helping t he poorest in th e wor ld escape pove rty an d
beco me more entrepreneurial.
2 Beforeyou read, lookat the table. Then, quicklyscan
the text tofind the information to complete the table.
Don't read the who le tex t, just t ry to focus on t he
informat ion you need .
Tread le pump
Cost
Energysource
lifts water froma dept h of
Quantity of water produced
Area of land t hat can be irrigated
Qualifications required to operate
Now do t he same to locate the informati on in t he text
you need to label the di agr am.
PULLEY
VALVE BOX
Food and agriculture 15
Checklist
Assess your progr ess in th is unit .
Tick(.I ) t he st ate ments which are true.
I can ta lk about the impact of agr icultural
inventions and developments
J know howto use t he Past Simple,Present
Perfect Simp le and Conti nuous
I know howto begin a presentat ion
I canscan a text for required info rmation
My reading and list enin g are good enough
to understand most of each t ext in this unit
Keywords
Nouns
barbed wire
canning
crop
dehyd ration
fermentation
grain
harvest ing
i rrigat ion
pasteurization
preservation
refrigeration
seed
yield
Verbs
ger minate
pressurize
Note here anything about how English is used
in technology that is new toyou.
16 Unit3
_._-------------------------
3 Bridges and tunnels
Switch on
Lookat the bridges A-F. Doyou know where they are?
Can you name them?
Z What other famous bridges do you know?
Reading
Bridge types
Study the diagrams of bridges A- D.Can you matc h
them ta the bridge types 1-4?
1 truss 3 sus pension
2 arch 4 cable stay
Z Read t his description and t ryt o mat ch it to one of t he
four bri dge ty pes in 1.
Beam bridges are the simp lest ty pe.They have develo ped from
asimplelogacrossastreamto t helargeboxgirder bridgesin
use today.There are manydifferent types. Theone shown is a
____bridge. The resists tension.
compression,and shear. The forces on the supports of these
bridges act directlydownwards.
Workin groups. Readt he text your teacher selects. Try
to match each descripti on to one of th e bridge t ypes in 1.
DJ
____bridges have been in usefor thousands of years.
Origina lly built in stone and lat er brick, t hey are now built in
reinfo rced concrete or steel. The newer materials allow much
longer, lowe r spans to be bui lt. bridges carry
thei r load by tra nsfer ring it t o the supports at either end.
ill
Boxgirder bridges cannot have a span of more than 500
met resbecausethe spans would bend under thei r own
weigh t. bridges allow longer spans- up to 1,000
met res.The box girder deck is supported by super-strong
cables tied to ta ll piers.
IIJ
_ _ _ _ bridges have adeck suppo rted from overhead
cables.Thesecables, supported by t win towers, require strong
anchor points at each end to resist t he inwar d tension of the
cables. Thedeck is strengt hened to control distortion by
moving loads or high winds . Suchbridges are Hght.and
therefore the most suitable for very long spans.
4 Exchange information with the others in your group so
that each diagram in 1is labelled .
t
Bridges and t unnels 17
In this unit
keyte rms incivil engineering- in particular bridge
const ruction
the Passive
linking informat ionfrom texts (writt en and spoken) and
graphics
evaluat ing t he best solut ion t o a sit uat ion
Language spot
The Passive
Lookat t he diagramand the sta ges 1-4 for making
the towers of a suspension bri dge in a river bed .
1 A reinforced concrete
cofferdam is placed in the
riverbed.
The water is pumped ou t.
The tower is const ruct ed.
The cofferdam is fi lled
with concrete .
We often describe processes
using the Present Passive.
Sentences 1-4 are in the
Present Simple. We make
ot her tenses in t he same
way using t he appropriate
form of be and the past
participle of the verb. For
example:
The Golden Gate bridge was
opened in 1937.
Truss bridges have been used
for centuries.
Moda l verbs must, can ,etc. are followed by be an d th e
past participle. For example:
Bridges mu st be design ed to withstand the highest wind
speeds recorded in the area.
We often use the Passive for safety signs in the wor k
place.These include prohibit ion signs (things you must
not do) and mandatory signs (t hings you must do).
For example:
High -visibility clothing mus t be worn on the run way.
We often do not mention t he agent (the person or
thing responsible for an action) as t he act ion is more
important, or the agent unknown.
If the agent is important, we can add the informati on
like this,
The tower is constructed by engineers.
Go to Granunu reference p.llS
18 Unit3
------------- -
High Speed 1link s London totheChannel tu nnel. The first part of
the proj ect consist sof two parallel tunnels from 5t Pancras
st at ion to the RiverThames . Ihese'twtn bore'tunnels pass under
2,600 properties. 7 mil es of surf ace railway, 12exi stin g tunnel s
- including 4London Underground st at ions - and 600gas, wat er,
and sewage pipelines.
A-..
1 Describe each of these processes for making the deck of
a bridge using the Passive .
1 They make each deck
section from st eel.
Barges float the
sections into position
below the bridge.
Cranes hoist the
sections.
They hang each section
from the cables.
They weld each
section into place .
Z Complete this short history of bridges using the correct
form of the verbs in brackets.
The first bridges th at , (build) were Simple
beam bri dges: a tree used to cross a stream. Timber
bridges 2 (use) eve r since. Stone bridges
_ ___ 3 (build) by the Romans based on a simple
arch . The new railways of the 19th century meant that
longer bridges 4 (need) to cross Wide
valleys. Different materials s (use) in
their construction. Viaducts of brick or stone
____,6 (construct) in Europe. Timber
____1 (use) in parts of the USA.The expansion
ofroads in the 20th century [lead] to
the use of concrete bridges.
Convert each of these signs into a written warning
us ing the Passive.
EXAMPLE
Checkfire alarms weekly.
Fire alarms must bechecked weekly
1 Do not use mobile phones!
2 Wear eye protection.
3 Do not remove thi s extlnguisherl
4 Switch off this machine before servicing.
5 Clean up spillages.
6 Do not unload vehicles here!
4 Work in pairs . Study the diagramof a tunnel-boring
machine (TBM)and try to explain howit works .
Convert these sentences to the Passive to make a
description of tunnel construction. Include the agent
each time a newagent is mentioned.
Construction Engineers use a number of methods to
make tunnels.
They employ a simple cut -and-cover method for
shallow tunnels.
They use explosives for tunnels in very hard rock.
They use a tunnel-boring machine (TBM)to make
deep tunnels in soft rock.
5 The TBMprotects workers and machinery.
6 Arotati ng cutterhead at the front cuts the rock.
7 Machinery at the rear removes the refuse.
S Hydraulic jacks push t he TBMforward.
9 The segment erector builds a newtunnel ring every
1.5-2 metres.
10 It places concrete segments in the right position to
form the ring .
It's myjob
Discuss t he questions wit h a partner. Read the text
about Sandra Lighter, a Tunnel Engineer, to check your
answers.
What problems are t here in cutt ing tunnels under a
lar ge city like London ?
How accurate do you t hin ktunnel-boring machines
can be?
2 Read about Sand ra aga in and answer t he questions.
What does th is t unnel ma ke poss ible?
How is it possible for the tunnel-boring machines to
work so accurately?
What was t he solution to t he problem of wet
ground?
4 Why we re t here more problems nearer t he centre of
the city ?
What damage did t he t unnel suffer?
Why does she say, 'This is t he reas on I became an
Engineer'?
Bridges and tunnels 19
Sandra Lighter :
Tunnel Engineer
I'm a Tun nel Engineer. I'm
31.I've got a degree in
Engineering from
Manchester University. I've
been work ing on t he
Channel Tunnel Rail Linkfor
t he last t hree years . It' s a
high-speed rail rout e
linking t he centre of London
to t he Channel Tunnel.
Ther e aren't many women
in my positi on, in charge of
large gangs of men , but I
don' t have any prob lems.
I'dlike to see more women
Engineers.
Two long sections of the
line through London are in
tunnels - a total of 17.4
kilome tres .
We used six huge laser-guided t un nel-boring
mac hines. They cut 100 metres a day with astonishing
accuracy- a tolerance of just 25mill imet res.They ha d
names, like ships - Annie , Berth a, Judy, an d so on.
It was a real engineering challe nge. In some ar eas nea r
t he Thames the ground is so wet th at th e tunnel is
almost float ing.There were pumps running 24 hour s a
day to drain the water away. Nearer t he centre we had
to avoid tube tunnels an d sewers, and dig under
buildings without weakening t heir foundations.
There are always dangers in tu nnel construct ion, but
we had only two serious incidents - a t ruck fire that
destroyed much of t he concrete lining in one area and
a collapse whe re several gardens in east London
disappeared into t he tunnel.
It's been a fant astic project. It makes it possible to reach
Paris in two and a qua rt er hour s. It will be here for at
least 100 years, probably muc h longer. This is th e
reason I became an Engineer.
20 Unit3
Thelongest suspension bridge,theAkashi KaikyoBridge.hasa
central spa n ofl ,991metres.
The deepest road tunnel, 265 met res below sea -level. is in Norway.
The longest tu nnel, the New YorkCity-West Delaware wate r-supply
tunnel , is169 kilometres long .
2 Match each of t hese verbs t o one of the bri dges.
Problem-solving
Workin groupsof four.Studythese pictures ofbridges.
These bridges share a common fea ture. What is it?
Functio n
location
Designer
Compa re your group's solution with t hose of other
groups.
Find out more abo ut one of the bridges in Problem-
solving wit h t he hel p of the we bsites below or by using
a search engine. Describe its main fea tures to t he rest
of the clas s. Complete at least the following
informati on for each bridge.
Technical data and illust rations of thousands of
structures including bridges
www.st ruct urae.de/ egjs tjuc t ures
A gateway site t o ma ny Webpages on bridges

Non -specialist exp lanations

An online encyclo paedia wit h a lot of tec hnical
information
http.z / en.wlklpedta.org/
Year complete d
Type
Webquest
Together decide whic h of th e bridge t ypes you have
studied in the unit would be best forthese cross ings .
1 to t ake roa d t raffic across a busy shipping route -
the span is 120metres
to link a number of islands in a shallow sea -
shipping mu st be allowed to pass
to carry a railway across a valley- the width is 1,500
metres
bridge verb
lift
pivot
t ilt
swing
Take one bridge each and explain simp ly to the ot her s
in your group how it operates. Use the correct verb
from t he ta ble.
Listening
The Great Belt East Bridge
Study these t hree designs for th e Great Belt East Bridge.
Tryt o name th e t ypes of br idges.
1 Listen t o th e recording wit hout stopping it. Try to
put t he designs in t he correct sequence.
Listen t o th e recording again as often as you wa nt.
This time. listen for detail. Add to each diagramthe
yea r of t he design and any measurements which are
given.
Bridges and t unnels 21
Checklist
Assess your progre ss inthis unit. Tick(/') the
sta t eme nts which are tr ue.
Iknow the keyte rms in bridge cons t ruction
1can use the Passive in tec hnical
descriptions
Ican evaluate th e best sol ution t o a
situ ation
My readi ng and list ening are good enough
to understa nd most of each t ext in t his unit
Keywords
Nouns
accuracy
cable
compression
distortion
lining
pier
project
reinforced concrete
sewe r
shea r
span
sus pension bridge
tension
tolerance
Verbs
weaken
Note here anything abou t how English is used
in technology that is new to you.
22 Unit4
Lookat t he pictures of plastic product s. Discuss why
plas tic has been chosen for each of these it ems.
EXAM P LE
Plasticsareusedforf ueltanksbecause theyare
resist ant to chem icals. Fuel tanks have to best rong and
last a long time. and plasticsare durable.
2 Make a list of the properti es of plasti cs that make th em
sui t able mat erial s for such a wi de ran ge of produ cts.
Listening
The history and properties of plastics
What were the first plasti cs made from ?What are
plastics produc ed from today?
2 (jl List en to t wo Technology students talking about
plastics. As you list en, complete the table of raw
materials and th e plasti cs made from t hem.
3 Listen agai n and note t he advantages and problems
wit h each of the different type s of plastic, as well as
recycled plastic-4.
Raw material
cellul ose
and
st arc h from plant s
(e.g. wheat)
Plastic
polyet helene. nylon.
polyeste r
Advantages Problems
Language spot
Ability and inability
Study t he ways the speakers talk abou t what is I is
not poss ible:
They couldn't make things to a high standard ofquality.
Manufacturers can use plastics to produce almost
anything nowadays.
We'll be able to use other raw materials in the future.
In the mid -nineteen hundreds plastics production was
reafly able to take off.
Plastics could be madefrom plants in the future.
We use can/cannot or is/are (not) able to for present
time, could/couldn't or was/were (not) able to for past
time, and will (not) be able to for future time or
opportunities.
To form sentences in the passive we use be + past
participle of the verb.
Things couldn 't be made toa high standard ofquality
Plastics can be used to make almost anything nowadays.
For the future, we often use It will/won't be possible
to ... , not will/won't beable to.
lt will be possible to use other raw materials in the future.
This is better than:
Other raw materials will beable to be used in thefuture.
Goto Grammar reference p.llS
Match Aand Bto make sentences.
A B
1 Scientists couldn't a can be ma de very
cheaply.
Manufacturers we re b cannot be sold due to
able high costs.
Modern plastic c be recycled effectively
products with good plasti c
collection systems.
4 Bacteria can d to develop a wide range
of plastics from oil, coal,
and gas.
Plastics can e mould the first cellulose
plastics.
More biodegradable break down plant-
plastics based plastics.
Plastics 23
- ''-- ..
In this unit
listening t o people discussing raw mat erial s and plasti cs
talkin g about ability and inability
ident ifyi ng plast icscodes
describing a pie chart
disappeari ng sounds and word linki ng
.1 Discuss manufacturers' ability to do these th ings in t he
past present. or future. Use the notes in brackets to
help you.
EXAMPLE
Mass-produce itemsfrom celluloid. (not possible in past)
Manufacturers couldn't / weren't able to mass-produce
itemsfrom celluloid.
1 Mould modern plast ics into complex shapes.
(possible now)
Colour casein, which was made from milk.
(possible in past )
Make cars completely from plastics .
(not possib le now I possib le in future)
4 Use plastics to help designers reduce weight in
aircraft. (possible now)
Replace metal components in engines with plastic.
(possible now)
6 Recyclewaste thermoplastics. (possible now)
7 Recyclewaste thermoset plastics. (not possible now)
8 Produce nylon in 1900. (not possib le in past)
24 Unit 4
Make your point
Describing a piechart
Lookat the pie chartshowing the different sectorswhich
use plastics.What do youthinkisthe largest sector?
1% FOOTWEAR
I __% _
2 _ _ % _
3 _ % _
4 _ _ % _
5 _ % _
.. 6 _ % _
7 _ % - -
8 _ _ %
9 _ % _
10 L-_ _ .....
Where would you find the following symbol sI
2 Find out about these symbols. What do they mean and
what is their purpose?
These sites may help,
e www.pac-it.org
htt{J::/ /en.w.J!9pedia.org
htt(l' :/ Ia mer tcaopta sttcsccuncn.crg
Problem-solving
Webquest
Therearewell overathousanddifferent plastics. Work
inpairs andmatch upthe codes withthe names of
these most widely- used plastics.
1 LDPE a unsaturat ed polyest er
2 HDPE b polystyrene
3 pp c acrylonitrilebutadiene styrene
4 PVC d polypropylene
5 PS e polyethylene [lowdensity)
6 EPS f polyesters
7 PA g polyethylene (high den sity)
8 ABS h nylon
9 PETIPBT I polyvinylchloride
10 UPResin expanded polystyrene
2 Trytofindthe names andcodes of other plastics.These
sites may help:
www.bpf.co.uk
e www.eng.morgan.edu
z listen to LeeAvatar giving a presentation describing
the use of plastics andcomplete the chart.If necessary.
listen again.
Gadget box
A maker of t radit ional musica l inst ruments, led
Brewer, hasdecided t o use a special-effect resin
t o make his inst rument s morevisually
attractive. He can create a specia l tight feat ure
byusi ng two super-bright white LEDs. Byusing
a the rmoset resin he can ach ieve high
perfo rmance and design flex ibility. Injection
moul ding allows the creation of unique designs
which give excellent sound quality.
Can you play a musical inst rument? Would a
colourful inst rume nt like this encourageyou to
start playing or pract ise mo re?
Plast ics 25
Read Lee' s Usefu l Language. List en t o Lee's
presentation aga in and tickthe express ions you hear
him use.
USEFULLANGUAGE FOR REFERRING 10VISUALAIOS
I'dliketo showyou apiechart whichrepresents .. 0
Thi s piechart represents.. 0
If wetakealook wecansee.. 0
Youwill notice.. 0
I'dliketo drewqour attentlcnro .. 0
Asyoucansee,.. 0
_a_M_ 0
You will see.. 0
You canseethat . 0
4 Work in pai rs. Youhave information for a pie chart
below. First draw a pie chart to represent your
informat ion th en prepar e a short presen tat ion and
give it to your partn er. Your part ner should liste n, take
not es, and give you feedback on your presentation.
UKconsumption of plastics bytype
Plast ic Per cent
l / llDPE 20
pp
16
PVC 16
HDPE 11
PET/PBT
PS
ot hers 26
Pronunciation
Disappearing sounds and word linking
In fast speech we often don't pronounce a final to r d
sound when it is followed by a consona nt sound. When
a final w,y, or r is followed by a vowel sound we linkt he
two words and pronounce the lette rs.
to! Lookat the bold letters in the sentences. Listen and
tick (.1' ) the sentences where you hear t he bold letters.
Place a cross (X)beside the sentences where you don' t
hear the bold letter.
A This is a t hermoset plastic.
B This is a thermoset app lication.
A It's used in househol d items.
B It's used in household product s.
A One process is blow moul ding.
B It's used to make hollow items.
A It meets safet y sta ndards .
B They mus t use safet y equ ipment.
A It's a softe r mate rial.
B It's a softe r option.
to! Listen again and check.
2: Look at the exam ple below. Then cross out the lett ers in
sentences a-e which you expect to disappear, and mark
where you think sounds wi ll be linked.
EX AMPLE
Powde (js heatedJ"va closed mould.
a Light stab ilizers prevent light damage.
b Plasticizers are used to make plastics softer.
c Even the st reet lights are made of plastic.
d Plastics production was really able totak e off.
e Polyester fibres are used a great deal in cloth ing.
(;. Now listen and checkyour answers and t hen repeat
th e sentenc es.
26 Unit4
The world's annual consumption of
plastic materials has increased from around
5million tonnes in the early 19505to
nearly 100 mil lion tonnes today.
Vocabulary
Collocations in plastics
Some words are often used together. Fillthe gaps in
sentences 1-6 with a word from t he list t hat often goes
with the word in bold .
appliances industry moulding
components materials process
Oil and nat ura l gas are the main raw
______used in the production of plastics.
Compression moulding is one example of a
production _
Plastics are used in t he production of a wide range
of household _
4 Reinfo rced plast ics are a major building materia l in
t he construction _
The car industry uses high-precision
______in th eir vehicl es.
The ma jority of plastic part s are manufactured
usi ng inj ection _
Z Mat ch a word in Awi t h a wo rd in Bto fill th e gaps in
sen tences 1-6.
A
medica l fibres
textile containers
man-made properties
food life
chemical devices
expected polymer
Aplastic is a type of syn thetic or _
Polyme rs can be moulded into various shapes or
drawn into filaments that can be used as
Additives are added to improve the mechanical.
physical.or _
Products which have an _
______of more than three years are
known as durables.
____________that are used to
treat or monitor patients are non -durables and are
not expected to last longer than three years .
PETis clear. tough, and a good barrier to gas and
moisture, so supermarkets find it ideal for
Reading
Packaging technology
In the supermarket. why is food wrapped in clear
packaging?
Read t he first paragraph of t he text and check your
answer.
Z Now read t he rest of t he t ext.
I \ , .. ,

U'
Green and intelligent
Food shopping is changing and sotoois the way foodis
wra pped for sale. Clear plas tic wrapping allows th e
cons ume r t osee t he state of t he food inside at the same
ti me as preve nt ing contamination from dust an d
bacteria. But now su permarkets are looking at new
types of packagin g.
Some su per ma rkets have decided to wrap their fres h
fruit and vege tables in biodegrad able plasti c packaging
instead of convent iona l plastic. Biodegrada ble plas tics
or bioplas t ics can be ma de from pla nt- based mat erials
such as starch from corn, whea t, or potatoes. Inthe
environ ment, micro-orga nisms are able t o break down
t hese plastics easily and quickly to produce car bon
dioxi de and water. Biodegradable plastics can also be
made by some bacteria t hat are capable of prod ucing
granules of plastic (PHA/PHB) in t heir cells.
Biodegradable plastic packaging can be composted and
allowscustomerstodispose oftheir own waste at home.
Active packaging is a new deve lopment th at can
int eract wit h the pr oduct to impro ve it or provide t he
cons umer with information about t he fresh ness of the
product. An American company has developed a labe l
th at indi cat es the t emperature a package has been
stored at. Ache mical in th e label polyme rizes and
becomes darker in colour if th e temperatur e rises.
Anot he r compa ny has developed a membrane wrapper
which cha nges its per me abilit y t o oxygen an d carbon
dioxide as t he te mperat ure changes so th at t he best

2
/ CO
2
ba lance can be ach ieved inside t he packaging.
3 Complete t he t abl e with th e different packaging
technologies me nt ioned and t heir advan tages.
Plastics 27
Checklist
Assess your progress in t his unit .Tick (.I ) th e
sta te me nts which ar e tr ue.
I can ta lkabout ability and inability t o
do things
I know codes for plast ics
I can desc ribe a pie cha rt
I know when to pronounce t he final sound
in a wo rd
Myreading and list ening are good enough
to unde rstand most of eac h text in t his unit
Keywords
Adject ives
biodegradable
durable
thermoset
versatile
Nouns
bacteria
cellulose
component
cons umer
packaging
pigment
plasticize r
raw materials
thermoplast ic
wrapping
Verb
dispose of
Not e here anything about how English is used
in tech nology t hat is new t o you.
Packaging t echn ology Advantages
4 Wha t eff ect do you t hin k t hese new t echnologies will
have on t he enviro nme nt? I t he plas tics industry? I th e
cons ume r?
--
28 UnitS
Switch on
Identify th ese source s of alte rna tive ene rgy. Work in
groups an d discuss howea ch can be used to replace
fossil fue ls like oil, gas , and coa l.
Listening
Wave Energy Innovator
Youare going to hear a radio programme about wave
energy. Before you listen. work in groups and discuss
the questions.
1 Lookat the picture, what do you think t his is?
2 What problems are t here in usi ng wave energy?
3 What is a wave farm?
4 What ar e carbon emissions?
5 What does it me an if a project is commerci allyviable?
:z I(;) Now listen to the programme and an swer t he
questions.
What doe s Richard 's company make?
How much power will the wave farm produce when
complet e?
Where did Richard study?
What names have people given to previous wave
convert ers?
Why did Richard call it Pelamis ?
How did Richard find th e name?
3 (i;l Listen again and note the answers to the questio ns.
1 How does he describe Step hen Salte r?
2 What expression does Richard use wh ich me an s
't alking endlessly abo ut somet hing '?
Wha t expression does Richard use wh ich means
'follow up your words with action'?
What does Richard feel about ' making clever things' ?
His company has t wo objectives. One is to earn
revenue for people.What is t he other?
Alternativeenergy 29
Inthis unit
keyterms inalternativeenergy
Past Continuous v Past Simple
makinginferences fromwrittentext
strategiesforrememberingtechnical words
Weuse the PastSimplefora seriesof past actions.
Wedid aqUick Googlesearchonseasnakesandfound
Pelamis .
Wenormallyuse the PastSimple,not the Past
Continuous,todescribestates andactionswhichtake
verylittletime.
And weliked that.
Isawthat peopleweredoingsomethingreally
important.
Theaccident happened suddenly.
Go to Grammarreference p.116.
Language spot
PastContinuous v PastSimple
Study this example ,
Jdiscovered waveenergy when Iwas doing myPhD at
Edinburgh University.
Weuse the PastContinuousforanactionin progress
inthe past when something else happened,orto
describethe backgroundto anaccountor report.
Weuse the PastSimpleforacompleteactionin
the past.
Thesetenses areoften usedtogetherwhen one
actioncomes inthe middle of anotherlongeraction.
Sometimesthis is signalledbytime wordssuchas
while.when.oras beforethe longeraction.
---...--
I was doing my PhD at Edinburgh Unive rsity.
a while most people
(sleep).
he (meet) Professor
Salter.
c they (have)to
alterthe design.
part of the tunnel
(collapse).
e the aircraft (crash).
when he (split) the
atom.
When Richard(study),
When they (construct)
the bridge,
The earthquake
(happen ) late at night,
4 Asit (come in) to land, d
Matchphrases1-6 with phrasesa-f to makesentences.
Putone verbin the PastContinuousandthe otherin
the Past Simple.
1 When they (dig)
underLondon,
Rutherford (work)in b
Manchester
2 Putthe verbinbracketsinthe appropriatetense - Past
ContinuousorPastSimple.
We (do)a Googlesearch and
_ ____ _ (find) the answer very quickly,
Whenhe (work)in Nigeria,there
______(be)a seriousaccidentonthe oil rig.
WhenTrevor Baylis (hear)about
communicationproblemsinAfrica. he
______(decide)to build a radio without
batteries.
4 While the operation (goon) in
France,doctorsin othercountries _
(beableto)assist using telesurgery.
The police (use)a Taser gun
because they (think) the suspect
might hurtsomeone.
He (not wear) a hard hat when the
accident (happen), so he hurt his
head.
The motor (run) when he
______ (remove)the guards.It was a
stupid thing to do.
The accident (be) his own fault. He
____ _ _ (use) a grinder witho ut wearing
eye protection when it (happen) .
9 While the generator (run), a fault
___ _ _ _ (develop) in the main bearing .
10 Asthey (build)the wi nd farm,
protestors (damage)some equipment.
PRESENT
I discovered wave energy.
t
PAST
30 Unit5
Z Nowread the text and check your answe rs to 1.
Reading
Making inferences
g relays power to the gear
transmi ssion
h produce s elect ricity
blades
gear transmission
low-speed shaft
brake
hou sing (nacelle)
4 high-speed sha ft
5 generator
Match components 1-8 with their functions a-h with
the help of this simplified diagram of a wind turbine.
A B
1 hub a tran sfers power to the
generator
b links the blade s to the
low-speed shaft
c cont ains the main
components
d stops the turbine
e capture the wind
energy
increases the speed of
the shaft
Wind power
Wind power is renewable and non -polluting and can be
used to drive wi nd t ur bines like t he one illustrated.
Wind far ms consisting of numbers of turbines are
increasingly being constructed both on land, usually on
high ground. an d offshore .
Wind speeds increase with heig ht. so turbines are
mounted on towers, typically 50 to 80 metres in height.
Most towers are tubular to allow safe access for
maintena nce.
The rot or blades capture th e wind and t ransfer its power
to t he rotor hub, which is attached to the low-speed
shaft of t he turbine . Each roto r blade measures about 27
met res in length and is designed much like an aerop lane
Wing.The rotor rotates quit e slowly,at about 30 Lp.m.
The nace lle, th e casing at the top of t he towe r, contains
t he most important compone nts includ ing t he gear box,
gene rator, and computer .The low-speed sha ft t ransmit s
power from t he hub t o t he gearbox. It contains pipes for
t he hydrauli c syste m, which ope rates t he aerodynamic
brakes. The gearbox increases the speed of the rotor
sha ft by about 50 times. The high speed shaft drives the
electrical generator.It ha s a mechanical disc brake for
emerge ncy use.
The gene rator produces elect ricity by electromagnetic
induct ion. On a large tur bine, t he power generated is
bet ween 600 kWan d 3,000 kW. The power is sent by
cable t o t he nati onal grid.
The anemometer and wind vane on top of the nace lle
measur e t he speed and directio n of the wind
respectively and send this information to the computer.
The comp uter activates the yaw motor, which turns t he
rotor into t he wind. It starts th e tur bine when th e wind
reaches about five met res per second. The computer
continuously monitors t he conditions of the turbine.It
controls t he speed of th e rotor by varying t he pitch of
t he blades. If t he wind reaches storm force, about 25
met res per second, th e computer closes down the
turbine to prevent damage.
Alternative energy 31
Gadget box
Photovoltaic roof ti les not only keep
the rain out , but generate 50 watts of
electricity for every 0.5m
2
of tiles.
What area wou ldyou need to power
an average home?
3 Put the sentences in the correct order to describe the
operation of the turbine.
a The computer uses the yaw drive to turn the turbine
into the most effective position. _ _
b The gearbox increases the speed of the rotor shaft
by 50 times . __
c The high-speed shaft drives the electric generator.
d The wind strikes the blades which turn t he low-
speed shaft ._ _
e The power is sent by cable to the national grid.
The generator converts the mechanical energy into
electrical power . __
The anemometer and wind vane determine the
wind speed and direction and transmit th is to the
computer. __
h The computer sta rts the t urbine when wind speed
reaches 5m/s. __
Making inferences
Sometimes the information we want when we read is
not stated clearly in the text . We have t oinfer it. That
means we have to work it out by linking different
pieces of information in the text or by combining text
information with our knowledge of t he text topic. For
example:
Question What are the best places on land to
build a wind farm and for what
reasons?
Informat ion from the text:
1 usually on high ground
2 wind speeds increase with height
From our knowledge of the text top ic:
3 preferably near existing transmission lines to
save costs
Possible an swer On high ground, because wind speeds
are greatest, and preferably near
ex isting transmission lines to
save costs.
4 Use information from the text and your own
knowledge to answer the questions.
Why are some wind farms constructed offshore?
Why are wind turbines grouped together in wind
farms?
Why do tubular towers provide safer access than
some other kinds of tower?
4 What is the approximate diameter of the win d
turbine rotor in the picture?
5 At what speed does the high-speed shaft rotate?
6 Why is a gearbox necessary?
7 What is the maximum output from this type of
generator?
What is the difference between the anemometer
and t he wind vane?
Why does the yaw mechanismturn the turbine into
the wind?
10 What is storm force in km/h?
32 UnitS
Nuclear ene rgy may just be the energy
source that can save our planet from
catast rophicclimate ( ha nge.
PatrickMoore, eo-founderof Greenpeace
Project
This diagram shows how a community could be
self-sufficient in en ergy. List t he different ways it
shows of providing power to homes.
Solar t hermal panel s
Z What do you think th ese fea tures shown on th e
di agramare? Check your answers wi th a good
t echnical dictio nary or use Google. (Tip: enter define:
followed by th e unknown te rm.)
1 a cogene ration plant 3 a gas ificatio n plan t
2 a trigeneration plant 4 a thermal store
Find th e answers tot he questions.
1 Howis st reet lighting powered?
2 What is organic waste used for?
3 Why is it an advant age t o be near woo ds, hills, and a
river?
4 What kind of private tr ansport is used?
4 With a partner list th e form s of energy shown in th e
diagram which could be used to make your own
communit y more self-sufficie nt in ene rgy. Give
rea sons for th ose you choose and t hose you reject .
Community wind farm
Trigenerat ion pl ant
Webquest
Work in groups . Research one of th ese t opi cs and report
your findings t o t he rest of t he class.
1 Avede re-z multi-fuel power plant, Denmar k
2 Trige ne ration
3 Combined Heat and Power (Cogen) use in Rott erdam
4 Renewa ble en ergy projects in Malm6, Swe den
5 Thermal stor es
Thes e sites ma y help:

w.ww.power.:t echnology.com/ project s/ avedore[

UK Depa rtment of Trad e and Indu st ry:
WWW,Qtl.goy.ukaenewa plel
Dan ish Wind Indu st ry Association:

Alternat iveene rgy 33
. " '
Checklist
Assess your progress in thi s unit. Tick (.r) t he
st at ement s which a re true.
Vocabulary
Grouping words
One way t o remember your growing tech nical vocabulary
is to grou p words int o sets, for exam ple words which
describe sha pes, treat ments, or prope rt ies of materia ls.
These ver bs all desc ribe movement in mec hanisms.
Use each verb once to comp lete sentences 1-8 , which
describe t he mechanism in t he picture.
drive rota te stop tran smit
increase/decrease sta rt transfer turn
I know the English wo rds for alte rnative
energy sources
I know t he important differences between
the Past Conti nuous and t he Past Simple
I can make inferences whe n I read
I know ways of rememberi ng t echnical
words
My read ing and list ening are good enough
t o understand most of ea ch t ext in t his unit
Keywords
Adjective
commercially viable
Adverb
offshore
Nouns
carbon emiss ions
converter
fossil fuel
gea rbox
hydraulic system
renewable ene rgy
tu rbine
wave
wi nd
The chain power to the rear wheel.
The gea rs Of _
th e speed of rotation of the rear wheeL
4 Each time th e chain wheel t urns, t he rear wheel
___ _ _ _ _ th reetimes.
5 At 30 km/h .,the cha in wheel at 238 r.p.m.
6 To th e bicycle,use the brakes.
7 Whe n you to pedal, you have to
overcome stat ic friction.
Verbs
activat e
collapse
convert
t ransmi t
Note here anyt hing about how English is used
in tech nology t hat is new toyou.
The fron t whee l the dynamo.
Another way is to remember wor d partners, words
which go t oget her likef oss!l +fuel.
solar mec han ical
nucle ar
pot ential
conversio n
electrical
heat
Z Each of t hese wo rds is used with energy.Separate t hem
into words which go before and wor ds which come
after energy.
change
chemical
cons ervatio n
34 Unit6
a used to slow the plane or
help it descend
b provide stability, keeping
the plane level
c houses all the instrument
panels andthe pilots
d provide lift and usually
store fue l
e supports the plane on the
ground
providegreater wing area,
givingmorecontrolfor
landing and takeoff
provide thrus t
landinggear
stabilizers
spoilers
flaps
engine s
7 cockpi t
Match the parts of the plane 1-7 with their fu nctions
a-g .
1 wings
Label the diagramwith the fourforces -lift,drag,
thrust, and weight.
Switch on
2 Look at the picturesthat show thedifferentmovements
of a plane and label themyawing.pitching. and rolling.
Now label the par ts of t he plane whic h contro l yawing.
pitching.and rolling.
[I]


Aeronautics 35
In this unit
keytermsabout flight
reading about air tra fficcont rol
First and Second Condit ionals
checking informat ion on the phone
follow the movement of aircraft in the air
comes towards the airport
the height a plane flies at
There are actually several different jobs that Air Traffic
Controllers do. Interestingly, only 20%work in a tower
at an airport.They are Aerodrome Contro llers. They
work in the visual control tower, but at busy airports,
the job will actually be split between Air Controllers,
who have to guide aircraft during landing, and Ground
Controllers, who manage aircraft on the runway.They
instruct the Pilot about taxiing to and from parking
stands and holding areas.
Then there are Area Controllers. I'm an Area Controller
and I have to handle aircraft in flight. I could be in
communication with several ai rcraft at the same time.
I work at a control centre, away from the airport itself,
where I track the exact position of aircraft from my
work station using radar and computer systems as well
as radio equipment, I'm in constant radio contact wit h
Pilots, updating th em wi th information about the
wea ther, special conditions, and any relevant
information. It's my job to manage the airspace and
issue instructions about which route a plane should
take, the speed and the altitude they should hold.
Approach Controllers take over from Area Controllers
as the plane approaches the airport. They make the
decision about where and when a plane lands and also
decide on the order in which planes land .
In addition, Air Traffic Controllers have to respond to
distress calls. If a plane becomes lost or its equipment
fails, we can give the Pilot details of his/her position
and guide themto safety.
Tobe an Air Traffic Controller, you have to be able to
work calmly under pressure and take decisions quickly.
Youhave to be able to interpret data from different
sources and be confident with technology.Youalso
need good spatial vision and a good memory.
When I was nineteen, I applied to Air Traffic Control
college. After a tough selection process,I spent twelve
months at college.Then I was a trainee at a control
centre for two years working under the supervision of
an experienced instructor. Once I get a bit more
experience, I could earn as much as 80,000 a year!
Alan Bueno:Air Traffic
Controller
Responsibilities
looksafterplanesarriving
and depa rting
radio messages asking for help
the places where aircraft park at the airport
What does an Air Traffic Controller do? What skills does
a person need to do this job?
Read the text again and answer the questions.
1 What equipment does Alan use in hi s job?
2 What sort of information does the Controller have to
pass on to Pilots?
How can an Air Traffic Controller help a Pilot who is
lost?
How did Alan train to become an AirTrafficController?
4 Find words in the text with similar meanings to 1- 6.
EXAMPLE
continuespeakingon the radio
maintain radiocontact
moving on the ground at the airport
2 Read about Alan Bueno, an Air Traffic Controller. List
the different jobs Alan mentions and note what
responsibiliti es each job involves. List the tasks which
are common to all jobs.
EXAMPLE
Job
AerodromeController
-
36 Unit6
Problem-solving
Lookat the design for the SAX-40plane. Howis
it different from conventional aircraft design
such as the A380? Make notes.
:z Complete the table to compare a conventional
aircraft with the SAX-40.Choose from the
boxes on p.37.
Convent ional aircraft
irregular surfacescausenoise
lift is created bythe wing shape
engines below the wing create most noise
at take-off
4 no sound-absorbing materials in the engi nes
engines suspended be low the wings
causedragand noise
high-speedengine exhausts create noise
air around the landing gear creates noise
airflowing fromthe top surface of t he
wing off t hetrailing edge producesnoise
blended wing design
fair ings cover th e w heels and
brakingsystems
Result
noise isabsorbed
reducetrailing edgewing noise
Aeronautics 31

Gadget box
TheMol/er Volantofc an operate upto three
met res above any surface: land,water,sand,
snow, swamp, and grasslands. lt is avert ical -
take-off-and -tandlng vehi cle (VTOL). lt has a
maxi mum speed of 160kph. Thevehicle uses
st ate-of-the-art fly-by-wi recompute r
t echnology t o monitor.cont roland mai nt ain
stabili ty of t hevehicle.This technology
means th at it is simp le and easyt o operat e.
List t he advantages that th e Volantorhas
over a car,hel icopter,or plane.
Language spot
First and Second Condit ional s
First conditiona l and time clauses
Ed Ithi nl?this design is great. but will it everfly?
Mari Well, t he tests run satisfactorily, it could be in
the air by 2030.
Ed But what' ll happen ifthe project runs out ofmoney?
Mari As soon as people realize the envi ronme ntal
adva ntages of a plane like this, they'll be happy to
finance it.
Ed I certai nly th ink that if we want to reduce noise.
we'll have to come up with some radical designs.
Mari Yes.but un less t here isalso an increase infuel
effi ciency. the investment won't be there . The
researcherssay tha t it' ll be morefuel-effi cient if
they remove some oft he notse-reductnofeotures.
We use the First Conditional to talk about a possi ble
scena rio or act ion and t he probable result. We usually
form t he result clause wi t h will. but it is also possible to
use could. The time or conditional clause is in the
Present Simple.
t he t ime or condition al clauses above.
t he conjunction of tim e or condi tion.
ezJ reduce noi se when plane can make a
closed but maxi mi ze slower approach
fuel effi ciency when and so reduce
open at cruising noise
alt itude
SAX-40
olong engine
exhaust duct s
provide space for
acoustic liners
[Q) engines
embedded in the
frame
RESULTS
[Q] upper surface
shields people on
thegrou nd from
the noise
create smooth
airf low below the
aircraft and so less
noise
00 traili ng edge
brushes can be
found at the back
of the wing
IDengine intakes
above the wing
msmooth airframe
reduces turbulent
airflow and noise
aerofoil shape
means the whole
body creates lift
mvariable exhaust
nozzles on the
engines can be
closed for take-off
and landing
Z reduce drag and
noise
Z Complete t he following sentences with the correct
form of t he ver b in brackets .
Wewon 't have the necessary skills to deliver R&Dif
we (not encourage) more students
to study Aerospace technology.
Unless we have more skilled Software Engineers. we
_ ____ _ (have) problems developing new
progra ms.
I think there will be many changes to the design
befo re it (be) manufactured.
When you (finish) your training,
you'll work as a trainee at t he airpo rt.
If Designers use a blended wi ng design.there
___ _ _ (be)less t ur bul ent airflow.
Unless t he aircraft (make) a slower
approach. t here will be too muc h noise .
Second Conditi onal
If everyone had their ownflying machine, the airspace
would be very crowded.
The project wouldn 't be possib le if we didn 't have the
support of the airlines.
IfConcorde still fl ew to America, people would get there
in four hours.
We use the Second Conditi onal to talk about an
imaginary scenario and to speculate on t he result. The
conditional clause is in t he Past Simple tense and we
express t he result with would +infinit ive verb form .
Complete the sentences wi th your own ideas .
If eng ineers succeeded in creati ng a silent aircraft,
Aircraft would be more enviro nmenta lly-friendly if
If Design Engineers didn't have such adva nced
cornpu tertools. _
4 If more students studied Aeronautical engineering.
It would be difficult to te st how a new aircraft
performed if _
Goto Grammar reference p.116
38 Unit 6
TheSpruceGoose, built bybillionai re
Howard Hughes. was one of the biggest
planesin history.It hadawingspan of
97.5metres and was 24.2 metres high.
Itonlyeverflew 1mile.
Pairwork
Workin pairs. Eachof you has a diagram of a flying
machine and a text about a different machine .Lookat
your diagram and think of questions you can ask your
partner sothat you can label it. Readthe text. Askand
answer questions to label your diag rams .
2 With your partner, complete the table.
Glider
How is lift achieved?
Which parts
providethrust?
Helicopter
St udent A
St udent B
Gotop.l1l.
Howdoes the pilot
achieve yawing?
Howdoes the pilot
achieve pitching?
What provides stability?
What are t he advantages of t hese two flying machines
over conventional aeroplanes? List examples where
these machines can be used where conventional
aircraft could not be used.
Webquest
Jet engines
Lookat the we bsite and complete the table.
www.ueet. nasa.gov/St ude ntSitelengines. ht ml
2 Using the same site, find out about different types of
jet engine. Work in small groups. Each of you should
choose a different engine. Make notes and then
prepare a short presentation for your grou p to explain
howit works and what it is used for .
Aglider is anon-powered heavier-than-air craft . To
give the most efficient flight. gliders are as small and
light as possi ble. The wings are longer and narrower
than conventional planes. This extra wingspan means
less drag for t he amount of lift. Just as on conventional
planes, ailerons provide roll, the elevators on the tail
control pitch, and t he rudder on the tail controls yaw.
The horizontal stabilizer on the ta il provides stability.
After the launch, the glider achieves lift in three
different ways. Rising columns of warmheat, called
t he rrnals, lift th e glide r. Hill or ridge lift is created by
the wind blowi ng against a hillside and being forced
upwards. Wave lift is created when air passes over a
mountain.
As there is no engine, the pilot has to generate thrust in
a different way. This is done by reducing altitude to
gain speed.
Engine part
fan
compressor
combustor
t urbine
nozzle
Function
comp resses air and
so increases pressure
Make your point
Telephone message
Making telephone calls
To: M Bravl1
(;) Listen t o t he telephone call.
From : r ral1/( fiall
Lookat the note the secretary
Date: 4tltMay
left for Mr Brau n. How man y
Time: 1030
mistakes has she made?
Message
Z Workin pairs.Discusshow you
M r fiall called Needs
could prevent misunderstandings
ranqeforMD-11 nas
on th e phone.
fal1qe6,840 for
Now listen to the second
freiqltter
call. How does Mr 8raun make fies ovt after 4
sure the information is
0112466390001
correct?
Slql1ed: S Dobby
Wha t is he goi ng to do now?
4 Read t he advice from LeeAvatar .
It isve ry important to make sure that you understa nd
technical details, especially over-the phoneor radio. Ask
thepersonto repeatif youarenot sureandlet themknow
youhaveunderstood,oftenyoucandothis byrepeating
what they havesaid. Hereis someuseful language.
Could you repeat that , please?
Sorry, I didn't get I catch that.
Didyou say two thousand and six?
2,340? Isthat right ?
Couldyou spell that, please?
Now, work in pai rs . Sit back to back . Youeach have two
sets of information to give you r partner over the phon e.
Use Lee's ex pressions. When you have fin ished, check
t hat your partner has writte n down the correct de ta ils.
St udent A Go to p.112. Student B Goto p.1I0.
Aeronaut ics 39
Checklist
Asses s your progr ess in th is unit. Tick(...... ) t he
sta t ements which are tr ue.
I know key t erms about flight
I understand the difference betwee n First
and Second Conditio na l se nte nces
I know how to check informati on on the
phone
My read ing and list ening a re good enough
to unde rsta nd most of ea ch te xt in this uni t
Keywords
Nou ns
cockpit
drag
flaps
landi ng gear
lift
pitc hing
rolling
rotor
spoilers
stabilizers
thrust
trai ling edge
Wingspa n
yawing
Verbs
approach
Note here any th ing a bout how English is used
in technology that is new toyou.
40 Uni17
Switch on
Work in pairs . Discuss these predictions about future
homes. Decide if they will happen within 15or 75 years,
or never.
15 75 NEVER
YEARS YEARS
At least25%ofhomeswill
beself-sufficient inpower.
We will develop ahouse
which isdisaster-proof,
capable ofwithstanding
earthquakes, hurricanes,
andflooding.
Houseswillrequirevery
littlemaintenance such
aspainting.
Many homes willbebuilt
underground orinpart
underground.
You will beabletomove
internal walls andchange
thecolourofroomsat the
touch ofaswitch.
Listening
Earthhomes
101 Listen to Peter Carpenter, a des igner of earth homes,
andtickthe advantageshe mentions.
a long life expectancy
b better energy savings than other designs
c architecturally exciting inside
d condensation is not a problem
e proof against earthquakes
does not contributeto,andis less affectedby.global
warming
costs nomore- maybeless - to buildthan a
conventional house
h unaffected bywind andweather
i kind to the environment
j providesgreatersecurity
k no draug hts - minimuminfiltration
I exceptionally low fire risk,so lower insurance
premiums
m construction possible on steep slopes
n usually provides low visual impact
o very little structural maintenance
p quiet and private, but light and airy
Language spot
Obligation and necessity
St udy these sentences:
1 You don't have to paint the walls.
=It's not necessary
You have to get planning permiss ion.
= It' s an obliga tion (required by law)
The roof must be strong.
= It's necessary
We use have to to describe t hings which are
obligations required by rul es and regulations or th ings
which someone forces us to do.
Negatives and questions are formed wi t h do.
Doyou have to install air conditioning?
In positive sentences we can use mus t in a similar way,
but t he emphasis is because you think it is necessary.
Note t he difference between don' t have to and
mustn't :
You don 't have to spend a lot on heat ing an earth house.
= It's not necessary.
You mustn't build an eart h house wit hout planning
permiss ion. = It's not permitt ed.
Goto Grammar reference p.117
Show the me an ing of each of t hese sentences by
mar king t hem: obligatio n,necessary, not necessary,
or not permitted.
You mus t use materials of th e right sta ndar d.
You don't have to use wood; plast icis acceptab le.
The walls mus t resist th e pressure of eart h round th e
building. _
You mustn't build wit hin one metre of anot he r
buildi ng. _
You have to lay proper foun dat ions. _
All electr ical wiring ha s to be test ed.
You don't have to pa int plast ic window fram es.
All ap pliances have to be eart hed. _
Futu re homes 41
In this unit
ways to describe obligation and necessity
adject ive endi ngs
making inferences from writt en text
t ransferring informat ion from a text to a diagram
2 Complet e t he sentences wit h must, mu stn 't, or don't /
doesn't have to.
The structure be stro ng enough to
bear th e weig ht of ea rt h.
You let t he house overheat.
You use stone for t he front wa ll;
brick is fine .
You make sure no wate r gets into
the house from t he surro und ing soil.
Yourhouse be deep under ground;
l.Sm of earth above the roof is enough to fully
insu late the building.
The weight on t he roof is about 3 kN/ m
2
so you
___ _ _ _ use pre-stressed concrete roof
beams.
The hou se is very well insulat ed, so you
_ _ ___provide much heati ng.
The re are strict rules about whe re you can build. You
_ _ _ _ _ build wit hout plan ning
permission.
Make a sentence about each of t hese buil ding
regulat ions using an appropriate form of must
or have to.
EXAMPLE
Agricultural buildings must not be usedfor liVing
accommodation.
. .
Not to be used forliving
accommodation
1 At least 100 metres froma house
2 Fireexit required
3 On site for no more than 28 days
4 Sleepingaccommodation not
permitted
5 Planning permission not
required
6 Alarmsystems required
7 Disabledaccess required
42 Uni t 7
Reading
Inside the future home
:I CO! Now listen t o t he words and underlin e the stressed
sylla ble. The first one has been done for you in th e tab le
above.
S Int erior walls will
run on t racksso
rooms can be used
i n different ways.
Some parti tio ns will
be made of glass
which becomes
opaque whe n a
current is passed
th rough it .
, Wall-mounted flat
screens will replace
TVs.Thesewil1also
act as computers
and (CTVmonitors
for securitycameras.
7 Robotswill carry
out tasks such as
carpet cleaning and
dusting
Gadget box
The microcompact house is a 2.66m cube with a timber frame
and an anodized a luminium ctadding. It cont a ins two compact
do uble beds.a shower/toilet. and a kitchen with sink.
microwave. fridge. freezer , and hob . It is fitted with heating
and air-conditioning. It weigh s 2.2 tonnes .
Who do you think the microcompact home is intended for?
adjective
be adapted
vary
be put int o effect or
madet owork
last a long t ime
beseen
beconverted
bepredicted
Vocabulary
Adjectives with -able and -ible
Many adjectives ending in -able or ible describe the
ability to do something. Complete the table. All the
words have been used in this or earlier units.
can ...
Houseswil l besmaller becauseof
the increase in population and
shortage of building land. Theywill
be ada ptable to meet the needs of
their owners at all stagesi n life.
New mater ials will be used to
minimize mai ntena nce and
increaseli fespan.Wewill fill our
homes wit h labour-saving devices
an d sma rt t echnology t o improve
our heal t h and comfort.
Work in pairs . Make a list of ways in which homes of
th e future will be different from homes of today.
Z Studythe diagram and read the associated texts.
Compare your list in 1with the information.
~ . 2 Enoughpowerfor ~
domestic.usewill be I
gene rated bywind
or solar ene rgy,or a
combination of
both . -:--........
9 Fridges will monitor
the ' best before '
dat es on foodstuffs
and will report
when food has been
stored too long.
They will suggest
recipes based on the
ingredient s you
have in your kitchen .
3 As wate r becomes
scarce , ultrasound
clea ners may
replace washing
machines and
dishwashers as a
more efficient and
less wasteful way
of cleaning.
Future home s 43
opaque (adj) not clear enough to see through or allow
light thr ough
dust (v)clean su rfaces with a cloth
best before date (n) date printed on a food package
advising you t he product will not be of such good
qua lity afte r thi s date
The t ext s give t he reasons for some of the pred ictions
about fut ur e home s, but not for all. In your notebooks,
list the reason s for these prediction s where they are
given.
Predict ion
Houses will be smaller.
Int erior wallswill run on tr acks.
Some pa rt itions will be mad e of glass which
becomes opaque whe n a current is passed th rough it.
There will be convertibl e furniture.
Wall-mounted flat scree ns willreplace TVs.
Ultrasound clea ners may replace wa shi ng machines
and dishwashe rs.
Robot s will ca rryout tasks such as carpet cleaning
and dusting.
Fridges willmonitor t he 'best before' date s on foodst uffs.
Newspap ers will be downloaded onto elect ronic paper.
Medicine cont ainers will monitoryour use.
Enough powe r for domesti c use will be generat ed by
wind or solar energy,or a combinat ion of bot h.
4 Wit h your partner, write your own rea son for eac h
predict ion wh ere no reaso n is provided in th e t ext s.
Use inf erence skills t o combi ne informati on given in
t he t ext s with your own knowledge.
EXAMPLES
Robot s will carry out t asks such as car pet cleaning and
dusti ng because this saves work and time by humans.
Fridge s will monit or th e 'best before ' dat es on
foodstuffs to make sure we don 't eat dangerously old
f ood.
44 Unit 7
-------- - 0 __
In a count ry threatened byflooding, the
safest placeto be isactually on the water.
Then your house just goes up and down .
KoenOlthuis ,j1ooting houseArchitect
Problem-solving
Lookat the diagram of a section of wall used in an
earth home.Tryto guess what the key parts of the
structure are and what they are made of.
A
I B
D
2 Nowlabel the diagram using the information
contained in the text.
BACKAND SIDE WALLS
These are multileaf concrete and insulation. The
outermost envelope. which is built first, is 150 mm
concrete block (1) with a few sup porting pillars
outside. This acts as a permanent shutter for the
hea vy waterproof tanking membrane (zt.fnstde
that is the main structural wall (:{)ma de from
660 mm dense concrete block. The insulation
comprises 100 mm slabs of expanded polyurethane
(4) and these ar e fixed to the concrete wall with
adhesive. all the cracks and joints being tilled with
aerosol PUfoam . The insulation is protected with a
vapour harrier of polythene and the final layer of
100 mm concrete or brick IS} is built inside that .
These walls have to be very strong. completely and
permanently waterproofed, insulated to the highest
standards. and vapour-proofed from within to
prevent deterioration of the insulation. The back wall
is altogether just over till thick and is sup ported
at -lm inte rvals by the structural counterforts which
separate OIW room from the next.
Project
Work in groups, A.a,and C.The pictures show
examples of accommodation designed for particular
situations. Decide in your group what the situations are
and howtechnology has been used to meet their
requirements,
Z In your groups, research more about the buildings in 1
and make notes. The websites will give you plenty of
information. Follow the links to find out as much as
you can .
Group A
GroupB WWW....J!l9DQ!ltbic.com/
Group C
livin8-and_workingl
researcbst atto ns/
hall ey/h alleyvi/
Form new gro ups of t hree with
a person from A,B,and C.Tell
your group what you have
fou nd out abo ut t he buildings.
c
1 - - - - - - - - -
Futu re homes 45
Checklist
Assessyour progressin t his unit.Tick (.I) the
st at ements wh ich are tru e.
I can tra nsfer informatio n from a text t o a
diagram
I know ways t o describe obligation and
necessity
I can make inferenceswhen I read
My reading and listening aregood enough
to underst and most of each text i n th is unit
Keywords
Adjectives
adapt able
convertible
self-suffi cient
undergro und
wel l-ins ulated
Nouns
access
accommodat ion
condensatio n
environment
foundatio ns
global warmi ng
structure
ventila tion
Verbs
constr uct
resist
Note hereanyt hi ng about how English is used
in tech nology t hat is new t o you.
46 Unit8
8 Mass transportation
Switch on
Do the quiz,
..1 Who invented the
internal combu stion
engine ?
a Henry Ford
b Etienne l enoir
c Nikolaus Ott o
2 How much of the energy
in petrol do petrol
engi nes use?
a Three quarters
b One th ird
c One fifth
3 Where was the world's
first motorway built?
a Germany
b The USA
c Japan
4 Ashows a PRTsystem.
What doe s PRTstand
for?
a Personal Rapid Transit
b Peopl e Revolutionary
Transpor t
c Privat e Regional
Transfer
5 Which sente nce abo ut
The Freedom. the world's
largest ship, is not t rue?
a She will provide
accommodation for
40, 000 people.
b She will rise 104m
abo ve the water level.
c She will travel very
quickly,
Ei What is t he unique
characte ristic of t his
'Pendollno' in B?
a It travels very fast.
b It t ilts as it t ravels
round bends,
c It travels on a single rail.
7 What is a Maglev?
a a diesel t rain
b an elect ric tra m
c a magnet ic train
B What type of boat does
C show?
a hovercraft
b hydrofoil
c surface-e ffect ship
Reading
Skimming
Skimming, or reading for general understanding, is a
skill you need to develop for st udying. By iooking at t he
title of an article and any images - ma ps, diagr ams. etc .
- you can often get a general idea of what t he article is
about before you read.
Look at the title of the article and th e pictures and
decide what the article is about.
2 Now read the first underlined sentence in each
paragraph: t his should give an overview of the text.
Decide which of the points in t he table will be included
in the text.
Yes No Perh ap s
how the parts of the A380
are transported
how the A380 is
manufactured
where the parts are ma de
abo ut the French town
of Toulouse
about problems with moving
the wing
details about a ship
about different forms of
t ransport used to transport
A380 parts
about German
manufacturers
about cities in Europe
J Now read the whole text quic kly and check your
answers.
4 Work in pairs. Without looki ng at t he t ext again, see
howmuch you can remember.
How many different met hods of transport were
mentioned?
Which countries were mentioned?
Mass t ransportation 47
Inthis unit
skimming - reading for general unde rsta nding
form ing compound adject ives and noun s
comparative a nd superlat ive review
how to show ent husias m in spea king
how to per suade othe rs
AEuropean project
The main parts of the Airbus A380 are manufactured in
different locations in Europe, wit h the final assembly
in Toulouse France. The parts have to be transported to
Toulouse using a variety of methods. Because of its size,
the Airbus A380 requires the biggest Wings ever
constructed and it is a major un dertaking getting them
to Toulouse from the west coas t of Wales in the UK.
At the UKfactory. the a jtgthat
supports it on its journey. This jig is placed on a 96
wheel, 200-tonne multi-purpose vehicle (MPV).This
unmanned vehicle is controlled from a mobile conso le
carried by the operator as he wa lks ahead of the load.
Cables are buried in a groove in t he roa d. It is 1.7km by
road to the river Dee. Here the wi ng is moved onto a
specially-built, flat-bottomed river craft that extends
only 2m belowthe waterline.This craft transports the
wing downriverto the port of Mos tyn on t he coast.
Anew roll-onI roll-offvessel called the Ville de
Bordeaux has been speCially built to transport the
sections of the Airbus to the French [l' ort of Pauillac. The
ship is 154m long and 24m wide. It has a cargo deck
space of 6,720m an d the largest water-tight stern door
(22m x 14m) ever built. It is equipped with a system of
int ern al ramps, doors, and hoist able decks to
accommodate the ai rcraft components, and travels at
an average speed of 16 knots.
Fuselage sections manufactured in northern Germany
are transported aboard the Ville de Bordeaux fromthe
factory in Hamburg. The vesse l stops en-route at
Mostyn to load the wing before continuing to t he
French coastal town ofSt Nazaire. Here the complete
forward fuselage wit h cockpit and a complete centre
fuselage are loaded on board. At the t own of Pauillac,
t he vessel berths alongside a specially-cons tructed
quay with the stern aligned to a 150m floating
pon toon. Here t he parts are t ransferred onto specially-
constructed barges to be taken down the river Garonne
to Langon, 95 km away. Anewdock has bee n bu ilt he re
so the water depth can be adjusted to enable th e bar ges
to unl oad t hei r cargo onto new road tr ansport ers.
These vas t newcompute r-guided lorries take the pa rts
240 km to Toulouse along roads that have had t o be
widened and straightened to accommodate th e convoy.
---
4 8 Unit 8
The shortest regular scheduled
fl ight is between t wo of th e
islands in Orkney in th e nor th of
Scotland. It takesonly
2minute s.
------_...--
Vocabulary
Compound adjectives and nouns
Choose a compound noun t o complet e the sent ences.
airbag powerb oat seabed
Boat-builder radio signa l traffic congestion
container ship safety belt waterline
Passengers travelling in a car are obliged to wear a
Bull et tr ain
Go to p.112.
Go to p.ll0.
Magl evtrain
Technology
Each of you has some info rma tion. Ask and answer
que stions to complete the table.
Max spee d
country
St udent A
Student B
Pairwork
Work in pai rs. Discu ss the las t time you travelled by t rain .
Why did you take the tr ain ?Do many people choose to
t ravel by train in your country? Why? I Why not?
Z Lookat the pictures. What types of train are these?
controlled
breaking
in
going
conditioned
distance
air
remote
long
built
ocean
record
John works as a for a small
company making sport and leisur e boats.
When the is we ak, reception is
poo r.
Most good s that are t ransported at sea are packed
into containers that are loaded onto a
Two words can be joined together to make a
compound adjective,which is usually wri tten with a
hyphen.
Tohelp you remember newvocabulary, try to learn
words in phrases. Find t hese compound adjectives in
th e text and write down the noun they describe .
EXAMPLE
computer-guided!!:!x
multi -purpose _
roll-on _
96-wheel _
Z Match a word in Awith a word in Bt o make compound
adjectives.
A B
I
11
Part of the hull of a sh ip sits below the
Fuel
Track
In cit y centres and on major roads
_______has be come a major problem.
Efficiency
3 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Mag lev
and Bullet t rains. Make notes.
Mass trans portation 49
"
0
-_..... ----
-- - ........
.....
........
.....
......
...........................
---. ...
EXAMPLE
Travelling by car is the most dangerousfo rm of
transport. Walking is slightly safer, but it is considerably
safer to travel by bus.
Agroup of peop le we re asked to rate car, bus, and
wa lking as forms of transport . Lookat the table and th e
example below.Then write sent en ces to compa re the
other feat ures.
Car
Convenience ./././ ./ ./
Wal king
,f
,f
,f,f
Bus
H
xxx
,f,f,f
,f,f,f
,f,f,f,f
HH
xxxxx
Pollution
Safety
Cost
Journey t ime ././././ ./
How much do you remember about comparative and
superlat ive adject ives?

1 Air travel isquicker / more quicker than travel ling by
car.
It's most dangerous / more dangerous travelli ng by
carthan by train.
Passengers are usually happier / more happy to pay
for quice connect ions t han beautiful interiors.
4 501km/h was the fa stest / mo st fa st speed achi eved
bya Maglev train in 2003.
City plannersmust try tofind moreefficient / the
mo st effi cientf orm ofpublic t ransport.
The cheapest / The less expensiveform oftransport
is not always the good / best answer.
Can you explai n th e rules?Goto Grammar reference
p.II8 and check your answers.
To tal k about the similarities or differences in more
detail, we can use adverbs before t he comparative
structure.
Language spot
Comparative and superlative review
2 Underline t he adverbs in t his paragraph.
Compared to ships and road vehicles, Maglev t rains
move passengers and goods at much higher spee ds
and cons iderably lower cost . They also use a good deal
less energy. Compared to air t ranspo rt. Maglev t rains
move passe nge rs and goods at a lot less cost and in
much more volume. Overall, Maglev tec hnology is a
much bett er way to move people and goods th an
existing modes. Aswell as being a great dea l cheaper
an d a lot faster, it has a far longer service life.
The adverbs in t he paragra ph refer to large
diff erences. Can you think of adve rbs we use to refer t o
sma ll differences?
slightly
Which adverbs are more informal?
Goto GIamrnar reference p.I IS
50 Unit 8
Mark my words . a combi nati on alrplane and
mot orcar iscoming.You may smi le, but it
wlllcome.
Henry Ford 1940
Pronunciation Its myjob

I was really exha usted.
'"'\
[was absolutely exhausted.
2 Work in pairs, Aand B.Take turns to read the sent ences
below. Reply to each one using real/y orabsolutelyand
an adject ive from t he box. Remember to sound
ent husiastic!
Showing enthusiasm
We can show how enthusiastic we are in the words we
choose and in the way we speak.
Ci'tI Listen t o how we can use really or absolutely to
make a strong adjective stronger.
The story of th e Airbu s A380 is reallyfascinati ng.
When you stand near tt.you realize it 's absol utely
enormous.
Notice how we pronounce really. absolutely. and a
strong adjective
I
I,
delighted
eno rmous
essential
fascinating
luxurious
marvellous
t errified
unbelievable
(;I Listen to an interview with Matt Haydon. a Marine
Engineer, and put the ques t ions in the correct orde r.
a What hour s do you work on the Ship? _
Are there any risks? _
c What'syourjob? _
So, what sort of t raining did you have to become a
Marine Engineer? _
e Would you recommend t his job to oth ers? _
f How much time do you get off? _
g What are you responsible for in your job? _
h What's the most challengi ng part of t he job?
EXAMPLE
A The story ofthe Airbus is interesting.
B Yes, it's reallyf ascinating.
Stud ent A
The story of t he Airbu s is interesting.
Have you seen the new Airbus A380?
They have had to rebuil d road s and develo p new
quay s t o tr an sport the parts.
4 My new car has sat ellit e navigation .
St udent B
5 Is public tra nsport import ant for reduci ng carbon
em issions?
Most cruise shi ps are like five-star hotels
Youmu st have been pleased to win t he designer of
t he year award!
8 Did you enjoy travelli ng at 430 km/h on t he Maglev?
Now change and do th e exercise aga in.
(;I Liste n again and answer t he questions in 1.
Discuss with a partner.
1 Would you like t o do t his job?
2 Would you like to work for fourteen weeks and th en
have fou rteen weeks' holiday?
Why do you t hink it is 'st ill a man's job'?
Make your point
Persua sion
Jo Illich wa nts t o per su ad e a group of t own planners to
accept his solution to ease t rafficcongestion in his city.
He deci ded t o visit LeeAvatar t o he lp him prep are his
presentation. This is th e chec klist Lee sent to Jo.
Preparewell. Gatherall the relevant details. You must
haveall t henecessary factsandfigures, andthey
must be correct.
Givesufficient background information, but don't
boreyouraudience.
Bepreparedto giveclearreasonsfor eachsuggestion.
It's best to prepareprintouts givingdetailedfi nancial
andtechnological data. That allowstheaudienceto
readat their ownspeedandto refer backwhen
necessary.
You shouldsoundenthusiastic.Smileandmakeeye
contact.
Don't be afraid of silent pauses while you put visua ls
in place.
Don't rus h!Take your t ime and spea kclearly.
Be prepared forquestions!
2 !OI Listen to Jo's presentation and look at Lee's checklist.
Use t he check list to eval uate 10's performance and
discuss with a partner how persuasive he was.
Work in small gro ups . Prepare a shor t, persuasive
presentation about t he advantages of a mode of public
transport. Think about noise and air poll ution I energy
eff iciency I safety and comfort I land use I journey
t ime .
Give ot her students feed back on their presentations
based on t he checklist.
Mass t ransport at ion 51
Checklist
Assess your progress in this unit. Tick(..') th e
sta tements which are true.
I can for m compou nd adjectives an d nouns
I can for m comparatives and superlat ives
I know how t o express enthus ias m when
speaki ng
I know what is impo rtant when t rying to
per suade ot hers
My list ening and reading are good en ough
to underst and most of ea ch text in t his unit
Keywords
Adjectives
fas cinati ng
mag netic
propose d
Nouns
barge
cargo
congestion
contai ner ship
goods
locat ion
motorway
passenger
public transport
rail
st at ist ics
vessel
Not e here anyt hing about how Englis h is used
in t echnology th at is new to you.
52 Writingbank
Writing bank
I
I,
1 1
I
I
Emails
Arethese statements about emails
true or false?
If you know the recipient well,
you can leave out the opening
greeting and complimentary
close.
Emoticons :.) can be used in
any type of email.
Tost ress a word, write it in
CAPITAL LETTERS.
4 Youshould keep your message
short.
It' s not necessary to answer an
ema il quickly,
Youshould never write
something you don't want
others t o see.
Youshould try to be amusing.
2 Readthe email and answer the
questions.
1 Who is Carol Larque?
2 Who is Hartmut Schwandner?
3 What does Carol want?
4 Why does she tell Hartmut
where she works?
Match the parts of the emaill-7
with the sect ions a-g .
a Reason for writing
b Sender's position
c Subject line
Complimentary close
e Sender's name
f Opening greeting
g HowCarol knows about
Hartmut
Dear Mr Schwanc ner ?
I was interested to read the article in the Engineering and
Technology Journal last month about the revol utionary
earplug you have developed."
I work for a woodworking company in central Sweden and
I would be gratefu l if you could let us have technical details of
this prod uct as well as price and minimum order
requirements. s
I look forward to heari ng from you.e
Carol Larque
Health and Safety Officer ?
1
4 Readthe two ernails and answer
the questions .
How does Per begin the main
body of th e ema il?
How does Per make polite
requests?
How do Per and Larrteopen and
close their emails? Which one of
them knows the person t hey are
writing to?
A Write an email to askfor
technical information about the
heat pumps advertised in The
Energy Journal last week . VOU
also want to know about t he
cost and details for installi ng
the m.You th ink you could
install it yourself. Askabout t he
length of the guarantee. Write
70-90 words.
Ifyou are looking for a safe and
environmentally-friendly
alternative to fossil fuels. heat
pumps are the answer.
Heat pumps provide the safe
solution to heating the house
and reduce costs by up to 700)'0.
B Write an email to Plastics
Incorporated asking for deta ils
of their apprent iceship or young
graduate schemes . Write 35-50
words.
Writing bank 53
-
.>;!
-
~
Per Lowi
~
Ken Trim
~
Subject:
I
Security cameras
1-
Dear Ken
Following our telephone conversation this morning regarding the
installation of security cameras at your factory, I would be grateful if
you could send me a detailed map of the premises. We need to be
able to assess how many cameras we would need to cover your
premises and the most suitable places to fix them so that the whole
area can be seen. Can you also indicate on the map where you would
like the monitors to be placed? For example, you could have them in
the recept ion area or main office where they are constantly on view.
Best wishes
Per
-
-Cl.>;!
-
~
Larrie Dale
~
info@barrierdesi gns.com
~
Subject
I
Catalogue
Dear Sir/ Madam
As a consulta nt to the oil industry I am very interested in your safety
products . Coul d you please send me your cata logue and latest
price list? We are part icularly interested in providing our customers
with effective gas detectio n systems.
I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours faithfully
Larrle Dale
Dale Products
Tel: 001519 1557323232
24 Alberta Road, Newi ngt on, Londo n, Ontario
~
54 Writ ing bank
Fig.4
slightly.
during this time, but there was a
growt h in the amo unt of nuclear
electric power aft er 1970, reaching
app roximately 8,000 millio n billi on
Jou les in 2005. The fall in energy
consump tion in the years around
1980 was probably due to the world
oil crisis.
The rose
temperature f---------+........:::......:-------1
Rice fell significant ly.
productio n
There dramatic rise in solar
wasa energy
product ion.
WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION
COAL
NATURAL GAS
+-____ _ 0 PETROLEUM
NUCLEARElECTRIC
POWER
CONVENTIONAL
HYDROElECTRIC
POWER
WOOD, WASTE,
ALCOHOL
GEOTHERMAL
SOLAR
III WIND

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 YEAR
45 ,00
40,00
35.00
w
e
30,00
Q
z;
25,00 0
g
20,00
z
0
a
15.00
:1
10,00
5,000
Fig.3
rising rapidl y t o reach 42,000 million
bi lli on Joules by 2005. The second
and thi rd largest sources of energy
were natural gas and coal, whi ch each
accounted for about 25,000 milli on
billion Joules in 2005. The graph
shows that insignif icant amounts of
energy came from renewable sources
Fig. 2
increased
mode rately
sha rp
slowly
steep
went up
Complete the tables with the
wo rds below.
Describing graphs Fig.1
conside rably
decreased
dropped
gradually
growt h
i ncrease
2 Look at th e graph in Fig.4.
1 What is the topic of the graph?
2 What does the horizo ntal (X)
axis represent?
What are th e figures on t he
vertical (V) axis ?
4 What were the most important
sources of energy? Why are
1978 and 1983significant? What
do you notice abou t alternative
sources of energy? Which
source of energy grew
significantly after 1970?
Read t he description ofthe graph
in Fig.4.
1 Whalis the purpose of t he first
sentence?
What is the purpose of the
second sentence?
Which words have a mea ning
similar t o approximately?
The graph in Fig. 4 shows how much
energy from diff erent sources was
used between 1950 and 2005. We
can see that over this peri od the
amount of energy used increased
sharply and the largest amount of
energy came from petroleum . In
1950 just over 13,000 milli on bi llion
Joul es was used but this f igure rose
sharply to reach a peak of roughly
40,000 mill ion billion Joul es in
1978. There was a dramatic fall to
just over 30,000 mi llion billi on in the
following fi ve years before
I
I,
Wr iti ng bank 55
CARGO TRANS PORTATION I N CROATIA
_ 48% ROAD
c==l 32% SEAAND COASTAL
c:::::J 11% RAILWAY
c==l 8% PIPELINE
c==l 1% INLANDWATER
c==l 58% ROAD
c==l 32% RAILWAY
_ 9% SEAANDCOASTAL
_ 1% AIR
PASSENGERTRANSPORTATION I N CROATIA
Fig.S 4 Lookat the pie cha rts in Fig. 5.
1 What do t hey show?
Read t he descripti on of the pie
charts.
What does respectively mean?
The word while is used to
contrast two pieces of
information . Find two ot her
words which have t he same
function.
5 Choose t he correct answer.
Aline graph I pie chart shows a
relation ship between t wo
variables. The variable on t he X
axis is often time. We use a line
graph I pie chart to showincreases
and decreases.
Alinegraph/ piechart is divided
into sectors which repr esent a
per centage of the whole. We use a
line graph I pie chart to compare
and cont rast da ta .
The pie charts compare the use of diff erent modes of passenger and cargo
t ransportat ion in Croatla. Jt can be seen t hat more t han half of all
passenge rs choos e t o t rave l by road, accounti ng for 58%, whi le j ust unde r
half of all cargo is carried by road . Abo ut a thir d of all passengers use rail
transport but only 11% of Croatia's cargo goes by rail. Croetle has a long
coast line and j ust under a t hi rd of Croati a's cargo is t ransport ed by sea.
However, only 9% of passengers use t his form of trans port . This is probably
because sea tr ansport is cheaper for cargo but too slow for passengers.
Pipeline and inland wat er transp or tat ion account for 8% and 1% of cargo
transpo rtatio n respect ively.
--
S6 Writi ng ba nk
6 A Use expressions from the

UK OIL CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION
Clipboard t o write a description
4,000
of t he graph in A.In your first
sentence describe what the
graph is about by using t he

3,000
tit le, X,an d Yaxis. In t he second
sentence give an overview of
'"
c
the t rends shown in the grap h.

2,000
The n describe the graph in
c,
mo re detail. Write 80-100

wo rds.
;;;
1,000
B Write a description of th e pie
chart in B. Write 80-100 words.
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
YEAR
I
I,
Clipboard
Language for describing grap hs
The graph shows
The graph provides inf ormat ion
abou t
The cha rt compares
Between 2004 and 2006
From 2004 to 2006
Over this period
In 2005
During this time
Reach a peak
Accountfor
7 Carry out a class survey of t he
meth od of t ransport used by
st udents to get to class. Display the
results in a pie chart and then
write a description.
_ CONSUMPTION
_ PRODUCTION
WH YPEOPLE USE PUBLIC TRANSPORT
_ 34% TO AND FROM WORK
c===J 3% WORK RELATED
c===J 13% SHOPPING
c===J 11% FAMILY/ PERSONALBUSINESS
_ 13% SCHOOL /CHURCH
5% MEDICAL / DENTAL
c===J 2% VACATION
c===J 8% VISIT FRIEND
c===J 11 % SOCIAL RECREATIONAL
Profile
I am a highly motivated and ha rd working young graduate with excelle nt
academic qua lifications and appropriate wo rk experience in the field of
ecology. I wo rkvery well in a team, have exce llent communication and
organizational skills, and enjoy encouraging and motivat ing others,
including children.
Education and qu alifications
2005 - 2008 University ofleeds
BSc(Hons ) 2.1Environmental biogeoscience
My personal resea rch project on collecti ng biodata in the river
Danube flood plain is to be published by t he Worldwide Fund
for Nature in t heir quarterly magazi ne.
Modules st udied
Environmental Risk: Science ,Policy,and Management
Air quality: Science and Policy
Earth System Science : Biochemical Cycles
Soils and Environmental Change
Sust aina ble Development: Cha llenges and Practice
CV(Curriculum
Vitae)
Read Marc's CV. He is applying for
graduate schemes specializing in
Environmental con sultancy and
Impact assess ment. Answer the
que stions.
Whi ch schooi did he go to ?
What subjects did he st udy at
school?
At which university did he
st udy?
What subject did he st udy?
What did he do while he was in
Germany?
6 Where is th e Eden Project?
7 Whatdidhedotherel
8 What doe s he think hi s
st rengt hs are?
What doe s he do in hi s free
time?
Marc Foster
DD.B. 03.06. 1986
Email: mfoster@worldwide.co.uk
Te" home 01295670026
Nationality: British
Writing bank 57
mobile 07884 128831
1998 - 2005 Polam Hall School. Darlington
ASlevel: Business studies (C),General St udies (B)
Azlevet Chemistry (B), Mathematics (A), Biology(B)
9 GCSEgrades, 2A",4A, 2B,lC
Z Write a CVfor yourself. In your CV
you have to sell yourself. Unit 15
will give you ideas of different
skills. Once you have complet ed
the CV, write a covering lett er to go
with it .
Work Experience
July/August 2006, 2007
Summer 2004, 2005
Worldwide Fund for Nat ure, Germany
Tot al of 12weeks spe nt assisting with species
and habitat management .su rveyingand
moni to ring activities, and t he collection of
biodata.This provided valuable experience of
ecosystems as we ll as wo rking in an
inte rnational t eam.
The Eden Project, Cornwa ll
Sum mer ass istant with responsibilit yfor se lling
tickets, gufdlng visito rs around the centre and
assi st ing wit h ed ucational activities for child ren.
This helpe d me develop my skills work ing wit h
children and mem bers ofthe publicas we ll as
explaining issues relat ed to the enviro nme nt .
Interests
Itake great pleasure in travelli ng to expe rience different cultu res, meet new
people . and lea rn f rom new expe riences. I enjoy playing t he piano and
sing ing. I have bee n a member of th e unive rsity ope rat ic socie ty fort he last
three yea rs.
58 Writ ing bank
Memos
Read th e memo and answer t he
que sti ons.
What is t he pu rpose of the
memo?
How will ap prentices be
chose n?
What should the team leaders
in t he Maintenance
Departme nt do now?
Clipboard
KEY STONE ENGINEERING
122- 128Highland Street
Newby
1.1:0044 547m 134
email:enguirles@keystone.(o.uk
Memo
The appre nt ices hi ps wi ll be f or th r ee yea rs and wil l cons ist
of on- t he-job tra i ni ng unde r s upervision i n t he Mai ntena nce
Depar t ment and day r eleas e one day a wee k t o t he lo cal
college.
A deci s i on has been made by se ni or management t hat
appr ent i ceshi ps for s i x Ma i nt enan ce Techn i et ans wi 11 be
made ava'i l abl e t o s tar t i n Sept embe r 2008. Adve r ti s ements
i nvi t i ng ap pli cant s wi ll be pl aced in nat ion a l news pape r s
i n June . In t e rv iews wi ll be arrange d f or t he week beg i nning
3 Ju l y .
I
I,
I
Amemo is an internal company
document that is nor mally
impersonal and forma l in style.
It can be sent to one person or a
number of peo ple within the
organization and may be put on
a noticeboa rd. It should:
sta te who i t is to
state who it is from
have a ti tle exp laining what it is
about, an d a date
state the purpose in the opening
paragrap h
be as brief as possible.
To
From
Subject
Date
Ma; nt en ance De par t men t
Trai ni n9 Mana ge r
Six Appr ent ices hi p pl aces sta r t i ng
Septembe r 2008
14 May 2008
Woul d team l eade r s pl eas e at t end a meet i ng in r oomD on
Thurs day 17 May at 9 a .m. to di scus s poss i bl e s ki l led
s upe rvi so rs f or t he appre nt i ces and t he apprenti ces' wor k
r ot at i on .
Writing bank 59
manager.
___ _ _ _ _ __6 for one ofthese dates with their group
Kirb Corn onents
Kirby Nort h Industrial Estate
Kirby
General Manage r
GPS vehicle navigation system for all delivery vehicles
24 November 2008
From
Subject
Date
As part of the company efficie ncy programme, _
over the next few weeks. This equipment will allow drivers to find their
way to delivery addresses more quickly and 4 .
To
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 on how to operate the equipment will be run
on Monday4, Tuesday 5 and Thursday 7 December at 8.30 a.m.
2 Completethe memoby putting
the informat ion a-f in the correct
place.
a all transpor t vehicles will be
fitted with GPSnavigation
system equipment
b Short briefing courses
c Would all drivers please sign up
d Memo
e so improve the efficiency of our
delive ry service
Transport Department
A Write a me mo to all staff
working in the Food
Department at Briteways
Supermarket. Use the notes in A
below. Provide a company
address, date, etc. Write 80-100
words.
B Start Enginee ring have recently
sig ned a contract with a
German company, Poch AG,to
supply them with compo nents
for the next three yea rs. A
group of Senior Managers from
the compa ny are coming to
visit Start Engineering. Write a
me mo to all staff using the
notes in Bbelow. Write 70-90
wo rds .
o
i",fru.it eM v'jeteblo peck.eJi'13 -
will stopu.Ji'13 pleJtictreyJ.
treyJ compoJteblt, Jterti'13 'teXt wu,",tit
Less sosteff V/Ud to
C-tutome.rs
(ompe",y edvertisi'13 cempel9'"to promot:
them eJ 'teXtww'l-tit
to Jhart tmi>u'13 JUJio",
Frideylp.m., rOom D
TlwJO to MtoM, speak: to li"-O
W
visit 10 - 13 Apnl
be prepared toanswer technical questions-
be helpful
be prepared toexplainproduction procedures
- be informative
arrange lunch andrestbreaks sothere is
always someone available toanswer any
technical questions
60 Writi ng bank
Instructions
Match the hand signals with the
instructions to the driver .
Lower
Move forward
Move backwards
Raise
Stop
1 What instructions do these
signs give?
EXAMPLE
A Do not smoke.
When we give instructions. we use
the infinitive of the verb . Togive a
warning or prohibit an action we
use do not.
Have you ever used a fire
exti ngu isher? Would you use the
same ext inguis her for an elect rical
fire as for a paper fire? Why?IWhy
not ?
Find the nearest fire ext inguishe r
to your room and read t he ty pe of
fire it is sui tab le for.
Use the words below to complete
the instructions for using a fire
extinguisher.
Do not 1 a fire if there is
a) considerable heat
b) significant smokeor fumes
c) a possibilityyou will bet rapped.
_____ _ 2 the fire emerge ncyservices
_ _ ____3 t he correct extinguisher
Aim
Be
CaU
Choose
Fight
Hold
Point
PuUaut
Release
Squeeze
Sweep
___ ___ 4 the pin
_ _ _ _ _ _ 5 the nozzleaway fromyou
_ _ _ _ _ _ 6 the locking mechanism
_____ _"low
_ _ _ ___et he extinguisher upright
and aim at the base of the fire
____ __9 the trigger .
_ _ _ _ _ _ 10 prepared for t he force and
noise of the ext inguishing agen t
____ _ _ 11 the nozzlefrom side to side
Writ i ng bank 61
~
~
: : '
,
r n ~ N
: i i i
, -,y.----.!
:.>--, '
,
main st ructure
plywood or other board mat erial
interior
black painted metal
iid
glass
reflective pane ls
aluminiu m foil
corrugated cardboard
Write 50-70 words .
Clipboard
Useful verbs
Place Attach
Connect Cut
Paint Measure
Cover Use
Estimate Fix
Calculate Tryto
4 Look at th e sketches tha t show
how to make a solar oven. Write a
set of instructions on how to build
a solar oven to accompany the
illustrations. Include all t he parts
and materia ls from t his list:
62 Writ ing bank
Health and safety
Lookat part of a completed
accidentreportform.
1 Whowas injured?
2 How old is he ?
3 What we re his injuries?
4 Why do you think the driver
didn't see the boy?
Name of inju red person
Address
Phonenumber
Age
Female/Male
Jobt itle
Abt!vlAzIZI
Tt,;;267, Block 65, NewDty,
B,rmfllqham
0121121212
9
Male
notappl,cable
Clipboard
,/
Kindof accident
Contact wit hmovingmachinery
Hit by moving object
Hit bymoving vehicle
Hit somethi ngfixed
Injured while handl ing, lifting,
carrying
Slipped, t ripped, fell
Trapped
Drowned
Exposedto harmful substances
Exposedtofire
Exposed to electricity
Injuredbyanimal
Physically assaulted bya person
Whowastheinjuredperson?
Employee
Ontrainingscheme
Onworkexperience
Employedbysomeone else
Self-employed
Member of th e pub lic
Past Simple
PastSirnple
(Passive)
Past Perfect Abdu/ had entered .. .
Whenwe write anincident report
we use past tenses.
Ja/an Balog saw ...
Abdu/ was hit.. .
Language of injuries
Hecut hishandand needed
stitches.
Shebroke her leg/had a broken leg.
Hewas knockedunconscious.
He burnt hisarm.
She has a bruisedface.
Hewas knocked downbya car.
Heslipped on/t ripped over ...
Hesuffereda majorinjury/
a brokenneck.
Descriptionof what happened Abt!vl washit byamovfllq t!vmper
trvckwhich wascarryfllqearthonthe
cMstrvctliJnsite fII Mafll Roat!. The
trvckdovert!it!notseeAbt!vl, who
Mt! easereathesite..folan&110'!- Site
roremal/, 8(JWtheaCCit!ent ant!callet!
anambvlance..Jolanant!twoother
workers stayet!With Abt!vl vntil the
ambvlancearrlVetI. At hospital,Abt!vl
wasX-rayet! ant!(ovnt!to Mvea
broken leqant!brVl$et! arms.
Writi ng bank 63
Give any recommendations to avoid similar accidents occurring
Give details of any injury suffered and treatment given _
Time: _
About the person who had the
accident
Name _
Address _
Occupat ion _
Reportnumber Date _ Signatu re _
About the accident
When did it happen? Date: _
Where did it happen? _
How did it happen and why? _
About you, the person filling in
the report
Name _
Address _
Occupation _
An Accident Investigati on
Inspector has produced a Health
and Safety report following
Abdul's accident. Match the
pa ragra phs A- Dwith the correct
part of t he report 6.1-7.2.
Health and Safety report
:z Dan Skrebows ki, 22, has been
involved in an accident at work
duri ng his tra ining in elect rical
install at ion. Look at the pictur es
below, and t he n fill in t he report
form. Use imaginary personal
details for Dan. Use the
expressio ns in Clipboard and the
Past Simp le to describe his
injuries. Write 60-80 words.
[K) Vehicl e access point s to the site
shou ld be manned during
construction work to prevent
persons accessing the sit e
when gates are open.
[[] Vehi cl e access point s to the
site were constantly open and
unmanned.
[fJ Site should be securely fenced
off t o prevent unauthorized
access by member s of the
publi c. Any breaks should be
f ixed immediately.
@] Site had not been securely
fenced off. Temporary fencing
had fall en over in two places
and had not been put back up.
6 .0 Fi ndi ngs
6.1
6 .2
7.0 Recommendat ion s
4 Write the findings and
recommendations sections of a
report following Dan's accident .
Write 60-80 words.
7 . 1
7 .2
64 Writ ing bank
Reports
Complete the short descrip tion of
what reports are for with the
words below.
Areport 1 a study,
investigation, or project. It s
_____ _ 2 is to provide
recommendations, updates, and
sometimes to sell an idea .It is
_ _ ____, by a single
person or group of people who
have investigated the
______ 4 an d it is read by
peop le who require the
information.It should be as long
as necessary an d as short as
issue
describes
possible
purpose
written
The treadle pump uses simple technology to rai se wat er from
und erground sour ces. Fuel is not .
On the other hand, the diesel pump has the advantage of'bctng
able to pump la rger qua ntities or water (see app end ix 1.1). It .
Because rain only rails during cert ain months of the year and
ther e is only limited finance availab le, it is essential to find an
irrigation syste m that is cost-effective.
The aim of this report was to find the most suitable meth od or
rais ing ground wate r, with the main criter ia being cost. low
ma intena nce. an d ease or use.
Thi s r eport pr esents two irrigation syste ms; the treadle pump
and the diesel pump.
A descripti on an d an an alysis or opera tional efficiency for eac h
pump are followed by a compar ison of the two designs. Finally
the most effective pump is recommended.
Appendix 1 - tabl e showing compara tive figures
2.0 Treadle pump
2. 1 Operation
The treadle pump is opera ted by a person using his/h er body
weight and leg muscles in a walking movement to pump the
water.
The pump cons ists or two piston s positioned inside two
cylinders.
In conclusion, two alternative designs have been presented: a
low-cost treadl e pump and a diesel-genera ted pump . Each is
low in basic cost and easy to . .. . however. the treadle pump is
recommend ed as it presents lower maint enan ce costs and .
Acompa rison or two irrigation systems for sma ll far mer s in
rural Africa
Z Read the extracts from a report .
Match t he items below with t he
ext racts .Two have been done for
you.
a Title __
b Table of contents __
c Int roducti on _ _
d Bodyof the report __
e Compa rison __
Summary and Conclusion 2.
References!
Summary
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Treadl e Pump
2. 1 Operatio n
2.2 Costs
3.0 Diesel pump
3.1 Oper ation
3.2 Costs
4.0 Compar ison
5.0 Hecommendation
and Conclusions
6.0 Heferences
Appe ndices:
Appendix 1
By Fra nk Burton and Ailsa Macl.eod
24 July 20_
Writing bank 65
[]J
Two possiblebridgedesigns
steel beambridgeandcompositegirder bridge
o
Thi s report compares fourteen dif fer ent practical measur es that can
be taken in order to find the mos t effective way to red uce the costs
of healing an ave rage home in Britain and reduce ca rbo n emissions.
To achieve this, the research compares th e cos t of installation , the
nu mb er of yea rs req uired to pay back the investment cost and the
amo unt of carbo n saved eac h yea r. The stud y shows tha t the cost of
insul ating loft ami walls is recovered within three years but saves
only a small amo unt of car bon. Although it takes approximately
thi rte en year s to pa y back the cos t of insta lling a ground source heat
pu mp, it saves the maximum amo un t of carbon and is, therefo re, the
best long-ter m solution. Based on the research, we recomme nd th at ,
whe re possible , new homes are fitt ed with gro und source heat
pu mps.
The Summaryl Abstrac t
The summary is oft en called an
executive summary or abstract.
Adescriptive abstract tell s the
reader
a what the report is about
b the purpose
c met hods used
the scope.
An informative abstract also
includes
e the results
f conclusion s
g recommendations.
Lookat t he informative abstract in
A. Mat ch each of th e points a- g
above wi th phrases in the ab stract.
EXAMPLE
A the most effective way to reduce
the costs ojheating an averag e
home in Britain and reduce
carbon emissions
4 Use the note s in Bt o write part of a
report on two possible bridge
designs.Writ e the title, list of
contents, introduction, summary,
and conclu sion for the report. Use
expressions from Clipboard.
Clipboard
Language for reports
Int roducti on
The aim of t his report is to ...
The purpose ojthis report is to ..
This report presents . ..
In th is report we review.. .
Recommendat ionsand conclusions
In conclusion,
...A is recommended as it . .
We recommend ..
Based on the research, we
recommend that ...
The main recommendations are
Background:
Criteria:
Include:
Comparison:
Recommend:
Duel ,erriqgewey - tota! 'f le= to ' rOSS river
Du, >wrth S,otleM
Spe", 132 >mtres betwu", YIMI"'- YIMI de
,ompededfill eWlbenkmeetts
Soil 'oMitio"," u""ertei",
10 >mtres ebove weter level
i]mdieett - O.07m/m
Method of ,o","t rudio",
Costs of ,o","teudio", eM meiette","""e
Aesthetics
Dumbility
Skd,hes of elevetio"," eM , ross-sutio","
Costi'!9 ' e!culetio","
Time seele
Soth bridges 'tUd piers a'" piled jou Metio","
due to soil.
2 mede of stul so 10'!gerspe"," but We
ru omme M 1
1 - mhuYIMII fre me work i",
c..ol1St ruc.tiol1-
Eesy to erect
Cheeper

66 Writ ing bank key
Writing bank key
Emails
T- Although it is still polite to include a simple
greeting such as Hi. and end with Best wishesor
Regards.
F- Emoti con s should not be used in bus ine ss emails
because they are not consideredserious and,in fact,
someti mes rude .
F- People consider this to be rude . Write a word in
italic s if you really need to highlight it.
T- Emails are used for quick communication, not for
long speeches. and should be bri ef and to the poin t.
F- It is rude not to reply promptly. If you cannot give
a definitive answer, acknowledge receipt of t he
email and promise to get back as soon as possible.
T- Other peop le can read t he recipient' s ernail s and
th e recipient may forward the email t o others.
F- Because you cannot see th e recipient, he / she
has no way of un dersta ndi ng t hat you are joki ng
and may misunderstand a joke.
Z Healt h and Safety Officer in a woodworking
company
Employee of a company manuf acturing ear plugs
Technical details of the revoluti onary earplug
Sothat he reali zes the company nee d for such
earplugs:t hey are required for industrial use , not
retail.
J a 5 e 1
b 7 f 3
c 2 g 4
d 6
4 Byreferring to the t elephone conversation earlier
I would be grateful I Can you
Dear Ken; Dear Sir I Madam. Per knows the per son
he is writing to.
Describing graphs
Fig.1 The temperature increased I went up
slowly I gradually.
Fig. 2 There was a sharp I steep increase I growth in
sola r energy production.
Fig. 3 Rice prod uction dropped I decreased
moderately I conside rably.
Z The amount of energy from diffe ren t sources that
was used between 1950 and 2005.
Years 1950 t o 2005.
Energy in Joules.
Petroleum, natural gas , and coal. Petroleum reached
a peak in 1978but fell dramatically until 1983. There
was very little energy from alternative sources.
Nuclear electric power grewsignificantly after 1970.
It desc ribes what t he graph is about using
informationfrom the title . the X. and the Yaxis .
It gives an overviewof the trends shown in t he
gra ph.
Just over; roughly; abou t
4 They compare diffe ren t modes of tr ansport for
passengers and cargo in Croati a.
In t he same order as
But, howe ver
5 line gra ph . lin e graph
pi e cha rt. pie cha rt
cv
PolamHall School, Darlington
Business Stu dies, Gen eral Studies, Chemistr y,
Mat hematics , Biology
3 University of Leeds
4 Environmental biogeoscience
5 Worked with the Worldwide Fund for Nat ur e.
species and habitat management
6 Cornwall. Engla nd
7 Sold tickets . guided people. helped with activities for
children
Highl y motivated and hard working. good team
worker. excell ent communication and
organizational skills , enjoys encouraging and
motivating others
He t ravels. plays the piano, and sing s.
Writing bankkey 67
Memos
Toinform employees in t he Maintenance
Department about apprenticeships in September
an d to ask teamleaders to attend a meeting to
discuss mat ters relating to this .
There will be interviews.
Attend a meeting in room Don Thursday 17May
at sa.m.
7.0 Recommendations
7.1 C
7.2 A
6.0 Findings
6.1 D
6.2 B
4 issue
5 possible
describes
purpose
written
Reports
5 b
6 c
Instructions
2 d 3 a
f 4 e
Healthandsafety
1 fight 7 Aim
2 Can 8 Hold
3 Choose 9 Squeeze
4 Pull out 10 Be
5 Point 11 Sweep
6 Release
... tofind the most effective way ..
... the research compares the cost ofinstallation, the
number ofyears required to pay back the investment
cost. andtheamount ofcarbon savedeachyeor.
This report comparesfourteen different practical
measures ..
e The study shows that the cost ofinsulating loft and
walls is recovered within three years but saves only a
small amount ofcarbon. Although it takes
approximately thirteenyearsto paybackthe costof
installing a ground source heat pump, it saves the
maximum amount ofcarbon and is, therefore, the
best long-term solution.
... agroundsourceheatpump .. is the best long-term
solution.
... newhomes(shou ld belfilted with groundsource
heatpumps.
2 a 7 e 1
b 5 6
c 2 3
4
D Lower
E Raise
F Donot drink the water.
G Do not use vehicles.
H Do no t touch.
A Stop
B Move forward
C Move backwards
Z B Donot smoke or light a fire.
C Do not walk/cross here .
D Donot use wa ter to put out the fire.
E Donot eatin here .
AbdulAzizi
Broken leg and bruised arms
Perhaps he couldn't see because of something in his
line of view. Or perha ps, because he didn't expect
anyone to be near his t ruck, he wasn't looking
carefully.A nine-year-old boy, who was not wearing
any safety site clothing, would be very difficult to
see.
68 Unit 9
Switchon
WORK EXP ERIENCE
Which of t hese products is not derived from oil?
Dates
Emp loyer
Positio n held
Dares
Employer
Position held
Dates
Emp loyer
Position held
Dares
Employer
Position held
__QUALIFI CATIOl'i!'
Mon rrose College
Aberdeen Drilling School
1997-98
BP
1998 -2 000
BP
2001- 2004
BP
Assista nt Dr iller
2004 to present
Diploma in
Z What other oil-derived products can you list?
Rotary derrick
swivel
t ravellin g block
tu rnt abl e
Reading
Arotary derrick
Read t his descripti on of a drilling rig and label th ese
compone nts on t he diagram.
bit kelly
crown block mu d pum ps
dr ill string power plant
The di agram shows a rota ry derri ck (a type of tower).
The derr ick has t o be high enough so that sect ions of pipe
can be added or removed. Each pipe section is 10 t o ISm
long and , as a group, th ey ar e joine d t ogether to formth e
drill st rin g.
At th e t op of th e derri ck is th e crown block, and at the side
is the power plant, us ually a large die sel eng ine.The
power plant provides power for t he dra w wor ks, wh ich
are us ed to lift sectio ns of pipe in and out of th e borehole.
It also powe rs th e mud pumps. The mud is used for
lubricati ng th e bit , as well as th e t urnt able.
The tr avelling block is sus pe nded by a cable from th e
crown block and can mov e up and down. The swivel is
It's myjob
List t hese jobs in order of seniority. l i i i ~ i e i i l
Roustabout _
Assistant Driller _
Driller _
Rough neck _
Drilling Superintendent _
'I> Now listen t o an interviewwith Michael Lennon, a
Driller,to checkyour answers.
2 CCJ) Study the ext ract from Michael's CV.Listen to the
interviewagain and fill t he gaps.
3 iC'tl Now list en to t he interviewag ain. Answer t he
quest ions about Michae LUse information from the
interview and your own knowledge.
1 Why did he get his first job on an oil rig?
2 Why is food so important on an oil rig?
3 Why is be ing a Roughneck cons idered skilled work?
4 Why did his safety course include learnin g how to
escape from a helicopt er ?
Why do oil-rig wor kers learn to fish?
Why is he hop ing t o get a shore -based job?
Petroleum engineering 69
Inthis unit
transferring informati on from a t ext to a diagram
Present t ense review
short forms of bewith th e Present Cont inuou s in
conn ect ed speec h
speaki ng abo ut oil refining
Z Now use t he collocations in 1to comp lete the
sentences.
Make commo n collocati ons related t o oil by ma t ching
nouns in Awi th nouns in B.
Z Read the t ext again. This t ime note th e functions of
t hese rig compon ents.
Funct ion
cuts the boreho le bit
power plant
mud pumps
kelly
draw works
Component
A B
dr ill fuel
aviation str ing
power driller
fossil pu mp
mud fuel
assis tant plan t
swivel
tr avelling block
The provides th e lubr icant.
The bit is locat ed at the end of the _
An nee ds qualificat ions to do
the job.
4 Oil an d coal are types of _
5 The is run on di esel.
6 is used in planes.
3 Work in pai rs. Ask and answer qu est ions about t he
fun ction of t he different components .
EXAMPLES
A What does t he bit do?
B It cuts the boreho/e.
Vocabulary
Collocations in petroleum technology
ENGINES
TURN TURNTABLE
DERRICK
attached to t he travelling block (a swivel is some t hing
whic h is free to rotate). The swivel allows th e pipe to
rotate freely.The t ravelling block raises or lowers the
pipe. The kelly is a heavy pi pe approximately Bmlong.
It is square or hexagonal in section and is suspended
from t he swivel. It fits through the slot in t he t urnt able
and connects to the top joint of the drill str ing .
The rotary derrick works as follows. First , the power
plant turns t he turntable. Then, as the t urnt able rotates,
it turns t he kelly, which rotates the dr ill st ring . At t he
end of the string of drill pipes is t he diamond-toothed
bit. As the pipe t urns, the bit cuts t he borehole.
70 Unit 9
Some estimates calculate that upto 25%of the
world's undiscovered oil reserves could lie beneath the
ArcticOcean.
FUTURE
Language spot
Present tense review
Study this diagram:
PAST
They're having a lunc h break now.
They paint t he ri g every year.
I I
I
I,
I
I
i
Both the Present Simple and the Present Continuous
descri be the present, but the Present Simple can include
the past and the future - it describes things which are
always true or routine.The Present Continuous has a
more limited range .
Study these examples:
I like the work.
It's pouring with rain.
Roustabouts usually get jobs like painting.
Venezuelan oil contains a lot ofsulphur.
I'm working on the rigthis month.
l own a 500ec Yamaha motorbike.
Mark with PSor PCwhich tense is used with:
1 non-actionverbs _
2 temporary or unusual activities _
3 ver bs of thinking or feeling _
4 facts _
5 things happening right now _
6 adverbs of frequency _
Somet imes t he choice of tense depends on the
speaker's point of view. The tense we use can reflect
how far we think of an action continuing beyond the
present. Note how Michael says :
I'm hoping to get a shore-basedjob. (Iexpect this will
ha ppen quite soon.)
Contrast t his with:
I hope to get a shore -based job. (At some point in my
career.)
Compare:
I'm wor king on a rig. ( I don't plan to work there for
much longer.)
I work on a rig. (This is my job for some time to come .)
2 Put the ver bs in brackets in t he best form. Use the
speaker's point of view in italics to hel p you.
r (live) in the USA.(This is my
home.)
I (live)in Texas. (Idon't think ofth is
as permanent.)
I (study) English. (Next year it will
be Spanish.)
4 I (study) mus ic. (Idon 'tthink I'll
ever give it up.)
r (play) football for the local team
this season. (I don't think this will go on for another
season .)
I (play) football. (It'sa hobby.)
Some non-action verbs normally used to descr ibe
states can sometimes be used with the Present
Continuous. Study the examples:
Crude oil fe els sticky
I'm f eeling sick. It's the smell ofoil.
Go to Grammar reference p.118
Circlethe correct form.
Don't forget . I'm seeing / I see you at ten tomorrow.
I see / I'm seeing the weather has improved.
I'm thinking / /think of buying a hybrid car.
What do you think / What are you thinking of
hybrids?
I hear / I'm hearing more and more comp laints
abou t this product.
I hear / I'm hearing very lit tle with my left ear . It's
been like that since t he accident .
Pet roleum engineering 71
Pronunciation
be with the Present Continuous
Because the different pa rts of t he verb beare usually
cont racted in th e Present Conti nuous , it is easy t o miss
out bewhen using this tense.
Each of th ese phrases has a short form of be. Listen
and repeat them.
1 I'm looking for my goggles .
2 You're sta nding too close.
3 He's not wea ring a helmet.
4 We're having a fire dr ill.
5 They'r e learningfirst aid.
2 Complete th e sentences wit h th e correct contracted
form of the verb be.
We st udyi ng to be Pet roleum Engineers.
She taking a safety course .
I working for a Dutch company at the
moment.
4 They planning to shut down the well.
5 You not following the instr uctions properly.
6 Who looking after this site?
(;) Now listen toth e sentences and check your
answers. Repeat them.
Pairwork
Read this int roduction to oil refining.
Crude oil consist s of many different hydrocarbons
mixed together . Hydrocarbons contain hydrogen and
carbon in differ ent combina tions. Toconvert crude oil
into useful products, it has to be refined. The first
process in refining is fract ional disti llati on, which
separ ates lighter consti t ue nts (fract ions) from
heavier ones .This is done by heating t he oil.The
vapour ente rs a distillation column. Each fraction
conde nses at a different point in the column, and so
can be separated out. Fractions wit h high boiling
point s conde nse in the lower par t of the column.
Fractions wit h low boiling points condense at cooler
temperatur es further up the column.
2 Work in pai rs,Aand B.Each of you has a diagra m of a
distillation column like t he one below, which contai ns
some information about :
t he names of the constituents (the fractions)
t he temperature at which different hydrocarbons
vapo rize
th e products
t heir uses
PETRO L FOR
VEHIClES
Ask and answer questions t ofind the informat ion
missi ng from your diagram.
EXAMPLES
At what temperaturedoesgasolinecondense?
Whichhydrocarbon vaporizes at 400C?
What isgasolineusedfor?
Student A Goto p.l13.
St udent B Goto p.111.
1 Complete the table for each type of platformdescribed above.
72 Unit 9
car Jack (0) piece of equipment
used to lift a car in orde r to change
atyre
Problem-solving
In small groups. match these descriptions of oil
platforms to the correct illustration. Beprepared to
justify your answers.
1 gravity or Gravityor f ixed platforms sit on the seabed.
fixed Often haveaconcrete basewith three to four
hollowcolumns acti ng as legs with a steel deck
built on top . Used in water upto S20m.Gravity
rigs are often built in sheltered waters, then
floated out to sea and sunk in position.The
hollow legsand base(an beusedfor storing oil.
They cannot easily be moved when the i r useful
l if e is aver, sodisposal can be a problem.
2 jack-up These platforms sit on steel legs.The legs can be
lowered to raise the platform above the sea (like
a car jack ).They are used in shallow waters up to
abo ut lOOm. They are cheap, and are reusable, as
t hey ean be moved to other locati on s. However,
t here are towi ng problems wi t h th ese rigs and
t hei r safety record is poor er t han ot her ty pes.
3 semi- Sta nds on colu mns w hic h sit on pont oon s
submersible below t he level of th e sea.These provide enough
lift to float t he plat f orm and eno ug h weight t o
keep it up right. Byalte ring t he amo unt of water
in the pontoons, the platform can be moved up
and down.They are used in water of 600-
1800m in depth. They are very stable.even in
rough seas.Theycan be easily moved to new
locat ions.They need more support vessels
because they have limited storage.
4 spar Spars are floating platforms moored to the sea-
bed.They come in three forms:a cell spar has a
body composed of a number of vertical columns,
a convem ionalspor has one column. and a trus s
spar has a floating hard tank at the top linked to
a soft tank at the bottom,which is weighted to
provide stability to the st ructure. Spars are
cheaper and more stable t han tension leg
platforms.They are suitable for depths upto
1800m .They can be moved horizontally.
5 t ension leg These are floating platforms where the mooring
system prevents vertical movement .This means
that the well can be tapped directl y f rom the
platform.Theycan be used in dept hsof 200 -
1100m.They are inexpensive t o make com pared
with other platform t ypes, and can be move d t o
new locat ions, but are less stable than fixe d
platforms .
Type Depth of water
Petroleum engineer ing 73
.. . --_.. - --- -- ---
Checklist
Assessyour progressin t hi sunit .Tick (./) t he
stateme nts which are t rue.
I can transfe r information f rom a technical
text to a diagram
I know the diffe rences in usebetwee n t he
Present Simple and the Present Cont inuous
I know howto pronounceshort forms of be
in connected speech
I can speakabout oil refi ning
My reading and listening are good enoug h
to understand most of each text in this unit
Keywords
Adject ives
qualified
shore-based
Nouns
bit
constituent
drill
hydrocarbon
platform
rig
seabed
Verbs
attach to
deal wi th
lower
lubricate
raise
refine
Note here anything about how English is used
in techno logy that is new to you.
advant ages Disadvanta ges
74 Unit lO
- -- -------------------------
10 Environmental engineering:
5 Renewable energy
6 Flue gas treatment
7 Sewage t reatment
Switch on
Makea list of what causes environmental pollution.
Lookat t he pictures for some ideas.
2 Environmental technology t ries to reduce an d
overcome the effects of pollution. Match the topics 1-7
with the pictures A-G.
1 Water pur ification
2 Solidwaste management
3 Recycling
4 Remediation
Language spot
Reported speech
When we report what someone has said, we have to
make seve ral changes to the original words. Studythe
examples and notice what happens to:
e The tense
e Time expressions, e.g. next week
e Pronouns, e.g. we
'You'll have to change thefilters next week,'said Mr Bran.
Mr Bran said we would have to change the filters the
followingweek.
'1usually check the pipes for cracks oncea month, ' the
Inspector explained.
The Inspector explained that e usually checked the
pipes for cracks oncea month.
'Afterthe heavyrainyesterdaythedrainsoverflowed, '
the Engineer said.
The Enginee rsaid that after the heavy rain the previous
day, the drains had overflowed.
Complete the rules .
Verb te nse
Present Continuous - Past Continuous
Present Simple - _
Past Simple - _
Present Perfect - _
will -would
Environmental engineering 7S
Inthisunit
report ing what someone said
how t o recognize and show disbelief
discussing susta inability
using informat ion from listenin g t o complete a diagram
a bout water treatm ent
4 'Our design team has won this year's prize for
innovative technology: announced the Director.
e When a question begins with who. which. what. etc.,
we use that question word when we report the
question.
For yes /no questions we make sen tences wi th ifor
whether.
The word order in th e reported question is t he same
as for a statement, not a question. We change t he tense
of the verb as in 1.
'Howdo you dispose ofthe waste paint?'
The Inspector asked how we disposed ofthe waste paint.
'Doy ou add chlorine to the water?'
The Engineer asked ifwe added chlorine to the water.
'Will yo u be able to repair the sewage pipe today?'
The Foreman asked whether we wo uld be abl e to repair
the sewagepipethat day.
Read t he report. Then complete the dial ogue .
I aske d the engineer howhe applied paint to th e
products. He explained they sprayed the paint in a
ventilated closed room. When I asked him howmuch
of the paint actually reached the product he said they
estimated about 40%. He explained that the excess
was removed in the air st reamand paint particles
we re absorbed in a wa ter curtain. I asked if t his was
stored. He said t his settled in a tank and t he resulting
sludge had to be disposed of.
can - '
must - _
Time expressions
today - that day
yesterday - --'
this week - _
next month - _
Goto Grammar reference p.119
2 Report what t he following people sai d.
1 'We will improve efficiency: exp lained the Engineer.
2 'Jon has t est ed yesterday's samples,' said the
Supervisor.
'Youwill be fined if you pollute the river,'warned
the Inspector.
Int ervi ewer
Engin eer
Interviewe r
Engin eer
Inte rvie wer
Engineer
How _
pain t t o the product?
We _
in a ventilated, closed room.
How much of the paint _
the product ?
Theexcess _
in the air streamand paint particles
------------,
in a water curtain.
_ ___________'1
This _
in a tank and the resulting sludge
-----------'.
76 Unit 10
I've spoken to Lila. She confirmed t hat t he pipe from
the 'had become partially blocked
and agreed to a quickly. She apologized
for not finishing the 3 on the proposal
and promised to let me have it 4 .
Vocabulary
Reporting verbs
(jl Listen to the telephone call and complete the notes
in theemaiL
HiJon
\ 0"-'
Calum said it would save 30%.
How does the stress and intonation showthis?
A Howmuch water will it save?
B Calum said it would save 30%.
C Howmuchwaterwill it save?
D Calum said it would save 30%.
Notice t he stress and intonation. In normal report ed
speech,t he intonat ion is like t his:
o 0 ..-.
catum said it would save 30%.
\ /
but t o showdisbelief t here is a heavier stress on said,
and t he intonation goes down like this:
Pronunciation
Showing disbelief
l(;l Listento the two dialogues. Which speaker, Bor D,
does not believe what Calumsaid?
question
recommend
remi nd
suggest
thank promise
propose
confirm
enquire
insist
offer
agree
apo logize
as k
complain
2 When we report what has been said in a conversation,
we often paraphrase (explain more simply). We use
reporting verbs to do this. Lookat the underlined ver bs
in the email and listen again, or read t he Listen ing
script on p.127.
Report ing verbs
admit
advise
Complete sentences a-h with the correct form of
reporting verbs in 2.
_____ _ Freyato close off t he valve.
The Manager for the delay
and t hemfor their patience.
C The Engineer t he results fromthe
survey.
His boss himto check the water
pressure.
----_to change the pressure .
The Engineer to meet the Manager
at the plant.
The Manager abo ut the standard of
work.
The Consultant keeping build ing
to a mi nimum.
I'm really very sorry t hat
you've had to wait so long for
t he spare parts and I'mvery
gratef ul t o you for being
so patie nt .
\
Yes, t hat 's a good idea. We'll
change the pressure.
Environmenta lengineering 77
habit at (n) The place whe re a part icul ar
ani mal or pl ant tsfo und
ecology (n) th e relati on of plantsand livi ng
creat uresto each other and t o th eir
environment
susta i nable (adj) i nvolvi ng th e useof
natural product sand energy in a way that
does not harm th eenvironment:
sustainabledevelopment
Z Lookat the se six things t hat people have told you
recently. Tick (,I) three that you believe and cross (;C)
three you do not believe.
a The article said that the Japanese could 0
convert waste plastic film into biodiesel.
b Scient ists said that the world temperature 0
would increase by 5Cin 50years .
c The Engineer told us he had foun d a cheap 0
way to remove oil pollution from beaches .
The repor ter said that each passenger flying 0
from London to New Yorkprodu ced 1.28
tonnes of carbon.
e The report said that ships produced less 0
pollution than aircraft .
The politi cian told us that the government 0
wou ld provide more money for research into
sust ainable technology.
3 Work in pai rs, Aand B.Taketurns tellin g each other
about the things in 2. Can your partner work out what
you believed and wha t you didn' t from your
intonation?
It's myjob
What is an Environmental Engineer's job like?Work
with a partner and discuss t he following questions.
1 Does the job require a university degree?
2 Does the job involve travel?
3 Doyou have to speak oth er languages?
4 Is it an office-based job?
5 Is ther e a lot of written communication?
6 Why does someone choose t owork in th is field?
1 Now read about Lutz and answer the questions in 1.
3 Answer the que stion s.
What aspe cts of the environment does Lutzwork
with?
Who does he work for?
What does he especially enjoy about his job?
Would you like to do thi s job? Why?
Lutz Werner:Environmental
Engineer
While studying Civileng ineering at un iversity, I
became increasingly interes ted in water, in particular
water supply.So, I went back to university and did a
post -graduate qua lificat ion in Environmental stu dies.
Today I work in the Environment Department of a large
engineering company. I'm responsible for
environmen tal assessment s, strategic assessments,
contamination assessments, and waste management .
Nowadays , I'm mainly office-based . In a typica l day I
review proposals for new works, for example buildi ng
an airport in the Far East, designing a solid waste
management plant , or carrying out an environmental
assessment proposal for a resort development in t he
Caribbean . I have to look at the environmental impacts,
the scale and design of a project, and the pricing. Civil
Engineers , Geologist s, Ecologists , Environmental
Scientists, and Landscape Architects are some of t he
specialists involved. The effects a project will have on
habit at s and the ecology of t he area are really
important, and we also have t oth ink about
sustainability. This includes looking at the effects a
project will have on t he people who live locally.bot h
during construction and after the project is completed.
I regularly review on-going projects with the Project
Managers.
I like my job because I'm
very interested in the
subject. It gives me a great
sense of sat isfaction to
feel I can make a
difference . When we're
designing engineering
facilities, there's a real
sense of excitement when
the plans turn into reality,
especia lly with
something innovative. It's
great to work wit h people
who all share a desire to
see sustai nabl e
development.
78 UnillO
Gadget box
Researchers at the Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research
Organisationhavedeveloped adevice
that reduces the amount ofwater
used when showering by30%.When
the Aerated Showerhead isfitted. it
creates avacuum that sucks in air and
forces it into the water stream.
Researcherssaythat peopledon't
notice any difference when taking a
shower.
How significant issuch adevice in
terms of the environment ?
Pairwork Transport
1 How can a fully-sustainable eco-city work? Work in
pairs, A and 8. Discuss ways this could be achieved
using these headings.
Food supply
Publiclransport
water supply
Food supplies
Waste
Buildings
Energy
Building construct ion
EXAMPLE
Buildings
I think that materialsforme buildings would have to
befound locally. That way there would be little transport
needed. And buildings would have to be well insulated
to reduce the amount ofenergy needed to heat or cool
them.Ifbuildings had big windows.you could use
sunlight instead ofelectric lights.
Z Dongtan is an example of a fully-sustainable eco-city
that is being developed in China at the moment. Work
in pairs, Aand B. Read your text and make notes. Ask
and answer questions to complete the table.
Waste
Energy
J Discuss the questions with your partner. Use your own
knowledge.
1 Why does the area have fertile agricultural land?
2 What are t he advantages of creating an eco-city on
an island?
3 What are the advantages and disadvantages of
having a bird reserve on the island?
4 Is it possible to dispose of all waste without a
landfilI site ?
5 Why are the wi nd turbines located outside the city?
6 Why have they chosen to use biornass?
Waler supply
Go 10 p.ll3. St udent A
StudentB
C
hongmingIslandlies in the Yangtse River Delta in China.
It is the world's largest alluvial island,which hasbeen
formed bydepositsof soil carrieddownthe river. This island
is the siteof thetown of contan.Witha projectedpopulation
of 50,000 in 2010, Dongtan is the first sustainableeco-city.
Onthe southern part of the islandthere is a largewetland
areafamousasa bird reservefor rarespecies. Thisis a
major tourist attraction, providingemploymentand income.
Thesurroundingareais fertile agricultural landwhere food
for the city is grown. Nearbyfishingcommunities supply the
city with fish. The city is self-sufficient in freshwater, which
is recycled. Devices capture
rain water frombuildingsand
channel it into canalsand
water features. There areno
ianonn sitesbecausewaste is
recycled. Organic waste is
compostedandthenreturned
to local farmland to fertilize
the soil. sewageisalso
returned to the fieldsafter
treatment. The population of
the city is expectedto reach
500.000 by 2030 .
Listening
Cleaning water
1 Listen t o a lecturer t alking abo ut water and label
t he equip ment 1- 6 in the diagram.
Z Listen aga in and make notes about what t he
equi pment does.
i Find out about t he supply of fresh water in your area.
Whe re does it come from? How is it tr eat ed?
Environmenta l engi neer ing 79
Checklist
Assess your progress in t his unit .Tick (.I) the
state ment s which are true.
Iknow how t o report what someone said
Iknow key verbs used to report what
some one has said
Ican recogni ze when someone is showing
disbelief
Ican transfer informat ion from list ening to
complete diagrams
Myreading and liste ning are good enough
t o unders tand most of each t ext in this unit
Keywords
Nouns
conta minatio n
environmental impact
filtration
flue gas t reatment
impurities
remediation
reservoir
sewage
waste
water purificat ion
Ver bs
apolog ize
confirm
recommend
remind
suggest
Note here anything about how English is used
in t ech nology t hat is new t o you.
80 Unit"
,
,- - - - - - - - . -- ---
11 Robotics
I
I
Switch on
Work in sma ll groups. What could these robots be used
for? Compare answers with others in your group and
provide reasons to support your answers.
Reading
Howrobots work
Study the opening sen tences for each paragraph in this
textbook extract. Predict the topics of each paragraph.
Try to answer these questions before you read .
Compa re answers with others in your group.
1 In what ways can robot s move?
2 What kinds of motor can robots have?
3 What kinds of power source can robots have?
4 What does the sensory system do?
5 What does the processor do?
First sentence
Robots have five basic
components: a movable
structure,a motor,a
power source,a sensory
system, and a processor.
The motor provides the
physical power to move
the structure.
Inthe same way that
humans depend on
sight, hearing, taste,
smell.and touch to make
sense of the world, robots
require a sensory system
inordertofunction.
4 Heat senso rs may be
important for robots
working in ext reme
conditions.
The brain of a robot is
the processor.
Possible topics
Robot ics 81
In this unit
predicting text content by sampling keysente nces
list ening and not e-taking
ways to descri be causing, preventing , and enabling links
how to improve your presentatio n skills
sharing ideas on how to solvea problem
Robots - moving, powering. feeling. and thinking
Robots have five basic components: a movable structure,
a motor, a power source, a sensory system, and a
processor. The entire robot may move, on legs in the case
of Honda's Asimo, on wheels, or on caterpillar tra cks in
the case ofUrbie, or only one part may move, such as th e
arm of an indu strial robot.
The motor provide s the physical power to move the
str uct ure. It may be electric , pneumatic, or some form of
heat engine. All motors require a source of power. In t he
case of mobile robots ,t he usual source is a battery. The
problem with batt eries is tha t they are heavy an d run
down quite quickly, In future there may be robots which
use biological fuel wh ich th ey collect as t hey move.
Compressed air, in t anks for mobil e robots or directly
from a compressor for fixed robots, is the power source
for pneumatic systems.
In t he same way th at humans depend on sight. heari ng,
taste, smell, and touch to make sense of t he wor ld, robots
require a sensory system in order t ofunction. Sensors
feed information to the processor. The information
provided depends on the function of the robot . Location
is important for most robot s. Industrial robots must be
capable of placing items or performing actions in
exactly the right place . With some robot s, location is
cont rolled by placing electronic tracks for the robot to
follow. Container handling in ports can be done by
robotic vehicles following such tracks .
Heat sensors may be important for robot s work ing in
ext reme conditions. Sensors which mea sure the
pressure exerted by robot arms or pincer s are important
for robot s which pick up or handle delicate item s. For
robot s which walk or climb sta irs, information on
weig ht distribution and balance is important. Robots
wh ich look for some types of explosive need sensors
which can detect chemical smells. Robots which have to
navigate over unfamilia r ground, such as th e Mars
Rover, have digital cameras to help th em ident ify
obstacles and select navi gable routes.
The brai n of a robot is t he processor .It controls t he
operation of t he robot. It is programmed to allow th e
robot to carry out a series of actions and to respond to
feedback from t he sensory syste m. In t he case of a
simple robot , such as a domestic vacuumcleaner, the
program may instruct the robot to t urn 90 degrees when
it collides with an obstacle.
3 Now exchange information with ot hers in your class to
complete the tab le.
4 Usten again and check your answers.
Problem-solving
Robot ic vacuum cleaners which can clean floor
surfaces by t he mselves are becoming more common .
Work wi t h a part ner to list t he kinds of sens ors
they need .
1 t;Il Listen to t hisshort
talk by a Sales Repat a
tra de fair abo ut how a
robotic vacuu m cleaner
works . Not e down
inf ormati on about one of
the typ es of senso r it
uses. Your teac he r will
advise you which type to
listen for. Not e wh at the
senso rs det ect and how
th ey do thi s.
Sensors
dimension sensors
object sensors
c1iff sensors
wall sensors
dirt sensors
Note s
82 Unitl1
Gadget box
The Detaval Voluntary Milking System can milk 60 cows three
times a day.Cowsdecide when they wish to be milked.Therobot
checks if the cow is ready, mi lks the cow,compares its production
with previous yields, and cleans it self before the next cowenters.
What wo uld be t he main advantage for dairy farme rs?
Complete the gaps in this text wi th the correct form of
the appropriate verbs.
Language spot
Causing, preventing, and enabling links:
causeto, make, prevent, stop, allowto,
enableto,let
allow (to)
cause (to)
enable (t o)
let
make
prevent
stop
I
I I
j
In technology we often have to desc ribe t he
relati onship between actions. Study t hese pairs of
actions about robots. What is the rela t ions hip between
each pair?
1 a Theobjectsensordetectsanobstacle.
b The robot changes direction.
a Thecliff sensor reportsa sudden drop ahead.
The robot does not move in that direction.
a Caterpillartracks arefi tted to the robot.
b It can movequicklyon rough surfaces.
In pair 1,one action causes another action. In pair 2,one
action prevents ano ther action. In pair 3, one act ion
enables another action.
Note how we can link each pair to showthe
relationship between them.
Theobject sensor detects an obstacle,whichcauses
the robot to change direction.
Theobject sensor detects an obstacle,which makes
the robot change direction.
Thecliff sensor reportsa sudden drop ahead, which
prevents the robot (from) mov ing in that direction.
Thecliff sensor reportsa sudden drop ahead, which
stops the robot moving in that direction.
Caterpillartracks arefitted to the robot,whichallows
/ enables it to move qUicklyon rough surfaces.
Caterpillartracks arefitted to the robot,which lets it
moveoutcetyon rough surfaces.
In the examples, which refers to the preceding action.
In these cases which +the active verb can be repl aced
by the -ing form of the verb . For example:
Thecliff sensor reportsa sudden drop ahead, preventi ng
the robot (from) moving in that direction.
Goto Grammar reference p.120
Land mines kill 800 peo ple every month and
_ _ _ ____, 1 peo ple returning t o t heir homes
after a conflict is over. Comet III is an expe rime ntal
mine-clearing robot developed at Chiba Univer sit y in
Japan. It is fitt ed with cate rpilla r t racks,
_ _ _ _ ___,2 it move quickly over roug h
ground. For mine-hun ting it ha s six legs,
____ ___s it t o walk delicate ly t hro ugh
mine fields. It tak es 20 seconds to calculate each step.
Slow processing speeds 4 Come t
IIIfrom moving more quickly, but faster processing
chips should 5 Comet III t o reach
human wal king speeds in future.
Comet III has stereo vision provided by two digital
cameras. This 6 it navigate by
itself without t he help of remote contro l. Comet III
has metal detectors and ground-pene trating radar,
_ _ _ ____7 it to detect different t ypes of
mine. A reflected sign al from a mine
_ ___ _ _ ...: ' Comet III to probe gen tly t o
uncover t he mine. Vibration or pressure can
____ _ _ _ 9 a mine exp lode, so the work
mus t be done with care .
Someti mes t he grou nd is very hard, which
____ _ _ _ 10 the probe uncovering mines.
Newe r models fitt ed wit h drill s and an air hose will
_ _____ _ u t he robot do this safely, A
robotic ha nd will 12 the robot to
pick up rocks.
2 Decide on t he relationshi p between each of t hese pairs
of act ions. Then link them using an appropriate ver b.
1 The power senso r reports low battery curre nt to t he
processor.
The robot canno t move .
The bumper is presse d in.
The object sensor reports an obstacle to t he processor.
The sensors detect a .cliff'.
The robot reverses.
4 Infrared signals from t he robot are reflected by a wall.
The robot changes di rection an d moves parallel t o
t hewal!.
Dirt hits t he acoustic impact sensor plates.
The plates vi brat e.
The senso rs det ect t he vi bration and pass a signal to
t he processor.
The robot cleans t he area again.
It's my job
Before you list en to Jaako
Ikonen, Senior Manufacturi ng
Systems Eng ineer, answer
t hese questions with a
partner.
1 What do you th ink Jaakc's
responsibility is?
One of his prod ucts
involves biosensors. What
do you thi nk a biosensor
is?
What do you t hink is t he difference between
mec hanization an d automation?
Z Now liste n and check your answers.
J Listen again to find the answers to t he qu esti ons.
1 What did he st udy at college?
2 Why did t he mob ile phone company need t o
auto mate?
What does a blood glucose monitor do?
Why must the process of manufacturing the
mo nitors be automated?
Robotics 83
Speaking
Assessing explanations
Agood way t o prepare for presenting information t o
ot hers is to practise in small grou ps first .
Work in groups of t hree, A, B, and C.
Student A Goto p.110.
Stud ent B Goto p.1I3.
Student C Read text Cbelow.
2 a plays t he role of Speaker first, te lling t he ot hers about
their text using only notes to he lp. Bplays t he role of
Reporter, t aking not es from A's t alk and reporting it
brie fly. Cplays t he role of Assessor,listening carefu lly
t o botht alks and judging how accurate lyBhas reported.
If there is disagreement, you can refer to the texts.
Cont inue until each member of the group has played
the part of Spea ker, Reporter, an d Assessor once.
4 Discuss in your group which pa rts we re t he eas iest and
the most difficult to play, and what woul d help you to
play these parts better.
FIRST- For Inspir at ion and Recognition of Science
and Technology- is a USorga nization foun ded by
Dean Kamen, inventor of t he Segway. FIRSThas run
an annual Robotics Competition since 1992for t eams
of hi gh -school st udents. Teams have six wee ks to
des ign and construct a robot to solve a particular t ask,
which differs each yea r.
Teams usually cons ist of abo ut 25students with three
or so professional Engineers who volunteer to assist
t hem. They ofte n include subteams who look after
different as pects of t he design of t he robot, such as
pneumatics, control systems, mechanics, and electrics.
Each tea m is supplied wi th a standard set of
components including a remote control receiver and
transmitte r, a microprocessor and software, mot ors,
sensors, a powe r pack, and mec hanical parts .
More t han 1,300teams from seven count ries,
alt hough mainly from t he US,took pa rt in 2007. FIRST
also organizes robotics compe tit ions for younger
st udents.
84 Unit ll
We should have - in rather cheap machines
- human level intelligence in well under
fifty years.
Hans Moravec
ResearchProf essorin the RoboticsInstitute
ofCarnegie Mellon University. 1990
Webquest
FIRST is not the only robot competition available. Work
in small groups to research some others and report
backto the class what youhavefound out.Youshould
get information about what the rules are, where the
competition is held. and what type of competition it is.
Is it based on a competitive sport, such as football , or is
it a raceor a challenge?
These sites may help ,

www.ecsel.psu.edu/-ava nzatolIo bots/co ntests/
http '! lr obot s.net /rcf aq.html#lN
httpilcswww.essex.ac.uk/st aff/hhu/compet iUofl.htm l
http ://r obogames.net /ind ex.php
Makeyourpoint
Parts of a presentation
Lee Avata r has sent you he adings for part s of a
presentation an d some phrases. Put the phr ases under
t he correct headings.
a I'm going to t alk about I tell you about ..
b Thank you for your attention.
c We can see that. .
d I'm Tom Huber from Allied Industries and it's a
pleasure to be with you today.
e We've looked at X, Y,and Z.
f Let's look now at ..
g It' smyviewthat ...
h Good morning,afternoon,etc .
i I'll be happy to answer any questions you may
have.
j I'vediscussed X. Y. and Z.
k It seems clear that ...
I The purpose of my talk is ..
m Iwant to turn now to ..
Z Make a short presentation (maximum th ree minutes)
to your class I group on any aspects of robotic s. Use the
phrases in 1.
STARTING YOUR PRESENTATION
Greet your audience
Introdu ce yourself
Saywhat you'regoingto do
Moveto anewpoint
ENOING YOUR PRESENTATION
Remind your audienceof your mainpoints
Makeyour conclusion
Thanktheaudience
Invitequestions
Project
Workin groups.Imagine that youhave entereda
competition to design one of these robot s:
a a robot helper for old people
b a robot pet animal
c a robot fruit picker
Decide toget her
1 the actions t he robot should be able to perfo rm
2 how it will move from place to place
3 the power source it will use
4 the sensors it will need
5 its approximate sizeand weight.
You can look for ideas on the Web.

trnl

2 As a group,present your proposals tothe other groups.
Give reasons for your decisions.Use the phrases from
Makeyo ur poi nt. Beprepared t oanswer questi ons
abou t your proposal s.
As a class,agree ont he best proposalsfor each type of
robot. You can combi ne proposal sfro m di fferent
gro ups.
Robotic s 85
Checklist
Assessyour progr essi n thi s unit.Tick (.,I)th e
stat ements which are t rue.
r can predict t ext content
I can li nk pairs of actio ns
I can share ideas on howto solve a problem
My reading and listening aregood enough
to unde rstand most of each text in t his unit
Keywords
Adjectives
acoustic
extreme
infrared
movable
navigable
Adverb
parallel to
Nouns
automation
cat erpil lar tracks
explosive
impact
power source
sensory system
Verbs
exert
navigate
program
Note here anyth ing about how English is used
i n t echnology th at is new to you.
86 Unit 12
_ ~ -
12 Household technology
Reading
Making kitchens
Work in pairs to label the pictures. Choose from the
words below.
tap
worktop
panel
sink
hinge
knob
drawer
handle
2: Which appliance is being described in the sentences?
1 Heat from inside the appliance is transferred to the
outside in a refrigerant that flows through pipes .
The heat from the flat plate heats the molecules in
the fibres of the textile and the weight straightens
them. As they cool. they keep their sha pe.
Food is heated up by making tiny particles of water
in the food vibrate.
Athermostat breaks the electric circuit when water
reaches boiling point.
Dirt is sucked in by a powerful current of air .
The fan produces an airflow which passes through
and over the heating element. The flow of hot air
speeds up the eva poration of water.
Switch on
I '
2 Scan the text to complete the tables .
Read the text again , this time in more detail, and
complete the flowchart.
finishing
CNe,
Component
carcass
doors
worktop s
Abbreviation
(N(
MDF
CARCASS
cutting!
drilling
I
I
assembly
I
i
Mater ials used
Meaning
DOORS
moulded s-prece door
I
machining
I
Householdtech nology 87
In thi s unit
listening to a tec hnical explanatio n
scanning a text for informat ionand then read ing indetail
to complete a flow-chart
how to ask for information and reply politely
phrases using t he verbs make,do,have, and take
Kitchen unit s
Kitchen units comprise carcasses and doors wh ich are
manufactured by different processes . Most modern
kitchen manufacturers use CNCmachines (computer
numerical cont rol). The carcasses are generally made of
melamine-faced chipboard which is fed into CNC
machines.The machine cuts the required pieces to size,
t hen drills holes for the fittings (hinges, door handles,
knobs , etc.),and grooves for shelves and backs. The next
stage is edgebanding- a strip of me lamine or PVC the
same colour as the board is glued around the raw edge.
There are t hree basic types of door .The slab door is the
simp lest . It' s one piece of flat material- solid wood or
board. It may be coated with acrylic, Vinyl-wrapped, or
lacquered.
The mou lded door is normally made of MDF- medium
density fibreboard. ACNCrouter,which is essentially a
motor with a cutter mounted below it, is used to carve
a pattern or moulding and then the door is coated with
acrylic, vinyl-wrapped, or lacquered.
The most complex type of door is the five-piece door- a
traditional door made of MOFor solid wood .It consists
of five parts -two stiles , two rails, and a central panel.
First, the parts are made using a variety of machine
processes.The next stage for both the carcasses and the
five-piece doors is the assembly.
Dnce assembled, the units are finished . First. the pieces
pass through automatic spray tunnels. Then they are
denibbed to remove any roug hness, then sprayed
again . Finally they pass t hrough a drying t unnel. This is
all controlled by one sing le computer program.
The cheapest worktop is made of chipboard which is
melamine coated. Then there are a number of man-
made materials such as carian, made by Kl. This
ma terial consists of several layers welded toget he r to
look as if it is all one piece. Worktops can also be made
of stone, such as granite, slate, or, most expensively,
marble.
Il -
I
88 Unit 12
------- -- ....
The microwave oven was invented byaccident ! Percy Spencer at
Raytheon Corporation was wo rking on a radar research project.
Achocclate bar i n his pocket began to melt. Hethen tested popcorn
and an egg and soon realized t hat low-density microwave energy
could be used t o cook food .The first microwave oven, produced in
1947. weighed over 750 poundsand was 5 feet ta!l.
Language spot
Question review
Can you remember how to make yes/no questions and
Wh- qu esti on s?
Write quest ion s for these answers.
EXAMPLES
Where isthefactory?
It's on t he indust rial estate near t he river.
Can solid wood be used for carcasses?
Yes, it can I solid wood can be used for carcasses.
Howmany _
I've orde red six boxe s of screws.
Yes. I saw t he edgebander worki ng.
No.They haven't got any computerized
~ h i n e s
They use melamine coated chipboard.
He st udied in the Unite d Sta tes .
2 Work in pa irs.Ask and an swer the questi ons above
giving only the underlined part of the an swer .
We often us e a polite form t o make requests. We use
t he statement word order. If it's a yes /n o question we
use ifo r whe ther .
Could y ou tell me how much this costs?
I'd like to k now ifthe material is resistant to oil.
I'd like y ou to spray both sides.
Iwonder ifyou could demonstrate the router .
Would you mi nd bringing me the hinges, please?
Notice that we use the -ing form of the ver b aft er would
you mi nd.
Make these request s more polit e.
EXAMPLE
What's th e serial number?
Could you tell me what the serial number is, please?
1 Repeat t hat. 5 Send us a manual.
2 Howdoesitwork? 6 Whenwilli tbe ready?
3 Email the order. 7 Hold t his for me .
4 Answer a few 8 What is the problem?
questions.
Gato Grammar reference p.120
e;;t Listen to Asma Bakour , a Kitchen Designer, talking
abo ut tech nology in t he kitchen. As you list en , note
down key words. Listen agai n if you need t o.
Qualificatio ns
Job t ttle
Ovens
Hobs
Flat screens
Z Work in pairs. Using your not es,t ake tu rns t o as k eac h
ot he r questions abo ut Asma .
EXAMPLES
A What qualificat ions does Asma have?
B She'sa Cabine t Ma ker and she studied Wood
technology and Busi ness at university
A What did she say about the technology used in
ovens?
Householdtec hnology 89
Gadget box
Ceiva has deve loped a digita l photoframe
t hat has a built-in card reade r t hat is
compati ble wit h most for mats .Youcan
trans mit new pictures t o it fromyou r
broadba nd Int ernet through it s built-in
wl-Fl antenna. It can be set to
automatically receive new pictur es from
the Internet so you can send images while
on your trave ls. www.ceiva.com
In what ways has digita l photog raphy
changed the whole concept of
phot ograp hy?
Pairwork
Each of you has two articles. Read your
articles and ente r the det ails in the table.
Stud ent A Go to p.112.
Student B Go t o p.111.
What it 's How it The convent ional
used for works technologyit
replaces
Nameoft he
product
4 Ask and answe r questio ns to complete the ta ble for th e
ot her two products.
In your pairs discuss how th ese products help reduce
global warming.
Which product do you thi nk will make the mos t
impact? Give reasons.
Work in pai rs. What do you understand by t he term
global warm ing? How can the design of household
technology help reduce global wa rming?
2 Look at the pict ures of four devices which have been
designed to help reduce global warmi ng. What do you
t hink they are, and how couldth ey be effective?
Pronunciation
Polite requests
Listen to thi s request said in two different ways.
Which one sounds polite and which one sounds rude?
A Couldyou tell me how this oven works?
B Could yo u tell me how this oven works?
Tosound polite, start high and go higher on t he main
stressed word.Your voice should fall a bit and then rise
at the end of t he sentence, like this:
Responding to requests
When you agree to a request , your intonation should
sound polite. Yourvoice should start hi gh.
Could you tell me how this oven works?
Your voice shoul d sound soft, not ha rd.
Z (;i Listen to the following requests. Mark them Pif they
sound polite and Rif they sound rude.
1 5
2 6
3 7
4 8
Yes,ofcourse.
3 List en again to th e requests in 2.Ift hey are polite,
rep ly poli te ly.If t hey are rude. say noth ing.
Iwonder ifyou could send mea cataloque.pleasei
Yes, of course.
I'd like y ou to use solid wood for the uni ts.
(you say nothing)
4 Work in pair s and practise the requests in 2. You should
make some polit e and some rude. Your partner should
onlyreplywhe n the requests are polite.
90 Unit 12
Refr igerat or is abbreviated to
fridge in everydayspeech.
Put th e following wor ds in the correct column to make
verb phrases. Some wo rds can go in mo re t han one
column.
Vocabulary
Verbstnake,do,have,andtake
The ver bs make,do, have,and take are often used
in phrases.
make a mistake We must be careful not to make a
mistake .
t ake a seat The manager asked us to take a
seat.
The edgebander isn't wo rking properl y so we'll
have to it _
When planning a new kit chen t he customer has t o
_____ _ about t he mat erial for t he
If you th e dig ital clock on a
microwave all year it will cost
you eau!
If eve ryone used an eco-kett le, would it
_ _ _ _ _ _ on globa l warming?
wo rkto p.
4 The newtanks _
If peop le complai n about th e product, we will have
t o _
There we re lot s of t hings to see and do at t he t rade
fair an d we alI _
Listening
Refrigerator
1 Complete th e sente nces with a phrase from 1. Put the
verb in t he correct form.
EXA MPLE
Scientists at the unive rsity are current ly doin g research
into the effe cts ofglobal warming.
a decision
an impact
a good effect
a conference
a seat
2,000 litres
a mac hi ne on
a mac hine repair ed
a noise
a phot ograph
progress
an int eresti ng ti me
a seat
t ake have do
a mistake
make
act ion
Engineering at un iver sity
t he job
somet hing wo rk we ll
someone a favour
resea rch
a mistake
a rest
something about it
a longtime
we ll
someone's advice
In what way s are a refr igerator and an ai r condi tioner
simila r?
2: Matc h t he wor ds wit h t he correct definiti ons.
absorb a t o change from a liquid to a gas or
vapour
compress b to take in from the su rrounding
surface or space
condense c to press or squeeze into a sma ller
space
evaporate d t o cha nge from gas or vapour t o
liquid
Listen to a lectur er exp laining how a refrigerator
works. As you listen, label t he diagram.
4 Listen as many times as you need to. Make notes
about what ha ppens at each stage.
J
Compressor compresses refrlgera"t
J
me/eases temperatvre
a"dpressvre
J
tieat excha",!e
cous
J
J
Trost-(ree heatlit'! cOil beside
freezer coils
J
5 Work in pairs . Using your notes, take t urns t o explain
how a refrigera tor works and how a frost-free
refrigerator works.
Household tech nology 91
--------------- ---
Checklist
Assess your progress in thi s unit . Tick (1") the
sta te me nts which are tr ue.
Ican t ransfer informa t ion from a t ext to
complete a flow-chart
Ican as kfor information and reply polit ely
I know some phrases using t he verbs make,
do, have ,and take
Myreading and liste ning are good enough
to understan d most of each text in thi s unit
Keywords
Adject ives
ene rgy-saving
inner
outer
we lded
Noun s
app liance
asse mbly
drawer
hinge
molecule
oven
panel
refrige rant
Verbs
evaporate
immerse
vibrate
Note here anyt hing about how English is used
in t echnology t hat is new to you.
92 Unit 13
Switch on
What do t hese examples of technology have in
common?
The Internet, space rockets, satellites, GPS(globa l
positioning system),the integrated circuit
2 Work in pairs . Can you add other examples to this list?
J Identify the examples of defence technology in the
pictures. Compare answers with your partner. Tryto
agree on the function of each item.
Reading
Visby: a stealth warshi p
Compare Visby. a Swedish warship, with a
conventional ship of the same type. What differences
are t here?Compare answers with a partner.
Visby is the first warship to use fully-develope d stealt h
technology. It has been designed to avoid det ect ion in
every poss ible way. List the ways in which you th ink a
ship can be detected. How could technology hel p
prevent detection?
3 Work in groups of t hree. A,B,and C.Read your texts and
ma tch the un derlined words to the numbered items on
t he diagram of Visby.
....;y-
Visby
--
Defence te chnology 93
In this unit
combi ning information from a te xt and diagram
list ening and note -taking from both sides of a discussion
prepositions
sharing informati on about non-leth al weapons
howto make a poster present at ion
A The hull is made of carbon fibre reinforced plastic
(CFRP). It cons ists oflayers of car bon fibre filled with
a plastic foa m.The ma te rial is very stro ng - it has t o
be cut with an extremely high -pressure water jet-
and rigid, but has low we ight. It is half t he we ight of
a steel hu ll, so Visby can reach higher speeds t han a
conventional ship.
It has a low radar signature, meaning that it is more
difficul t to detect by rada r. It also has a low magnetic
Signat ure , so is less likely t o trigger magnetic mines.
It has good shock resist an ce, which provides some
prote ction if a mine is detonated.
The gas turbine exhaust outlets are close to t he water
surface so t hat t he hea t t hey emit cannot easily be
detected.
Bowthrust ers are fitted to make it eas ier t o
ma noeuvre t he ship in harbour.
The Visby is equi pped wit h four gas t urbines for
high -speed run ning, providing a maximum speed of
35knots. There are two diese l engines for low speeds ,
providing a maximumof 15knots. The engines are
connected to t wo gearboxes driving two waterjet
propulsors. The diesels have sou ndproof casi ngs t o
minimize t he acous tic signature of the shi p.
Apowerful hu ll-mounted sonar system is used to
detect and supply target data on submarines.
The active part of t he air defence systemis provided
by a 57mm mUlti -pur pose gun, which fires up t o 220
rou nds per minute. It is concealed in a special cover
or cupola when not in use so that Visby does not
present t he radar profile of a wars hip.
C The Combat Information Cent re is located at t he
centre of t he ship. Communications, intelligence
gathering, an d defe nsive measures are controlled by
a computer system. The system is designed to allow
for fut ure t echnologies t o be integrated easily.
The Visbycan launch remo tely-operated vehicles
(ROVs)to dete ct and classify mines.
The sha pe ofthe hull with large flat, ang led surfaces
is designed to mini mize t he reflection of radar waves
in muc h t he same way a stealth plane does . This
gives Visby an adva ntage over pot enti al ene mies,
which it can dete ct and respond to before it becomes
visib le itself .This is known as the stea lth adva ntage.
94 Unit13
USDepartment of Defense
4 Exchange information with the others in your group to
complete the labelling of the diagram.
Study these answers to Z. How is Visby designed to
minimize detection by these means -what counter-
measures does it use? Use the texts, th e diagram, and
the photograph to help you. One piece of information is
not included.
Waysof detecting shi ps
optica l (bysight)
inf rared (by heat emissions)
acoustic (bysound above
and below water)
magnetically-from any
ferrousmetals
radar
radiotransmissions
pressure on the water
Count er-measures
Language spot
Prepositions review
Study these examples of prepositions and
prepositional phrases. Divide themintothese
categories: time,place, movement, and other .
Unmanned scout vehicles will patrol bet ween
frontline soldiers and the enemy.
Rockets are mounted on th e back ofan armoured
vehicle.
A quided missile can remain above the target areafor
up to halfan hour so the target can be confirmed
before it attacks.
The new system may not be ready before 2015and
soldiersare sceptical until it has been proved in action.
Anyopponent who destroyed the communications
network could win the battle wit houtfi ring a shot.
The enemy moved into the town at night.
Study t hese additional examples. Add the
prepositions from 1- 6 to the tab le.
Listening
The future of defence
Work in pa irs, Aand 8. List the ways in which you think
technology will affect future conflicts.
2 Youare going to hear two defence analysts on a radio
current affairs programme. They are discussing future
defence technology.
(())Stude nt A Listen to the first analyst and note
briefly the pre dictions t hat he makes.
St ude nt B Listen to the second analyst and note
briefly his comments.
Using your notes , explain to your partner the
viewpoint of t he analyst you listened to. Decide wh ich
points you agree with.
Time Place Movement Other
after across across abo ut
at at along by
between at the back of down for
by at the side of from of
from at the top of off with
in beh ind onto
on below out of
since beside past
far from t hrough
in to
in front of up
on
opposi te
near
under
Go to Grammar reference p.121
2
Studythe illustration of a Talon remote cont rol
surveillance robot. Complete t he text with
prepositions t o describe the position of some of it s
equipment and components.
CAMERAS
There is a folding boom at 1 of the
robot. At 20f t he boom is a gripper
which can be used to handle suspect devices.
_____ _ 3 the gripper is one of the seven
cameras carr ied by the robot. At 4 of
the robot there is a mast. At 5 of the
mast the re is a camera with a zoom lens .There is a
speaker at 6 of the robot an d a
microphone "t he boom t o allow
communication with anyone detected by the robot.
______.8 to the mast there is an antenna
which allows signals to be transmitted and received at
a line-of-sight rangeof 1.2km.Forout -of-sight control,
there is a spool of fibre optic cable _
the speaker. At the front of the ma chine _
the boomthere is a ballistic cover to protect the robot.
At both sides there are cat erpillar tra cks.
Defencetechnology 9S
2 Study th e map t hat shows th e movement of Soldier X.
Compl ete the rep ort wit h prepo siti ons of time and
movement.
Using GPS,Xwas tracked 1 the
valley 208.40 and 09.30. He
stopped ] the village
______.425 minutes. He went
_____ _ St he village at 09 .55. He came
___ _ _ _"t he village _
10.35and went 8 the river by the
footbridge . He wa lked 9 the road
heading north, wthe waterrrull.
and u the tra ck _
the pass "hills 300 and 301.He
reached t he top
14
13.50. He came
_ _ _ _ _ _uthe other side _
the harbour 17 Zand went
_ _____18 the ferry for y _
15.05.
96 Unit13
Gadget box
Bear, Battlefield Extr act ion -Assist Robot .I sdesign ed t o rescue
wo unde d soldiers f rom t he batt lefi el d. Bear (a n pick.up a load of
135 kg wi th one arm and carry t hisover rough t errain, thanks t o its
cat erpill ar tracks, and (an climb hill spushed by its rear wheels. It
has th e abil ity to hide and move wh ile in prone posit ion.
Why do yout hi nk Bear has a round'face'and'ears'?
Laser weapons
Work in pairs, Aand B.List forms of technology wh ich
coul d beus ed in non- lethal weapons to cont rol hostile
crowds without causing serious injur ies.
1 Now read about a non -lethal weapon and be prepared
to describe it toyour partne r.
Pairwork
Student A
StudentB
Go to p.ll2.
Problem-solving
Work in grou ps. Choose one of th ese examples of
mili ta ry t echnology and discuss ways in wh ich they
are used in civilian life. and what possible futu re
civilia n ap plications t hey might have. Share you r ideas
wi th t he rest of t he class and decide which poss ible
applicatio ns ar e most likely.
1 un man ned vehicles and aircraft
2 stea lth tec hnology
3 weapons guidance syste ms
4 robot soldiers
5 sonar devices
il
11
Anumber of companies are developing non-lethal
laser weapons for riot control and peace-keeping
operations. For example, Laser Dissuader uses red
laser light to temporarily blind opponents. It can be
fitted to shields so that police forces can protect
themselves and incapacit at e the opposition. It can be
combined with blue laser light so that count er-
measures such as goggles are ineffective.The US
Marine Corps is experimenting with Veiling Glare
Laser, a syst em that uses light in the ultraviolet range,
which means that the eyes see only glare . One
deve lopment, Pulsed Energy Projectile (PEP).uses
high-energy laser and can be set to either lethal or
non-lethal. It is effective upto two kilometres and is
designed t o exp lode fuel tanks and vehi cle tyr es, and
cut communication line s.
3 Exchange informati on with your partner. Together
t hink of count ermeasur es to resist the se weapons.
Webquest
Decide on a t opic in t echnology. Youcan choose any of
th e topics covered in this book, or a top ic of you r own.
Here are some ideas:
How somet hing is made , e.g. petroleum, air craft ,
batterie s, printed circuits
How somet hing works, e.g. a jet engine , a hi gh-
defin iti on TV,radar, RSSfeeds
Future developments, e.g. energy sources, homes,
cons umer products, defence t echnology
Aprocess, e.g. electroplating, wat er jet cutti ng
Z Resear ch your t opic. Youare going t o use th e
infor mation you find to ma ke a pos t er prese nta tion. In
addition t o your college library, you can sea rch for
onli ne sourc es.
www.howstulfworjts.com
www.wikipeqia.org
You can find pictures and ot he r gra phics on Google
Ima ges, but remember t hese may be copyright. You
mu st not publish th em on a we bpage or blog or in pr int
formwi t hout permi ssion of th e copyright hol der.
Make your point
Giving a poster presentation
Youcan do this individually or in small groups of three.
providing everyone contributes equally. You need one
large sheet of paper for your poster.Refer to the Poster
design ideas from lee Avatar .
Decideon the main points for your presentation and
write the text for each poin t. Keep it brief. Use images
whe re possible.
Z Decide on t he layout. Print out your text s and graphics
and fix them to your poster.
Pin up your poster and be prepared to explain any
pointstoyour classmates. Taketime to viewtheirs and
to as k one questi on about each poster on display.
POSTER DESIGN
Makeyour poster pleasingtolookat byusingcolour
andgraphics.
Makesurethe text canbereadeasily fromabout 1.S
metres .
Havea clear heading so it is easy to see what your
topic is.
Makesure that it is easy to follow the correct order of
your presentation. Usenumbers, letters, or arrows.
Don't fill every square centimetre. Leavewhite space
and separate out the sections.
Distribu te text and graphics evenly wi th enough text
to explain thegraphics.
Defencetechnology 97
Checklist
Assessyou r progre ss in th is unit. Tick (.I) th e
st at ements which are tru e.
I can combine information from a tech nical
t ext and a diagram
I can listen for main points and make notes
I can use preposit ions
My reading and listening are good enough
to understand most of each t ext in t his uni t
Keywords
Adj ectives
ar mou red
high- Iech
non- let hal
stealth
uncrewed
unmanned
visi ble
Nouns
count ermeasure
hacker
hull
radar
sonar
wa rship
Verbs
minimize
t rigge r
Note here anything about how English is used
in technology tha t isnew to you.
2 Studythis circuit. Make a component list wi ththe
numbers.names, andvaluesof each component. Say
what the circuit is usedfor.
SW,
,-----,--.----- - --,0'----0--0 +12V
98 Unit 14
Switch on
Match 1-10 wi th the circuit symbol diagrams A-J.
1 amp lifier 6 NAND logic gate
2 capacitor 7 relay
3 diode 8 npn transistor
4 resistor 9 swit ch (single-pole,
single-throw)
light-em itting diode 10 potentiometer (pot)
R,
15k
FX22Y
R,
10k
R,
l OOk
'-- --'----- --'---- --'--- ---'-- - -<lOV
Reading
Electronic alarmcircuits
Work in pairs.Makealist of electronicalarmsin
columnA. Note whattriggers the alarmincolumn 8.
Two examp les are completed for you.
A
Alarm
motorcycle anti-theft
fridge door
Trigger
movingthe motorcycle
leaving thef ridge dooropen
Component Type
RI
R2
Rl
R4
RI
R6
R7
DJ
Ql
SW)
operational
amplifier
Value/reference
number
UA741
Now read th e descripti on of how t he device works .
The n put the even ts in th e correct sequence. The first
and last even ts are entered for you.
a The relay is activa ted. _
Curren t flows th rough the collector -emitter circuit.
c The voltage in t he base -emitter circuit rises above
0.7volts. _
d The resi stance of RI rises. _
e The warning device is switched on.Z
The temperat ure falls.
Small differences in voltage are amplified by the
amplifier. _
Acircui t diagram
The diagram shows a simple frost alarm.It can be used
to warn drivers t hat roads may be icy or to warn
gardeners an d fru it farm ers to protect their crops .It
can also be used t o switc h on heaters.It is tr iggered by
a fall in temperature. When th e t emperat ure falls to
OCor any t emperat ure selected, t he ala rm operates.
The principal component is the thermistor, Rl.Ast he
t emperature falls, the resistan ce of RI rises . At 25Cit
ha s a resis ta nce of ISkO. At o'C t he resistance is 45kO.
The 100 kOpotentiometer, R2, can be adjus ted to allow
t he circuit t o tr igger at oth er temperat ures.
The higher t he resistance of RI,the sma ller th e voltage
flowing to t he amplifi er, UA741.This is a very sensitive
amplifier whic h amplifies small differen ces in voltage.
The out put from th e amplifier is fed to the bas e of t he
transisto r, BC107B. This acts like a switch .When t he
voltage in t he base-emitt er circuit rises above 0.7volts,
curre nt flows t hrough the collector-emitt er circuit,
activating t he relay.The diode, D1, across th e relay
prevents spa rking. RShe lps to ens ure the relay cha nges
smoothly when t he t rigge r temperat ure is reached .
The relay can t rigger a wa rning device such as a buzzer
or light, or switch on a heat er.
Elect ronics 99
In this unit
discussing and reading about electroniccircuits
describing how electro niccircuits operate by using
complex sentences
listening to an inte rview wit han elect ronics t echnician
words which often go t oget her in elect ronics
howto evaluate and improve presentat ion skills
Language spot
Complex senten ce review
We can use complex sentences of two or more clauses
to describe how a series of event s relat e t oeac h other.
Study these way s of formi ng comp lex sentences:
Using time clauses to link actions
I When the temperaturefall s, the alarm isswitched on.
2 A capacito rcharges until it isfull.
3 As t he capacitor charges, t he voltage rises.
Using if-clauses t o link a cause an d effect
4 If excess current is pa ssed, the transistor will overheat.
Using relat ive clauses to make definitions
5 Diodes are electronic devices which allowcurrent to
pass in one direction only.
Using relative clauses to add information. We use
commas to showt his is extra but not essenti al
information.
6 Diodes, which are made of silicon orgermanium,
have many uses in electronics.
We can replace which or who in a relat ive clause
followed by a Continuou s or Simple verb wit h an act ive
part iciple, t he -ing pa rt of t he verb .
7 This completes a circuit, which generates a series of
pul ses.
OR
8 This completes a circuit, generating a series ofpu lses.
Now note how we can link t hese even ts in t he frost
alarmcircuit.
I The temperaturefalls to zero.
2 The trans istor is switched on.
3 This activates the relay.
1+2 When the temperaturef alls to zero, the
transistor isswitched on.
2+3 The trans istor is switched on, which activa tes the
relay.
1+2+3 When the temperaturefalls tozero, the t ransistor
is switchedon, which activa tes the relay.
OR
1+2+3 When the temperaturefalls to zero, the
trans istor is switched on, activating t he relay.
Goto Grammar reference p.122
100 Unit 14
Make sentences by matching the information in
columns A-Cand then linking i t together using a
relative clause with whichor who.
EXAMPLE
Silicon, which comes from sand. is an important
component of somesemiconductors.
They can provi de a higher current than othe r
batteries.
They are remembered in the basic units of electri city.
He wa s one of th ree inventors of the trans i stor.
They are used in wat ches and many electronic displays.
Import ant i nformation
It is an import ant component of some semico nducto rs.
c
It i sconcerned wi t h elect rical systems made up of a
seriesof switches.
A
Subject Addit ional informat ion
Silicon It is short for binary digit .
Digital electronics He worked at Bell laboratories
Waiter Brattain This mean sllght-ernltt lng dlodes.
Abit It is used in everything
fromwatches to computers.
4 li thi um Theywere pioneers in the study
batt eries of elect ricity.
LEDs It comesfromsand.
Ohm, Volta, and Ampere They are oft en used in cameras. It is a single unit of informat ion.
I
I
Z Link each pair of events to make one comp lex sente nce.
Use th e clue in bracket s t o help you.
1 Amill iammeter is a device . It measures very small
curren ts . (relative clause)
Aresidual current device trips . An excess current
passes t hrough a circuit. (ti me)
light strikes the solar cell. This generates a
voltage.(relative clause)
4 An electrolytic capacitor is connected wrongly. The
capacitor will be damaged. (condit ion)
Youtouch memory chips . Make sure you are
earthed. (ti me)
6 n -type connectors come in a variety of sizes. p -type
conn ectors are widely used for linking devi ces to
computers. (relative clause)
Arelay is an electro-mechanical switch. It uses an
elect romagnet. (relative claus e)
The input signal to an inverter is 1.The output signal
will be O. (condition)
9 Asignal is detected.It is am plified. (time)
10 Alogic probe is a tes t instrument. It pr ovides an easy
way of checking simple logic circuits . (relative clause)
Answer the questi ons.
What subjects do you thi nk are included in an
Electronics course?
What sort of work can an Electronics Technician do?
What's th e link between lighthouses and elect ronics?
1 G li st en to t he interviewwi th Brian Jones, an
Electronics Technician. Answer t he questions.
1 How did he become intereste d in elect ronics?
2 Why di d he like th e lab wor k at college?
3 Why di d he give up his repair business?
4 What is th e Marine GDPSand why is it important?
Gadget box
Printable batteries t hinn er t ha n pape r
are bei ng developed by a number of
companies. They are flexi ble, cheap,
and rechargeable and range i n
t hic kness from 0.6 mm to 300
micro ns, t he thickness of a hu man
Electronics 101
hair. They can be used f or t alk ing
greeti ng cards, smart cards, RFID
(Radio Frequency Identification)
tags , and many other applications.
Wha t other app lications are the re
for printable bat t eri es?
5 Why does he visit remote places?
6 Why is he notthinking of changing job?
Listen to the interv iew aga in.Write down the
interviewe r's questions.
4 Work in pai rs. Compar e your versions of t he
interviewer's questions. Role-playt he int erview.
S List en aga in to compare your vers ion of t he
interview wi th t he recordi ng.
Problem-solving
Work in groups , A and B. Study one of th ese circuits, A
or B. Decide what t he circuit is for and prepare a
detailed explanation of how it wo rks.
Z Work in pairs with someo ne from the ot her group and
explai n to themhow your circuit wor ks. Be pre pare d to
answer any questions your part ner may have .
A
Pronunciation
Reading component values
Identi fy t hese components.
Symbol
.1
T
-.L
T
Component and value
,--------,------O+9v
R,
L -'- --<J OV

D,
Probes
R,
Z ((i) List en to th e recording and not e th e values .
3 Practise sayi ng t he compo nen t values aloud.
4 Listen aga in and compa re your pronunciati on to
th e recordin g.
TR,
2.2k
L-- - - - ---<J OV
There isenough silicon in 10 grain sof
sand to buil d the electronic circuit s in a
small computer.
Noun
a capacitor
a circuit
a cont rol
a cur rent
frequency
an output
a relay
a signal
a voltage
I I
3 Complete the explanations of circuits Aand Busing t he
words below. Youwill not need to use all the words.
activates current probes
batt ery diode relay
bell emitter resistor
buzzer falls rises
capacitor flow temperature
chip if t hermistor
circuit light transisto r
collector off value
conduct on sound
contacts open switch
ThiS is a thermostat to control the operatio nof a
cent ral-heating system.The 1 changes
in resistance with the 2 in the room.
Thisalters the voltage int he base-emi tter
______ ' , turning the transis tor
______" ifthe temperature falls belowa pre-
set t.This allows a 6
toflow in t he 7-emi tte r circuit which
______s t he relay,closing its
_____:-:-9 and switchi ngon the syste m. If t he
te mperatu reof t he room 10 above the
pre-set value, t he t hermistor will 11 the
transistor and t he heating system 12
int hesameway.

This is a device to detect moistu re.Thecomponents are:
npnjunction I,light-emitting
___ _ _ _ 2,2.2k s.a buzzer,two
probes,and a 9-volt 4 . No current flows
in the base-emitte r circuit when there isair betwee n
the two 5, so t he transistor is t urned
off. 6 the probes are placed on a da mp
surface, the moistur e will 7. Acurrent
will I to the base, t urning the
transistor on. Current thenflows fromthe batt eryto the
_ _____s-emttttngdiode and the
___ _ _ _ 10 , giving both visible and audible
warning.
Vocabulary
Collocations in electronics
1 Look at the table. In electronics, the verbs on t he left
commonly occur with one or more of the nouns on t he
right. See how many matches you can make.
Verb
actuate
adjust
amplify
boost
change
charge
complete
detect
discharge
ene rgize
generate
induce
modulate
produce
step down/up
2 Complete t he sentences using the correct form of an
appropriate verb from 1.
1 The tr ansformer the voltage from
240v to 9v.
2 the control so the meter reads zero.
3 With low levels of light. solar cells _
very low voltage.
4 When t he circuit is switched off, t he capaci tor keeps
it operating until it _
5 The changing magnetic flux _
a voltage in the secondary of the t ransformer.
6 Changing the capaci tor will _
the frequency of the oscillator.
7 Pressing t he switch the circuit.
allowing cur rent to flow.
8 lfthe relay is .the contacts close.
9 The tRreceiver and decodes t he
signals from the remote control.
10 In t he final stage. the signal is _
and fed to a loudspeaker.
Make your point
Eval uating a presentation
1 Work in pairs. St udy Lee's checklist. ls t here anything
you wou ld like t o change or t o add?
POOR =1 EXCELLENT =5
1 CONTENT
Wasthe speaker well prepared?
Wasthe speaker knowledgeableabout the subject?
2 ORGANIZATION
Wasthere an introduction? Wasthere a conclusion?
Wasthe talk well organized?
3 DELIVERY - VOICE
Wasthe speaker enthusiastic and convincing?
Didthe speaker maket hesubject interesting?
Did the speaker speak clearly enough?
Was the speed right for you?
Did thespeaker readthe presentation or tal k from not es?
4 DEliVERY- MANNER
Wasthespeaker relaxed?
Did the speaker useappropriate gest ures?
Didt he speaker make eye contact with the audience?
Did the speaker involve the audience wi th questions
or activi ties?
5 VISUALAIDS
Didthe speaker usevisual aids? Werethey easy to see?
Didthey help you understa nd?
2 Prepare and deliver t o your class a short present ation
(maximum fi ve minut es) on a t op ic of your choice.
Eval uate each ot her's presentations using Lee's checklis t
or your revised version of it.
Elect ronics 103
Checklist
Assessyour progress in thi sunit. Tick (oI) the
st at ements which are true.
J know basic t ermsused in electronics
t can describe how elect roni cci rcuits
operate
I can evaluate a presentat ion
My reading and li stening are good enough
to und erst and most of each t ext in t hi sunit
Keywords
Noun s
capacitor
current
diode
f requency
osci ll ator
pul se
relay
resisto r
switc h
t ransformer
t ransistor
Verbs
amplify
conduct
induce
modulate
Not e here anyt hing about how Engli sh is used
in t echnology t hat is new to you.
104 Unit15
--------- - ..- --------_.. -- -----
'15 Career development:
"" '. ...
Switch on
Lookat the pictures.Theyshow Sami Hassan at
diffe rent stages in his career. Discuss with a partner
what he is doing at each stage.
Listening
Interv iew with a Netwo rk Designer
l()) Listen to Sami describing his career pat h to becoming
a Network Designer. Complete the table wit h what Sarni
was doing at different ages .
16 Sitting exams at schoo l
17
18
20
23
25
Z (;l Listenagain and answer the questions.
1 What subjects did Sami study at school?
2 What does a Service Technician do?
3 What did he like about the job?
4 What were his responsibiliti es at the exchange?
5 What qualifica tions did he have by t he time he was 20?
6 What did he learn when he joined the Net work
Design department?
What did he study at university?
What has he had to learn as a Network Designer?
Work in pairs, Aand B.
Student A Youare Sami.
Student B Youare an interviewer.
Ask and an swer ques tions about Sami 's career.
EXAMPLE
A What did you study at school?
B Maths and Physics.
A Whendidyouleaveschool?
B When Iwas J6.
A What did you do next!
B 1applied todo an apprenticeship with BT.
A Why?
Career develop ment 105
Inthis unit
review how t o ta lkabout t he fut ure
how t o prepare for a job interview
how t o write a covering lett er
t echnology game reviewing lan guage, career knowledge,
and skills from Unit s 1t o 15
Language spot
Future review
I expect the interviewwon 't be very diffi cult.
We're going to check the switching equipment at the
exchange.
We'reattending the conference in Milan on Thursday
It'll probably take two hours tofix .
She's going to applyfora new job.
I'm moving to a new department next month.
Underline t he verb forms use d to t alk about the
future in t he se ntences above. Mat ch verb forms a- c
wit h t heir uses 1- 3.
Go to Grammar reference p.123
Z Complete the se ntences with t he most su itable future
form of t he verb in brackets.
a We (start) the tr aining course on
Monday. I've got t he det ails.
b Mary saysshe (look) for a job with
mo re responsibility. Good idea!
c I know there (be) problems. t here
alwaysarel
d you (discuss) t he
inf ormation storing project at t he meeti ng?
e When do you th ink the company _
(introduce) t he next generation of mob ile phones?
I (meet) t he supplier to morrow
morning. We (diSCUSS) tec hnical
specifications.
3 Make a list of three things you have arrange d to do in
t he next few days and t hree th ings you int en d to do in
t he fut ure. One thing in each list should be untrue.
EXAMPLES
I'm not coming to the lesson next week.
I'm going to study Electronics at university.
Vocabulary
Key skills
Match a word I phrase in Awith a word I ph rase in B.
4 Work in pa irs. Read your sentences to your partner.
Your part ner should guess which sentence is untru e.
Work in pairs. Make predictions about life twent y yea rs
from now. Discuss these topi cs or choose t opics of your
own.
mo bile phones
communication
t echnology
A
a good attendance ability
have
tech nical background
good communication record
an industry skills
a good t eam make r
be
a good dec ision organized
well mult itask ing
good at wo rker
promo tio n exper ience
want
work opportunit ies
job working hou rs
flexible satisfaction
your company activities
your job
te lecommunicatio ns
:2 Work in pairs . Write about peo ple you know usi ng
ph rases from t he table in 1.
EXAMPLE
Olafhas an industry background. He worked for
Siemensfor four yea rs.
intentions and
pre dictions ba sed on
evidence
plans and
arrangements
expectations and
predictions without
evide nce
a will
c Present Continuous
b going to
106 Unit l5
Makeyourpoint
Preparing for an interview
How wou ld you prepare for an interview? Work in
pairs and make a list of keypoints,
2 Lookat t he check list LeeAvatar gives his client s. How
many of these point s did you think of?
Can you think of any other points that would be
important in your culture?
4 Readt he common questions he mentions again. Spend
ten minutes thi nking about howyou would answer
these questions in an interview.
Findout whoyouwill betalkingto. Thedepartmentbosswill
ask specific task-related questions and someone from
Personnel willask about your general skills.
Findout about the company - their products and services,
customers and competitors.
Prepare for some common questions that are often asked
during an interview.
What are your strengths and weaknesses?
Whydo you want towork for us?
What did you like most in your last job?
Howdo you get on with other people?
Doyou work best on your own orin a team?
Howdo you manage multitasking?
Howdo you deal with stress?
Read more of these typical questions at www.jobcentre
plus.gov.uk or by searching, for example, on Google.
Be positive Wearsmart, business-like
Giverelevant answers clothes
Askquestions Get to the interview early
5 Work in pairs. Role-play an interview situation. One of
you is the interviewer and the other the applicant . Ask
and answer the questions you noted down in 4. When
you havefinished,discuss each other's performance
an d how to improve.
Reading
Job ad and covering letter
When you apply for a job, you normally send an
ap plication form an d your cv.You should al so send a
covering letter.Thi s should get t he employer 's
attention and make a posi tive impression.
Read t he advertisement and answer the qu estion s.
What job is being adv ertised?
Who should apply?
What should you do if you are int erest ed?
Anglo Telecom is looking for a

AT is a mu ltin at ion al organizat ion. Due [0 co mpany
expansion we now require a Network Engineer [0 work
on our Z'l st-cen t u ry develo pme nt project . You wi ll
work on a wide range of networki ng tec h nologie s and
be involved in all areas ofrhe projecr .
The ideal candi date will have a university qualification
in Tclecommllnicarions cngineering or a related subject
and some experience in swi tching and tra nsmi ssion.
St rong communicat ions ski lls are nece ssar y and yo u
will wor k effec t ively in a ream . Expe rience of wor ki ng
wit h different cultures would be an advantage.
Please send your CV an d covering let ter (0 Dominik
Abraham, Network Planning Depar t ment , Anglo
Telecom , High Row, London. N\,\'1 2 6PE.
2 Read and complete the lett er on p.107with t hese wo rds .
ability opportunity responsibility
application reference team
experience response
3 Work in pai rs and discuss th e question s.
Does Anna have the right qualificati ons for the job?
Do you think Mr Abraham will be intereste d in her
application? Why? / Why not?
Career development 107
milk round (n) aseries of visits that large
companies make each year to colleges and
universities, to ta lk to students who are
interested inwo rki ng for them
Mr DAbra ham
Netwo r k Planni ng Depart ment
Anglo Tel ecom
Hi gh Row, London
NW12 6PE
234 Cast l e Ri se
Kings ton
AB9 6XX
0144 612398
mobile : 10779 86543
emai l:
as@home CQ uk
24 August 2008
Webquest
Visit Milkround.com and enter a sector that you are
interested in, such as Engineering, in t he Search box,
then find a job you t hink is inte resting and follow the
link. When you have done your research, write a
covering letter for the job.

Speaking
Second interviewtask
For some jobs you may be interviewed twice . After the
first interview, the employer will produce a short-list of
suitable candidates: usually no more tha n three. If you
are invited to a second interview, you will probably be
asked to prepare and perform a task.
Imagine you have been invited for a second
interview. Make a poster of an ironing board with at
least two drawings showing the iron ing board set up
and folded . Annotate the drawing with information
about parts and materials used. Youhave 20 minutes
t o prepare.
1 Work in groups. Present your work to your group of
students and listen to other students giving t heir
presentations. When you have finished, discuss what
you have done well and think about how you could
improve in the future. Use the checklist in Make
yourpoint,Unit 14,p.103t o make constructive
comments.
Des i gner
_-,- 1: a pplication for Network
I n 2 t o th e adve rt ised pos iti on
f or a Netwo r k Desig ner i n t he Telecommunications
Engineeri ng Journa l on 18 August 2008, I am
writi ng t o ask you t o consider my
___-,-__1 , I am l ooking f or- the
opportunity t o gai n experience i n thi s field,
I gai ned hands - on 4 i n swi tchi ng
and t ransmi ssi on whi 1e studyi ng f or my NVQ i n
Manc hester and was fort unate eno ugh to spe nd
six mont hs i n Sweden with Teli a as part of an
exchange pr ogr amme . While t he re , I worked on
mai ntenance and fa ult - findi ng at t he exc ha nges
as a Network Tec hnic ian and was gi ven
_ _ _ _ -,---_5 fo r impleme nt i ng new systems .
I ga i ned va l uable exper ience of wor king as part
of a 6 and in communicat i ng wit h
ot hers,
I am very i nte rested in joini ng a leadi ng
t el ecoms company s uch as Anglo Telecom. My NVQ
resu lts show that my technical 7
i s excell en t and I am very conscientious a bout
meet i ng dea dl -ines . I have excellent comput i ng
s ki lls and a ve ry pos i ti ve at t i tu de to learni ng
new s kil ls .
I woul d appreci ate th e 8 t o meet
you t o discuss my ap pl i cat i on and l ook forwa rd
t o hea r i nq f rom you.
Yours si ncere ly
Dear Mr Abra ham
Anna Suc hard
Decide on the best piece of work in your group. As a
group, present it to the rest of the class.
I '
I'
11
108 Unit 15
Technology game
This game revises what you have learned in this
book. Work in groups of six. Divide into three
pairs . Youneed one dice for each group and a
counter for each pair.
Rules
Decide who is going to start. Place your
counters on the start square. The first pair
throws the dice and moves their counter to the
correct square. Readthe instructions aloud . You
are allowed one minute to discuss your answer.
(Theother pairs should also think about the
answer.) Give your answer in no more than one
minute.If you cannot answer, another pair can
offer an answer.
If another pair thinks that the answer is
incorrect they can cha llenge and offer anot her
an swer.If t hey get the correct answer,t hey can
move the ir counter along one square. It is now
their t urn to t hrow th e dice. If the answer is
correct an d t here is no challe nge, th e pair rolls
again.
The first pair to reach Fini sh is the winner.
Redsquares give instructions _
Yellow squares test your caree r skills and
knowledge CJ
Green squares test your speaking skills _
Brown squares test your language
knowledge _ (grammar. vocabulary)
a). b), cl squares
If there are a), b), or c) questions, the first pair to
land on the square can choose which they want
to answer. The next time a pair land on that
square, they must answer a different question.
If the square has only one question, the next
pair to land on the square must give an answer
that is different to the first pair .
Tal k about squares
If t he instructions tell you to Talk about . ., you
must talk for 30 seconds.
Good luck!
114jQ;"
Name 3different college courses
where you could study Technology.
III Give2sen,tencE's youcould useina
presentation.
EJl T. lk. bOUI
a howahridge isconstructed
b howatunnel isconstructed.
DJ Describeabridgeyou know - type,
location,function.
IPWhatcanyousay if youdon't
understandsomeone?
PI Give 3advantages toanearth
home.
Make2sentences aboutwhat you
doand2sentences about what
youaredoing.
i10escribe
a 2steps inwater treatment
b 2features ofaneco-dtj.
PJ Take abreak - missa turn.
IP Drawanddescribe anelectronic
circuit symbol.
IDGi veanoun thatcouldfollowthe
verb:
a amplify b generate ( modulate.
Talk about arouteyoucouldfollow
todevelopyourfuture career.
Tal kaboutwhat
a youhavebeendoing.
b youdidyesterday.
( experlences ycuheve had.
p Name 3sources ofrenewable
energy.
III Talk about howoneform of
renewableenergyworks.
III Name2differentformsoftransport
thatuse
a water b air
( rails.
8JMove forward 1square.
IlJGi ve2expressions
youcould useinapresentationto
a start
b finish.
D!J Name 2rolesofanEnvironmental
Scientist.
IDT.lkabout atypeoftecbnology
designedtosaveenergy.
iJMakeasentencethat has
a 2prepositionsoftime
b 2prepositionsofplace
( 2prepositionsofmovement.
III Name 2skills you havethat you
wouldmentioninaletterof
application.
III What followstheseverbs:-ingorto
+infinitive?
a avoid,suggest,enjoy
b decide, learn,aim.
Go back tothestart.
PI Make2sentences tosaywhat
manufacturerscan/areabletodo
withplastics.
I!Ja Gi ve3verbsthatdescribe
movement inmechanisms.
b Give3adjectives thatdescribe
shape.
iPGive2thingSYOU
a must do
b mustn'tdo
ifyouwanttobuild ahouse.
PI Make 2sentencestocompare
a cersandbkydes
b trainsandbuses.
iJGive 2examplesofrobotsandsay
what theydo.
PI Make 2sentences withthewords
a cause
b prevent.
i1Ask yourpartner todosomethi ng
politely. Your partnermustreply.
iJMake 3statements about
a yourplansfortherestoftheweek
b yourpredictionsforlifein20
years'tlme,
gJGive oneway you canaskfor
darification ifyou haven't heard
someone clearly.
lIa What isprecisionagriculture?
b Name twowaysofpreserving
food.
IiI Name2differenttypes ofbridge.
IiJa Na me2differentplasticsand
what theyareusedfor.
b Give3 propertiesof plastics.
g;1 Name3partsofanaeroplaneand
givetheirfunction.
iiJDescribe3featuresofa homeofthe
future.
SI Na me2partsofadrilli ngrigand
givetheirfunction.
i!JMake 2phrases withthewords
a technology
b waste
( water.
IIIName3domesticappliances.
When givingapresentation, give
2pieces ofadvice about
a organizing b visualaids
( delivery.
g:J Describe2formsoftechnologythat
havebeendevelopedtoavoid
warshipsbeing detected.
gJGi ve2piecesofadvice about howto
prepareforaninterview.
4'U"':'
Career development 10 9
Checklist
Assessyour progress in t his unit .Tick(.I ) the
state ments which are tr ue.
Ican talk about t he fut ure
Iknow howto prepare for a job inte rview
I knowhowto write a covering letter
Myreading and listening are good enough
to unde rstand most of each text inthis unit
Keywords
Nouns
ability
applicant
applicat ion
attendance record
candidate
covering letter
decision maker
multitask ing
opport unity
promotion
reference
responsibility
skill
team
Verbs
apply
Note here anythi ng about howEnglish is used
in technology that is newto you.
110 Pairwork activities
Pairwork activities
Unit 1 pA
Student A
Unit 11 p.83
Student A
Speaking
I'
Transmission systems, Engine management
systems, Diagnostics, including using electrical and
electronic test equipment
4 Electric power, Materials and manufacture
Mathematics '
Aeroplane aerodynamics, Gas turbine engines,
Propellers
Audio recording, Sound creation and manipulation,
Computer music production
Unit 6 p.39 Make your point
Student B
Boeing747-8
Cruising speed: 913 km/h
empty weight,185,972 kg
max take-offweight439,900 kg
Aviation weather report at 0800 UTC on 16June
remperature.te't;
Dew point: 2C
Pressure: 1024 hPa
UniU p.12
Student A
Orange growers have always had the desire to make
their oranges as orange as possible! Oranges grown in
some parts of the world are dull and lack colour
because there are no cold nights, while those grown
in areas with cool nights are usually brighter in
colour. Now, orange growers take their freshly-picked
oranges to large buildings where ethylene gas is used
to stimulate the chlorophyll in the oranges to bring
out more natural colour. After that. each fruit is
photographed from every possible angle using a
digital camera. Computers use these pictures to
record any undesirable marks on the skin at the same
time as analyzing the size, colour , and shape of each
orange. Depending on the demands of the market,
the grower can set the required grade specifications
in the computer. Any oranges which do not meet the
required standards are removed from the production
line and later used to produce juice.
HeartLander is an experimental miniature robot
designed to allow surgeons to treat damaged hearts
without major surgery. It has been developed at
Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh.The robot
is two centimetres long. It can be inserted into the
body by a small incision in the chest. It moves by a
combination of suction and push-pull movements
provided by wires driven by motors outside the body.
The movement resembles the way a caterpillar
moves. It can travel at speeds of up to 18cm per
minute.
Acomputer monitors its position and controls its
movements.
HeartLander can be directed to crawl over the surface
of the heart while the heart is beating. Its inventors
hope to use it to attach leads for pacemakers, to inject
drugs straight to the heart, and to take samples from
the surface of the heart for analysis.
Todo this without major surgery would be an
important advance in the treatment of heart
problems.
Unit 8 pA8
Student B
The Japanese Shinkansen network of high-speed
railway lines extends for several thousand kilometres.
The systemwas based on existing rail technology, but
designers tested model trains in a wind tunnel to make
them aerodynamic in design and so reduce air
resistance. Because of the shape, the trains have been
called ' bullet trains'. Electric or diesel engines power
the trains which travel up to 300 km/h on standard
gauge, purpose-built track. Certain constrictions had to
be eliminated, such as level crossings, frequent stops,
and some curves. Similar high-speed rail networks
exist in other countries, for example the TGVin France .
They allow travel from city centre to city centre, rapid
boarding time, and comfort. They are considered
environmentally efficient and are seldom affected by
poor weather.
Pairworkact ivit ies 111
Unit 6 p.38
Student A
Unit9 p.7l
Student B
Cl to C4 Gases
Unit 12 p.89
Student B
The Wattson is an at t ractive-looking device t hat shows
how muc h energy is bei ng consumed at any poi nt of
t ime. Aclip attaches a small transmitter around the
electrici ty cable beside the electr icity meter. This
provides a wireless connection to t he Wattson, which
can be placed anywhere in the house. The device glows
in blue or red electroluminescence. Blue indicates low
energy use while red indicat es high . It also provides
hard data on energy consumption and can show how
much it costs to leave a specific appliance on for a year !
Compact fluoresce nt bulbs (CFLs) are used in place of
conventional incandescent light bulbs. Afluorescent
tube is filled with mercury vapour. An electrical
discharge through t his me rcury vapo ur emi ts ultra -
violet light. This makes a coating insi de th e t ube glow
brightly, produc ing about four times as muc h light as a
conve ntio nal bulb wi th the same wattage. The first
ene rgy-saving bulbs were long and large, but using
electronics in the base of t he bul b has redu ced the size.
m
1 70 C CHEMICALS
toC10 Petrol
"OOC PETROL FOR VEHICLES

r L DIESEL FUELS FOR CARS,
270C LORRIES TRAINS

rru"f20to C50 t ubrtcattng oil

ll: ' ===:=i::"
rru" SHIPS, FACTORIES. AND
600
0
C CENTRAL HEA TING
f ractions
i ncreasing In
density and
boi ling point
f ract ions
decreasing i n
densi ty and
boiling point
1 _


7
Helicopt ers are known as rota ry-wing craft because
of t he rot ati ng blades or wings. The main rotor is
mount ed on t he t op of the helicopter. The blades have
an aerodynamic sha pe and as t hey spi n they provide
lift. Agas-t ur bine or pet rol engine below the shaft
provides powe r for t he roto r, which also provides
t hrust. Most helicopt ers also have a tail rotor attached
to a ta il boom. This provid es t hrus t in a Sideways
direction and prevents t he helicopter from spinning.
The pilot controls direct ion using bot h hands and feet.
He / she can change the angle of each blade so that
they produce more th rust on one side t han on t he
ot her. This creates a difference in lift and so causes the
helicopt er to ti p and move forward, backwards, and
sideways.
4 _
112 Pairworkactivities
Aviationweather report at 1300 UTC on 30January
Wind- 5knots from 140degrees SE,variabilityllO- 270
degrees
Boeing747-8
Fuel capacity: 216,840litres
Maximum range: 8,000 nautical miles
People capacityA67 (3-class)
Unit 1 pA
Student B
2 Introduction to telecommunications, Electronics,
Microprocessors and microcontroUers
3Dmodelling, Operating systems for CADusers,
Communication skills
Ship performance at sea, Marine machinery
systems, Offshore engineering
Ordnance, munitions, and explosives, Guns and
vehicles, Sensor systems
Unit6 p.39
Student A
Make your point
Unit12 p.89
Student A
The water-powered calculator runs on H20 batteries,
so it needs no electricity or conventional batteries. The
H20 battery consists of two electrodes made of special
alloys. When these are immersed in water, a chemical
reaction takes place which produces electricity. Over
time, the water evaporates, and needs to be replaced.
The batteries should last for over two years.
The eco-kettle allows you to boil only the amount of
water you require. It has a doub le chamber. The inner
reservoir holds a full capacity of water ready to be used.
Bypressing a valve button, the required amount of
water is released into the outer boiling chamber. The
level of water can be seen through the front window.
This kettle is designed to reduce the excess amount of
water people boil.
Unit13 p.96
Student A
Silent Guardian
I'
Unit 8 pA8
Student A
Shanghai has the first commercial Maglev line in the
world. Trains can reach 350km/h in two minutes and
have a maximum speed of 431krn/h in normal
operation. Maglev (magnetic levitation) trains use a
combination of magnetic attraction and magnetic
repulsion to provide lift and forward movement and
can operate on 100gradients. They travel on raised
guideways above the city which are very expensive to
build, but track maintenance costs are significantly
lower than with conventional rail transport. There is no
engine and there are no wheels or rails as with
conventional trains, so no friction. Maglev runs on
electricity, producing no pollution from the vehicle. The
speed and the distance between trains are
automatically controlled and maintained by the
frequency of the electric power fed to the guideway.
Bad weather or congestion have little effect on the
running of these vehicles.
Raytheon, an American company, has developed a
device which projects millimetre wave energy at a
frequency of 94 GHzwhich it calls Silent Guardian. It
heats the surface layer of skin causing protesters to
move back quickly awayfrom the pain source. It is
effective up to 250metres. It hurts but it does not kill.
The waves only penetrate the surface layer of the
skin, which is deep eno ugh to cause pa in, but not to
injure, unless those ta rgeted are exposed for more
than four minutes. In practice, it is un likely anyone
would stay with in range for so long, but the system
also includes infrared scanners which check for any
excessive skin heating. The system is intended for
embassy protection, peacekeeping ope rations, and
checkpoint security on sensitive installations such as
nuclea r power stations.
Unit 9 p.7l
Student A
Unit 11 p.83
Student B
Pairworkactivities 113
Speaking
o LIQUEFIED
20 C PETROLEUM GAS
naphtha

''IF''f CSto Cl0 Petrol - -
120
DC
PETROL FOR VEHICLES

f-J""""t noDe JET FUEL , PARAFFIN FOR
l LIGHTING AND HEATING
Oi l'a i
Ln.5"t
I 3700C LUBRICATING OILS,
WAXES, POLISHES
r C20toC70 heavy fue l o!l

BITUMEN FOR ROADS

AND ROOFING
UnitlO p.78
Student A
15kilometres northofShanghailies the third largest island
inChina.The islandisthe locationfora fully-sustainable
eco-citycalledDongtan.
The cityis designedas smallvillages, eachwithits own
character. Thisprovides a communityspirit, the baseof
Chinese society, so peoplewalkandmeet eachother. The
villagesare connectedbycycleroutes,footpaths, and
publictransport corridors that use tramsandbuses.Solar-
poweredwater taxis operate onthe river. Zero-carbon
publictransport uses hydrogen-fueltechnology or battery-
power. Residentialandbusinessareas are mixed to reduce
the need tocommute.The buildi ngshavebeendesignedto
be highlyenergy-efficient.Theyare angledtoattract the
maximumsun inwinterand naturalventilationinsummer.
local materialsare beingusedwithtraditional andnew
constructiontechnologies. Photovoltaic solarpanelcells
supplythe buildings withenergy. Thecityis self-sufficient
inenergyneeds, usingbiomassfromcropsandrice
residueas wellas windpowerfromlarge
wind turbines outsidethe city.
rn
Geminoid is a humanoid robot which looksand
sounds just like his creator, Hiroshi Ishtguro of Osaka
University in Japan. It s featu res are made from silicon
moulds of his own body. It has the same hai r
colouring and style, and wears the same glasses and
clothes.
Or Ishiguro demonstrates his robot by using it to
teach his classes. What makes this robot so
convincing is that it appears to breathe, its eyes blink,
and it fidgets just like a human. It also speaks with his
voice.These effects are achieved by technology which
includes 50sensors and motors under Geminoid's
skin to give expression to its face and t o replicate
human movements. The breathing effect is caused
by compressed air forced into the chest. Amotion
capture system tracks the real Or Ishiguro's mout h
movements which are then copied by the robot. His
voice is relayed through a speaker in t he robot .
Or Ishiguro believes that in future, humanoid robots
will stand in for people who cannot be present at an
event. Wemay have not only robot teachers, but
robot politicians and singers .
114 Grammar reference
Grammar reference
I'
, -ingform and to infinitive
-ingform
The -ing form is used directly after certai n verbs.
These include : admit, carry on, consider, delay, deny,
enjoy,jinish,give up, involve, keep(on),postpone,
practise, resist, stop,suggest.
St udents should cons ider doi ng a computer course.
The course invo lves learni ng about the manipulation of
digital images.
The -ing form is also used after prepositions.
She succeeded infin din g a post as a Research Engineer.
to infinitive
The to infinitive is used directly after certain verbs.
These include: agree, aim, attempt, begin, choose,
continue, decide, expect,jail, hope, intend, learn, manage,
mean, offer, prepare, promise, propose, want.
The planners agreed to ma ke the proposed changes.
The Drillers managed to dig a new well.
Not e that we can use the negative infinitive not to.
The company decided not to develop the new system.
Verbs followed by -ing form or to infinitive
There are several verbs that can be followed by either
the -inq form or the to infinitive , with very little change
in meaning.
These include: begin, continue, hate, intend, like, love,
prefer, start.
We continued practi sing our communication skills
throughout the course.
We cont inued to pra cti se our communication skills
t hroughout the course.
Note that we donot generally use two -ingforms together.
We are start ing to learn about database systems.
N OT We aresta t i!J.1 !@a lil1 about database systems.
2 Past Simple v Present Perfect
Past Simple
We use the Past Simple to talk about an action that
hap pened in the past. Weoften use time expressions
such as: last month,yesterday, 250years ago, in 1850.
Present Perfect Simple
We use the Present Perfect Simple to talkabout an action
t hat ha ppened in a per iod of time upto the present.
Sometimes, no specifictime is mentioned. This can
indicate that somet hing happened very recently, or
that the time period st retches from any point in the
past up to now.
The industry has anno unced its profits. (=recently)
The industry has been at the forefront of new
technology. (= any time up to now)
We can use time express ions such as: recent ly.this
week, sof ar,over the last twoyears.
Sofar this year the indust ry has not develope d any
new techniques.
Present Perfect Continuous
Positive
The land own er has been planti ng trees .
= subject +have I has +been +-inqform
Negative
We haven't been using the new equipment.
= subject + have I has + not (haven't/hasn 't been)
+-ingform
Questions
How have ma nufact urers been imp rovi ngt he design ?
= (question word +) have I has +subject +been
+-ing form
Like t he Present Perfect Simple, t he Present Perfect
Continuous is used to ta lk about an act ion that car ries
on upt oth e present. Someti mes, we can use eith er
tense without much difference in meaning,especially
when we refer t oa longer- term sit uation.
He has wo rked / has been working herefor 20years.
In oth er cases, the Present Perfect Continuous
emp has izes t he fact that the act ion has conti nued up to
the present and may not be finished.The Present Perfect
Simple is ofte n used to talk about quanti ty. Compare:
He's been plant ing new trees. (=he may or may not have
finished)
He' splanted 500 new trees. (=he has finished plantin g
th e t rees)
4
3 ThePassive
Most bridges ar e bu ilt of concrete t hese days.
When cracks began t o appear, the bridge was
stre ng thened.
A nu mber of construction methods have been used .
= subject +be (in correct te nse) +past participle
We use t he Passive to ta lk about processes and about
how t hings are ma de an d built.
Most t enses used in the Active can be used in t he Passive.
The exception is the Present Perfect Continuous.
NOT A new tunnel AS5 Beei<l Beii<l built.
We wou ld use either:
Present Continuous Pass ive
A new tunnel is bei ng built.
or
Present Perfect Passive
A new tunnel has been built.
Modals in the Passive
We can use will or modal verbs in t he Passive.
The t unnel must befi ni shed on schedule.
The bridge will not / won't befi nished on time.
=subject +will I modal verb (+not) +be+past participle
Modal verbs are commonly use d in the Passive in
official signs. Such notices in the workplace are often
connected with issues of healt h and safety, and te ll us
what we must and mustn't do.
Safety equipment must be carried at all times.
Any incidents should be reported to the site manager.
by
Passive forms are used t o avoid mention ing who
perfo rmed an action. This is eit her because t he age nt is
irrelevant to t he process described or is unk nown.
Sometimes, however, we may want to use a Passive
form and mention the agent. In this case, we int roduce
the agen t with by.
The cables are supported by twin towers.
Gramma r reference 115
4 Abilityandinability
There are severa l ways of t alking about abili ty,
possibilit y, and opportunity.
Ability I inability in the present
can / can't + infinitive
Bioplastics can help reduce the amount ofwaste we
produce.
We can 't recycle conventional plastic food wrapp ing.
We use can' can 'r t o express ability, poss ibility, and
opportunity. This st ructure can be use d in the Passive.
Conventional plastic wrapping can't be recycled.
is!am!areableto+infinitive
We use is I am , are able to to express ability or
opportunity. This st ructure is slightly more formal
than can! can't. We use is' am I areableto rather t han
can after a modal verb.
We should be able to reduce biowaste considerably
by 2020.
Ability I inability in the past
could' couldn't+ infinitive
could! couldn't are t he Past Simple forms of can' can't.
In the past, we couldn't mould plastic into complex
shapes.
was ' were able to +infinitive
was' were able toare the Past Simple forms of is' am!
are able to. In many cases, was' were able to are used in
exactly the same way as could' couldn't.
In the past, we weren 't able to mould plastic into
complex shapes.
However, when we want to talk about ability on an
isolated occasion, rather than general abili ty, we can
only use was' were able to.
After doing a Google search, he was able tofind the
exact information he needed.
Ability I inability in t he future
will' won't be able to+ infinitive
By using additives, we will be able to improve the
properties of the plastic .
However, note that it is very common t o use It will!
won't be possible to +infinitive instead.
116 Grammar reference
By using additives, i t will be possible to improve the
properties ofthe plastic.
This is especially the case in the Passive, to avoid the
awkward repeti tion of be.
lt will be possible to stop chemical degradation.
NOT Chemical degradation ill BeaBleta/se st&flfle61.
can I can't +infinitive
Wecan also use can / can't to talk about future ability
or opportunity. This is less formal than will / won 't be
able to.
We can talk to the Manager when he arrives.
Note that we can't use will can I will can't.
NOT ~ talk to the Manager ..
5 Past Continuous v Past Simple
Past Continuous
When / While I was studying at university, I became
interested in alternative energy.
We can reverse the order of the two clauses. Inthis
case, there is no comma.
I became interested in alternative energy when / whi le
I was studying at university.
When can also go before the Past Simple.
I was studying at university when I became interested in
alternative energy.
Note that when can introduce two Past Simple act ions
to describe an immediat e conseq uence of an action.
When the computer activated the yaw motor, the rotor
turned against the wind.
On the other han d, as is used to desc ribe two actions
tha t happen simul taneously.
As the generator was turning, the turbine broke down.
We use t he First Conditional to ta lkabo ut a possible
scenario or action and the probable resu lt.
6 First and Second Conditionals
First Conditio na l
'"If +subject +Present Simple I subject +will +infinitive
Note that in t he resu lt clause we can use a modal ver b,
e.g. may, might,can,could,shou/d instead of will.
Ifthe tests go well, the project m ight start ahead of
schedule.
Note the position of t he comma in the above example .
The if-clause normally comes first, but it can come after
the ma in clause. In t his case, there is no comma.
The project might start ahead ofschedu le if the tests
go well.
Use
main clause
I will ear n more.
For m
if-clause
If I finish th e course,
Wave energy was causing several problems.
'"subje ct + was I were +-in9 form
Questi ons
We use the Past Continuous to ta lk about an action in
progress in the past.
Negative
The generator wasn't running very smoothly.
'"subject +was I were not (wasn' t / weren 't )+-ing form
Positi ve
Past Simple
We use the Past Simple to talk about a completed
action, or a serie s of completed actions in the past.
The rotor turned against the wind and started
the turbine.
What equipment was the controller usi ng ?
'" (question word +) was I were +subject +-ing form
when I while I as
Second Conditional
The Past Continuous and Past Simple are ofte n used
together when one action comes in the midd le of a
longer one. We can use time expressions such as when,
while, or as before t he longe r action . Note t he position
of the comma.
Form
if-clause
If I wor ked as an
area cont roller,
ma in clause
Iwould earn more money.
:::If +subject +Past Simple I subject +would +infi nitive
Not e t ha t we can also use could or might in th e result
clause.
Ifl had a calculator, I might / could / wDuld work this
out more qUickly.
With the First Condi tional,the order of t he clauses can
be reversed.
I migh t / could / would work th is out more qUickly ifl
had a calculator.
Use
We use t he Second Condi tio nal to talk about an
imaginary situation and to spe culate on the result.
unless
We use unless as an alternative way of exp ressing a
condition. Unless replaces ifin th e if-clause , and is
always followe d by a positive verb. The resu lt clause
can either be positive or negative. Compare:
lfy ou can't take pressure,you won't be successful in
this job.
Unl ess you can take pressure,you won 't besuccessjul in
this job.
As with other conditional sen tences, we can rever se
t he order of t he clauses.
You won 't be successful in this job unless you can
take pressure.
7 Obligation and necessity
We use both have to and must to talk abo ut obligation,
but there are some differences.
have to
has I have to +infi nitive can be used in ot he r t enses,
but not in continuous tenses.
Past Simp le: had to
Present Perfect : have had to
Fut ure :will have to
I had / 've had to obtain planning permission before
building the extension.
NOT I B5/<1Q i l'iy ta obtain planning permission.
We use has / have to wh en we ta lk about something
that we can or cannot do because of the circu mstances,
or because of a legal require ment .
Grammar reference 117
I can't come tomorrow because I have to go to a meet ing
with the planni ng depa rtment. (:::circumstances)
All appliances have to beearthed. (.legal requi rernent )
The question for m is Do I Does +sub ject +have to +
infinitive.
Does the extension have to comply wit h building
regulations?
don't have to
We usedon't / doesn't have to + infini tive t o t alk about
something th at is not necessary.Ther e is no sense of
obligation.
Your home doesn 't hav e to have solar energy panels, bu t
it would save you a lot ofmoney on bills.
People won't have to worry about small rooms , as
interior space will be morejlexible.
must / mustn' t
We use must I mustn't + infinit ive to t al k about
obligation. It has a similar meaning to t he usage of
have to for a legal require ment.
All appliances must be earthed.
We can also use must I mustn r t o indicate personal
authority.
You mu st send me the plans by the end a/this week.
(. I am telling you to do th is)
You have to send me the plans by the end of the week.
(::: beca use of circumstances or a lega l requirement]
Mus t I mustn 't are only used in the Presen t Simple.
Their forms never cha nge.
The new extension mu st comply wit h building
regulations.
Fire exits mu st be accessible and mu stn't be blocked .
The ques tio n form is rar ely used. Instead,we use
have to.
Does the new extension have to comply with building
regulations?
Similar ly. if we wa nt t o t alk abo ut obligation in the
past or future. we use th e appropriate form of have to.
In some countries, any new buildings mu st be less than
three storeys . But by 2020 all bu ildi ngs will have to be
earthquake resistant.
I'
118 Grammar reference
8 Comparative and superlative
review
We use comparative and superlative adjectives to talk
about the differences between two or more things.
We use compa rative adjectives to make a comparison
between two things or situations.
Form Adjective Comparative Supe rlative
One-syllable Add- er Add th e +-est
adjectives fast fast er the fast est
One-syllable Add -r Add the+-st
adjectives wide wide r the wide st
endingin -e
Two-syllable Change -y change-y
adjectives to- ier to -test
endingin-y happy happ ier happ iest
Adjectives with mOle + th e +most +
two or adjective adjective
more syllables efficient more th e most
efficient efficient
Irregular good better the best
adjectives bad worse the worst
far farther! the
further farthest!
furt hest
Comparat ive adjectives
Use
When we compare two things or sit uations direct ly, we
use the comparative +than.
I find journeys by plane a lot more tiring thanjourneys
byship.
The opposite of more is less. Weuse less with adjectives
with two or more syllables.
Air travel is less expensive than i t used to be.
Tomake a comparison stronger, there are several
adverbs that we can use before the comparative.
The ones that emphasize large differences include:
much,jar,considerably,substantially,a lot,a good !
great deal. Those th at emphasize small differences
include: slightly, a litt le, rather , somewhat, and, more
infor mally, a bit.
Maglev trains move passengers at a much lower cost
compared to ships.
Passengers are somewhat less conce rned with train
decor than with speed.
Note that we can use really or absolutelyto make an
adjective stronger but we cannot use t hese before a
compa rative.
NOT Maglev trains move passengers at a
e95! . .
Wealso use adverb +comparative structure before a
noun, e.g.a lower cost ,a better way, more speed, lessfuel,
a muchhigherprofit,afar lessefficient system
Superlative adjectives
Use
We use superlative adjectives to make a compar ison
between more tha n two things.
The opposite of the most is the least. We use the least
with adjectives conta ining two or more syllables.
Ithink that the Maglev is the least st ressf ul way to t ravel.
Wealso use adverb +superlative structure before a
noun ,e.g. the fastest method, the mos t interest ing
journey, the worst aspect, the least expensive option.
9 Present tense review
Present Simple
Use
We use the Present Simple with :
facts and things that are generally true.
Production platforms stay in placefor as long as the
field is productive.
routines, espec iallywit h adverbs of frequency.
I come back to the rigevery few weeks.
verbs that describe thinking and feeling, e.g.jeel,
look,smell, sound, taste.
Crudeoilf eels sticky
Present Continuous
Use
We use t he Present Conti nuous to tal k about:
something that is happening at the time of
speak ing.
We' re havi ng afire drill.
Grammar reference 119
somet hing t hat is happening around now, although
not necessarily at the time of speaki ng. We
generally do not expect the action to continue for a
long ti me.
I'm supervising a newDrillerthis week.
Not e t hat with a continuous t en se, such as the Present
Conti nuous, we do not gene rally use non -action verbs
such as: be, believe, cost,jeel,jorget, hate, have, hear, know,
like, mean, remember, smell.taste, understand, want.
NOT ~ R8t k l"l8 i1i thesefigures.
There are exce ptions to t his when t hese verbs are use d
in an active sense. For example:
Ithink this is the best option. (=this is my opinion)
I am think ing about the possibilities. (=I am active ly
using my mind)
10Reported speech
Reported statements
In general, however, the or igina l verb changes as
follows:
Direct speech Repo rte d spee ch
Present Simple Past Simple
Present Continuous Past Continuo us
Past Simple Past Perfect
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Moda ls. will would
can could
may might
must hadto
Pronouns:
Direct speech: Ms Symons:'Designing engineering
systems gives me great satisfaction:
Reported speech: Ms Symons saidthat designing
engineeringsystems gave hergreat
satisfaction.
'Theresulting sludgewasdisposed of yesterday.'
Shesaidthe resultingsludgehad beendisposedof the
previous day.
When we report a sta tement, we commonly use t he
Past Simple ofthe reporting verbs say and tell.
Mr Bransaid (that) we wouldhave to change thefil ters.
Not e t hat th e pronoun that is not essentiaL
Toldmust always be followed by an object (me / us / the
shareholders,etc.).
Mr Brantoid us (that) wewouldhave to changethefilters.
We can also use ot her reporting ver bs such as :admit,
announce, confirm,explain, recommend, suggest,warn.
Thedirectorannounced that our design team had won
an award.
Time expressions:
Dir ect speech
today
yesterday
t his week / month / year
(the) next wee k I month
/ year
Report ed speech
that day
the previous day
t hat week / mont h /year
the following week /
month / year
Reported questions
Yes/ Noque stio ns
If a qu est ion does not begin wi t h a qu est ion word
such as What?or How?,we beg in t he repo rted question
with if
'Howdoyou disposeof the waste
patntrtne inspectorasked us.
The inspectoraskedus howwe
disposedof the wastepaint.
Reporte d speech:
When we repo rt qu est ion s, we use t he ver b ask +object
instead of say or tell. In a repor ted que stion, t he word
orde r is t he same as in a positive sentence.
Wh- qu est ion s
Direct speec h:
Not e t hat in t his case, we coul d keep t he Present Simple
form spraysin re ported speec h, if we want t o
emphasize a current routine.
Direct and reported speech
When we cha nge dire ct speech into repo rted speech,
t here are severa l changes that need to be ma de.
The t ense of the orig ina l ver b:
Direct speech: 'I generallyspraythe paint ina
ventilated closedroom; said
the engineer.
Reported speec h: Theengineersaid(that) he generally
sprayedthe paint in a ventilated
closed room.
I
I'
120 Grammar reference
Direct speech: The Inspector :'Doyou add chlorine to
the water?'
Reported speech : The Inspector asked if we added
chlorine to the water.
Reported orders and instructions
When reporting an order or instruction, we can use the
past te nse of the reporting verbs tell / ask +object +
(not )to +infinitive :
Direct speech: 'Check the water pressure in the
pipes:
Reported speech, He told / asked Keith to check the
waterpressure in the pipes .
Direct speech: 'Don't fo rget to check the wat er levels,
John.'
Reported speech : He told I asked John not toforge t to
check the water levels.
11 Causing, preventing, and
enabling links: cause to, make,
prevent, stop, allowto, enable
to, let
There are several ways to descr ibe the relationship
between actions.
Causing
cause +object + to+ infiniti ve
make +object + infinitive
Vibration or pressure can cause a mine to explode.
Vibration or pressure can make a mi ne explode.
Preventing
p revent + object +from +*ing form
stop + object +-inq form
The hard ground often prevents th e robotfrom
unco verin g mines.
The hard grou nd often stops the robot uncovering mines.
Enabling
allow / enable +object +to + infinitive
let +object +infinitive
Digital cameras allow I enable the robot to naviga te
by /tseif.
Digital cameras let the robot navigate by itself
Sentence structure
There are twoways we can struct ur e these ideas.
Relative clause, using which + verb of causing I
preventin g / enabli ng
Batt eries run down qui te quickly, which causes the robot
to stop moving.
The Mars Rover isfitted wit h digit al came ras, which
preve nts it fro m colliding with obstacles.
The robot is equipped with sensors that me asure
pressure, which enables it to handle delicate items.
Not e that the verb followi ng which is in the third
person singular, as it refers tothe preceding act ion
rat her tha n to a singular or plural noun.
Omitting which and using the ing form of t he verb
tha t follows it. Compare:
The robot has six legs, wh ich enab les it to walk delicat ely
through minefields.
The robot has six legs, enabling it to walk delicate ly
through minefields.
12Question review
There are two main types of quest ion:th ose which
require a yes / no answe r,and wh-questions, which ask
for specific informat ion.
Yes / No questions
These begin wit h an auxiliary verb, such as Do,Am / Is I
Are,Have I Has, Can, Could, Will, Must, Was I Were,
Did, etc.
auxiliary + subject + main verb
Can solid wood be usedfor carcasses?
Will marble worktops be more expensive t han gran ite?
Was melamine coated chipboard used?
Wh-questions
These begin with question words such as: Wha t, Who,
When, Where, Why, Which ,and How.We can use Howin
other combinations such as: How much, How many,
How long, Howfar,How safe, etc.
The question words What, Which, How much,How
manycan be followed by a noun .
Question word I question word and object +auxi liary +
subj ect +main verb
What does a CNCcutter do?
How many eco-kettles has the company made sofar?
In th e two sentences above, the ques tion wor d is t he
object of t he main verb. Note t hat What, Who, Which ,
How much, How many can also be the subject of a
question. In this case,t he word order is the same as in a
posit ivesentence.
Question word I question word and subject +verb
Wha t types ofdoor areavailable?
How much experience has he got in designing kitchens?
Who invented the microwave oven?
Requests
Wemake requests by using a polite question form. For
requesting information, these include :
Couldyou tell me ... ?
I'dlike to know ..
. Note that these are followed by,
Question word + posit ive word order , for who
questions:
Could y ou t ell me how the router works?
If /Whether +positive word order ,for yes I no
questions:
Couldyou tell me ifI whet her solid wood can be usedfor
carcasses?
NOT GeH/d) eNtell i<I'l:eJ:ie sees t l'l:e reNte r ~
GeHldjeN tell i<I'l:e eaRseliri eed he Nsed}e rselid
~
Other structures used to make request s are :
I'd likeyou to +infinitive
I wonder ifyou could +infinitive
Wou ldyou mind +-ing form
I'd like you to send me a catalogue, please. (no question
mark needed)
I wo nder ifyou could help me?
Would you mind gi ving me a demonstration?
Gene rally,we replyt o requests by saying Certainlyor
(Yes)of course. However, it is common to res pond to a
request beginning Would you mind wit h No, of course
not.
Note that the st ruct ure Iwonder ifyou could help me?
precedes a more specificrequest ,especially one that may
be quite complicated.Alternatively,Iwonder ifyou could
+infinit ive can be used as a request on its own.
I wonder ifyou could help me? I'm interested infi nding
out more about yo ur kitch en design service?
I wo nde r ify ou could send me a catalogue, please?
Grammar reference 121
13Prepositions review
There are ma ny prepositions that we can use t otalk
about time, place,and moveme nt. Some prepositions
can belong to more than one category.
Prepositions of place and movement
Many prepos itions of place can also describe
movement, depending on the verb used. For example:
Place: The multi-purpose gun is under a
special cover.
Moveme nt The multi-purpose gun is pl aced
under a special cover when not in use.
Other examples are:above, across, opposite,over.
The common prepositions in and on gene rally express
positio n. To express movement , we use into and onto.
The army moved into t he town.
The preposit ion at is only used to express posi tion,
while toexpresses movement.
In,at,and on have the following usages :
in enclosed spaces , e.g. rooms , buildings, vehicles,
equ ipment
There'safaul t in the drive.
in expressions such as infron t of
The microph one is in fron t ofthe robot so that it
can pick up sounds immediately.
on surfaces
The amphibious personnel carrier is adapte dfor
movement on land and on water.
in expressions such as on the left / right (of),
on (the) top I back /side /front (of)
The camera is positioned on top oft he mast, not
halfway down it.
at gene ral locat ion whe n it is not importa nt exactly
where somet hing is
at the airport
at the centre (of)
in expres sions such as at the end / side / back /
top (of) - these give a much less specific
indication of position than expressio ns such as
on the side of
There is an additional piece ofequipment at th e
side ofthe robot. (= but not necessarilyattached
to t he robot)
I'
122 Grammar reference
There are many oth er prepositions of place and
movement. Weuse next to I beside and close to I near to
tot alk about how close things or people are. However,
next to I beside mean th at one thing or person is at the
sideof anoth er, while near I close to tell us only that
one thingor person is not far away from another.
A Isthefoldingboomnext to/ besidethe mast?
BNo, but it isvery near / close to it.
(not )farfrom is another expression used t ota lk about
general proximity.
between means to have someone or something on each
side.
Unmanned scout vehicles will patrol betweenfrontline
soldiers and t he enemy.
opposite means that one th ing or person is facing
anothe r.
The caterpillar tracks are on oppo site sides ofthe robot.
Prepositions of t ime
The prepositio ns in,at ,and on are also used to talk
about time.
in parts of days , months,seasons, years : in the
morning, in March , in 2007
to say how soon something is going to happen:
The test will start in two hours .
at times ofthe day, mealtimes:at 8 a.m., at
breakf ast, at night,at Easter
on days of the week ,special days , dates : on Sunday,
on my birthday,on 4 May
Other prepositions of t ime include :
for to talk about how long something will last :It will
lostfor twodays.
until mea ning up to a specific point or before a
particular action takes place: until 17.00, until the
machine is proved in act ion
Other prepositions
There are many prepositio ns that are not used to
describe place, movement, or time . Common examples
include: with , without,by, as,about, oj. and for .
These are often used after certai n verbs, adject ives,or
nouns.
an adva ntage over, consists oj. depends on, equipped
withJilled with. knownas.
14Complex sentences
There are several struc t ures we can use in order to link
ideas within a sentenc e.
when,as, until
We use these ti me expressions to show clearlythe
order in which different events happened. The part of
the sente nce that begins with the time expression is
called the time clause.
wh en
We use when to refer to act ions t hat happen at almost
the same time. One action is an imm ediate
consequence of anot her. Not e that whe n the time
clause comes first, it mu st be followed by a comma.
When the voltage rises, the relay is activated.
Wecan change the two part s of the sentence around,
but when mus t always come before t he first action in
th e sequenc e of events.
The relay is activated when the voltage rises.
When the time clause comes later in the sentence , we
do not use a comma to separate t he two clauses.
as
We use as to talk about two actions th at happen at the
same time . The position of the time clause can cha nge,
in the same way as for when.
As the tem peraturefalls, the resistance ofRl rises.
The resistance of Rl rises as the temperat urefa lls.
until
We use the preposition of time until to mean ' up to a
certai n point'.
The relay doesn't operate un ti l t he trigge r temperatu re
is reached.
if-clause
Wecan also use an if-clause to link cause and effect.
The if-clause normally comes first, but it can come after
the main clause. In which case, th ere is no comma.
The transistor will overheat ifexcess current is passed .
Relative clauses
In relative clauses, we use t he relative pronouns who
when the subject is a person, or which when the subject
is an object.
at
We can use a relative clause in t wo ways:
to make a definitio n (defini ng relative clause)
This is the batt ery which provides a high current.
(=there are other batteries, but t his one provides a
high current)
He is the person at Bell Laborat ories who pioneered the
new technique. (=t he re were severa l people at Bell
Laboratories , but he pionee red t he new tec hnique)
to add information (non-defining relative clause)
This isa new type ofbattery. which can provide a higher
current than standard ones.
That isMr Hodgson, who pioneered the new technique.
Note t hat in th is type of relative clause we use a
comma before who or which .
-ingform
When we talk abou t a process that causes , prevents , or
permits anot her act ion, we can use t he in9 form to
replace which and t he ver b that follows it . Compar e:
This completes a circuit, which ge nerates a series of
pulses . (non-defini ng relative clause)
This completes a circuit, generatin g a series ofpulses .
15 Future review
There are several way s to talk abou t fut ure events or
sit uations.
will / won't + infiniti ve
We use will to talk about what we know or think we
know about t he futu re, including mak ing
predict ions. Wedo not use will I won 't to t alk about
intentions.
The course won't last longer than aboutfour mon ths.
When we are uncertain about t he likely outcome of a
sit uation, it is common to use will in comb ination with
verbs such as think, know, or expect.
I think / know/ expect (that) the tratninq will bedifficult.
Note t hat we do not ten d to use the positive form of
think wit h won 't. Instead, we use don't Idoesn't think +
positive verb.
I don't think the course will be very interesting.
NOT It/ii Aktl::ieE8ti se 8A't1ge e)
Grammar reference 123
We can also use adverbs such as definitely or probably
to sou nd mor e or less certain about t he fut ur e.
It'll probably take two hours tofix .
I'll defin it ely get ther e before five o'clock.
Anot her use of will I won't is when we decide to do
something at t hat particular moment, e.g. in order to
promise or offer to do some th ing, and to make
requests.
A I've got togo out in afew mi nutes so [can 't meet the
supplier .
B OK,I' II meet him.
going to + infinitive
We use going to +infinitive wi thout to when we ta lk
about our intentions. We have already decided what
to do.
I'm going to meet the supplier.
She's going to apply for a new job.
We also use going to to make predictions abo ut t he
future based on present evidence.
Look at those big grey clouds. It's going to rain.
Present Continuous
We use t he Present Continuous to ta lk about a pre-
arranged event, but not one t hat is part of a regular
progra mme or timeta ble.
I'm moving to a new depa rtment.
It is very common to use a time expression wit h the
Present Cont inuo us when talking about t he future so
that it is not confused with some t hing t hat is
happenin g now. Compare:
Present : He's at tendi ng the conference.
Future: He's attending the conf erence on
Thursday.
124 listening scripts
Listening scripts
Unit 2
Unit1
development
maintenance
specialist
qualification
medicine
environment I'
It's my job
When I left school. I started work for a
plastics company, one of the biggest in the
country. We make everything from small
components for medical equipment to large
water pipes - the blue ones which are
replacing metal pipes everywhere.
My apprenticeship lasts for three years. I'm
in my fina l year now. It's a good mix of work ,
which I get paid for, of course, en -the -job
t rain ing, and study at the local college.
I've learned a lot of practical skills from the
on-the-job training. It's supe rvised by skilled
workers . There's quite a lot of paperwork as I
have to complete forms to show I've reached
the right standard.
I had day release to attend college one day a
week in the first two years of my
ap prenticeship and I've got two days a week
in my last year. I've learned things like
working in teams, problem-solving,
communication skills, and using new
technologies at work, as well as engineering
sub jects. This year I'm completing an HNC,a
Higher National Certificate, in Engineering.
I like learning while working, but it's quite
hard work .There's a lot of studying to do - at
home in the evenings and at weekends too.
I'm doing about ten hours a week right now.
It' s quite hard when your friends are out
having a good time.
Once I'm fully quali fied and have a bit more
experience, I hope to get promoted to team
leader. That means I'll be in charge of a team
of six- more responsibility and better pay.
Pronunciation - Unstressed
syllables
transmission
performance
propeller
electr icity
installa tion
regulation
Listening- Precision agriculture
B=Barr y, S=Stude nt
B Asyou know, when farme rs grow crops ,
they use mac hines for ploughing and
harvesti ng as well as chemicals, such as
fertilizers and weed killers .Traditionally
farmers have spra yed chemic als
un ifor mly across the field so the same
amount of fert ilizer or pestici de is sprayed
in each part of the field whether it was
needed or not. But, of course , not all fields
are the same . One end of a field may have
lots of weeds, but the other end may have
none at all. Or one area could need more
fertilizer than ano ther. So,spr aying the
field uniformlyis really a waste of
resources .
But by including ITin modern farm
machinery we have been able to make
farming far more efficient. Farme rs can
gather precise information about thei r
fields and t he computer can control the
farm ing equipment allowing t he correct
amount of chemical to be applied. This is
an example of precision agriculture.
S How does the farme r get the info rmation?
B Well,there are two ways of gathering
information about a field. One way is to
use satellites or planes. These can the n
produce soil maps. Using these maps, the
farmer can see on the computer what
needs to be done. This method is qu ite
cheap and very reliable but the drawback
is that it's not very exact - it can be
difficult to distinguish closely-related
features in these maps. The other way of
collecting information is using sensors
mounted on a tractor. Asthe farmer drives
across his field, information is fed into his
onboard computer and this cont rols the
amount of chemicals being applied.
Because the tractor-mounted sensors are
closer to the ground than the satellite
technology, they can provi de more
detailed information. But this system
costs more because the ITequipment has
to be very responsive and make very fine
adjustments quickly.
On the farms which now use this
technology, there have been fantastic
savings.With this precision equipment ,
farmers are able to use 50%less he rbicides
and fertilizers than before an d, of course,
that's a big saving and better for the
environment.
Make your point - Beginning a
presentation
Giving a presentation can make me very
nervous, but I find that if I'm well prepa red.I
feel more confident . The re are four th ings I
ask myself before I even start. First of all, who
am! going to talk to and what do t hey
already know? Secondly, whe re am I
speaking? What facilities are t he re? I have to
consider t he equipment, for example if!
want to use Power Point, is there a screen?
Thirdly, wha t is the purpose of my
presentation? DoI want to inform, impress,
or persuade t he audience, or do I wa nt t o sell
a product? And finally, how much time will!
have?
The answers to these four ques tions have an
important effect on what I include in my
presen tation and how I make it. I usuall y put
ideas down on a piece of pape r and t he n try
to group these ideas under headings. Then I
make some short notes on small cards that I
can hold comfortably in my hand and use
during my presentation. I like to use
PowerPoint for my present ati ons, so I sta rt
preparing slides. I collect all the pictur es,
diag rams, photos that! want to use and put
them in the correct order. Once! feel t hat I've
got things well organize d, I prepare the
introduction.
Even if my audience know me, I sti ll
introduce myself and explain my posttton.t
begin by saying, 'Most of you know who I
am. I'm Lee Avatar and I'm responsible for
training and communications'. Then I
expla in what I'm goi ng to talk about, and in
what order. I mention that I'll be using
Power Point. I usu ally invite peop le to
interrupt me if they have any ques tions
dur ing my ta lk, but sometimes I ask the
audience to keep questions rnthe end . I give
an outline of the main points in my first
slide, and I find it's a good idea to tell t he
audience what han douts I am goi ng t o give
them so that the y can concentrate on what
I'm saying instead of writing notes.
Unit 3
Listening - The Great Belt
East Bridge
The Great Belt East Bridge is part of a link
between Denmar k an d Swede n. The first
desig n was made in 1965. It consis ted of a
box girder bridge with two centra l spans,
each 400m in length. These were su ppor ted
by piers. The idea was that ships sailing in
one direct ion wou ld pass under one span,
and those saili ng in the othe r direction
would use the other span.
Because ships beca me larger and larger, this
design was abandoned and a new design
made in 1973. This had a much wider centra l
span of780m. This is greater t ha n the limit
for box girde r bridges - aroun d 500m. At t his
point even the stro ngest st eel bends und er
its own weight. Soa cable st ay bridge was
proposed. With cable stay bridges, the decks
are built out from each pier until they meet
in the midd le. The longer the bridge, the
more difficult it is to control the movement
of t he ends whe n it is Windy - 1,OOOm is
about the limit for such bridges.
Construction was further delayed and in the
meantime ships grewlarger than ever.
Experiments showed that large ships could
not safely pass each other under the bridge -
even with the wider span.The risk of
collision wa s too great. The only alte rnative
wa s a suspension bridge . Anew design was
made in 1993 for a suspension bridge with a
1.600mspa n - at tha t ti me the longest bridge
in the world.Tosupport such a span, two
huge towers,ea ch 2S4mhigh, were built . The
bridge deck is quite slender - only four
metr es deep.Toprevent twisting in the
wind, t he deck wa s speciall y shaped.The
suspension bridge wa s finally completed in
1998.
Unit4
Listening - The history and
properties of plastics
A" Antonia, F" Fatima
A I t hink that this assignment on t he hist ory
and properties of plastics sho uld be quite
inter esti ng.
F Yeah, I'm looking at t he Brit ish Plast ics
Feder ation webstte.tha t' s www.bpf.co.uk,
it's got some good st uff about th e hi story
of plast ics. Youknow plastics can be used
to produce almost anyt hing nowaday s.
A Yes.Just look at your tooth brush , these
files, t he table lam p,the stree t lights
outside, even the white lines on t he road;
they're all made of plastic.
F It says he re that the first plastic was made
of cellulose in t he mid-eighteen hundreds
and was used to make billiard balls! That
was a great st ep forward in the world of
science. Appar ently, people were worried
tha t there weren't enough ele phants to
provide ivory for making billiard balls so
they had to find a subst it ut e. The first balls
were made of coated celluloid .
A Celluloid is the plastic made from
cellulose.Isn't iH
F Yes, and cellulose comes from plants.The
problem wa s that t his can be explosive .
The inventor liked to tell sto ries of the
ea rly ball s exploding when t hey we re hit
ha rd! Imagine that!
A I found a book in the college library called
Plastics,and it says that another problem
with the early plastics such as celluloid
was that you couldn 't make things to a
high standard of quali ty.Apparentl y, it
wasn't until they started using petro leum
and natural gas in the mid-nineteen
hundreds that plast ics product ion was
really able to take off!
F Yes,it says here that us ing petroleum and
natural gas led to the development of so
man y different plastics : polyethylene,
nylon, polyester, and they've all got
different properties so you can always
find one that's suitable for your product.
A Exactly!They're really versatile.Today, the
plastics indus try is mainly based on oil so
we can produce hou sehold and industrial
items cheaply. But we are running out of
oil, what are we going to do then?
F Recycle! On this websrte.
www.chemsoc.org there are loads of facts
abou t plastics.Today, manufacturers have
the technology to produce things such as
rubbish bins , plastic sacks, and even
clothes from recycled plastic and I'm sure
we 'll be able to extend this range of goods
soon . I'm sure we'll berecycling large
quantities of plastic in the futu re. But
we'll have to find goodsyste ms for
collecting plastic for recycling.That's not
very effective at the moment .
A We'll also have t o find alternative raw
mat erials for produci ng new plas tic.The re
are alread y new t echnologies available
wh ich allow us to use other raw materials.
F Yea h,look!I've just foun d in
www.worldcentric.org that companies
ar e now able to make btcpl ast lcs from t he
st arch in wheat, and even orang es! Some
manufactur er s arealrea dy producing
t hi ngs like food wrapp ing from these
bioplasttcs.
A I think they are still expens ive to produc e,
so more resea rch will have to be done to
allow us to produce these plast ics more
cheaply. But I'm sure that these will be
important for the future for plastics.
Make your point - Describing a
pie chart
I'dlike to show you a pie chart which
represents the use of plastics by sector . If we
take a look, we can see that the largest sector
which uses plastic is the packaging industry.
Youwill notice that over a thi rd of all plastics
are used here .
Asyou can see, the building and
construction sector is the second biggest ,
using 23 per cent. Youwill notice that
together with packaging. more tha n half of
all plasti cs consumption is in these two
secto rs. Take a look at the elect rical and
elect ronics industry. which consumes eight
per cent , and you will see that the same
figure applies to the furni ture and
houseware sector , as well as the tr ansport
sector. Agriculture accounts for sligh tly less
plast ics cons umption, seve n per cent.
listening scripts 125
At the opposite end of the scale from
packaging. you can see tha t the smallest
sector is the foot wear secto r, usi ng only one
per cent. Both the medical an d mechanical
engineering secto rs use slightly mo re plas tic
than footwear - two per cent. while the toys
and sports secto r accounts for one per rent
more than this .
Pronunciation - Disappearing
sounds and word linking
1
1 This is a t hermoset plastic .
This is a thermoset application.
2 It's used in household items .
It's used in household product s.
3 One process is blow moulding .
It's used to make hollow items.
4 It meets safety standards.
They must use safety equi pme nt .
5 lt's a softer matenal.
It's a softer option .
2
a ti ght stabilize rs preve nt light dama ge.
b Plasticizer s ar e use d t o make pla sti cs
soft er.
c Even the street lights are made of plast ic.
d Plastics production wa s really able to ta ke
off.
e Polyester fibres are used a great deal in
clothing.
UnitS
Listening - Wave Energy
Innovator
I '"Interviewer, R'"Richard Yemm
I Richard is Managing Directo r of OCean
Power Delivery Ltd. His company makes
wave ene rgy converters.They supplied
converters for the world 's first commercial
wave farm five kilomet res off the coast of
northern Portugal. When complete, it will
generate 22.5megawatts from wave
power .
Richard. how did you get into wave
energy?
R I discovered wave energy when I was
doing my PhDat Edinbu rgh u ntversity. I
was working next doo r to Stephen Salter,
the grandfather of wave ene rgy, and I saw
that people were doing something really
important. So then I started going on
about wave energy and a few years later,
when a project came up,a few people said
to me ,'All righ t, th en, put your money
wher e you r mout h is.'
126 Listening scripts
At the end of the day, there's no point just
making clever things.They have to have
an application in the modem world . I'm
environmentally awa re, I recycle my
rubbish and all that. but goodwill alone
doesn't get it done. Our object is to earn
revenue for peopl e and in so doing. come
up with an energy that reduces carbon
emissions. It's only going to be achieved if
we make it commercially viable .
1 What about the name, where did that
comefroml
R We we ren't going to give the project a
name.We we re sick of all the silly
biological names that people kept using
for wave converters, such as Duck and
Frog. Wewere just going to call it the
OPD7S0. But then a journalist threatened
to call it the Whiplash, so we did a quick
Google search on sea snak es, because that
is what it looks like, and found Pelamts. a
sea snake that swims only on the surface.
And we liked that.
Unit6
Make your point - Making
telephone calls
RR Recepti oni st , B.. Fran cis Ball
R Gute n Tagl Abat GmbH.
B Hello My name is Francis Ball.I'd like to
speak to Mr Braun, please.
R I'm afraid Mr Braun isn 't available at the
moment. Can I take a message?
B Could you ask him to send the range in
nau tical miles for the MD-I1F?That's the
McDonnell Douglas freighter plane . I have
the range for the MD-B, the passenger
plane- that's six thousand,eight hundred
and forty . Could you ask him to call me
later today ?J'lI be out till four.
R What's your number, please?
8 I'm in the USAso it's 001 (double oh one )
2466390001 .
R That's fine .Thanks for calling .
M R Micha el Sraun
8 Hello.
M Hello, Michael Braun here .
B Hello, Michael.Thanks for getting back to
me.
M I'm sorry to call you on your mobile but
t here was a problem with the phone
number you left . What range do you have?
S The MD-11- the passenger plane range .
M The passenger plane . Oh. I see. What is it?
S Six t housan d,eight hu ndred and forty.
M Did you say six thousand, eight hundred
and forty? So,you need the freighter plane
range.
B That's right.
M I think the freighter plane is about half
that. but I'll get back to you.
S Thanks. But,l won't be in the office for the
next three days . Could you give the range
to my colleague, Ivor Teslenko?
M Could you spell that for me , please?
B That's IVOR: TESLENKO.
M TESLENKQ?
B That's right. His number is t he same as
mine but with 0053 at the end . Soit's,
0012466390053.
M Sorry, I didn 't catch that.
S It' s 001246 639 0053.
M So,0012 46 639 0053. OK, I've got that.
S I'll speak to you next week . Thanks for
calling .
Unit 7
Listening- Earth homes
I R Interviewer , P c Peter Carpent er
I What is an earth home?
P An eart h home is any house which is built
in part unde rground.Often earth hous es
are bu ilt into a hillside with earth on three
sides and on the roof, in t he northern
hem isphe re, we usually build them with
the fourt h side facing sout h to obta in the
ma xi mum light and heat.
I What are the advantages?
P Forget any idea t hat eart h houses are cold,
dar k, and da mp. That 's a cellar,not an
ea rth house. Earth homes are well -
insulated. they're wa rm in winter and
cool in summer.They're durable too.
They're less exposed to the elements and
can last for hundreds of years . Another big
plus is that they make much less impact
on the environment. They're less visible
than ordinary homes so the landscape
isn 't spoilt and ene rgy costs are very low.
They're very low-maintenance. Youdon' t
have to paint them. Youdon't have to
worry about roof repairs.
I What are the technical issues in building
them?
P First of all, you can't build an earth house
just anywhere. Youmust have planning
permission, even though it's underground.
The commonest construction method is to
excavate a hillside and build a structure
into the hill. The roof has to be strong
enough to hear the weight of soil on top
and the walls must support the roof and
resist the pressure of earth around the
buil ding so concrete, bricks, and maso nry
are often used . Waterp roofing is
import ant. Youhave to pre vent mois ture
seeping into the st ructu re from the walls
and roof and through the floor . lighting
and ventilation are also important. You
can include roof panels to introduce
natural light to all part s of the building
and to permit ventilation.
Earth houses are usually very well
insulated. The soil rover reduces any
seasonal variation in temperature and in
construction the whole building is lined
with insulating materials so there's very
little heat loss in winter. In summer,
there's considerable heat gain through the
south-facing windows.
UnitS
Pronunciation - Showing
enthusiasm
1 The story of the Airbus A380 is rea lly
fascinating.
2 Whe n you stand near it, you rea lize it' s
absolut ely eno rmous.
It's myjob
I ", Interviewer , M'"Matt Haydon
I What' s your job?
M I'm a Marine Engineer. Currently, I'm
Second Engineer working on a passenger
cruise ship .
I What are you respon sible for in your job?
MWell, I'm in charge of ever yth ing on the
shi p which is mechanical. elect rical, or
structural.The Engineer's job is to keep
everything working. That can be toilets,
computers, doors , a crankshaft, whatever!
If there's a problem wi th a piece of
equipment, we have to decide if it has to
be fixed or if we can manage without it for
a while . We repair it, if possible. but
sometimes we have to call in specialists.
I So,what sort of training did you have to
become a Marine Engineer?
MWell I trained as a Ma rine Engineer
Apprentice. I worked for a shipping
company who sent me to college for four
months a year.Once I had passed all the
exams, I got my licence , which is issued by
the government. Training is diffe rent now.
Most Engineers have a degree in
Engineering, usually Mechanical
engineering. But they still ha ve to get a
licence to workon boa rd ship .
I What's the most challenging part of the
job?
M I suppose it's being with other peop le all
the t ime . Youhave to learn to t rust and
respect others.
I Are there any risks?
MThere certainly are! The sea is an
unpredictable place to be.The ship is
constantly moving and large machines
have large parts that are moving fast.
There's fuel that couldeasily ignite ,
chemicals that are dangerous, and also
electromagnetic rays.
I Howmuchtimed oy ou get off?
M Well,officers no rma llyget one day off for
each day worked. At the moment "m on
fourteen weeks, and I'm getting fourteen
weeks off after that. It sounds a lot, but
don't forget , when you're at work,you're
away from your home and family.
I What hours do you work on the ship?
M Well, there are always two officers in
charge of operations on the ship .One is
called the Navigation Officer of the Watch
- the NOW. He works on the bridge .Then.
there's the n i n ~ r i n Officer of the
Watch - the EOW. That's me. I work in the
control room monitoring the engines and
ship's systems - fuel. temperature, water
pressure, and so on. Ido an eight -hour
shift and then another three to four hours
carrying out routine maintenance,
I Would you recommend this job to others?
M Of course, but you have to be tough. You
have to be fit. There are lots of stairs to be
climbed and small spaces to crawl tntol
There are lot s of unknowns and upsets but
you gain satisfaction and pride from
working in a very challenging
environment. But. it's still a man's job,
there are very few women!
Make your point - Persuasion
J It 10Illich , M= Man in th e audi ence
J These traffic figure s were collected two
months ago on the main roads entering
the city, As you can see. traffic congestion
has increased considerably. It is my
opinion that a six-lane motorway around
the city would be an appropriate way to
solve t he problem. I'd like you to take a
look at th is map where I have outlined the
proposed route. The mai n reaso n for
choosing a moto rway bypass is that most
of t he tra ffic,in fact, passes through our
city en-route for Largetown 25km tothe
south-east. We estimate that a motorway
would reduce the traffic in the city centre
by as much as 57%,
M How did you arrive at that figure?
1 This was calculated from the traffi c
statistics and a comput er model . I have
details of the calculations to show you. I
have also prepared a detailed costing of
the project which I'dlike to give you now.
Could you pass these round, please? Thank
you.
Unit 9
It's myjob
I =Int erviewer, M=Micha el Lennon
I How did you get started in the oil
industry?
M I left school at 16 and took a course in car
main tenance at the local technical college.
I finished the course , but being a moto r
mechanic wasn 't the right career for me. I
wanted something more adventurous so I
got a job as a Roustabout on a North Sea rig.
I What' s a Roustabout?
M It's about the lowest job you can get. A
Roustabout is a labourer. Youget jobs like
painting and unloading supplies from the
supply ships. Still the money was good
and the food was good too - hotel
standard. Food's important when you're
living on a rig in the middle of the sea in
all kinds of weather for fourteen days at a
time Without a break.
After a year I was promoted to Roughneck.
I What does a Roughneck do?
MThat's a skilled job. Youneed physical
strength but you also need to know
exactly what to do at any time . Often
you' re working with heavy drill pipes-
adding pipes when you're drilling or
removi ng pipes when you're breaking out
the string .
I Breaking out?
M Removing the string of pipe s from the
borehole .You're part of a team and you
need to know exactly what you're doing at
any time to get the job done quickly and
safely Safety's an important issueon the
rigs. Before I could start on the rig. I had to
take a course on Off-shore safety and
survival at Montrose College.They teach
you all sorts of things, including how to
escape from a helicopter just in case you
come down in the sea
Idi d quite well as a Roughneck and after a
couple of years I was selected to do a
diploma in Off-shore drilling at a drilling
school in Aberdeen. There were people
the re from all round the wor ld - Nigeria,
Oman, Viet nam. It was a good course.
They had a rig floor simulator so you got
practice in dealing with situations such as
blowouts.
I These can be dangerous.
M Yes, that's when you hit oil under high
pressure and it's forced up through the
bore hole. And fishing - recovering from
the borehcle drill bits and tools which
have become separated from the pipe.
I What did you do after the course!
M When I finished the course, I was qualified
Listening script s 127
as an Assistant Driller. I worked on a North
Sea rig for three years more t hen I moved
to a warmer part of the world, the Gulf of
Mexico, as a Driller with Texaro.I'm still
working there but I'm married now with a
family. Ilikethe work but I'm hoping to
get a shore -based job as a Drilling
Superintendent.
Pronunciation - be with the
Present Continuous
I
1 I'm looking for my goggles .
2 You're standing too close,
3 He's not wearing a helmet.
4 we're having aftre drtll .
5 They're learning first aid.
,
1 We're studying to be Petroleum Engineers .
2 She's taking a safety course .
3 I'm working for a Dutch company at the
moment.
4 They' re planning to shut down the well.
5 You're not fcllowmg the instructions
prope rly.
6 Who's looking after this sttet
Unit 10
Vocabulary- Reporting verbs
A What's happening at the water plant?
Have you had time to look at the
problem!
B Yes.fwent up to the reservoir earlier
today and there seemed to be a problem
with the pipe from there to the
microstrainer.
A Was it blocked]
B It was partially blocked.
A Why had that happened!
B I think it must have been due to the heavy
rain on Monday which washed a lot of
debris into the reservoir.
A It'll have to be cleared quickly.
B I know,We're working on it at t he moment.
A Once you've done that, you need to finish
the report on the proposal.
B I'm sorry.ljust haven't had time. I'll get it
finished this afternoon and let you have it
tomorrow.
Pronunciation - Showing
disbelief
I A How much water will it save?
B Calumsaiditwouldsave30%.
C How much water will it save?
D Calum said it would save 30%.
I'
128 listeni ng scripts
Listening - Cleaning water
Well, we all need water and today I'd like to
discuss how it's cleaned before it's piped into
homes and offices. In Europe and North
America, water comes from different
sources , mainly lakes, aquifers. or rivers.
Rivers are usually dammed to form reservoirs .
But before they reach our homes, most of our
wate r supplies have to be purified .This takes
place in a water treatment works where
impuri ties are removed to make the water
clear, odou r-free, an d tas te-free . Soit should
be per fectly tr ansparent,smell of nothing,
and taste of nothing.
First of all, water taken from a river or
reservoir is screened to remove large bit s of
rubbish such as twigs , plastic bags ,etc. This
is done by passing it through a
microst rainer.Then , it's pumped to a water
treatment works. At this stage, grit and
organic matter, for example pieces of pla nt s,
algae, an d bacteria, are still present in the
water.The water is fed into an aerator,wh ich
sprays t he water in orde r to obtain a good
oxygen balance. At the same time, this
spraying releases any trapped gases that
might otherwise give a bad taste or odour.
Following this , chemicals called coagulants
are added. The function of the se is to cause
particles to stick together to form larger
part icles.The chemical normally used is
alum, aluminium sulphate.This takes place
in large ta nks called flash mixers.
From here, t he water passes into a
sedimentation tank, sometimes called a
settli ng basin. Here, the large parti cles are
allowed to settle to the bottom. Asludge
buil ds up at the bottomof the tank and has
to be removed and treated. Bythis stage,
about 85%of all suspended matter has been
removed so the water is now relat ively clean
and clear.
The next step is filtration, normally in a rapid
sa nd filter. Wat er is fed in at t he top .It passes
first of all through a layer of carbon or
anthracite coal and then through layers of
sand .The carbon remove s any remaining
organic compounds that would affect the
tast e or odour and the sand remove s any
remaini ng particles.
The fina l step is the addition of chemicals to
disinfect the water in large disinfection
tanks. Usually, some form of chlorine is used
to kill any pathogens - that's viruses or
bacteria. Some processes use ozon e
Disinfect ion not only kills pathogens in the
tr eated wate r but also helps to protect
agai nst any new cont amination from pipes
and storage tan ks. In some places, fluoride is
also adde d to prevent tooth decay in a
process known as fluoridation.
The water is now fit to drink and can be
pumped directly to homes, offices,
and factories.
Unit 11
Problem-solving
I am going to tell you about the five sensors
that our domestic robotic vacuumcleaner
contains.These sensors help it to navigate
safely and to clean surfaces effecti vely.
The dimension sensors determine the size of
the room. The robot cleaner sends an
infrared signal in each direction in turn.
These reflect from the walls and ret urn to an
infrared receiver.The processor calculates
the dime nsions of the room from the t ime
taken for the signal to return.
Then there are object sensors - when the
cleaner hits an object, such as a chair,the
bumper, which goes right round the cleaner,
is pressed in. This act ivate s mechanical
object sensors. These send signa ls t othe
processor which cause the cleaner to change
direction to avoid the object .
There ar e also cliff sensors - under the
cleaner there are infrared sensors directed
downwards. Ifth e time taken for the return
infrared signa l increases sudd enly, t he
processor detects a 'cliff',for example, stairs
or other sudden drops which the robot could
fall down. This causes the robot to reverse
away from the cliff.
The wall sensors let the cleaner follow walls
and go round objects closely but without
touching them.
And fina lly,and most importantly. dirt
sensors - t hese are acoustic impact sensors.
When the cleaner raises a lot of dirt from a
carpet or other surface, some of the dirt hits
the metal plates of the acoustic impact
sensors. This cause s vibration which the
sensors detect .They pass a signa l to the
processor whi ch causes the robot to clean
the area again until there are no more
vibrations - in othe r words, until the area is
clean.
It's my job
I = tnt ervtewer.J = Jaako Ikcnen
How did you get interested in technology?
I st arted making radio-controlled model
boats atthe age of13.
That's how you got st arted?
That' s how I got started, yeah. I loved
playing around with the electronics.
I Did you go on to college at the end of
school?
J Yes, I went to college and did Mechanic al
engineering with one year of Electrical
and electronic engineering.
What was your first job?
Designing and building auto ma ted
manufacturing systems for a mobile
phone company. They needed to
automate because production was goin g
through the roof.Their old system simply
could not produce enough phones.
I I'm not clear about the distinction
between mechanization and automation.
J Bigdifference. Mechanization is the old
wor ld of machines with no brai ns, they
could do only one thing -like Henry Ford's
assembly lines .Aut omati on means you
are using a combination of soft ware, of
mechanical engineering, electronics,
electrical engineering - that's the
mecha tronics side of things.There 's
intelligence built in. That's why it 's called
automation.
You t hen moved to your current job?
Yes.I'm Senior Manufact uring Systems
Engineer for a large health care company.
That means I'm responsible for
developing all new processes and process
automation for ma nufacturing our
products .
What do you make?
One of the main products is blood glucose
moni tors for diabetics. It uses biosensors,
which are coated in enzymes to measure
the blood glucose levels in a drop of blood.
Basically how much sugar there is in t he
blood.
Where does automation come in?
Youcan't make these machines by hand.
There can 't be any contamination, they
have to be perfectly clean, and there can 't
be any defects in t he production. Peoples'
lives are involved so you can not afford to
be wro ng. Also t he volume is huge so only
machines can achieve t his.
Is it done by robots!
We use incred ibly fast. vision-driven
robots. They don't simply pick up and
place components blindl y.They can see
what they're doing, they can teach
themselves, and they check every move
they make to ensure the re are no errors
I What qualities do you need t o be
successful in your f i l ~
J Youmust be innova tive. Youmust be able
to work across functions and be able to
communicate wi th non -technical people .
I Can you give me any examples of
comm unicating wi th non-technical
peop le?
J I wor k in R&Dand we have to const antly
communicate with Mar keting - t hey
know what the customers want. We just
have the ideas.
I They seem to be great ideas. Thanks very
much for your time.
J Apleasure, thank you.
Unit 12
It' s myjob
When I left schoo l I did an apprenticeship in
Cabinet making. I was quite good at this and
I enjoyed it so I went to university to study
Wood technology and Business and then
decided to set up my own company. I'm t he
Managing Director but as there are only five
of us, I spend my t ime designing kitchens as
well as running the company.
My company specializes in designing and
installing kitchen units. Weare finding that
our customers want more and more high -
tech appliances in the ir kitchens so my job
involves a lot more than putting in
cupboards and hanging doors.
I rea lly like the changing technology used in
kitchen appliances. Nowadays, cookers are
no longer simple appliances. Using different
tech nology, most modern ovens are self-
cleaning. One company called Kuppersbusch
has developed a cata lytic system. The way it
works is that the oven fan blows air from the
oven through a cata lytic converter which
changes fat and food residue into water and
carbon dioxide.
On top of the cooker, conventional hobs heat
the ring which in turn heats the cooking pot.
But modern induction hobs use magnetic
induction to heat the metal base of the pot.
They heat much more quickly than
conventional electric rings, save energy, and
are safer .The problem is that the pots mus t
be magnetic- ma de of stee l. People can't use
aluminium pots or pots with a thick coppe r
base .
Another feature of the modern kitchen is
electronic entertainment systems. It's
possible to insta ll flip-down flat screens that
can be used for watching TVor as a computer
moni tor to access t he Int ernet for recipes.
They can even be linked to security cameras.
The smart kitchen is on its way and I am
doing everything to make sure my compa ny
is able to provide our customers with the
kitchens of the future. The best place to
follow the latest technologies is the
Massachusetts Instit ute of Technology.
they've got a section called Counter
Intelligence. It's a department dedicated to
inventi ng new gadgets and gizmos for t he
kitchen.Their current projects include an
electronic spoon t hat teaches you how to
cook!
Pronunciation - Polite requests
A Could you tell me how t his oven works ,
please?
B Could you tell me how this oven works,
please?
1 I wonder if you could send me a catalogue.
2 I'dlike you to use solid wood for the units.
3 Could you set up t he mac hine?
4 Would you mind changing the height?
5 Could you tell me what happens next?
6 Would you mind cleaning up the mess?
7 I'dlike you to calculate the ang le caref ully.
8 I wonder if you could help me .
Listening - Refrigerator
L", Lecturer , SI '" stu de nt 1, S2'"student 2,
S3 = st udent 3
L What do you feel when you put water on
your skin?
Sl lt feels cool.
L Yes, it makes you feel cool because the
water absorbs heat from your skin as it
evaporates. So.evaporation cools the
surrounding area. Putting alcoho l on your
skin fee ls even cooler because alcohol has
a lower boiling point than water, so
evaporates at a lower temperature. In a
fridge, we use a different liquid, called a
refrigerant which evaporates at a very low
temperature. So,this is how a fridge
works . Really,it's the comp ressor that
powers the who le process . It compresses
the refrigerant. Can anyone tell me what
happens when a gas is compressed?
S2There's a rise in the temperature and
pressure.
L Quite right! The heat-exchanging coils are
positioned outside the fridge, so t hat t his
heat is lost to the surrounding area and as
it cools, the gas condenses into a llqut d.
The liquid t hen flows through the
expansion valve.This expansion valve
reduces the pressure. As a result . the
refrigerant expa nds and evaporates and
then goes back inside the fridge. Aswe
said ea rlier, evaporation absorbs heat. So,
heat -exchange pipes inside the fridge
allow heat t o be absorbed and this makes
the space feel cold. Asthe refrigerant
leaves t he fri dge. it once again enters the
compressor and the whole cycle starts
again.
S3Why do old refrigerators get ice on the
freeze r box?
L Well, that's because water vapour from
food in the fridge condenses, but as it hit s
the very cold icebox, the liquid water
changes immediately to ice. But modern
fridges are frost-free . They have a heating
coil beside t he freezer coils. It's switched on
list ening scripts 129
by a timer . once every six or seven hour s.
Then, a t emperat ure senso r detec ts the
rising temperature when all t he ice aroun d
the freeze r coils has melte d, and switches
the heater off. That way. t he re is no build-
up of ice but of course the te mperature in
the fridge fluctuates slightly.
Unit 13
Listening - The future of
defence
Presenter
The search for mili tary superiority has bee n
one of the driving forces in technology from
the creation of the first wea pons to the
development of t he nuclear bomb. I am
joined by Francis Hodges and Giles Wigg-
Smith, who are bot h Defence Analysts, to
prese nt two different views on the futu re of
defence technology.
Francis Hodge s
For count ries with access to high technology.
military st reng th will depe nd less on t he
number of soldie rs, aircraft, and ships and
more on the capacity and speed of thei r
military computer networks. Consta ntly
updated intelligence on the position and
strength of the opposition is th e key to
success . Information will be fed int o th e
network from UAVs,uncrewed aerial
vehicles, robotic sensors, and roboti csee kers
which will act as scouts locating enemy
posi tions. The soldier in t he field as we ll as
commanders at a distance will be linked into
the network so that everyo ne is well -
infor med at all t imes.
The ha rdware used will be smaller and
lighter so it can be moved easily by t ranspo rt
aircraft from one posi tion to another.Many
of the veh icles used will be unmanned and
will have camouflage pai nt which can
cha nge its colour according to its locati on.
The weapons will be smarter. Missiles will be
programmed wit h ta rget details and capable
of staying in the ai r un til the ta rget is
confirmed. There should be less da mage to
people and property.
GUes Wigg-Smith
I'm not totally convinced by this. There are
probl ems with hlgh-tech syst ems. Very
comple x electronics can fail.The t ran sfer
rate, a hundred megabytes per second.
requ ired to handle th is much dat a is greate r
t ha n anyt hing we have to dat e. Any net work
is vulnerable to hackers. Your syste m could
be t urned agai nst you by feeding false
information into the network, or a virus
could be introduced to cripple th e system.
130 Listeni ng script s
High-teen armies are vulnerable to low-tech
weapons:a plane can be brought down by
rifle fire; improvised devices can dest roy
armoured vehicles . Asystemdesigned to
destroy the electronics of incoming missiles
can't protect against such simple
weapons.
Many conflicts today are policing operations
in situations where there are large numbers
of civilians present. These htgh-tech systems
are designed for wars rather than peace-
keeping operations like this. Often these
operations involve soldiers from a number of
countries working together under a UN
mandate but if you don't share the same
system as your allies , you fight
as a unified force and It's unlikely countnes
will wish to sha re technical secrets with
each other.
Unit 14
It's myjob
1=Interviewer,B . Brian
I Brian , how did you get inter ested in
electronics?
B At school. The Hist oryTeacher was a radio
amate ur. He started an after-school
electronicsclub. He showe d us how to
make simple radios, multimeters , that sort
of thing. I learned more from him than t he
Physics Teacher. Another reason I was
inte rested was one of my friends built
mode l aircraft, large things with a
wingspan well over a metre, and I used to
make t he t ransmitt ers and receivers for
radio cont rol. If you forgot to sWitch on the
receiver, the plane flew off into the
distance until the fuel ran out .That
happened more than once .
I Wha t did you do after school?
B I took a certificate course in Electronics at
the local college .
I What subjects did you study?
B I can't remember them all. Ehh. DCand AC
circuits, Solid state devices , Applied
maths.
I All technical subjects?
B Yes,apart from Technical
communications. That's speaking and
writing about technology. About half the
time was spent in the lab, which was
good.. I liked the practical side . Wehad
time towork on a project of our own. I
designed a device to tell people who were
fishing when a fish was biting the bait.
1 What did you do when you finished
college?
B With another student I started my own
company repairing computers and other
electronic items. But we gave it up after a
couple of years . The price of things like
DVD-playerskept falling. It became
cheaper to buy new than have them
repaired
I What kind of work do you do now?
B I work for the Northern Ughthouse Board.
I help look after communications
equipment at headquarters and in
lighthouses as well as navigation
equipment on buoys and
There 's not much on a buoy - Just a light
and a radar reflector . Wealso look after the
transmission stations for the Marine
GDPS,There are four in SCotland.
I What's the MarineGDPS?
B It's the Marine Global Differential
Positioning System. It's a system which
allows ships to plot t heir pos ition very
accurately.
I How is it different from GPS?
B It combines GPSsignals with land-based
signa ls to give a rea lly accurate positio n.
It's important in busy shipping lanes.
I What' s the best part of your job?
B All t he lighthouses are auto ma ted now.
There are no light house keeper s these
days. We monit or t hem 24 hours a day t o
make su re everything's working. When
some thi ng goes wrong, you have to go out
there and fix It. Some of them
are quit e remote. That can mean a
helicopter ride in winter out into the
Atlant ic. I love going to places that very
few people have ever visited, including
the Flannan Isles.
I What will you do next?
B I like this job too much to think of looking
for something else.
Pronunciation - Reading
component values
a ten-rnicrcfarad electrolytic capacitor
a nve -bundred-ptcofarad variable capacitor
a ten-kilohm variable resisto r
a ntne- volt battery
a one -milliamp milliammeter
a stxty-rrucrohennes inductor
a six-volt sixty -milliamp bulb
Unit 15
Listening -Interview with a
Network Designer
I =tntervtewer.s e Sam i
I Tell me a little about your professional
history and what you do now.
S At school I used to enjoy Maths and
Physics, so when I left school at sixteen I
wanted a job working in technology, and
outdoors if possible . I got good.marks in
my school exams. Afriend told me that BT
had an apprenticeship scheme, so I
applied. There was an interviewand Iwas
accepted. I was seventeen and a service
Technicia n, climbing poles and fiXing
lines. It was great. BTis a company that is
constantly changi ng and the re are always
oppo rtunities to study and learn new
things. I passed my BTEC in
Telecommu nicat ions wit h 100%1
At eight een I became a Data an d Net works
Technicia n an d studied for an NVQ.1t was
my job to install new netwo rks at the
exchan ges. I was respo nsible.for t he
exchan ge switch and tra nsmi ssion. Iwa s
out on work placeme nts a lot to get
experience and did loads of courses. We
got days off work to study
I got more and more interested in actually
designing the network.The new 21st -
Centu ry Network was abo ut to be
developed so I decide d to become a
Net work Designer when I was twenty, and
joined the Network Design Depart me nt.
The 21st-Century Netwo rk was to be a
comp letely new ITnetwork to replace the
old phone-based one . It was a massive
challenge to BT. In the office I learned how
to design and plan networks as well as
how to predict future growth and trends
using modelling techniques. At the same
time the company sponsored me to do a
unive rsity deg ree, Now I was designing
the systems that BT's technology runs
When I was 23I graduated from university
With a BScin Computer and network
engineering and have worked as a
Network Designe r since then. I've worked
as Project Manager on a range of reall y
inte resting projects . I've had to learn
different skills really quickly and learn
how to prioritize. New projects make you
think about what exactly needs to be done
and which parts are important. I have to
give present at ions to senior management
within the company, majo r customers,
and at international conferences.
Vowels
med ia () goods
abilit y u: lubricate
impact well -insulated
rese rvoir oven
"l'
ampl ify :1: t urbine
0: barge sew er
cockp it et rada r
.1: plat form ;10 sona r
Consonants
r
panel filt rat ion
h bact eria vessel
t rack steal t h
d diode o dea l wit h
cable span

grain ca rbon emi ssions

IJ
swit ch shea r
dj generat or dec ision maker
Glossa ry 131
Glossary
; \1 high-tech
ao out er
J I spoilers
IJ pier
r.:'.1 ae ronautical
0;1 durable
hacker
111 modulat e
navigat e
wi ngs pan
l ift
fig
yield
\I welded
ability l :l' hll :ll il n having the skill an d
int elligence to do a pa rticularjob
access n a wayofenter ing a
place
accommodation 1:l,I\nmJ \ k IJJ1'n a
place to live or stay in
accuracy /' ,l' kj ;lrJsi! n t he qua lity of
bei ng exact or correct
acoustic I o'k u.st tk/ ad) (used about a
se nso r,ete.) res pondingto sound or
vibrations
activate I'a: kl l\'cltl vto ma ke a device
sta rt working
adaptable 1:I\ l<r pt;lhl/ adjable to be
changed in order to dea l wit h new
situations
aeronautical I,CJ f;l' ID:l rl\Uad)
relat ing to t he stu dy or pract ice of
building and flying aircraft
amplify vto increase t he
st rengt h of a signa l or an electr ical
wave
apo logize / ;I'pnl;"IlI::J;\lIJ vto say sorry
for doing some thi ng wrong or
ca us ing a problem
appliance /a'phuon s/ n a mach ine
des igned to do a task in t he home,
suc h as prepa ring food, c1ea ning, et e.
applicant l 'a: plJk:lllVn a person who
app lies for a job
application 1,;r pll' kcJJnl n a forma l
writ t en request for a job
apply 1:I' pl;\l1vto make a formal
wr itte n req uest for a job
apprent ice /a' prcnus/ n a young
person who works for an emp loyer
for a fixed period oftime t o learn the
part icular skills needed in th e job
approach 1:'l' prJ o tj"1 vto move closer
to so met hing
armoured /' u :m;ldl adj (use d abo ut a
mi lita ryvehicle) prot ect ed by metal
cove rs
assembly /a's cmbli/ n the process of
putting par t s t oget her in orde r to
ma ke somet hing
attach to ' a'u et] 1:1; vto faste no rjoi n
to somethi ng
attendan ce record /o't cndons .rcko.d/
nan account of how often someone
has been present at or absent from
their work
auto mation 1,:u ;I' mcIJnl n t he use of
machines to do wo rkt hat was
previo usly do ne by peop le
bacteria 1h: l' k' t l:lriJ/ n very sma ll
living thin gs, made ofa single cell
barbed wire I,hu:hd ' wa l;l(r )l nst rong
wire with short sha rp points on it,
used for fences
barge Ihu:d;/ n a la rge boat wit h a flat
bottom, use d for transporting
things on ca na ls and rivers
biodegradable l ,h<l l;lOd r'9 rcidobl / adj
able to be broken dow n by bacte ria
and not dam age the environment
bit l oul n t he cutti ng part of a drill
cab le "k cthl/ n th ick, stro ng metal
rope , used for suppo rting bridges
candidate l ' ka: nJ ld:'ltl I-dcll! n a
person who is app lying for a job
cann ing l ' I\a: nIIJI n t he process of
putting food or drink in ca ns
capacitor I k:l' IXl'sJt:l(r )/ na device
used t o store an elect rical cha rge
132 Glossary
carbon emissions l ,ko:o;"l 11 i'nujnz/ n
harmful gases containing carbon,
t hat a re sent out into the air
cargo n the goods carried on
a ship or aircraft
caterpillar trac ks "k ..ctJpll;"l .ruc ks n
met al belts fastened aro und the
wheels of a vehicle or robot so that it
can travel over rough or soft ground
cellulose I' sd j ul;"l os/ n a substance
tha t forms th e walls of plant cells
and which is used in ma king plast ics
cockpit "kukpn/ nthe area at the
front of a plane where t he pilot sits
collapse k;"l 'h'ps l v( used about a
butldtng.etc.) to fall down or fall in
sudde nly
commercially viable k:'l,I113:I;"lli
' \'<l 1;"l 011adj( usedabout a business
pian, etc.) capable of ma king a profit
component / kcm'pcon ontr n one of
t he pa rts of a device or mac hine
compression / kam'prcjn/ n t he act of
pressing or squeezi ng something
intoa sma ller space
condensation l ,knlH.lcn'scIJn
f
n water
t hat for ms on a cold surfacewhen
stea m orwarm air becomes cool and
cha nges int o a liquid
conduct / kon'dakt/ v( used abou t a
substa nce) to allow heat or
elect ricity to pass along it
confirm / kon'f a.rn/ vto state that
somet hing is definitely true or
cor rect
congestion Ib n'd3cstJ;"l ll n the sta te
of being crowded and full of traff ic
constituent / kan'st ttj uant ' n one of
t he part s of somethi ng t hat
combi ne to form the whole
construct Ik,111 'SIL\kt l vto build or
make so methi ng
consumer Ik;"l I1 'sj u:Ill;"l(r )1n a person
who buys goods or uses services
containership /kan'tcma .fip ! n a ship
designed to t ranspo rt goods tha t
are packed in la rge metal boxes (=
conta iners)
contamination ikJ I1 ,I,l"I11J ' nC: IJI1!n
t he presence of di rtyor har mful
substa nces in food ,water, etc.
convert Ik."ln 'n:tl vto change
something from one form t o another
converter IkJ I1 ' \:-l :I:'l( r l.'n a device tha t
changes one form of energy to
another form
convertible kcn'va.tob l/ adj ab leto be
changed t o a different form or use
countermeasure I' kalll1t;"l IllC;p (r l n a
course of action taken to protect
against something bad or
dangerous
covering letter .k.vvaruj ' Ict;l(r) / n a
letter that you send with something
to give extra information
crop /krnp/ na plant t hat is grown in
large quant ities for food
current I' k,u Jt1tl n the flow of
electricity th roug h a wire
deal with 'di:1WI{) vtotakeaction to
solve a problem
decision maker /tll ' sl;:)1l jncrkatrl' n a
perso n who can make diff icult or
import ant decis ions
degree Ilh' Wi:! n t he qualificat ion
obtai ned by st udents who
successfullycomple tea unive rsity
course
dehydration l ,di:h"II' d rcIJIl!n the
process of removing t he water from
so mething
diode "daraod "n an elect ronic device
which allows elect ric curren t to pass
in one di rection only
dispose of Id l'SP': l(IZ;"lvl vto get rid of
something tha t you do not want
distortion Idl' st 'l:Jn! n a cha nge in the
sha pe or st ruct ure of something
that makes it less efficient, less
st rong,etc.
drag n the force of t he air t hat
acts against t he move men t of an
ai rcraft
drawer Id r;') :(r )!n a part of a piece of
f urn it ure such as a desk, that slides
in and out and is used for keeping
th ings in
drill Id n l' na t ool or machin e used for
mak ing holes
durable I' dj o;lr;lolJadj able to last for
a long time witho ut brea king or
getting weaker
earn money 1,:1:11 ' m.cni' vto receive
moneyforworking
energy-saving I' cJl;ld3i , Sl' I\ II.1 adj
(used about a mach ine,etc.) using
lessenergyt han isusual
environment !In '\'<lI(;lI1111;'ml n t he
natural world in wh ich people ,
animals, and plant s live
envrrcomentet zmva rron'm cn u ad)
connected wi t h t he natural wo rld
and t he effect of human activity
upon it
environmental impact
mvarronrncntl ' 1111pa-kt/ nthe
effect t hat a particular act ion will
have on t he envi ronmen t
evaporate / t'vteporcn/ v(used abo ut a
liquid) to changeInto a gas
exert vto put force or
pressure on something
explosive IIk' spl.1llsrv/ nsomet hing
that could cause an explosion
extreme !Ik'slri :ml adj(used about
physica l condit ions) not ordinary or
usual; serio us or severe
fascinating I' ra:slllcll lI)1adjextre me ,
inte resting
fermentation na
process in which a subs tance is
chemically broken down by bact eria
etc. ,duringwhich alcoho l is
produce d
filtration 11Wt rC: IJnl n the process of
passing a liquid t hroug h a filter (=a
device that removes any mate rials
that are not wa nted)
find faults /fatnd ' b :ltsl vto find
th ings that stop a mach ine from
working correctly
flaps ll1a:ps! n a pa rt of t he wing of a
plane that can be moved up or cow-
to cont rol upward movement
flue gas treatment /flu:
' t ri.tmant/ n a process for removing
harmf ul su bsta nces from t he smc-.e
t hat is produced byfactor ies
fossil fuel / ' fnsl ,Iju ::'ll l n fuel such as
coal or oil,formed f rom the rema ins
of anima ls or plant s
foundations / Iao n' dcrjn z/ n the sollc
base of a building
f requency Tri.kwonsi ntherate at
which a sound or an elect rical wave
moves up and down
gearbox 'q tobnk na metal case
containing the gears of avehicle;
the system of gears of a vehicle
germi nat e 'd-ccm mcn v(usedabout
the seedof a plant) t o start t o grow
global warm ing .ql ou bl \\;I:mJlJ n
the increasein the temperature of
the earth'satmosphere, causedby
increasedamoun ts of gasessuch as
carbon dioxide
goods n t hingst hat are made
to besold
grain qrctn n the seedsof food
pl ant s, such ascorn or rice
hacker ' h;l ' k:.(r ) na person who
gains accesst o a computer system
wit hout permission in order t o steal
data. etc.
harvesting ' hu: \ [SIll] nthe act of
cutti ng and gat hering crops
high-tech ,hal' l dl adj using t he
most modern elect ronic t echnol ogy
hinge hnulv n a rnovable jclnt on a
door,or lid,by whi ch it opensor
closes
hull h.vl nthe mai n, bottom part ofa
ship, th at goes in the water
hydraulic system har'dmhk ,Slsl :'I1ll
n a mechanical system that is
operated by liquid moving under
pressuret hrough an arrangement
of cyli nders and pistons
hydrocarbon .h.udro'k u. ban na
chemical made up of hydrogen and
carbon, that is found in pet rol.coal ,
and natural gas
immerse I 'nn:, v to put something
into a liquid so that it iscovered
completely
impact ' rr np.ckt n t he act of one
object hitting another; t heforce
with which t his happens
impuriti es 1111 ' pjoorotiz n substances
that are present in small amounts in
another substance, making it dirty
orofpoorquali ty
i nduce m'dju.s vto produce an
elect ric current
i nf rared .rnfrarcd adjusing
electromagnetic waves which are
longer than those of red light
i nner ' Ill ,"\(rl adjon the inside of
something
i rri gati on .m n the processof
supplying water to an area of land
so that cropswill grow
know -how ' 11.:'l0 h.w n knowledge
and experience of how to do
something
landing gear l;l'lHllT.1 nthe
wheels and other parts of an ai rcraft
t hat support it when it is on the
ground
lift 11ft ntheupward pressureof atr
on an aircraft when it is f lying
lining ' 101 111 11) n a layer of material
used t o cover t he inside surface of
somet hi ng
locat ion loo'kcrjn n the placewhere
somet hi ng exists or happens
lower ' l,"l(),"l( r l v to makeso met hing
go down
lubri cat e 'lu.bnkcn vto put oil,
grease,etc. on the parts of a machine
sothat they move smoot hly
magnetic m.cq'ncnk adj able to
att ract iron objects towards it
marketing ' mu. kum n the activity of
present ing, advertising, and selli ng
a company's products
media 'mi. dio n the main forms of
public communication, such asTV,
radio, newspapers, etc.
minimize ' 1111111111a l/ vto reduce
something t o the lowest possible
level
modulate ' nuxlj ulc u vtochangethe
characteristics of a signal or a wave,
by altering its frequency, amplitude,
etc.
molecule mnhkju.l n the smallest
group of atoms into which a
substance can bedivided without
changing its chemical nature
motorway ' 111,"l(II ,"l\\ CI nawide road,
wi th several lanes in each di rection,
whe re t raffi ccan tr avel fast for long
di st ances
Glossary 133
movable 'l11u: \ :'Ibl adj able to be
moved from one place or position t o
another
multitasking m.vlti'tu.vktn nthe
ability to do several diffe rent things
at the same t trne
navigable ' na- adj (used about
a path or an areaof land) that a
robot can move acrosswithout
fallingover,etc.
navigate 1l..1:\ IWOo'1l vtofind and
follow a path through an area
non -let hal ,non' li:OI adj not causing
death
off shore .of"1.1:( r l adv in the sea,not
farfrom t he land
opport unit y .npo'tju.noti n a chance
to do somet hi ng
oscillator r) nan elect rical
device t hat producesan alt ernat ing
current (=electri cal current t hat
changesdir ection many tim esa
second)
outer 'a<lI ,"l( r) ' ad} on the outsi de of
somet hi ng
oven ' vvn n a largedevice shaped
like a box wi t h a door on the fr ont , in
which food iscooked
packaging ' p"l:kll l ;)l l.1 n mat erials
used to wrapor protect goods t hat
are sold in shops
panel ' p.eul n a fl at pieceof wood,
glass.or meta l that forms part ofa
door,wall ,et e.
paperwork ' pctpawa.k nthepartof
ajob that involves writing letters,
filling in forms ,ete.
parallel to ' pa-ralcl to advina
straight line, while maintaining an
equal distance from anothe r object
or surface
passenger ' p..l:slnJ;):'ltrl naperson
who is t ravell ing ina vehicle
pasteurization n
the processof heating and then
cooling a liquid, such asmilk , in
order to kill harmful bacteria
pier pt;'\(rl nacolumnorasupport
for a bridge
pigment ' PI4J11 ;'1 ll t n a substance
that adds colour t o someth ing
I'
134 Glossary
pi tching ' PHJ,,) n the upwa rd and
downward movement of the front
of a plane
plasticizer ' r la:sIlS<l I/ ;l(rl na
substance added to a plastic so that
it becomes easy t o bend
platf or m ' pla-t fa. m n a large ra ised
structure in the sea that provides a
base for a rig when drilling for oil
power sour ce ' puoo , SY S n the place
or device t hat supplies the electrical
ene rgy for something
preservation .prcza'vc tj n nthe
process of treat ing food so that it
does not rot or decay
pressurize ' prcjcn uz vt o increase
t he pressu re inside someth ing
prod ucti on costs pro'd vkjn knst s n
t he a mount of money that a
business needs to spend in orderto
make something
program 'prooqn cm vtogive a
computer a set of instructions to
make it do a particular task
project ' prndj ckt n a planned piece
of work tha t is des igned to produce
so methi ng new
promotion pro'moojn n a move to a
more importa nt job or pos ition in a
company
proposed vpro'poozd adj (used about
a plan, et e.) suggested for people to
th inkabout and decide on
publi c tran sport .p.xbhk ' t nenspo.t n
a syste m of buses, trains,ete. wh ich
people use to travel from one place
t o another
pulse p,\ls/ n a sing le short increase in
t he amou nt of energy, elect ricity,
ete. prod uced bya device
qualificat ion .kwnhfr' ker]n nan
exa m or a course of study that you
have successfully comp leted
q ual ified " kwnhf ard ad} having t he
necessa ryqua lifications to do a
particular job
qua lity assurance ' kwnl oti :I,JO;l!';lIlS
n t he pract ice of ma king sure th at
goods or services are kept at a high
sta nda rd
radar ' reli..tu :( r l na system that uses
radio waves to find the pos ition and
movement of planes, ships , etc.
rail reil none of the two metal bars
t hat form the track that trains run on
raise reil vto lift or move somet hing
to a higher level
raw materials .ra: mc'uoriolz n basic
materials tha t are used to make a
product
recommend .rcka'm cnd vto advise a
particula r course of act ion
reference ' rcfrcns n a statement t hat
is wr itten by someone who knows
you, giving information about your
cha racter and skills
refine n I ~ I l 1 1 vtomakeasubstance
pure by taking other substances out
of it
refrigerant n'fnd-cr.uu n a
substance used in cooli ng devices,
suc h as fridges and freezers
refrigerat ion n ,fnd;p 'reJJn nthe
process of making somethi ng cold in
order to preserve it
reinforced concret e ,ri :ml:1::-. l
' kmj kri. t nconcrete with metal
bars orwi res ins ide to make it
stronger
relay ' ri:k l n a device, usually
conta ining an electromagnet. which
is made act ive bya flow of curren t in
one circuit in orderto open or close
another circuit
remediation rII11i :(!I'eIJ:lll nthe
removal of harmful chemicals and
industrial waste f rom an area of
land
remi nd nmarnd vtohelpsomebody
remember to do somethi ng
renewable energy nnju.obl ,en;'ld:;i
n energy, such as wind and wave
energy, which is replaced naturally
reservoir ' re/ ,)\\\,u :( r) na natural or
an artificial lake, used as a sto re of
water
resist n'zrst vto not be da maged by
somet hing
resistor n '/JSI;l(r) a device tha t
reduces the flowofc urrent in an
elect ronic circuit
resp onsibility n .spnnso'br loti. n the
duty of being in charge of a
particular act ivity
rig n ~ n a large piece of equipment,
used for taking oil or gas from t he
ground or under t he sea
rolling ' r;'lol ll} / n t hemovement of a
plane in wh ich one wi ng rises whi le
t he ot her wi ng f all s
rotor ' r;"l ot;"l( r) ' n a part of a machi ne
which t urnsaround, for example
one of t he blades of a helicopter
sea bed "si -bed n t he floo r of t he
ocean
seed / si:d n a small hard part
prod uced by a plant, f rom which a
new plant cangrow
self-sufficient .sclf s"fIInt l ad) able
to produce everything that you need
without the help of ot her people
se nsory system "sensor! ,SISt ."lll1/ n
the equipment in a robot t hat
notices changes in the environme nt .
concerning heat, light , pressure,ete.
sewage 'SU:H.I;)! nwaste matt er
produced by huma n bod ies and
carried away through sewers
sewer 'sU:;l(rl i n an unde rground
pipe , used for carrying away waste
matter from human bodies
shear Jl;l(r) ' n movem ent in which
two surfaces slide pas t each ot her ;
t he force or pressure tha t causes
th is to happen
sho re-based /' J.l: hel:-. t1ad} done or
happeni ng on land rat her tha n at sea
skill sktl / na particu lar ability
skilled /sktld adj havi ng t he ability,
knowledge, and experience t o do
somethingwell
sonar 's,"lOllll: (r) nasystemfor
finding objects underwater us ing
so und waves
span . sprun n the part ofa bridge
between one vert ical suppo rt a nd
another; t he distance between
these supports
spoilers ' sr ."llb l n parts of a plane's
wing t hat can be raised in orde r to
inte rrupt th e flow of air over it an d
reduce lift
stabilizers ndevices
that keepan aircraft level and stop it
from rolling to one side
statistics ... 1;1usuks ncollectionsof
information shown in numbers
st ealt h stcln ad} (used about an
aircraft, a ship,etc .) designed with
technology that prevents it from
being seen byradar,sonar,etc.
st ructure " t n ktI.;'I( r) nathingthat
ismadeof severalparts.suchas a
bui lding
suggest ...., J;'jl.....t v to recommend
someth ing t hat may be suitable for
a particular pur pose
suspension bridge saspcnjn ,hr H.I:l-
n a bri dge that hangs f rom steel
cables t hat are fixed t o tow ers at
each end
switch S\\ It! na device t hat opens or
closesan electric circuit
team ti.m n a groupof peop lewho
wor k t ogeth er at a partic ular job
tens ion 'tcnln n th e st ate of being
pulled t ight
thermoplastic lb:m."'ltl 'pla:slrk n a
t ype of plast ic t hat can be melt ed
and cooled repeatedly wit hout
becomi ng di ffe rent i n qua lity
thermoset ' O:J:I11 ., n...er ad} (used
about atype of plastic) tr eat ed so
t hat it wi ll not melt or become soft
again when heated
thrust llr \ ... 1 n the force produced by
an engine that pushes a plane
forward
tolerance ' I nl., r;tll ntheamount by
which avalue or measurement is
permitted to vary
trailing edge In:t1I1J nl:) nthethin,
rear edge of a wing
transformer tru-n ... b:m."l( r) na
device used for changing the
voltage of an electrical current
trans istor tnen'vr nan
electronic device, used in compu ters,
radios, etc.,which contro ls current
by acttng as a switch or as an
amp lifie r (= a device for increasing
an electrical signal)
transmit mu v (used about a
device or substa nce) to allow heat.
energy, etc. to passthrough
tr igger vtocauseadeviceto
start functioning
turbine t.cbam n a motor with
blades that are turned around by
t he air. water, et e. in order to
generate electricity
uncrewed vnkru.d od} (used about
an aircraft,ete.) without any people
on board to operate it
underground vndoqruond
adj under the surface of the
ground
unmanned vn'nurnd ad}(used
about an aircraft,ete.) without a
person on board to operate it
ventilation vcntt'Ictjn n theflowof
air in and out ofa room or bui lding
versatile " :i:s."'lt:ul ad} (used about a
mat erial) able t o be used f or many
different purposes
vessel ' \ 1':-. 1 nashipo raboat
vibrate \:\1' bre11 v t o move from side
t o side very quickly and wi t h small
move ments
visible "[001 ad}able to be seen
warship '\\ ;l:Ji p na ship used i n wa r
waste \\l'hl n mater ial t hat is no
longer needed and isthrown away
water purification '\\.': 1,'
pjoortf I..:CIJll n the process of
making water clean by removing
substances that are dirty, harmful,
etc.
wave \\1'1\ naraisedlineofwater
that moves across the surface of the
sea,ete.
weake n \\ i :I..:"11 v to make
something lessstrong
welded \\ cldtd ad} (used about two
pieces of metal, etc.) joined together
by heat ing the edgesand pressing
them t oget her
well -insulated wcl JI1 julcrud ad]
(used about a house, room ,ete.)
protected with a material that
reduces the loss of heat. sound , etc.
as far as possible
Glossary 135
wind \\ IIlJ n the natural movement
of the air
wingspan '\\ IIJspa:n n the dista nce
from the end of one wing t o t he end
of the other
work experience '\\ a.k tk ,:-, pl,' r i;tll.
n the work or jobs that you have
done in your life so far
wrapping ' r:l"pIIJ n paper, plastic, ete.
used for covering something in
order to protect it
yawing 'j": IIJ n t he movement of a
plane in which it turns toone side,
away from a st raight course
yield ji.ld n the t ot al amount of
crops,etc. tha t is produced
Also avai labl e:
ISBN 978 019.4569507
Oxford English for Careers is a new, up-to-do te course where
you learn what you need to know for 0 career in technology.
learn the English you need to do the job
Practise language in real work situations
learn specialist vocabulary on every page
givesyou thelanguage, information, and
skills you need to startyour career:
It's my job- real people talk about their work in technology
Make your point - key strategies for communicating with
non-professionals
Gadget box - the latest technological innovations
Writing bonk - practice in writing fa r technology
Facts, Bgures, a nd quotations a ll about technology
Online interactiveexercises to revise and recycle language:

And lar the teach er:
The Teacher's Resource Book helps you to teach technology -
soyou can prepare your studentsto work in technology
Background introductions give you the specia list knowledg e
you need to tea ch the unit with confidence
Handy tipsgive you easy-ta-understand explanations
and ad vice
Additional act ivitiesand unit-by-unit tests help you provide
your students withextrapracticeand support
Online resources including Li stening scripts, Glossary, and
further help on how to teach technology :
www.oup.com/elt/t ea cher l oelc
Available now:
Technology 2 Class CD
Technology 2 Teacher's Resource Book
ISBN978 019 456955 2
ISBN978 019 456954 5
Your career in technology starts here
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