I

THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES

ETYMOLOGICON UNIVERSALE;
OR,

UNIVJERSAIL

ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY:
ONANEWPLAN.
IN

WHICH

IT IS

SHEWN,

THAT CONSONANTS ARE ALONE TO BE REGARDED IN DISCOVERING THE AFFINITIES OF WORDS,

AND

THAT THE VOWELS ARE TO BE WHOLLY REJECTED

THAT LANGUAGES CONTAIN THE SAME FUNDAMENTAL IDEA;

AND THAT THEY ARE DERIVED FROM

THE EARTH,
AND THE

OPERATIONS, ACCIDENTS, AND PROPERTIES,

BELONGING TO
WITH
IT.

ILLUSTRATIONS

DRAWN FROM VARIOUS LANGUAGES:

The Teutovic Dialects, English, Gothic, Saxon, German, Danish, SfcSiC.

Greek, Lctin, French, Italian, Spanish.
Irish,

The Celtic Dialects, Galic,

the

Welsh, Bretagne, SfcS^c.

Ifussian, Sfc. S^c.

The Dialects of

Sclavonic,

The Eastern Languages, Hebrew,

Sfc. S^c.

Arabic, Persian, Sanscrit, Gipsey, Coptic,

VOLUME

II.

CAMBRIDGE:
PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS

FOR RICHARD PRIESTLEY,

143,

HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON.

1822.

r.

ETHERID8E

^^./

HAP.
SECT.
^R.

III.
I.

C, D, G, &c.

lerms relating
Agitated
accidents

lo

the

Soil

of the

Ground
up,
it,

or

Earth,
by

zvhen
the

it

is

Stirred
and

up,

Broken

&c. &c.

operations, attached to

by Digging,

various

Ploughing,

Harrowing, &c. &c., as

Harrow
up

and

its

parallel words

HERoian,

Herse, (Sax. French,) &c.

express the idea of Stirring

Terms

connected with these, which

motion, Agitation,

Irritation,

&c. of

in general, of

Excitement,

Com-

Disturbing, Annoying,

Aggrieving, &c., as Harass, Harsh, &c. &c.

zvhich express
(Ef/j, E^iSoi;);

Hence JVords,

Strife

Contention,
originally

^c. &c., as Eris, Erid-o^,

actions of violence,

Breaking to pieces, &c. &c., as

Ereiko,
Grating

(E^siku,

Frango,) &c.
as

Terms

detiotifig

the the

Rough
action

Noise,

connected

with

of

Scratching upon or Grating upon a Surface, as Hoarse, &c. ^c.

3 u

9791.79

522

^R. R. \

- C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.
Ear

Terms belonging to the Element ^RT, &c, which express

or relate to operations per-

Aro.

(Eng.

Latin,)

To

Plough.

Erigend, Arjands. (Sax. Goth.)

Arans.

formed on the Earth, Arg,

&c.

Yrkia.
Herras.

(Isl.)

To

Plough.

Hers. (Arab.) Cultivating.

Harrow
Belg.

Herse, Harcke Harre.

Germ. Dan.)
(Sax.)

Hercke,
(Eng. Fr.

(Arab.)

Sowing,

Farmer.

Hergian.

To

Harrozv,

Plowman. Oratse. (Sclavonic,) A PlowEris. (Arab.)

Vastare, Spoliare, &c.

ARATrum.
(Celtic,)

(Lat.)

man. Orusso

Orutto. (Greek,)
(Latin,)

To

Plough.
Earth, or Dig.

ArdhyAredig Araz, Arat.

To
Plough.
(Celtic,)

z^-Erto, t^-Erso.

turn

up

the

Earth,

To To

Aradr,
Brian,

Ardar.

Plough, &c.

Plough.

v=Eksus

z;=Erse,

(Lat. Eng.)

Erigan. (Sax.) Arare.

The

Verse.

In
in

the last Section of the preceding Chapter,

considered a Race
I

of Words, belonging to our Element, which exhibited, as

trust,

marked and
conceived to

distinct characters, their relation to each other, as

;

conveying their secondary sense

I

though the primary

idea,

which
&c.,

be attached to the Earth, Estia,

(Ea-Tia,)

appeared only in certain terms and on certain occasions.

discussion has extended to a greater length than
ceived,
I

The
conthe

at first

and has

perhaps

occupied

too

large
facts,

portion in
it

arrangement of
have unfolded, as
altogether

my Work.
I

Yet the

which

exhibits,

trust, to the

enquiring Reader, a train of ideas

;

new and curious on

the nature of Languages

whatever

Theory

THE

EARTH.

5r3

Theory he may adopt respecting the primitive source, from which This Theory, as I have frequently such facts were derived.
observed, whatever
it

may

be, does not interfere with the relation

of the terms, there produced, to each other, in their secondary

application
;

nor with the

process,

by which that relation has

to

been effected.
enquiry, in

shall

now, however, proceed

vein

of

which the principles of

the the

my

Hypothesis will be perdistinct characters.

petually apparent in
1

most marked and

the

shall

produce, in
this

present Chapter, a Race of words, in

which

connexion

with

Earth
most

will
fully

be,

trust,

per-

petually

visible,

and

will

appear

illustrated,

in the

general series of examples which are the objects of our discussion.

In the present Chapter
I

shall consider those terms,

belongrelate to

ing to the Element

'^R.

^.

C, D, G, &c.

&c
it

which
is

the Soil of the Ground, or

Earth, when

Stirred up

or

Agitated by the various accidents and operations, attached to or

performed upon

its

surface; as by the feet of animals in motion,

by the Wind, &c. &c.

Ploughing

Harrowing, &c., as
the

by the labours of Agriculture,

//arrow, and
its

in

Digging

parallels

Herg/j,.

Herse, (Sax. Fr.) Occo, &c. &c.

these familiar accidents and
pressed

We may

well imagine, that

operations

upon

mind;
its

and we

would be strongly imknow, that Language has

expressions
tiiis

borrowed
forcible

some of

most

ordinary

and

most
to

metaphorical applications from

Agitation

express

Commotion Exciteinent
We
for

source,

in order

Irritation,

&c. &c.

of various sorts and in various degrees.

to

shall instantly call

mind the Latin expression

in

Commotion, Pulverem Excitare

which
*

our colloquial phraseology we express by 'To Kick up a Dust;' and we know, that the term Tumultus, Tumult, is

connected with Tumulus, the Heap of Dirt.

The word Harrow,

belonging to our Element, which

cipate,
is

have been obliged to antiin

one of the strongest terms,

our Language, to express

the

524
the Soul

"R. R. \--C, D, G, J,K,Q, S,T,

X, Z.
'To Harrow up

the most violent state of mental Perturbation, as

:

and a similar metaphor from some such operation on the Ground is probably to be found in every form of Speech. I shall shew in a future Volume, that the Latin Fod/o belongs
* '

FD, PD, denoting the Ground, as Pedow, {jje^ov. Solum) and Fod/o, as we know, not only signifies "To Dig, to " Delve," but it means likewise, " To prick To Stick, or Stab " To jog, or push, by way of notice or admonition;" as Robert
to the Element
;

Ainsworth explains it, " Fo^^/v stimulis, Equi Foderet calcaribus " armos, We use Dig in a similar Pungit dolor, vel Fodiat."

sense,

'

To Dig your

spurs into a horse,' &c. &c.

We

ber, that

Annoyance

Persecution
in

one of the strongest images among the

or Affliction,
is

rememHebrews for
all

derived from
2,

the

act

of

Ploughing, as
*

the

Psalms,

(cxxix.

&c.)

"Many

a time

have they

afflicted

me, from

my

youth, but they

have not

" prevailed against me. " they

The Flowers Plowed upon my back

made long
of this
is

their furrows."

metaphors

nature.

Perturbation

Solicito,

which

is

to Stir up the

Another expressing Ground Solum

All

Languages abound with

strong

term
the

for

mental
sense of

Solicitude;
Citare.

first

The
I

significations

of this word, as they are detailed by our ordinary Lexicographers,

will fully explain to us the train of ideas,

which

have unfolded,

as connected with operations

on the Ground. "Solicito," says R. Ainsworth, means, "(1.) To Stir, or Dig up; properly the
(2.) Met.
Solicitous.

" Ground.
" to

To

disquiet, to busy, to trouble, to disturb,

make

(3-) "^^ Solicit, to provoke, or be in earnest

" with, one; to importune, to press, to be urgent, to entice one to do a thing. (5.) To allure." (4.) To sue, or pray, for.

We

be prepared from these observations to expect a Race ^. "^CjD, &c. which are of words, belonging to our Element R. connected with the action of Stirring up the Ground, and which
shall

express the idea oi Stirring

tip

in general, oi Excitement,

Commotion,
Agitation,

THE
&c., as

EARTH.
Ago, ^oito, &c.
to decide

525

Agitation, Irritation, &c., or of Disturbing, Annoying, Aggrieving,

Harass, Harsh,
I

&:c.

In producing these

terms,

shall not

always attempt

on the peculiar species

of operation, from which

as
all

the sense

of such

words

is

derived;

those actions of Stirri?tg up the Ground alike lead to the

same train of ideas. As I do not attempt always

from which
I

to adjust the peculiar action,

this sense of Stirring

up the Ground
life,

is

derived

so

do not pretend

to fix

on that period of Social

in

which such
before such
that

a sense originally appeared. the

The

term, which expresses Stirring up

Ground by the Harrow, might have existed long an implement was adopted; and it may be observed,

among

the various and obvious sources, from which the idea of Soil or

Earth

in a state of j^gitation

would be derived, we must not be

too minute in our selection of a peculiar notion, as they

would

all

operate in forming a general impression.

The

great point, to

which

my

attention has been directed,

is is

to prove, that the

Race of

words, conveying this train of ideas,

either remotely or directly

connected with the Earth.

Nothing can be more obvious, than

that the terms relating to the operations of Agriculture, Stirrifig

up or Cultivating the Earth, would be derived from the spot,

on which those operations are performed

and
it

shall leave the

enquirers into the Theory of Languages, as

is

called, to

decide

on the more primitive

of

idea,

if

any such existed, which might

labours
that

prevail in certain terms, before they were applied to the

Agriculture.

My

Hypothesis

is,

this

Race

of

words

originally signified, to Stir up, as being connected with accidents

or operations attached to the

in

Ground or Earth, the great

object,

which such ideas are most prominent.

In the first Section of the present Chapter,
I

shall consider

the terms under the form

the '^R, as Herse, &c.
;

'^R.

C,D, &c. with

the breathing before

and

in the second, those

terms with the

brcatiiing

5<26

^R. R.

\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T,X, Z.
'^C,

breathing before the

D, &c. when the sound of

has disap-

peared, as Occo, &c. &c.

The Reader
that they

will not fail to observe the

simple process by
'^R. "^C,

which the various

senses of

our

Element

D, G, &c. resolve themselves into their original princiwill

ples.

He

perceive,

are

all

connected with the

'

Earth, considered under two

'Rest,

points of view, either as

A Place

or as in a state o{ Agitation.'
'

of

When

the

Earth

has been

considered, as

Place of Rest,'

it

has supplied us with terms,

Spot, Enclosed for

which denote the Certain

are

Fixed Appropriate

the purposes of Safety and Security

Placed

Persons
the
plies

Situated, as on a Base or Foundation, or on Dwell Remain, &c. &c. When the Surface or
is

The

Spot,

on which things
which
Soil of

Earth
the

considered,

as

in

a state of Agitation,

it

sup-

us with terms, relating to the operations of Agriculture,

to

notion of Excitemetit

Irritation

Commotion,

&c. &c.

We
the

perceive, moreover,

through what a wide range of

Human

ideas these

two modes
will

of conceiving so important an object as

Earth

conduct the understanding.

I

In the two former

Chapters of this Work,

have already illustrated the extensive

influence of this impression,

when

the

Earth
I

is

considered as a

Place of Rest;
influence of the
tjie

and

in the present

Chapter

shall

examine the
Soil of

same impression, when the Surface or

Speech

Earth
;

is

considered, as in a state of Agitation.

The

great

materials of

Human

have been derived from these two

sources

namely, from the idea of Place, and that of Stirring up

Routing up

Cutting up or
on

Vellicating a surface, as the

is

Ground,
is

Earth
remote

but the latter idea

operating

the most prevalejit, and

per-

petually

occasions,

which are

apparently

most

from such notions.

I

Language,

perceive
;

still
I

As I advance in the secrets of more and more the extensive influence

of this latter idea

and

may

perhaps have sometimes erred in

attributing certain words to the

Earth, when considered

as the

Base

THE
jiase

EARTH.

527

the

Settled

Place,

on which things Rest, or are Placed,

terms, belonging to the
a state

which were

originally connected with

same Spot
kind,

the
in

of Agitation.

Earth, when considered as the Surface in The Reader will not wonder at an error
is

of this
is

when

the point

obscure, and the idea of Agitation

not

prominent

the sense of the

in

word

or rather, perhaps, he will

is

be of opinion, that

such cases, where the original spot

is

duly

ascertained, this minuteness of distinction

1

unnecessary.

have endeavoured,

in

the progress of these Researches, to

I

detail

the train of ideas, which

I

was desirous of unfolding,

in

that order, which

conceived best adapted

for conciliating the

attention and engaging the conviction of the Reader, to a variety of

facts, as yet

unknown and

unexplored.

have abstained thereto

fore from introducing points

which related rather

Theory, and

the
till

Modus
I

concipiendiAhdni to the spirit and force of

my argument;

was obliged, by the course of my Enquiries, to enter on the explanation of such topics, and to exhibit certain terms, which,
under a minute variety of form, connected themselves with the

Kace of words which are now to be examined. We have seen and we shall find, the term Harrow under the form '^R;

how

it

attaches itself to

the form,

now under

discussion,

"RS,

'^RT, &c., guages.

parallel,

when we consider the parallel terms in other LanThe Etymologists, under Harrow, justly produce, as
Herce,
Herse,

Harse,

(Fr.)

Hercke,

(Belg.)

Harcke,

(Germ.) Rostrum,
Herciare,

Harre, (Dan.) the old barbarous Latin word

properly referred us to

&c.

and they have likewise

its

our English word Harrie, and

Herge, (Dan.)f/
arrear,

parallel

terms Hergian, (Sax.)

&c.

(Spanish,)

Torquere,
'^R

&c.

Here

we

see,

how

the forms

""KS

and

connect themselves with

each other.

We

shall find,

moreover, that these forms familiarly

pass into each other;

and that the words, appearing under such

ultimately
related.

forms,

should

be considered as

We

must

observe.

528

^R. R. \-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T,

X, Z.
they pass into

observe, however, of these forms, as

we

observed of the other

forms, ^RS, &c.

'^T,

&c.

RT,

&c., that though

each other on certain occasions, and

longing to the same Element;

yet

may be regarded, as bestill they may be considered,

under" another point of view, as distinct forms, generating a race

of words peculiar to themselves
*.

The

* As the following observations relate rather to the Theory of the question, than to
the essential business of our Researches,
I
it,

shall assign this discussion to the place

of a Note, that the Reader

may

consult

without diverting his attention from the

main scope and

spirit

of the argument.

It

may

be enquired perhaps

bj-

some, wliich

of these forms, *R, &c. or *RS, should be regarded as the Primitive or Original form.

On

this point I

conceiving the subject, than to the yac^, which

can only observe, that such a question belongs rather to tlie mode of is intended to be exhibited. I have

chosen to represent *RC,

Elementary form or forms, because, in considering tlie words, conveying the same train of ideas, and ultimately, as I conceive, belonging to each other, under the forms '*RC, Sec. ''R, I have found, that the greater number of words appear under the form or forms "RC, &c. *C, 8tc. RC, Sec, and but few under the form "R ; and moreover, that the name for the object, from which, as I conceive, under various forms and Elements, Languages have been
Sec.

*C, Sec.

RC,

as the general

supplied with words, appears under the form

Dialects,

*RC *RS, "RT,

&c. in our Teutonic

and

in

other ancient Languages, as

Earth, Eede,

8cc.

Aretz, (Heb.)

&.c.

The Reader perhaps may

Original form.

imagine, that the form *R, as seeming to appear in a more

simple state than that of "RC, &,c.

RC,
will

&c., should be regarded as the Primitive

and

Under
in

this idea,

he

perhaps consider the Greek Era, (Eja, Terra,)

and other words

(R?o),)

Av.S, as terms existing in the

&.C. are

HER-se,
"R.

Under

the

Ear, (Eng.) To Plough, Harros', Aroo, more primitive state; and that Ear-M, ER-<fe, the derivatives, in which t, th, and </, are organical additions to the Hypothesis, which in any mode of conceiving the matter is alike
the same form.
it

be oftentimes from a word under the a fact, that a word under the form "RT has directly passed form "R, and may therefore be justly said to be derived, from it. Yet we must
supposed, that these words are allied to each other;
will certainly

remember, that from the same principle, which alike supposes the separation and the union of sounds represented by R and T, Sec, the form "R< may equally pass into the form "R. Such facts, of one word passing into another, will, no doubt, perpetually occur; and sometimes the more original form, or the original word, may be discovered by the arts of Etymology. It must be observed, however, that this process is generally placed out of our reach; and that the principle, on which such a process is
supposed

THE
The succeeding word
"
to

EARTH.
Harrowes

529
Skinner's Lexicon
;

is

To

Harry,"

wliicii lie

derives from Harier, Vexare

Lacessere.

These

supposed

to be effected, will suggest to us a

more comprehensive mode

ot'

conceiving

the operation by which words are generated.

In enquiries of this nature,

abstract point
ot"

it

is

very

difficult to

consider the question, under that

The symbols of
distinctions,

which is necessary for tlie due comprehension of the subject. Language are too apt to confuse our ideas, and to lead us into which are often idle and minecessary. When we adopt a single symbol *R,
view,
written

in order to represent a certain class of words;

to
it,

and then add a second letter or symbol we are apt to confound the number of the symbols with their power, and to consider that form, which happens to be represented by symbols numerically less, as affording the more simple and original form. Let us,
in

order to represent another class of words,

however, conceive the matter under another point of view.

Let

us,

instead of using

known

characters, adopt an

unknown symbol

as for

example, in order to represent

the general expression for the Element. Let us suppose, that this symbol [] is the representative of a certain peculiar sound, in which the kindred sounds, expressed by the
characters *ll and *T, &c., are involved;

and let us imagine, that these sounds are sometimes found separate, as '*ll, '*T, &c., and sometimes united, as '*RT, &,c. RT, &c. From this mode of conceiving the matter, we should scarcely become intelligible to ourselves, if we attempted to enquire, which of the forms *R, *T, "RT, &c. RT, &c.
should be considered as the more original form.
that

We

should only be able to say,

when one of these sounds was heard, the forms '*R, *T, &c. would appear, and that, when they were both heard, the forms '*RT, RT, Sec. would be visible. With respect to the vowel breathing we should observe, that it might exist before, after, and
between these sounds. Under this point of view, it would be idle to say, that the term Ear-^/* is derived from Era, (E;a,) &c., from an idea, that Era appears to be
in a more simple state, because it happens to be represented by characters, less in number than the other. When we allow, however, that all these forms belong to each other, and observe,
in number, when we conclude, that the Human organs are less inclined to enunciate the *R by itself, and more disposed to combine T, 8cc. with it, as -^RT, RT, or to enunciate '^T, 8cc. alone. AA'hcn we consider this, and remember, moreover, what have before observed, that the name for the Ground assumes {he form *RT, &c. in our Teutonic Dialects, as Earth, &.c. the Reader, I trust, will acknowledge the propriety of my representing *RT, &.c. *T, RT, &c. as the general formula for the Element. I shew, in different parts of my Work, that the Element

moreover, that the words under the form

"R

arc inconsiderable

compared with the words under the other forms;

has assumed other forms likewise, which ought not to have found a place in a general On the whole, as I conceive, I have representation of the Elementary characters.
selected thai form, as the general expression,

which

is

best adapted to represent the

great

3X

530

R.R.\-.C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
see,

These words, we

belong to each other, as Harass

to

and

Harasser, (Fr.) belong

the

form Herse.

Nothing can so
strongly-

great body of facts, which I liave untlertakea to unfold.

If the

Reader

will recur to

my

original explanation of the

Elementary Characters, and the subsequent statement

he will find, that the mode of conceiving the process, which I have there adopted, does not interfere, in point of fact, with the more abstract mode of viewing the
question, which
is

here exhibited.

Though
;

imagine, that the words, under

I

all

these

forms, belong ultimately to each other

yet as

consider them, under one point of

view, as distinguished likewise from each other, and as consisting of a race of words,
peculiar to themselves,
I

have arranged the terms under each form

in separate articles.

Thus have
to

exhibited, on the

same
I

spot, the race of

each other; and

in those cases,

which appeared

words which more directly belong to admit of some doubt, to what

form a term should be referred,

I

have endeavoured to make such distinctions, which

the nature of the example would admit.

have avoided, however, that minuteness of enquiry, which seemed to be involved

with cases placed out of our reach; and have contented myself with recording those
plain

and

intelligible facts,

which we are better enabled

to discover

and to

detail.

Various cases certainly exist, arising from different modes of operation ; and some of these may be stated as facts, which can be sufficiently ascertained ; though others are
of such a nature, that they cannot

now be

discovered.

Thus a great race of words,

under the form '*RT, Sec, have been derived, directly or remotely, from certain terms, denoting the Ground, under the form '*RT, &c., as Earth, &c. that is, such words would not have existed, unless the name for the Ground had appeared under the form *RT,
;

such as

most

Earth. Such words we may expect which the familiar term for the Ground appears under that form, as in the Teutonic Dialects. Still, however, as the forms "R and *RT, &c. perpetually pas? into each other, a great race of words must exist under the

A=Ea rth, 8cc., and

abound
in those

these directly belong to

in

to

Languages,

form '^RT, &c. which would have existed, if the familiar name for the Ground had never appeared under the form *RT. Thus, when we consider the parallel terms to Harrow, under the form *RT, &c., as Herse, Herce, these terms might have Such distinctions, however, are existed, though the word Earth had not appeared. generally placed out of our reach, or we involve ourselves in enquiries about cases,

which from the very nature of the question will not admit of discrimination or distincWhen, therefore, I refer any term, under the form '*RT, &c., to Earth, Erde, tion. mean to entangle myself with any distinction of this sort; but I mean simply do not I to observe, that such a term, under theform *RT, is to be referred to a race of words ultimately connected with a name for the Ground, among which words Earth is
In this case, however, it is supposed that -^RT found under the same form. represents the Elementary form, or that the T is an organical addition to the *R. When the *RT represents the Elementary form, and is connected with the name of
the

THE
strongly
exhibit

EARTH.
conceptions,
fact

531
which have been

the contracted

formed on the subject of Etymology, than the

which here
presents

the

Ground under
of
Sic.

that form, as

Earth,

Sec,

to the spirit

my

Hypothesis.

Yet there
T

is

have discovered the fact, which belonsrs another case of words under the form

and S are not organical additions to the 'R, but are significant additions derived from the analogies of Language, 8cc. Here, if this fact could be discovered, it would not be right to say, that the word belonged to the form "RT; but we ought to consider it, as attached to the form '*R. This case I always mean to point out to the Reader, when it can be duly ascertained though perhaps I have omitted to do so, when it really exists. Thus I have referred the Greek Orusso, Orutto, (p^iiacru, o^vTTu,) to the Elementary form '^RS, '*RT; yet perhaps the

*RT,

"RS, See, where the

Usso and Vtto were additions, arising from the analogy of the

Language ; and

if

that

should be the fact, they should be said to belong to the form *R, as in Oro, (O^a,
Concito,) Aroo, (ao,) &c.
certain facts from each other, and of

must repeat, I have been desirous of separating marking certain distinctions, whenever materials for such separation and distinction were placed before me; but it must be remembered, that such materials are oftentimes removed altogether out of our reach, that in
Again
I

a great variety of cases, the question dwindles into a petty and almost unintelligible minuteness, referring merely to the

Modus concipiendi; and that any laboured discussion on these secondary points removes our attention from the great anA fundamentalfact,
spirit

which constitutes the force and

of these researches.

This broad and

intelligible

fad

is,

that

all

these forms *R,

*RT, &c. *T, &c. RS,

8tc.

supply a race or races of

words, which are ultimately to be referred to each other, and which are inseparably blended with terms, expressing the Ground and its operations, as ERA,(E{a,) Earth,

&C. ESTIA, (Eerria,) &,C. HaRROW, HeRSE, OcCO, &C. &C. The Reader will be enabled best to understand the force of the above observations, by considering the examples themselves, in which these forms pass into each other.
will there see, how intimately the form *R is connected with the form '*RS, RT; and consequently, how the sounds R and T, S, &c. are related to each other. We may here, however, briefly state what the ordinary' Grammarians detail respecting the relation between "R and S, &c. I have before i)roduced the remarks of Robert Ainsworth on the sound of R; who observes, that it is formed " in the upper part of the

He

" throat, but so vibrated by a quaver of the tongue, and

" makes a sound like the grinning of a dog;

aliision
is

on the

teeth, that

it

whence

it

called the canine letter:

" but the Romans, on the contrary, give it so soft and lisping a sound, that in " writing they sometimes omitted it, calling the Etrusci, Thusci, or Tusci; and "especially before S; thus Ennius writ p/-OS-Ms, ?*-US-us, for /j/'-ORS-us, " iJ^-URS-t/s," And the same Philologist adds, " Yea, the sound of this lisped It was

" so near that of its neighbour S, that they writ aSa, caSmen, papi/Sii, for aRa, " caKinen, papi/Kii; and we find the termination oS, as well as oR, in good writers " still."

53^
any

^R. R.

\-C, D,

G,

J,

K, Q,

S, T,

X, Z.
in the

presents itself; namely, that Skinner and Junius have not seen
affinity

between Harrow and Harry;

though

Lexicons

of both these Etymologists, the terms are directly adjacent to each

other.

Lye, however, ventures to observe, " Chaucero Harrowe

" est idem quod praecedens Harrie, et hinc fortasse dicitur per " translationem instrumentum, quo glebse diminuuntur." The

forms of

Ara and Asa

Era,
or

will

shew

us,

how

these words at once

belong
logists
y-iK

to

(E^a,) Esx/a, (EiTT/a,)

and Ear=t/j.

The Etymo-

acknowledge, that

Ara
the

has some relation to the Chaldee

AR-G,

AR-0, and

Hebrew
fuit,

pX ARZ,
Diis

" quippe," says

inferis

R. Ainsworth, " quae humilis

ut quae

praecipue

" esset, ut altare ab altitudine, quod superis."

likewise remind us of the Greek Ara,
AK-aomai,{A^cco(^cci,'?Yecor, facio vota;
{k^oc,

Our Etymologists Praeces.) The Greek

belongs to belongs to
Arotriao,

Imprecor, Maledico,) means,

Harry
Arator,)
""R,

in

its

original sense, as
(Afow, Aro,)

imagine, 'To Curse,' and

Aroo,

by the same metaphor, as

Harrow.
T;

In the Latin

ARATrum,

the

Greek AROxron,
A^orri^,

Aroter, (A^ot^ov, Aratrum, A^or^tuu, Aro,

we
ora
I

see the
signifi-

but whether

it

be an organical addition to the

cant one, arising from the construction of Language,

cannot
decide.

Again he observes how pa uC belongs pauRos, (nxv^a,) aGiia aDlabi, &c. &c. written for meDidies, aRlabi how meliidies (A^m,)
"still."
us

to

to

aRne,

is

for

From

becomes the neighbour of this affinity it, in the arrangement call of our Alphabets, as in to pleased S, as R. Ainsworth is and hence it is, that the characters, representing English, Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, 8cc. these sounds, differ only from each other in some Languages, by a minute mark of In Hebrew, the D and the R T"l are distinguished only by a little protudistinction. berance; and in Arabic, the R and X, ox Ra, Za, which are placed together, differ
between

and

S, &,c.

it

has arisen, that

only by a dot put over the

selves

latter,

'^^jj-

shall

now proceed

to the

examples them-

The Reader

and confirm the force of these preliminary observations. however remember, that 1 do not mean in this VV^ork to extend my cn(iuiries to any great length on the rfice of words under the form '*R, but to consider those only, which present themselves to me in the course of my discussions on the words under the form 41T, 8<.c.
which
will illustrate
will

THE
decide.

EARTH.
many
form

553
of the parallel terms

In the Dialects of the Celtic,

appear

likewise

under

the

'^RT;

but here

the

Celtic

Scholar must assist in determining, whether the T,

organical or
for y^ro,
I

&c. be an
the terms

significant

addition.

In Lhuyd,

among
'

find the

Welsh Ardhy, Aredig,

'

the Cornish
I

Dho

Araz,'

the Armoric Arat, and the Irish Ar;

Ardhiir,

for Orator

find the

Welsh

and the Cornish

the

Dean

Ardar,' Ardhur; and for

Aratrum

we have
Arar.

Welsh Aradr,

the Cornish Ardar, and the Armoric

In English,
logists

To Eare

signifies
this

'

To Plough
to the

;'

and the EtymoAredig, the

have referred us under

word

Welsh

Gothic Arian, the Saxon Erian, the

Aeren, and the

German

Erren, the Belgic

(A^ou.)

Latin and

Greek Aro and Aroo,

They
Greek
and

remind

us,

moreover, of the Welsh Ar, Arvum, and the Greek

Aroura, (A^ouoa.)

They might
is

likewise have added

the

Era,

(Eoa,)

which

the simpler state of

Ar=Oura,

(A^ou^a,)

a variety of other words, which

denote the Eart/i, under the

directly connects itself with the

Element

'^R.

The Saxon Erian

form '^RG, as Lye gives us

at the

same time "ER/aw, Erig^w,

In Gothic too,

Arare, and Erg^w^, Ereg^m^, Y^KiGend, AKans.

ARjands

is

ARans; and from these words we have our name

Argand,

as in the

name
Clown,

of the Inventor of the Patent

in

Ear
"

for

Plough

occurs

Shakspeare.
's

" He,

that

Lamps. Ears my
" spares
be his
I

" land," says the

in All

Well that ends

IVell,

my

team, and gives

me

leave to inn the crop:

If

" cuckold, he's

my

drudge."

(A.
to

I.

S. 3.)

&c. &c.

In Welsh,

Hear

or

Hyar means "Easy

is

be ploughed, Anable, plain, even."

In Arabic, tiJysw Hers, signifies "Cultivating," and cul ya^. Herras,

"Sowing,"
" or

"A

Farmer;" and hence the Persians

say,

"Hurs

Hers Saukten," ^JJeLLK. e^yi^ " To Plough." Again, in Arabic, " and it {j*^.j\ Eris, means "A Plowman, Husbandman, Farmer; likewise means " A Prince, Chief." The preceding word is

534
tjj\
will

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
Eriz,

which

denotes

" Frost,

hoar-frost,
;

rime."

This

remind us of the Greek Erse, {e^o-hi, Ros) and now we shall understand, that these terms mean, what is upon the surface of
the

Earth.

An

adjacent term in Mr. Richardson's Dictionary

is

Eriz, vj4?j'

" Broad, Wide, large,"

which

will

bring to our

remembrance the Greek Eurus, (Eu^u?, Latus.) In the same opening of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary, where these words occur, we have v>^_^' Uruz, " Earths, Grounds." In the Russian

Dialect of the Sclavonic,

we

should probably

Oratze is a Plowman and to this source refer the name HoRAT=ius, Ii-Orace, Orazio,
;

(Lat.

Eng.

Ital.)

&c. &c.
(Of uo-o-w, O^uttw, Fodio,)

The Greek Orusso, Orutto,

;

'To

Dig,'

would be naturally derived, as we shall all agree, from the Ground and it signifies, as I imagine, to Earth, or to break up If the Reader should suppose, that the Usso or the the Earth.
Utto

were derived from the analogy of the Greek Language, or

that the words, to

which

it

immediately belonged, bore the Elesignify

mentary form
coincide
(Eoa, Terra,) if

'^R,

then he must conceive the term Or^usso to

to
'

with Oro, (O^w, Concito,) and

I

To

Era,'

may

so express

it,

'To Break up
this,

the Era,

To
its

*Ear

up

the Ground,* &c. &c.

to adjust
;

In the Latin v=Erto,

no such minute point

safely considered as
*

and

we have we perceive, may be

To

Earth.*

Robert Ainsworth has given

genuine sense, when he explains it by "To Dig, or cast up " Quo sidere Terram v=EKTere." Virgil, we know, has likewise
In the " Duro v=ERsare Terram, which means 'To Plough it.' " Terram qui z;=ErtjY ARATro," we see the action Ert, and the

Instrument

Arat

or

Art, both belonging

to the

Earth.

From

the action of Ploughing or Turning up the Land, i;=Erto has the

sense of Turn applied in a different manner,

t

passing

the

From Furrow to The Latin v=Eksus z'=Erse.

To Turn Furrow;' and hence we have

'

about in
v=Ersus,

is

explained

by Robert Ainsworth,

worth
" of

trees.

EARTH. 535 " A turning about a land's end. A Rank, row or series that even in prose. A Verse." We now A
THE
at
line,

see,

v-Ersus, Lines, Rows, z^-Erses,

I

mean no more than Earths,

it

if

may

so say, or Furrows, turning one into the other, as

after

were,

or regularly recurring, one

the other.

From

this regular

recurrence

of Furrozv

after
in

Furrow by the action of Turning

about
'

Up
'

and

Down

Ploughing, t;=ERSARi signifies

*To be

about any thing,'

or, as

we

express

it,

by a word derived from

z^-ERsor,

To

be con-v-ERsant in any thing.*

our term co7i-v-ERS=ation belongs to the

it

Thus we see, how Earth, however remote

Poleo, to which our

may

appear from that spot.

The Greek
in

words Plough and Ply belong, has precisely the same meaning
and hence
In
it

is

explained

our ordinary

Vocabularies

by

" z^-Erto, z;-Erso, t^-ERSor, Aro.'^

the

Tuscan
informs

Dialect, Arse Verse

us.

signifies

*'

Averte Ignem,"
the term
for

as Festus
Fire,

Verse

is

supposed

to

be

and
see
for

therefore
true

Arse corresponds with

of t^-Erto.
I

Averte.

In Arse,
that

we
term
idea

the

form

shall

shew,

the

Fire,

f=ERSE,
*

belongs
Stir

to

the

same race of words,

it

i'-Erto, Arse, &c.

of Commotion

Agitation,
it

To

up;'

and that

is

derived from the

&c. &c.

In

Hebrew, DT IRT,
it,

signifies "

To

turn aside, turn over," as Mr. Parkhurst explains

to the Latin

who

has justly referred

f=ERTO, and the English

in

t<;-RiTH,

w-Reath.
is

The succeeding word

'yy

Mr. Parkhurst's
which,
as
in

Hebrew Lexicon,

our Author conceives,

IRK " To is
;

the

original

idea of

be long,

extended

length."
to

The

sense

of

Extension

we

should

naturally

conceive

be

The preceding term to from S^ace on the Earth. LDT IRT, is rw IKCh, " the Moon," which Mr. Parkhurst supposes
derived
to belong to

mt< ARCh,

'*

To go

in

a Track," which brings us

will

directly to the Eart^^, Arg, Sec.

This

remind us of the Greek

in

ERCH-omai,

{E^x.H-'*'i

Eo,) *To Go.'

The succeeding word

Mr.

536

^R.R.\- C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.
to the latter

Mr. Parkhurst's Lexicon

which denotes "
another form, as

Hebrew

term,

is -[nx

ARK,
only

To

be

we

see,

grow Long," and which of "jT IRK, " To be Long."

or

is

Terms, which

relate to Action

Labour

Work,

&c.,

or

to

Artuo. (Gr.)
thing
up,

the idea of Working up any

thing, connected with operation

To Work any or together, To

is

Season, Prepare.

performed on or with

Artos. (Gr.) Bread, What Worked up Kneaded.

the

Earth, Erde, Aretz, Arg, &c. &c.

Arteo. (Gr.) To Prepare.

Artzo^. (Gr.)

Made

or Worked

up, so as to be whole.

Erdo ^Rezo.
originally
tivate the

To Do; To Earth, To CulEarth, To labour.

(Gr.)

ex

ERceo.

(Latin,)

To Work

Land,

Till,

Labour.

^*'=Ercise. (Eng.)
''Res. (Lat.)

Ergow. (Gr.)
Agriculture.

The

labour

of

w-ORDen. (Sax.)

Made or
w-Yrd.

To be Worked done. To Be.

The Work,
attached
;

(Sax.)

w-Ork. (Eng.) &c. &c. &c.

Ge=OoRG^o. (Gr.)

fact

or circumstance

to

To Work

or

any person or thing

What is

cultivate the Earth.

Worked or Done

to,

or befalls

zy-EoRK, z;-Erck, w=Ark, &c.

&c. (Sax. Dan. Swed.) Work.

any one; Fate, Destiny, &c.

TO=EiRDEs. (Old Eng.) Workers

W-^RlGHTjW-RYHTA.tf-YRHTA,
ztz-AuRSTu. (Eng. Sax. Goth.

Fates Destinies.
w=Ord. (Eng.)
Originally the

&c.)
Irk,

To

Work.

iRK^om^,

w-Ark,

&c.

Work or thing enjoined or uttered by another. Hence

the

(Eng. &c.) Relating to Work,

Toil, Pain, &c.

Enjoining

Speech,

or

Speech

in general.

We

THE

EARTH.

537

We may well imagine,

we
shall all agree,

that the terms for PTork

Labour

Toil,

&c. would be derived from the Labours of Agriculture. Hence we have the Greek Erdo, (e^Su, facio,) which means, as I trust

Erde, (Germ.) &c. The Etymologists derive it from Retso, (Pe^o., facio,) which should be considered, as belonging to the race of words before us, signifying

To Earth,

'To aRETz to Earth,' when

the breathing before the

does not appear.

To

the form of Retzo, (Pe^w,) must be remiction

ferred the Latin Res,

which means

Business Employment.
though others
i^kt
is

Some Etymologists have acknowledged

derive

this origin,

Res from the Greek Pj?i/, Ovis, the Hebrew Res connects itself with Rus, and Caput, &c. &c.
its

RAS,

used in

original

sense,

word, in the

when combined with the derivative of that phrase Res Rustica. The form of the Element

RS
is

will

be fully considered in the progress of our dicussions.

In the same column of found,

my Greek

Vocabulary, where Erdo, (Eo(L,)

as
to

we have Ergo7z, {E^yov, Opus,) JVork, Labour; which, we now see, belongs to our Element under the form "^RG,

ARK, ARG,

&c. (Chald. Samar. Syr. &c.)

We

shall likewise
is

understand, that the Englisli explanatory term t;-ORK

only

another form of the Greek Ergow,

that

[z^yov.)

Every one knows,

as

the

appropriate sense
is
'

of Ergo,

(j.^yov,)
;'

given in our
title

School-boy Vocabularies,

Labor
is

in

Agro

and that the

of
Kat

Hesiod's book on Agriculture,

U[x.e^oct,)

"Erga

kai

Emerai," (epfa

'zt^^ORKS and
colo,)
'

Days.'

The Greek G^-Org^o,

(Teu^ysu,

Terram
and'

means

we know, from Ge and Ergo, (Epyov,) To w=Ork or Cultivate the Land.' The English word
is

derived,

tyr'^RiGHT

is still

another form ofzv=ORK, as Ship=w-RiGHT

in

'the

'Man,
as the

Who

w^-Orks

making

Ships.'

The

Etymologists, under

Work,
Belgic

produce the parallel terms to be found in other Languages,

Saxon

fVeorc,

the

Danish

Ferck, the

Swedish IFark, the

and German

JVerck,

and JVercken, IVirken, the Runic Uerg,

3

the

538

^R. R/.--C,

D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X,Z.
Under Wright, they
refer us to the

the Gothic Waurstzv, &c.

Saxon Wryhta, Wyrhta, which they derive from the Saxon verb
Weorcaji,
derived,

From Wright, the WoRKwan, is we know, our famiHar name Wright. The word apWyrcan, Operari. Wyrcan,

pears under various forms in Saxon and Gothic, as Weorc, Were,

Wircan,

Waurkjan,

word Wircan,

To

Work,

in

Work,' &c. &c. Under the Lye, we are brought to the very spot,
'

to

and the union of the very terms, which I have supposed in my Hypothesis, " La?id vel Eorth^w, w=YRcan, Terram elaborare,
" colere."

" Mannces the thaEoRTH^w z;-Orhte,

ai/Tjji/.

Homo

non erat
is
riv

" qui

terram coleret."

In Greek, the parallel term

Erg^zo

adopted, " Anthropos ouk een 'ERoazesthai auteen," AvO^anrog ovx

EPFAZESOAI
parallels

Dr. Jamieson, under the Scotch w-Irk,

"To
its

" Work, to cause, to accomplish," observes, that this term and

" appear in a

more
idea.

radical

form
id.

" Arare, Colere terram, from YR-ia,

Yrke, Yrk-Z^, glebam radere," where

in
Isl.

we

see

the

primitive

We

have likewise

in

Scotch the

preterite
directly

Wroght and Wroclit, which connect themselves more with the form Wrought in our own Dialect and we may
j

note, that the use of the

word

in English,

which

relates particu-

larly to the mingling of materials, preserves the primitive idea.

The
express
us
to

action of
it

Work/'w^ Earth,
it,

either

under the idea of

it

Cultivating
it,

and Improving
it

or that of Work/'/z^

up, as

we

or Tempering

by the mingling of materials, leads

the
in

idea of Preparing

any thing
Cookery.

in

general,

and

parti-

cularly

the

operations
(A^tuw,

of

Hence

we have

the

Greek
which

Artiw,
is

Apparo,

adorno,

instruo;

Condio,)
it

nothing but to Earth or Erd, (E^J'w, facio,) if I may so express it, " To Work up or Make up any thing." In hRTuma,
(A^Tvi^K,

Condimentum, conditura,

Pulmentiim,')

when

signifies

Pulmentum, Pottage, we see the original idea of Earth or

like

materials

of

thick consistency, mingled or

is

together.

Artos, (A^roj, Panis,) Bread,

nothing but

Mud Worked up the Worked

up,

THE
up, or Kneaded Substance.

EARTH.
I

539
{Uota-a-ta,

shall

shew, that Masso,

Mud, and Make, belong to each other; and Subigo, Pinso,) that Masso signifies to Mix or Make up any thing of a Mud The strongest term in Greek for exquisite like consistency.
Mix
Condimejit,
'

is

a word, which in
a field over,' as

its

original
Ov^yiXivu,

sense signifies
Proprie Fimo quia
ut

'To
agri

Mud

or

Dung

"

agrum

" adspergo,

deinde

cibos

exquisite

condio,

fimo

" foecundiores,

sic cibi

condimentis delicatiores fiunt."

Whatever

be the precise idea annexed to the metaphor, whether that of the

Lexicographers, or that which
I

have annexed to Artwo, (Aotuw,)

the fact, at which on a superficial view

we might
is

be surprised,

remains the same;

namely, that the term for the preparation of

derived from

Food, and that too of the most exquisite kind,

Dirt

Muck,

&c.

The Onth
to

in Ontheleuo, or Onth-Theleuo,

be-

longs,

we know,
signifies

Onthos, (Ovdog,
is

Fimus seu
like or

stercus

Jumento-

rum,) and the Thel in Theleuo

derived from Tellus.

The Saxon

WiRcaw

To Knead any Earth

does.

Mud

like substance,

as jn English

'To Work' up

Under Wirc^;^, Lye produces

fenn of his spatle,"
Spittle,"

" Elaboravit lutum ex sputo." " He Made clay of the

7ro<ijcr

the following Saxon phrase:

"HeWoRHXE
{^John
ttyiKov,

TnjXoi/
TrriXov,

it

too

'7nv<r[/.oiTo?,

ix.

6.)

If,

instead
in

of

ETToirja-e

had been

H^Tva-e

the

Eert

'E.EKTuse,

(Hotuo-,)

would have precisely corresponded with te;'^=ORHTE.

the origin
for

We

shall

now understand
a
celebro,
Eo^t>;,

of the Greek terms under our

Element ''RT,

Feast, as

EoRxazo, and Eorte,

(Eo^t^w,

Festum

Fcstus dies.)

The phrase produced by my

(Eo^Tao-ere Eo^tvjv

Lexicographer, Y.oKTasete Y^OKTeen too Kurioo,

Ku^iu,) will

tm

we see, the
Food, as
.

shew us the original idea; as the verb EoRtasete bears, same meaning, as ARTUsete, (a^tvo-bts,) Ye shall Prepare.'
'

In the following passage,

Ae7rvoi/

Artwio relates to the Preparation of EnHPTTNONTO, &:c. (Honi. Hymn, ad Cerer.

V.

128.)

The

preceding term to Eortazo, (Eo^ru^u,) in

my

Greek
Voca-

540

^R.
is

R.\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z.
Eorge,
(Eo^yvj,

Vocabulary,

Cochleare,

Tudicula,) the Spoon,

or Ladle, which belongs to the

Oorg^o
Stirs

in

Ge=OoRG^o,

(Ttu^yeu,)

and means the instrument, which

thing.

up or

zf=ORKS up any
Cochleari Agitare,
is

My

Lexicographer produces F^OROesai and EoRoizesthai,

Stir

which means to
and
Eo^yi^ea-dxi,

up with a Ladle.

Eo^yria-xi,

Cochleari Agitari.

The

Eo^yi^ea-Qui

only another

form of

E^yx^ir9oci.

The Greek Art^o,

the same.
(A^Tio?,

(Aotbu, Paro,

Apparo,)

To

Prepare,

is

only

another form of Arto, (Aj tuw, Apparo, adorno, instruo,) which means

Art^o,
ut
;

{A^tsu,) is

supposed to be derived from Art/05,

perfectus,
;

par,

numerus,

suis

constans

Integer,
is

Integer,
sanus,

omnibus

partibus
;

incolumis

Consentaneus
pietatis

Consummatus, pleneque instructus ad omnia

Paratus ad aliquid faciendum.)
of

officia;

We

see,

that the genuine sense

Art ios,
or

(A^rioj,)

expressed by "Paratus ad aliquid facien-

" dum,"
'

that

purpose

Made up Worked up, so as

the idea of

the

word means

<

Prepared for any

to be
fit

use

or

for a certain use

'

or purpose.'

Workz'w^ the Earth, or of Cultivating and Preparing the Ground for produce, would at once bring us to the idea of Preparation in general, or of Making up any thing into a due state of Preparation improvement peror completion, so as to be fit for any use, purpose, &c. fection Hence it is, that Colo, To till or cultivate Land,' means Improveperceive, that

We

'

ment
"

or Cultivation in general
Till or

To
To
shall

husband Ground,"
or

" To

Colo

is

explained by R. Ainsworth,
deck, trim, or adorn
;

dress,

prune."

Let us note the word Dress,

which
I

shew

to belong to Dirt, &c.

But whether
ideas,

this

be a fact
have
the

or not,

we

find in Dress the

supposed to be annexed to

same union of Arto, (AfTuw,)

is

which

as

relating

to

Earth.
"

To Dress, we know, Lord God took the Man, and

applied to

Land; ("And the

to

put him into the Garden of Eden,

THE EARTH.
" to Dress
of
it,

541

and

to

keep

it,")

and likewise to the preparation

'To Dress a dinner.' Though the general sense of WoRKing Land, or the Earth, directly brings us to that of a Prepared state of things, yet the same idea is acquired by another turn of meaning annexed to this action. To Work
Food by Cooking,
as

Earth

conveys
as

likewise

the

notion

of

Tempering the

Soil

considered

the

substance of Dirt

of
is

Mixing or Work/w^"
of a similar

up the materials of the

nature, so as to
I

Soil, or of Plastic materials

make them

in

a due state of consistency.

Now

imagine, that this turn of meaning

;

attached to the words

it

connected with Artwo, (a^tuw)

that Arto5,
(A^TOf,)

and hence

is,

as

suppose,

means Bread,

that, in

which the materials

;

are

Worked

up

in a

due state of Consistency and form

'

and hence

it is, I

imagine, that Art/o5, (k^noq,) means,

Par, ut numerus.

" Integer, perfectus, omnibus partibus suis constans,"

'

What

is

Worked up
composed, or
be

into a due Consistency of parts, so as

to be

duly

Made

up. Entire,

Whole, Compleat, Perfect.'

to

It

may

thought,

perhaps,

unnecessary
is

make

this

minute

distinction,

when

the general idea

(A^t;,

sufficient for

our purpose.

The adverb Arti,

pridem
;

Modo, pauUo

ante, nuper;

nunc,

jam-

in

compositione notat perfectionem, brevitatem vel novi-

tatem,) as applied to Time,

finished.

means the Time

just Compleated, or

The Lexicographers have properly observed, that

If

Arti,

Co?npleated Finished. ever an English and Greek Dictionary should be published, a work, which
something duly Made up
of
others,
all
is

(AfT/,) in

composition points out the Perfection of a thing, or of

most wanted

might hope, that the

secrets,

which

are here unfolded,

would

afford a valuable

fund of materials to

the Lexicographer, by which the spirit of his interpretation would

be perpetually supplied and regulated.

tions of Art/o5, (AfTiOf,) the English

In the various interpreta-

phrase

Made up should be
which

adopted for the purpose of expressing the fundamental idea, to

542

^R. R.

\ C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.
;

which the Writer should perpetually appeal

I shall

and on which the

vein of metaphor, applied in his explanation, should be established.

now

consider the words adjacent to Aktios, (A^nog,) in

the

order

of the

Greek Dictionaries.
the Cook,

The Art
is

in

AhTamos,

{k^TUf^ogy

Lanius;

Coquus,)

attached,

as

we

shall

now
in

see, to Artz^o, (a^tuw.)

In Artemes, or Av.T-Tem.es,

(^A^ref^ijg,

Incolumis, Integer, sanus, salvus,) the

Art

has the same force, as

Artios,

(A^twj,

Integer,

sanus,
is

incolumis.)

The goddess
(Afre^o?,',)

Diana, ART^w/,y,
*

{A^TB[/,ig,

Diana,)

the ARremes,

the

Integra Virgo.'

Jrtemisia, (A^Tp(r<a, Artemisia, herba,) belongs

to Artemis, (A^refMg,) the Goddess.

The

Tarn and Tern in Artamos,

Artemes,

(A^Ta^to?, A^TSfxyig,)

mean

nearly the

same

as

the

Art,

Prepared, perfect, compleat;

{Eroifiog,

and belongs

to the

Toim

in Etoimos,

Paratus,) and to a great race of words, which are to be

found through the whole compass of Language

The term
of ideas

Art^o,

(AfTaoi,

Suspendo, appendo,)
first
;

To Hang
find
is

or be Suspended,

seems, on the

view,

very remote from

the train

now

before

us

yet

nothing

we

shall

more easy and

to be of

natural.

The

idea of any thing

in
;

Made
is

up, so as

due

Consistency

or

a Compact piece,

necessarily connected with

that of Adherence
to that of

and the notion of Adherence directly brings us

to or being Attached to another.

one thing Hangijig

line,

The
in-

well-known
while
it

"

They

Stick Adherent,

and Suspended Hang,'"

the intimate

ridicules the tautology,

illustrates

and

separable union of these ideas.

The Greek Artemon,

Artemo,

{A^ref^uv,

Artemo, velum navis

majus,)

"The

Pulley of a Crane, or other like machine, wherein

" ropes do run

the mizzen
it,

sail

in

the fore part of a Ship," as

R. Ainsworth explains
(Aoraw, Suspendo,) as

must be
seems

referred to the idea in

Art^o,
that,

it

in both these cases to

mean

which
is

is

Suspended

Appended Attached.

The

idea of a Pulley

necessarily involved with that of Hatiging,

both as relating to
itself.

THE
itself,

EARTH.
It
is

543

and

to the

weight raised.
his

hardly worth remarking,

that Vitruvius, in
idea.
*'

description of the Artemo, points at this

" In

radice

autem

machinae
nostri

collocatur

tertia

trochlea.

Earn autem Grseci

'E.TTuyovTu,

Artemonem appellant.
x.
c, 5.)

" cochlea religaiur ad machinas radicem." (Lib.

Ea The
alli-

Commentators on Vitruvius derive it " gari." The Sail is that, which is Raised up
pended.
Acts, (xxvii. 40.) Ettu^ovtsc
tov

from " A^tcco-Qxi, Aptari,

Hung up

or Sus-

Martinius, under Jlrtemo, has quoted the passage in the

A^TBfiovix,

and he produces with

Suspenderunt

it

the Latin version, " Levato

Artemone;" and

likewise the Syriac

and Arabic versions, which he has translated by

*

id

velum.'

The Commentators on
Sail,

Vitruvius observe on Artemo, in

the sense of a "

est,

" Aliis vero esse

velum placet addititium,

et assui solet,

velum parvum, quod majoribus Appendi,

ab

" A^Tosw."
[A^TBizr;;,)

The

Tern in Artemon has the

same

force as in Artemes,

and means Compleatly or wholly attached.

(A^rrj^ix,

AKTeria,
(A^Tog,)

Arteria,)

may belong to

Art/05, (A^nog,) Artos,

and mean the Com^ac'^ mass

the plump swelling out subThe word

Pipe.
is

tance.

The

beating of the Artery gives us the idea of a Compact

plump Mass
Tfa%;a

resisting the pressure.

Arteria, va^ot to

sometimes applied
Aotijoio.

to a Compact or Swelling substance of a larger kind, as the

the Aspera Arteria, the Wind

A^tti^iu,
ub^o, tvi^uv,

derive

"

The Etymologists quod aerem servet, eum

to be
{Ao^tt;,

" attrahat,
" ab

et emittat."

Others consider

it

" quasi

AXrri^ia,

AKXoi^oci, salio."

The Aorte,
Aorter,

or Aorta,
is

Arteria magna,

quae a sinistro cordis sinu oritur,)

only another form of Arteria.

The
vel

adjacent
clypeus,

word
vel

{Ao^tt;^,

lorum seu
belongs

funis,
to

quo

ensis,'

pera

Jppenditur,)

Artco, {a^tuu,

Suspendo, Appendo.)

AKier,
as

(A^ti?^,

Calceamenti genus, Instru-

mentum

bajulorum,)

denoting the Instrumentiun Bajulorum,

signifies the

plainly belongs to

Artao, (A^raw,) and

is

Instrument,

on which something

carried or

Hangs; and

as a species of Shoe,
it

544
it

^R.R.

\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T,X, Z.
is

relates

probably to the mode, by which the Shoe

Fastened or

Attached to the foot.

The Greek ARTHro,

Latin
ARTicuhis,
;

{a^9^ov,

Articulus,) and the

this

Art

in the

might belong to

race of words,

and so

yet I have before referred these terms might Artus, a Limb to Akctus, Art/o, under the idea of that, which Holds together

Keeps

close

together;

and

have supposed, that they belong to

&c.

the Enclosure
lieve, just
;

the
it
I

Erko5,
is

(E^xof,)

My

arrangement

is, I

be-

yet

oftentimes impossible to decide,

trains

of ideas are so blended with e^ch other.

when two Some of the

;

words, which

have above produced, might belong

all

to

Arctus, &c.

and yet they

seem

to be connected with
I

Artmo,

(A^tvu,) of

which
gists

have given, as

conceive, the true idea.

The Etymolo-

compare Ar-t?^o,

(AfTUi>,

of a similar meaning.

word Here again we see the forms ^R and '^RT

Paro,) with Aroo, {A^u, Apto,) a

blended with each other.

In the passage produced under the term

Aroo, (Aow,)
Nij*

we have

the

Afcraj

e^BTrja-tv

iiKo<riv.

more general form, Ars-a^, In the same column of my Vocabulary,

in
its

word

where Artwo, (A^tuw,) traho,) which belongs

*

is, I

see,

Arwoo,

(A^uw, Haurio,

ex profundo,

to the

form ERA,(Efa,) and means 'To Era,

or

Earth

out or away,'

if I

may

so express

it,

'

To Stir

up Era,

or to remove from the surface of the Era.'

my
.

Vocabulary

is

Aruto,
the

(a^utw,)

The preceding term in where we have the form '^RT,

let

unless

we

conceive

Uto to arise from the analogy of the

us

Language.
Armo,
(A/fw,

Let us mark the kindred term Haur/o, and

the form of the

remember Hausi, where we see

(Afuw,)

Element

^S.

To

belong Erz^o, [e^vu, Traho, Custodio,) Airo, Air^o,

Capio.)
called
;

ToUo,

At^eai,
it is

the future, as
T^ucci eg

Under the term Erwo we have EKvsei, where we again see the more usual form,

nrTro^uf^ov?

E^(rei.)

(A^tuw, Apparo,)

have led

The words connected with Artmo, me into a train of ideas, which seem on
this article
I

the

first

view remotely connected with the subject of

shall

THE
To
Aroo, (A^^,)

EARTH.
{k^ui(iK,

545
Aroma,

To
now

Prepare, belongs AK-owa,

'or MT(^e-z</>

Odoramentum,) the Prepared

derstand,
I

Perfume, as some un-

shall

return to the consideration of those terms,

which directly

relate to operations

on the Earth.

We
'

have seen, that liLoKiuan \VYRca,

To Work

the

Earth,

means Terram elaborare, colere,' Now the Latin ^.v-Erc^o has, we know, precisely the same meaning, " To Till," as R. Ainsworth explains it, " Exercet frequens Tellurem;" and thus we Ergow, see, how the Erc, in ^x-Erc^o, belongs to ci;-ORK {E^yov,') and the Earth. From this idea of Tilling or Cultivating To the Land, ^a-Erceo signifies 'To Labour in other matters'

is

'

'

ex-^Kcise,'

ex-Y^Kcer, (Fr.)
Till

or

'To zf=ORK
Hence,

in general.'

Toil

belongs to

for the

same reason.

we know,

the

name

for

an Army, ex-Y.Rcitus, derived, from the Discipline or

^;f-ERc/5^,

which they undergo.

from the original

We
idea,

signified
coincide,

is

how remote the object and yet how naturally they

see
is

when

the intermediate notion

is

once ascertained.
;

In the

present instance, the connexion

known

but

understand, what

difficulties

would

arise,

we when

shall readily

the

medium,
" quasi
occupo,''

through which one idea passes into another, becomes obscure.

The
says

Etymologists derive Exerceo

;

from

Ex and

Arceo,
facio,

" Extra Arceo, premo, fatigo

Martinius.

item frequenter

He

refers us to

the form Erc^o, which

some

think to have been in use, because co-Erceo and ^;i'-Erceo are to

be found.

The Erceo
I

in

Co-Erceo belongs
to

to

Arc^o, "

To

" keep in," which

have before referred

Erkos,

(e^xo?.

Septum,)

the appropriate or enclosed

Earth. An adjacent word ERctum " Erc^w citum fit inter consortes," says is a term of Law. Festus that is, " Cohaeredes, ad quos eadem sors pertinet."
;

citum," they say, "est htereditas divisa ; " and they imagine, that it was so called, " quod, quum hsreditas divisa est,

"

Erctum

" alter ab

alterius

parte

Ercetur."
3 z

Martinius thinks, that the

ERCTum

546
ERCTwm

*R.R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
is

quasi

Erkton,

(e^ktov,

Septum,) the Inclosed place,

because ""Suam quisque Hsreditatem Sepiebat, quam poteratcom" modissime." shall now understand, that the Erct in

We

Erctmw

is

another form of Ujerex> in HjEREuitas

and that they

both denote the property in Earth or Land. In the English Heir, &c. we have the form "R. The Greek Ask^o, (Ao-ksu, Colo,

EA'^rc^o,)

belongs to our Element ^S, &c.

when

the sound of the

in the

is

lost.

An
is

adjacent word
As/5,
(Ao-;,-,

to Ask^o, (Aa-Ktu,)

Greek

Vocabularies,

Limus, Sordes, Coenum.)

;

The Saxon Werc and Weorc not only signify Work, Opus; but they mean Ukewise " Dolor, cruciatus, anxietas " and to this Lye has justly referred Irk in iKK-sojtie. M. Casaubon derives
it

from Ergo^^5,

Ef>/w^')!?,

Operosus, difficilis,laboriosus, molestus

Junius produces the Runic Irk, Facere, elaborare; and Skinner, though he derives it from ge-Reccan, " pro Reccan, punire,'*
adds, "vel potius a Belg. ArgJi, Teut. Arg, Malus, Pravus, quia

" malorum sc. nos taedet. Vel ab A. S. fFarc, Chaucero fVerk, " in ao-ro Line. Somnero teste JVark, Dolor." see, that Wark,

We

Dolor,

is

only another form of

Werc.

The German Arg,

w^Ork, zy=ARK,
i.e.

Base,

Bad, Aergern, &c., must be referred to

as the
\lovr]Dcg,

&c., just

Greek

Uovr,^oq,

Vile,

&c.

{UovriDoq,

Laboriosus, miser, infoelix,

malitiosus,

Improbus, scelestus, pravus, malus,

to
rei
Uovo<;,

ma-

lignus, vitiosus, vitiatus,) belongs

(novo?,

Labour, Trouble, &c.

Labor, studium,

et

opera

alicui

impensa;

Molestia,
The
senses

labor et molestia, arumna, calamitas, morbus; dolor.)

of these words will
tion of

shew what

train of ideas belongs to the

no-

w-Okk, Labour, &c. In our ordinary Language, Work, He we know, relates to Agitation Annoyance Vexation, &c. 'Works his opponent well' 'He Works himself into a passion.'

's

'

" Your father

''That

in

some

passion,

Works

him

strangely."
*

(Tempest.)

From

the idea of a person over

Worked

or

Worn

out

Weary
'and

THE
*

EARTH.

547

and Exhausted by hard labour,' we have terms, which denote

Weariness

Inactivity Sloth Timidity Indolence Reluctance,

Arch, Argh, Airgh, Ergh, mean, according
;

Sec.

In Scotch,

to Dr. Ja-

often including the idea of Timimieson, " i. Averse, Reluctant " dity as the cause of Reluctance. 2. Apprehensive, filled with

" anxiety."

Dr. Jamieson observes, that Chaucer uses

;"
"

Erke

for

" Weary, Indolent

And

of that decle be not

ofte sithes

Erke,

" But

haunt that Werk."

Erke and w-Erk we see belong to each other. The Erke Weary, and Annoyed by w=Erk, as
where
in

united the very terms which

is

the person so

w=Erked
engage
in

or
it.

to be Averse to

Dr. Jamieson justly records the parallel terms, as a/-^, (Sax.) Desidiosus, Argr, (ls\.) Sic.

"Su. G.
;

y^rg-,

Ignavus

Oarg, Intrepidus,

" Lappon.
to

^rg-^.

Timid
priv.

^r^^f. Fearfully; Jrgo, T'lmeo,

this

Leem
E.
v.

"
;

which he adds, " Vossius refers

Ae^y-og,

word

to

Gr. Aoyog for

"

from

and

e^you,

opus."

Dr. Jamieson, under Irk,

as follows
:

"

To

tire, to

become weary," observes

"The

is

" used in an active sense.

Johns, derives it from Isl. Yrk, Work, " although the terms convey ideas diametrically opposite." This

Writer ought to have understood, that these ideas

sarily

are neces-

connected with each other. Thus, Laboriosus in Latin " means Laborious, pains taking; Oppressed with pain, sickness or
"ill usage; taking

much

pains,

Requiring much pains

Tiresome,

" toilsome. Wearisome, fatiguing," as that authentic Lexicographer R.Ainswortii explains a term denoting Labour, or w-Okih. As a
verb, Laboro
thus,
in

means
in Latin

to " Lie under, to be Oppressed with;''

and

such a phrase as 'He Erks of his vv=Erk,'

it

we might

represent

by

'

Labore suo Laborat.'

The Greek Akgos,

tus,)
is

{Aoyog,

Albus;
is

Otiosus,

Piger;
the

InculEarth,
noting

not

compound, but

derived

from

Arg,

&c., either as belonging to

this race of

words, or as de-

548
term

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

noting the Lumpish Clod.

refers

We
is,

see in the sense of Albiis, that the

to the

Dirt or Clod.
I

In the same column

of

my

Vocabulary,
'

where Argo^

find

ArgHIos,

A^yiKXo?, ARoilla,

Terra pura et Alba,' where

supposed in

we are at once brought to the spot, my Hypothesis. The Gil belongs to Clay, &c. &c.
is

ARGo^,(A^yof,)

supposed sometimes to denote 5'zt;///, as

(^A^yiTTov?,

in the
;

com-

pound A?.G\=Poiis,
sense
it

Celer, Velox; Albis pedibus)

and

in this

should seem to belong to the idea of Activity, expressed

In the same column,

by w=Okk, YRKian, Facere, &c.

we have

Argos,
.

{A^yog,

Urbs Peloponnesi, &c.

the Shepherd.
I

Argus, Pastor,) the City,

and the

Man,

is

Name of the Herd

have shewn, that Argo5, the

;

or Keeper of Cattle

and Argos, the City,

Septum.)
{A^yv^og,')

may

perhaps mean the Enclosure, Erko5,

(e^xc?,

In the same

opening of

my

Vocabulary,

see Arguro5,

AKGentum,
word has
which

which miglit denote the White

considerable difficulties.

Bright metal;
Otior,)
its

though

this

Whatever be the
A^ysu,
to

precise idea, from

Argo5 and Arg^o,

Arg^o, (A^ysu,)
passage:
*

(A^yog,

are derived, the term

is

brought

original spot in the following

xiii. 7.

'im

rfjv

y^v KXTu^yu.

Luke
as

'Why

Cumbereth

it

the Ground

shall

shew, that Cumber belongs to Campus.

the Sluggish

We

know, that such expressions

;

or
This

Inactive

Clod, &c. perpetually occur

and we know, likewise, that Segnis

equally
familiar.

Campus

Segnes

Terra,

&c. are

would

some of these terms denoting Inactivity, Sec. are derived directly from the Earth, as referring to the Sluggish Clod. The Saxon EAKoian, Torpescere prs timore,
lead us to conclude, that

seems to be immediately attached

whatever might be the
other forms, as
original

to the

Greek ARGe-o,
In

(A^yeu,)

notion.

Saxon we have
to that,

Yrgth,

Ignavia,

Yrhth,

Segnities, Taedium.

In the succeeding column of

in

my

Saxon Dictionary

which

Weorc and WEORca/z, To Work,

Operari, Facere, are

explained;

we have Weordaw, WoRDan, WvRoan, WrRoan,

which

THE
which Lye
Done.
exphiins

EARTH.

549

by Fieri, and which we see to be only a passive sense of WEoncan, &c. To be Worked, Made or

From this sense of To be Made or Done, the above terms WEORoan, &c. simply mean 'To Be;' and hence Lye explains them by Esse. In Gothic, WAiRTH^n means "Fieri, Esse;" and,
in

Saxon the same term appears again under the forms WEORTHa??,
Fieri, Evenire.

WuRTHan, WYRTHa?i,
fies,

In German, Werd^/z

is

the verb, corresponding with the Saxon

"

To

become, grow, wax, &c.

'

Weord^w, &c., and signiWie ist das so ge-WoRVEN,

?

"
"

How did that become, grow, wax, prove, fall or turn so How came that to be so? What made it become so?" Here
the

WERDf;i has
*

same meaning,

Fieri,

Evenire, &c.

To be

Worked, Made, Done, or to Be as a Work Fact,' &c. It is used in the German Language, as an auxiliary to express the
Future and the Passive;
'

'

Ich
;

Werde
is,
*

gelicbet
I

am

loved

Werde lieben I shall love Ich or I amTo love, and I am loved ;'

that

am so Made,

Constituted,' &c.

Am

and Werde, what-

may be the original idea conveyed by Am, alike express the Mode Form State or Condition, in which any thing is Made
ever

Constituted Situated,
say,

&c.

and

Am

is
'

used in a Future sense,

I

when we
*

'\Am

to

do a thing,' for
Lye, in

Am

about to do a thing,
of Junius,
"
j

or

sliall

do

a thing.'

his edition

produces
refers
it

Worth,
to the

as a term in old English for " Esse, Fieri

and

terms produced above, and to the Belgic Werden, the Swedish

Warda, and the Islandic Verda.

quent in old English,
In

Hence we have
to

the phrase so freto

"Woe Worth," Woe Happen

these
verbs,

You.
&c.

Saxon,

the

substantive

Weordan,

Fieri, is
*

Wyrd, which means

the '\'JoKK,Fact, Event, Occurrence,

in the course

what happens, or takes place

Destiny,' &c.

of things, whether

'

referred to the past, the present or the future, Fatej

Fortune,
stance

From

this

Saxon term
but the

is

derived

the English
or Circum-

Word, which meant nothing

Work Fact,

550
us under
~

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
The
Etymologists refer

stance attached to any person or thing.

Word

to

the

Gothic

Waurds,

the Saxon IVord, the

German Uuort
terms to
.

or Wort, the Belgic Wo.rd, the Runic, Swedish,

and Danish Ord.

Skinner and Junius produce only the

except that the former adds, "

parallel

Word,
lascivit

More

criticorum

" nimis

Martinius

dum

Lat.

Oratio

deducit."

Lye
vocis

however observes,
according
to
this

"

Maximo doctorum consensu

to denote

origo

" refertur ad Uuortan, Fieri;" and he adds, that though the term,

Etymology, seems

rather

the Res

Gesta than the Dictum, yet these ideas are naturally attached to

each other.

Lye, in his Saxon Dictionary, explains the Saxon

:

Wyrd
**
**

thus

"

Wyrd

i.

q.

Word. Verbum
sive decrevit series
is

et

kcx,t

e^ox*iv,

to

Verbum, sc. quod Fatus est rerum ordo, cursus naturae,

that

Deus.

Fatum, fortuna,
Here he seems
and that

eventuum."

to consider,

Word,

Speech,
is

the original idea;

;

the sense of Fatiim, &c.

derived from this

nor does he seem

here to understand, that

Wyrd

belongs to the terms produced

first

above, Weordan, &c. Fieri.

In the very

example produced

by Lye, we find verb from which it

Wyrd,
is

the Substantive, connected with the

derived.

Wyrd
that

was ^^worden, " Fatum

is,

" ejus, decretum de eo, evenit;"

the

Work, Fact or
'

Event attached to him, was

'Evenit:'

Worked

or Effected,

Eve?itus de eo

Tha Wyrd he thonne Wyrcth, Hunc " rerum ordinem producit He Works or Produces the Work, " Fact, &c. ;" where we see, that Wyrd, Word, is actually combined with Wyrcth, Work. As Speech is a declaration of Things or Works, we shall not and that Wyrd, wonder, that these ideas pass into each other Lye, we see, has prothe Work, becomes Word, the Speech. duced one mode, by which this union takes place. The Work imposed by the command of another, the Enjoined Work or Command, directly connects itself with the Speech, or Word, by
Again,
'

which

THE
which
it

EARTH.
Destiny of a person,
In
is

551

is

uttered
Fatiim,

and thus they are mutually adopted for each

connected
is

other; as

the Fate or

with the Fatum, the Speech.

'

such phrases as 'He

see
is

obe-

dicnt to his master's

Word,' we
Critics

how

the

Work

or Conduct

Enjoined or
Speech.

Commanded by
Biblical

another

involved with the idea of

illustrations

Our
Pij/*a,

abound with
and Deeds
Prif^u,
;

of the

union of ideas between

well

Words

and our School-boys

Dictum, verbum

know

the senses of Aoyo; and

(Aoyog,

Caussa,
to to

Verbum, dictum, Res.) In the Poems attributed Rowley, Word is used with its more original idea, as relating

an Order,
"

Command,
fof

or a

Work
to to

Enjoined.
tyme of reste,
your requeste."
(jEl/a, 1228, &c.)

" Celmonde dyd

comme
mcc

mee
flic,

at

WoRDEYNGE

att

Dean Milles explains Wordeyinge by " Bringing me Word, Com~

" manding

me

" where

we
'

perceive, that in this

application of

the English term

Word,
is

Bringing

me Word

to

do so and

so,'

the idea of a message

connected with some Enjoined

In Shakspeare,

Work,

or

business
verb,

to

be performed.

Word

is

used as a

and
"

relates likewise to a

He Words

me,

girls,

he

Command, or Enjoined Work. Words me, that I should not

(Ant. and Cleop. A. V. S.
little
2.)

" Be noble

to myself."

In Macbeth,
"

Word

seems to signify

more than an Event.

Sej/. The queen, my Lord, is dead. " Macb. She should have dy'd hereafter.

"There would have been a time

for such a

Word."
'

Dr. Johnson on this passage observes,

"

''

We say, We send Word,'

plur,

when we
Lye,

give intelligence."

under
Parcae;"

Wyrd,
and

explains

Wyrde, Wyrdas,

by

" Fata,

to this

he justly refers Werdes, a term

corresponding to Fata in

Gawin Douglas, and to Wierdes, in Chaucer, the Fates. Hence we have the Weird Sisters, the Witches in Macbeth, who were supposed to be the Dispensers of Destiny. The Commentators on Shakspeare have produced a
quotation

55'2

"R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

Gawin Douglas, who properly understands the origin of the word. The old Copy reads in the passage of Macbeth Weyward Sisters," which the Commentators have corrected, as they call it, by reading Weird; and Mr. Steevens assures us, that the method in the old Copy " was "merely a blunder of the transcriber or printer." If those, who wrote or printed Weyward, supposed it to mean any thing else but that which is sometimes written Weird, Destiny, they cerquotation from the Glossarist on
^'

tainly

committed a blunder

But

if

by

Weyward

they meant

the same as
spelling
is

Weird, they committed no

good as the
of the
true
other.

blunder, as one

mode

of

as

If the original

term

Wyrd
Tiiis

be

the

criterion

mode

of spelling,

the forms Weird,

said

Werd and Weyward,

spelling, as
it

&c. &c.

are equally

wrong.

is

called, appears

equally to have confounded the

understandings of the youngest and the oldest of our Scholars.

In

we have Werd, Weerd, Weird, &c. &c., and Worth, Wourth, " To Wax, to Become." The preceding term to Worth, in the same Dictionary, is " To '' w=Ort, ze;=ORT up, To dig up," where we are brought to the
Dr.Jamieson's Scotch Dictionary,
very action and Spot from which
rived.
I

suppose zw^Orth to be de-

In a passage quoted

by Dr. Jamieson, under w=Ort, we

have the form "

Wroote

or

Wroute,
*'

as

aswyne doth;

"

and

this

Lexicographer has justly seen, that the term belongs to the Saxon

WROT-an,

Versare

Rostro,

To Roote,

as the swine doth, to

in the Latin expla-

" digge or turneup.

Somner."

Let us mark, and

let us

natory term v-YjKsare, another form of these words.

the breathing before the the

In

'^Roote,

is

lost;

note in '^Rosiriun,

same form, which

shall

shew

to signify the ^RooTer, or

-^Router up.

F=:Irtus,

THE

EARTH.
Nature or Quality of
thing.

555

f-lRTUs, t;-Irtue, Arete, &c.

(Lat.

any

Eng. Gr.) The Nature

of any

or

Quality

thing
Soil

Bast-

Ard Bat'ARD,
(Germ.)

&c. &c.

originally

of

the

or

(Eng. Fr.) Of a Base Nature.

ARTz<?;i,

Earth;

Excellent Quality.
any thing, Excellent

To Temper
make them
Physician,

Ars, Art-is,

Art, &c. (Lat. Eng.^ The Nature or Qua-

things, so as to

of a due Sort or Quality.

lity of

Arzt.

(Germ.)

A
or

Quality, &c.

Temperer

Mixer

of

Ard, Aerd, Art. (Germ.) The

Drugs.

Xhe
may
and
the

terms in Latin beginning with

v,

having RT,

RD,

Sec.

Sec,

be considered as belonging to our Element '^RT, '^RD, by the

v.

addition of the labial sound

its

We

have seen the Latin

z'-Irid-/V,

corresponding terms v-ERD-ure, i'-Ert, &c. (Eng. Fr. &c.)

which, as

we

should

all

agree, would be naturally derived from

the form "K.

Earth.

In v-lReo

we have
It

We

shall likewise

acknowledge, that the Latin z^-Irtm^, v-Irtue, would be naturally

derived from the same spot.

may

well be imagined, that the

names

for

Moral Properties
state,

or

Qualities

would be

deduced
either

from the Properties or Qualities

their simple

of Natural objects,

in

or as improved by

Culture.

In a term of
v-Irt-us, in

this sort these ideas

its

cannot be separated.
I

The word
is

original sense, signified, as

conceive, the Nature

;

Property

or Quality of the Soil or

Earth
word
(scl.

and

it

thus perpetually used

by the Writers on Agriculture.

of his work, applies the
*'

Cato, in the very

in
its

commencement
in

genuine sense, " Solo bono,

sua Virtute valeat,"

its

Przedium.)

The word Virtue

English bears

genuine sense, when we speak of the Virtues

4 A
of

554
Lear

'^R.

R. \-'-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.
In the following passage
of'

of the Soil of Plants and Herbs.

it is

brought back

to its original Spot.

" All you unpublish'd Virtues of the Earth, " Spring with my tears be aidant and remediate, " In the good man's distress." (Act IV. S. 1.)
!

If the

Reader should be inclined

to

admit

my

idea respecting the

origin of this word, that v-Irt-hs belongs to the

it

Earth, though

appears with the stronger labial breathing, bearing the form of

the Consonant V, before the radical '^RT; his conviction will be

unshaken, when he remembers the form of the parallel term in

Greek, where no such obstacle presents
Virtus,)
itself.

In Arete,

(A^sti;,.

we

see at once the

as

Aretz, or Earth.
(Geopon. 14. 24.)

We

know, that
(A^stij,)

Arete,

(a^eti;,)

well as

v-Irtus, relates to the qualities of

In Arete,

Natural objects,
as in z'-Irtm^,

^va-iKf; A^eri^,

we

appear to see simply the idea of the Earth, as

it

denoting Quality, without the action of Stirring

verbs Artmo, (A^tuw, Paro,) and z^-Erto.
that

up, as in the

the sense

of
the

Quality
idea

Property
its

We

know, however,
the
preor

may be

derived from

Earth, when pared state, by

it.

of

made up

meliorated
;

Stirring up or

by

Cultivatioji,

has been annexed to

Such distinctions are perhaps unnecessary

and

it is

sufficient

for

my

purpose to shew, that the

Earth

affords the origin of the

term.

ple

Faculty Poiver, inherent in

it

Arete,

(a^etij,)

means

in

Greek
its

that peculiar Quality

Princiby

or appropriate to any thing,

which

exerts the energies of

ne^<

Nature.
in

In the opening of the

Socratic

Discourse

A^enj?*

E<

SiSuKTov
is

the

Dialogues of
it

.ffischines, the

sense of

Arete

fully

manifest

*, as

denotes
that

Oux
TV*

i;^4i

iirrtm

T wa^oiTt, a Xux^ari;.

A^Aa
tl

nit (rxc^/v/xiSa
fittyit^oi,

auto.

Ipi^i,

'

ti;

^o:/^olTo Tav7r,>
it

APETHN

y.tiv^xi ayn^Qf, n ayadoi

uth

ctfti

iroOo at

yimno

A))AoroT>

iraet tw>
ayafiwf

THE EARTH.
that

555
which men become

Virtue
&c.
It

Art Quality,
Art, {AyxOoi
is

or

Power, by

excellent in any
citie,

apethn,) as that of Cookery Mediimpossible not to perceive in this explanation,

ttjv

derived from the above passage, the coincidence in sense of the

Greek Arete,

(AfT?,)

and the English Art;

and we

shall

instantly agree, that they are only different forms of each other.

This coincidence
Etymologists.
of Arete,
illustrate
''

is

so striking, that

it

has been noted by the

The Commentary
in the

of John

Le

Clerc,

on the sense
vocat So-

(A^sti?,)

my

Hypothesis:

"Coquinariam Artem
fit

passage of i^schines, will sufficiently

cum
rei

crates
libet

APETHN," Aret^k, "satis ostendit

Hinc
et veteres

sic dici potuisse

quamseu

"

dotem, aut facultatem, qua quivis

cuipiam
tjjj

a^^jLivog

" aptus.
*

Grammatici

utto

APETHS," Aret^^,

nomen Art/5 deduxerunt, qua de re vide Ger. Joan. Vossium " in Etymol." The ordinary Lexicons detail every thing that is
" Ars, ART/i," says R. Ainsi.e.

important respecting this subject.

worth,

"(per sync, ab
pro

APETH,

Virtus.

Don. nam
i.

vett.

"Artem

Virtute
(2.)

accipiebant.

Diom.)

Originally

and

" properly, Power.

Virtue.

(3.) Afterwards,

Art."

We
here

ayeAut
Tjo{;
tDirt^

ftetytt^ut /*9(;i.

Tf

(i

BovXoxro aya9o; yiyjitrSai largo;;

riva tar^m.
;

A>l^o

irt

oTi ira^x
;

rm aya^m
Tla^x.

ot
01

tro^oi

TtKToH;

Ton tiktowh

wa^ai Ttja at iXiui yttturo ayafioc

Ei
Si

ravrr,t

Ttiu

Ei

TaT>i

tjjj

APETHN ayaSo; /SsuAoito APETHN ffovfiri&iin ayaSoj

xat TXVTtiv,

ycna&xt,
ysHo-Gai,

nvTf^

ati^i; ol ayaSot t xat

o-o^oi, 5roi ^jri fXSofxas

jUxSto;

Oi,i f<

utrig fiaOriTo; i<rTi,

vufx tut

uto^uf lut ayaOwt' iroii*

yap

aTi^cGEv

" An potest doceri Virtus, an vero secus, sed natura fiunt boni viri, vel alio " quopiam modo ? Non habeo, Socrates, quod tibi nunc respondeam. At id hie " dispiciamus. Age, si quis velit ea Viutute bonus fieri, quS, boni sunt periti coqui, " unde fieri queat? Nimiruui, si a bonis coquis discat. Quid vero? si bonus velit fieri

Si, scilicet, a quopiam perilorum " metlicorum discat: Si autem ek Virtute bonus fieri cupiat, qua boni sunt periti " fabri ? A fabris? At si fieri vellet bonus ea Virtute, qua viri boni et sapientcs " sunt prajditi, qu6 eum oportet ire, ut discat? Credo, et banc, si disci possir, u viris " bonis paritcr disci. Quonam cnim alio ex loco cam consequi posset?" (See Hesiod.

" mcdicus, ad quern

ire queat, ut

bonus

fiat

medicus?

E{y. 313.

and Eustath. ad Horn. 661. Odyss, Of{

a^nnv, Sec.)

556

'R.R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

here see, that the nature

and source of the word have been properly explained, though our Author has not understood the
it.

original sense of

The German corresponding word Art

us to the Spot, which
plained
'

unequivocally directs

is

supposed

in

my

Hypothesis.
"

Art

is

ex-

by

my

Lexicographer to be

The Nature,

Property,

Quality, Temper, &c.

In a

The

Kind, Species, Sort, Race, Gender,

" Origin," &c.

me,
'

Art

is

French and German Lexicon now before explained by "La Sorte, Espece, I'Origine, le Genre,
le

la

Nature,

Naturel,

Temperament,

la

Complexion,

Pro-

"

priete, Oualitc,"

&c.

If

we should endeavour, by

a train of

reasoning a priori, to discover from what source a term conveying

this train of ideas

in referring

it

to

would be derived, we .should concur, I think, the Nature, Property, Quality, or Temper of the

ARrig denotes " Quaint, Curious, Pretty, " Spruce, Agreeable, Handsome, Fine, Genteel, Polite, Comely, Neat, " Apposite, Proper, Cleverly," as my Author explains it. These senses,
Earth.

The

Adjective

though apparently remote from the original sense,

general idea o{
Ev(pvv!?

all

concur in the
*uo-/?

A Good Nature or

Quality.
^va-i?

We

know, that

and

have a similar meaning,

denotes a Good Nature or Qua'

lity.

Understanding, Cleverness

Genius, &c.

The

ordinary Lexico-

graphers explain Eytpuijj by " Bene ac laete crescens, ut Arbor, &c. " Ingeniosus Bene a Natura constitutus et factus. Facetus,
;

*'

means likewise of a Bad Nature Dull. Menage, on a passage of Diogenes Laertius, where this word is used, observes thus: " Atpva-nco?, id est, minime ingeniosus. Ita apud Thu"<^wiq pro Ingenio usurpatur priscis scriptoribus.
Jocosus, Dicax."
A(pu(riKo?

" cydidem, teste H. Stephano,

**

^uo-ew?

r%uj Vis ingenii.

Tov; ve^i Au(riuv
etvtxt

Ita Plato
Xoyovi tu
tij;

in

Phsdro.

Aoyca

iJ.oi

ufA^avuiv

'/I

KKTx

*'

(pvcreug.

Id est, Cicerone interprete, Majore mihi Ingenio videtur ut

" esse
'

quam

cule dicimus,

cUm // na

orationibus Lysise comparetur.

point de Naturel^ et contra,
//

Sic verna7ia-

a un bon

iurel,''

THE
"
turel,''

EARTH.
vii.

557
The German
It
is

(Diog. Lacrt.

Lib.
to

Seg.

170J
idea.

verb
to

AKTen
or, as

brings us again

the

original

applied

Natural productions, and means, " To

thrive, hear the climate;"

it,

my

Frencli Lexicographer explains

" Ressembler, con-

" server le Naturel, la qualite, ne pas degenerer. Er Artet " seinem Vater nach, II ressemble a son pere, il imite son pere. " Der fremde Weinstock Artet hier nicht, La vigne etrangere
**

ne

profile pas,

ne conserve pas sa qualite dans notre pays."

in

There are some German terms, derived from Art,

which the
"le labour,

Earth
"
le

directly appears;

as

Kkt- Acker, ART-Feld,

Champ, qui porte; AKrbar, AKihaft,

Fertile, qui porte

Art-

Ard, a frequent termination in English words, as Stink-ARD, &c., is acknowledged to belong to the German Art, and the Belgic Aerd. We shall now understand the origin of our word BastA^n, which means of a Base Nature or Kind. Though the Etymologists have given us

" Land, La Terre labourable."

various derivations of this word, they have

not failed to record the present.

The term

occurs in the French'

Bastard or Batard, the Italian and Spanish Bastardo, the Belgic Bastaerd, and the Welsh Bastardd. Some derive these terms

from Base, or

its

parallel

word, and the Saxon

Steort, Ortus, or the

Welsh Tarddu,

Oriri.

Others derive these words from Best and

It is

Jerd, " quia tales plerumque optima indole praediti sunt."

curious, that in deducing these

Etymologists have recorded

as 65^, (Germ.)

its

words from the idea of Base, the parallel terms, in other Languages,
{ls\.)

Bas, {Fr.)

Bus ta,

jBa^,

(Welsh,) &c. &c.

other,

Base and Bad are only different forms of each

Bose, &c.

and of

Bastard-^/^
it

is

not from Passum, as Skinner con-

jectures; but

means, "Vinum spurium, quia sc.non ut fieri solet, " ex uvis recentibus, sed ex resiccatis fit," as this Etymologist
In French, Abat-AKnir,

likewise conjectures.

To

degenerate,

is

used in

its

original sense, as applied to the productions of Nature.

In the French and

German

Dictionary, which has supplied

me

with

558

'^R.

R.\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z.

with the above quotations, I find " Aus der Art schlagen De" generer, s'AbatARvir." The French BatARDiere, " A Place in
" a garden prepared for the placing of Fruit
*'

trees, as
it,

they come
properly,

out

of the

nursery," as Deletanville explains

is

believe, the

Nursery

itself,

"

La

Pepiniere," as
is

Duchat explains

it;

and

in this

word, Bator Bas

taken in the other sense of

Base, as the FimdamentalOriginaU

Earth

or Ground, in which
this

the plants are brought forward.

Duchat derives

word from
il

the " petits Batons ou arbrisseaux sauvages ou autres dont

*'

est

plante,"

The French BatAB.T)eau,'a Dam, or, as some write

it,

Bat AnD-eau,

means a Base or Foundation of Earth, to support any thing. Duchat explains this word by " Une cloison de Bastons replies en
et c'est de la forme de claye sur des pieux fiches dans I'eau " que vient le nom de Bastardeau, diminutif de Bastard, produit
''
;

*'

de Bast,
it

fait

de Bastum, d'ou nous avons

d'ais,

fait

Baston."

Menage

explains
*'
*'

by "Unecloson
dans I'eau

de terre glaise, ou d'autre chose,

qu'on

fait

Voyez

Baston.''

pour y batir quand elle est epuisee. Bastion, Baton, Batir, all belong to the Base,
;

or Foundation, the Support

and are derived from the Element BD, denoting the Ground, Bod^w, (Germ.) &c. &c. Some seem to think, that Eau, the final portion of Bastardeau, is expressive of

Water} but this I do not imagine. The Germans have precisely the same composition as BastAKD, with a different turn of meaning, as Bos-ARTig,

person of a bad disposition.

is

In English,

and

in other

Languages, Bastard, &c.

it is

applied to the productions

it

of Nature, and

then used in

its

original sense, though

it,

has

often happened, that the writer, in adopting

has conceived the

the
illegitimate

expression to be metaphorical and allusive to

offspring *.

Art/5^,
* The word Art, though taken, as we have shewn, from the great storehouse of Nature, is now applied as a term in direct opposition to it and our books abound with
;

enquiries

THE
ARTist,
(Fr.)

EARTH.

559

ARTisan, with their parallel

terms Artiste, Artisarty

Artegiano, (Hal.) &c., are acknowledged to belong to Ars,

though
enquiries on the different operations of Nature and of Art, not only in the productions of moral excellence, but even of those perfections, which the natural world itself Cultivation, &c. have experienced the exhibits to the view. The terms Culture which, we know, are at once applied to moral and mental improvements in same fate; opposition to the effects of Nature ; and likewise to the labours, which belong to

The Culture, or the amelioration of the Qualities or Nature of the by the industry of man, supplies the first exertions of Human Art and from this humble source, as may well be imagined, is derived the greater portion of those terms relating to the progress of man in refinements and in Arts, which are totally dissimilar to the original object of his cares and attention. The great question about Art and Nature may be considered, like most of our enquiries, as a confusion of ideas
Natural objects.
Soil
;

arising from the use of similar terms, apparently differing from each other; an^i even the facts of Etymology will serve to furnish us with an important truth, that in Life, as in Language, Art and Nature are inseparably connected in the same object, and
differ only
terials.

by the

variety of modifications,

which are appropriate to the same ma-

Our great Bard, whom no topics of Human reasoning have escaped, has thus decided on the question and he has supplied, moreover, a vein of illustration so peculiarly connected with the train of ideas, which I have just unfolded, that I cannot
;

refrain

from transcribing the whole of

" Perd.

this exquisite discussion.

Sir, the year growing ancient, " Not yet on summer's death, nor on the birth

"

Of trembling winter, the

fairest flowers

o'the season

" Are our carnations, and streak'd gilly-flowers, " Which some call. Nature's Bastards of that kind " Our rustic garden's barren, and I care not " To get slips of them.
:

"

Pol.

Wherefore, gentle maiden,

" " Perd.

Do
For

you neglect them ? I have heard it said,

" There is an Art, which, in their picdness, shares " With great creating Nature,

"

Pol.

-Say, there be;

" Yet Nature

is

made

better

by no mean,
:

so, o'er that Art, " Which, you say, adds to Nature, is an Art " That Nature makes. You see, sweet maid, we marry " A gentler cyon to the wildest stock,

" But Nature makes that mean

"

And make conceive a bark of baser kind " By bud of nobler race This is an Art " Which docs mend Nature, change it rather; but
:

" The

Art

itulfit

Nature

"Perd,

560

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
to A^u, Apto.

though some refer us

Artillerie, (Fr.)
tillare, (Ital.)
I

The

preceding terms to these

in Skinner are Artillery

and
;

Artichoke.

Some
;

derive

Artillery^

from ^rs

others from Articulare,

is

Arcualia, At-

&c. &c.

The word
it

French

and Menage has,

par Art, et garnir
following quotation

think, justly derived

from the ancient word Artiller, which,

as he says, properly signified, "

'

Rendre

fort

d'outils et d'instrumens de guerre."

is

The

from an ancient Romance

" Prcs de
la

produced by Menage.
la

marclje de

mcr

" Avoit fait son Castel termer, " Qui moult estoit bien batilliez, " Si fors et si bien Artilliez,
" Qu'il ne creinoit ne

Roy

iie

Conte."

The word Art; and

here

signifies
it

Provided with

Furnished
it

with, as by
to enquire,
if I

perhaps

would be too minute a distinction

whether the idea annexed to ARjiller, Garnir

so say, was that of Garnir or of
to enquire, whether the

par Art,
to

may

Art

as

would

in fact be only

word AKriller belonged

Art,

as a sub-

stantive, or Art^t", as a verb, if such a verb

had existed.

We

see,

that the sense of ARjiller,

To

Prepare, Furnish, &c., conveys the

sense of Art?/o, (A^tuw, Apparo, adorno, Instruo.)

In Dr. Jamieson's Scotch Dictionary, the succeeding word to
Artailye, Artillery,
is

ARTation, " Excitement, Instigation," which

it

seems to belong to the sense of the Element, when

signifies

*To

Stir up.'

Dr. Jamieson, however, properly produces the Latin

Ai'to,

" Artatio from

used for Arcto,

are,

To
is

constrain."

have sup-

posed, on a former occasion, that Arto

derived from the idea of

the certain
I

Earth,
is

as the Enclosed Spot,

which
that

is

probably right.

must observe, however, that the idea of Painful or Sharp

often

Constriction

connected

with

of

Stirrifig

up

or

Vellicating

" Perd. So it is. " Pol. Then make your garden rich in gilly-flowers, " And do not call them Bmtards." (Winter's

Tale,

A. IV.

S. 2.)

THE
Vellicating a Surface
;

EARTH.

.561

and thus
Stir

words signifying *To

nected with Stringo,
*'

up'

Arto might belong to the race of The very term Constriction is cona Surface,

To "Grate upon"
;

Strigmentum,

The

Scraping, &c. Strix

"

(a Strigo pro Stringo,) "

A channel,

" Furrow, hollow gutter, or strake," &c.

In the preceding column

of Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary to that, in which Artation is, we have Art, Ard, " The termination of many words," as in Basi-ARD, &c.

"

Art and

Part, Accessory to."

The Art and

Part, as referring

to crimes,

means the same,

Ope et Consilio does in " mandate, Instigation, or advice, " towards committing the crime."
the

Law, as the combination Latin, where " by Art is understood the

in Scottish

that

may have been given Here we see, that Art has

by some

same meaning
/^rs, Artista.

as ARration.

The German Arzt,

from
It

a Physician, has been derived

should be considered probably, as directly belonging to the German Art, " The Nature, Property, Quality,
*'

Temper," &c.
Condire,'

The verb Arzenen " Win Artzen mit kalk."

we
express

signified

in

old

German,

(Sherzii Gloss, sub voce.)

This word might

ferred to the as

directly be attached to
it;

Arzt, under the idea of

though
to
it is

Medicating any thing, as

probably reto

more general sense belonging

Temper, &c.

Arzt, and

Art,
'

Hence Arzt might mean The * Temperer the person who Mixes or Compounds drugs, so as to make them of a dueTemper Quality, Sort, Art ort'-lRTM^, fit for * producing a certain effect.' I shall shew, that Medicus is the Mixer Masher, or Temperer. We see, in the terms Arzt and
denoting the

'

ARzenen, how the sense of

Apparo.)

Art

connects

itself

with Artuo,(A^tuu,
is

The Greek
iccof^cxi,

latros, (lar^or,

Medicus,)

supposed
fact.

to

be

derived from

Medeor, which may perhaps be the

4B

'

^RT,

56<2

R. R.

\- C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.
Herge. (Sax.) Turma, Praedatores,

^RT, &c. ^R.

Terms which convey
of Stirring up
ting,

The

Harrowers.

the idea

of

Devasta-

Of Excitement Commotion Agitation connected with

Aggrieving,
Vexing,

Disturbing,

Annoying,
&c.

The Harrowing of Hell. The Name of one of our ancient

Mysteries.

Irritation

Strife

Contentioji,

the action of Stirring up the

Hurry. (Eng.) To be Agitated, To Move hastily. Harier. (English,) The Dog,

Earth, &c. Era,

(E^a,)

&c.

by the Herse, (Fr.)&:c. Harrow, (Eng.) &c. &c. &c.

which game.

Harries

or

chases

Hardy
DUR.

Hardi,

Ardito, Ar(Eng. Fr. Ital. Run.)

Harrow,
To

(English,)
;

The

In-

Stirred up
lent.

Impetuous Vio(Lat.

strument

as a verb,

Herse Hercke,

Harrow

up the Soul.

Ardeo

Ardor.
(Lat.)

Eng.)

Harcke,

To

be in a state of Excite-

Harre.

(Fr. Belg.Ger. Dan.)

ment

Agitation, &c.
To
Stir up

The Harrow.
Harass Harasser. (Eng. Fr.) Hergian. (Saxon,) To Harrow, Vastare, spoliare, praedas
agere.

HoRTOR.

to
Stir

Excite to any action.

Eretho

Erethizo Erizo,
To
Irritate. (Lat.

Harry, (old Eng.) To Harrow, To Rout, Tear, or Pull up

about

up Irrito

Eris, Eridos. (Gr.)

Excite, Exasperate.

Eng.)
Labour,

Eritheuo. (Gr.)
Contend.

To

away, &c., Drive away, about, &c. Harier Harceler. (French,)

Vexare, &c.

Erithos.

(Gr.)

Labourer,

Husbandman.
Erk-/V^^.

THE
'ERK-ites. (Greek,)

EARTH.
tt;=

563

Labourer,

'^Rath. (Eng.)

Servant.

iRsian. (Sax.) Irasci.

t^=EERETEs. (Gr.)
Eresso. (Gr.)
up the Water.

Servant.
Stir

To Row, To

Orge. (Gr.) IVorkingup, Anger. The Quality of any thing. Orguzo. (Gr.) To fFork up as
into a passion,

To Work

up,

Ereschelleo. (Gr.)
tend with, ScofF
'^Rixo. (Lat.)
at.

To Con-

or Macerate.

Org AS.

(Gr.)

The

fertile Field,

To

quarrel with.

well Worked or Cultivated.

examine the race of words belonging to our Element ^R. C, D, &c. which are derived by a metaphorical
to

SHALL now proceed

application from the action of Stirring up

up

Breaking

this

Routitig up Tearing

up the Ground or Earth, &c., and which express

the idea of Stirring up in general

Jjgitation
Irritation, or of

of Excitement Commotion Disturbing Aggrieving Vexing, &c.

relate to

From
under
to

source have been derived those terms in Language,

different Elements,

which

actions

of Violence

Harsh and
I

Grating Noises, &c., as Grind, Grunt, Crush, Crash,

I

Grate, Clash, Dash, Pell, Mell, &c. &c.

shall

shew, that the

have adopted, belong to names for the Ground or Earth, under different Elements as Grind and Grunt to Ground,
words, which
;

&c., Mell to Mould,

Harsh

to

Earth, &c. &c.

'

My Hypothesis

is,

that such words originally signified,

I

To Ground

or Earth,' if

may

so express

it;

either under the idea of reducing to Ground,

'

Earth,

or Dust, or of
this

Stirring up the

Ground or Earth

; '

and that

from terms of

meaning, other words, conveying the ideas

above unfolded, were either directly or more remotely derived. We know, that the term Harrow conveys at once the sense of Stirring up the Ground, and that it is adopted likewise by a metaphorical application, as in
'

Harrow

up the Soul,' to express the

most

564
most
and
'

^R.R.\.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
violent
state of Agitation,

by which the mind can be Excited

'

and Disturbed.
Solicito

We have

seen, moreover, that the terms Solicitude

Stirring

denote in their primitive sense the action of

up the Ground,' or Solum. The explanatory word Agitation

I

is

derived,

we know, from

Jgito and Ago; and

shall

shew, that Ago, under the form of our

have been obliged to anticipate other

Element

'^C, '^D, '^G,

&c., belongs to hoer, from a similar idea of

I

Stirring up the

Ground.

terms, likewise, Irritate and

Rout, which

are attached to our

Element 'RT, RT, with or without the breathing before the R.

I

shall reserve for

a separate article, the investigation of those

is

terms, where there

the

no breathing before the R, because, when

lost, it

breathing

is

once

may be

considered as a separate

form, and capable of generating a race of words distinct from

those

under the other form.

We

shall see,

however, that the

forms

ar? perpetually passing into each

considered as originally the same.

and should be Rout, we know, refers parother,

^ticularly to the action of 'Stirring up the

Ground;' and

it

means

likewise

'

To

Stir np,' in

a metaphorical sense, with the idea of

Disturbance or Violence.
Versare Rostra, where

Rout

belongs to the Saxon

WROTan,
belongs

we have

the regular form '^RT, with the

breathing before the R.

to

We

perceive now, that

Rostrmw

Rout,

arid that

both these words directly connect themselves

with the form '^RT, with the breathing before the R.

'^

Let us

mark the explanatory word v=ERS-are, which belongs to RT, &c. The term Irrito must either be considered as attached to the
Element '^RT, with the breathing before the R, or the Ir is for In, and the Rito must then be regarded as belonging to the Ele-

ment RT, with no breathing before it. I Irritate and Rout in my discussion,
the ideas,
Irrito

shall

adopt the terms

as

most expressive of

which
Ira,

am

desirous

of conveying.

Some

derive

from

or Hirrire;

though others imagine, that there

was

THE
taken.
.

EARTH.
Jrrito

565
and Prorito were
metaphor of

was an old word Rito, from whence

The term Harass

is

directly connected with the

the Harrow, or Herse.

The

Etymologists, under Harass, refer

us to the French Harasser, the Saxon Hergian, the

Popular), devastare
;

German Heeren,
derives from the

and

this latter

word Skinner

Saxon Here, and the German Heer, Exercitus.

the French Harceler, and Harier, Vexare
;

To

these he refers

"

dit,

Or.

iL^io-xi^-ii^,

and he observes, " AlluScommate lUudo, Rixor, a nom. E^<f, Conort. verb.

"

tentio.

Vide

et

ab eodem fonte

Hurry

vel Harry."

The French
(A^ao-o-eij',

Etymologists refer Harasser to the Greek ARASs^m,

Pulsare,) which

must be added

and WAKceler, to the German

us

to this race of words, " Harke, qui signifie Rateau." Let

mark

the term KATeau, under the form

RT.
his

To

the Saxon HERcian, which

Lye

in

Saxon Dictionary

explains by

"

To Harrow,

Vastare, spoliare, prsedas agere," the

Etymologists have justly referred the old English word

Harry

or

Harrie, " Depopulari,

Hostiliter invadere,
parallel, the

vastare;"

and they

have moreover produced, as

Danish Herge, the Spanish

Harrear, the French Harier, and the Saxon Herge, Here, Exercitus.

The Saxon Herge means "Turma and the Harrowers or Plunderers

;

Praedatores; Depopulatio,"
to
this

belongs an adjacent
or

Saxon term Here, Exercitus, Turma,

ral,

An army
German

company

in

gene-

&c., from which

is

derived the

Heer, a Host.

explains the Saxon Here-geat by " Militaris apparatus,

*'

Lye Armamen;

tum, (ab Here, Exercitus, et Geotan, Reddere, erogare)

"

and

he adds, "Inde etiam quodcunque patrono suo prasstitit vasallus ad " arcendos grassatores, et prxdatores, vocabatur Here-Geat. Hoc
" denique patrono prsestitum ab omni novo vasallo idem obtinuit " nomen, unde vox nostra Heriot."" Again in S^xon, Here-geold, or gyld,
is

" Militare tributum," from which Here-geld

is

is

derived.

Here-Toga

the "Exercitus

Dux," from which the Germans

have

566
other.

^R.R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
Tog,

have their Herzog, a Duke.

Zog and Dux belong

to

each

The German Hen,

a Lord, or Master,

may

perhaps
;

mean
such

the Chief person of the Here, or

Company

of

Men

and

if

be the origin, the Latin

source.

Hems must
to the

be derived from the same

The succeeding word

Herian, or

Saxon Here, Exercitus,

is

Here, Fama, from

Herg^w, Laudare.

These words

denoting Honour, &c. might be taken from the Honour Reverence or Respect, which Soldiers, the Here or Herge, pay to their
superiors;

but as these words belong probably to the

German
to a
E^ot,

Ehre, Honour, and Ehren,

different idea.

To Honour, we must

refer

them

The German Etymologists

derive Ehre from

If Terra, Aehren, Colere, or from Her, Altus, or u^siv. Curare. Ehren belongs to Aehren, Colere, which is probably the fact,
it
'

is

the

same metaphor which

Colo bears of

'

Honouring and
Soil.

Respecting,' from the sense of Cultivating the

Aehren

is

attached to Aro, Ear, the Saxon Erian, or l^KiGan, Arare, which

means likewise 'To Harrow

very probable conjecture
;

up, or Stir up the Land.'

if so,

This

is

and

perhaps Herian and Hergan

must be

referred to the

same

idea.

This point cannot be de-

cided, unless

by passages, which would unfold the peculiar turn of meaning annexed to these words, denoting Honour or Respect*.

Harrie
* As the following terms belong to the Element *R, and are not directly connected with the spirit of the discussion, they are inserted in a Note. In Saxon, Herc-Berga means " Exercitus mansio, static niiiitaris, tentorium, castrum," says Lye wlio adds,
;

" Unde Chaucero, Herborow, IMansio, Diversorium et recentior nostra Harbour." Under the English word Harbour, the Etj^mologists produce the parallel terms in other Languages, as the Belgic Herberghe, the German Herberg, the French Jnberge, The Etymologists derive these words the Spanish Alvergue, and the Italian Albergo.
:

from Her, (Germ.) Hue, or Here, Exercitus, and Bergen, Tegere. These terms, I think, all belong to each other, and they are derived from Here and Bergen.

Harbinger the Etymologists have rightly supposed to be quasi Herberger,

" de Hospitio prospicit."

'^

qui aiicui

Herberg,

in

German,

is

"An

Inn;

Your

Lodging,

" Harbour, shelter, dwelling-place;

der die Herberge zu bestellen voraus gesandt " wird,

THE
Harrie and Harrow
occurs in Shakspeare.
"
I

EARTH.
are

567
in

terms used

old

English to

express various degrees of Disturbance

Annoyance,

&c.

Harry

Cleopatra says of the Messenger,

repent

me much,
(Ant. and Chop. A. III. S.
3.)

" That

I so

Harried

him."

On which Mr.
"
I

Steevens observes, "

in

To Harry

is

to Use roughly.

meet with the word

" Will

The Downfal of Robert Earl of Hun-

" tingdon, 1601.

Harry me

about instead of her."

And Mr. Malone

" word thus.
'

adds, "

Minsheu
or

in his Diet.

1617, explains the

Vexe/ Cole in his English " Diet. 1676, interprets Harried by the word Pulled; and in " the sense of Pulled and lugged about, I believe the word was
" used by Shakespeare.
p. 481. " In a kindred sense it is used in the old translation of Plutarch ; " Pyrrhus seeing his people thus troubled, and Harried to and
*

To Turmoile

See the marginal direction in

"fro.' "

We

perceive

how

the interpretations of Minsheu and

Cole,

my Lexicographer explains it. Tiie word Hauberk, with might be the same as HerBerga, and mean A Covering for Soldiers.' The Etymologists produce the parallel terms to Hawberk, as liaubert, Haubergeon, (Fr.) Usbergo, (Ital.) and Ifahberg, (Belgic.) If the Belgic Hahberg belongs to these terms, which is extremely probable then the Etymologists are right in supArbour may posing, that they are derived from Hah, Collum, and Bergen, Tegere. " Arboretum though belong to Arbor, ihe.Trce, as some imagine, Pergula Arborea," ; others think, that it belongs to Herberg, Harbour, &,c. I cannot quit the term Here, " Exercitus, Turma, Cohors," and its derivatives, without remarking on the word preceding this in my Saxon Dictionary, HerDracan, " Militares Serpentes, sagittae," as they are explained by Lye. Darts, we see, are called Military Dragons,' which we instantly perceive to be derived from their property of Piercing the skin. I shall shew, that Dart and Draco, Dragon, belong to
" wird, a Harbinger," as
terms,
its parallel
' ; '

each other, and to the same idea of Thrusting

o^if is applied to a Dart,

Striking,

Sac. See.

In the Eumenides,
.

by the same metaphor,

ntiftm a^yriatt*

o<bw

(>*.

181.)

It is

curious, that Bochart attributes a fable, in the Adventures of

arising

Cadmus,

to a confusion

from

this

metaphor.

He

supposes, that the Serpent's Teeth, in the story of this

personage, meant only Darts.

" Hebraicix, typtJ 'iti^" '' bus primus in Grsecia Cadmus armavit milites suos."

" Phoenicia lingua, quae partim fuit Syra, partiiu fuit SNI, NCS, " Dentes serpentis etiam erant arece cuspides, qu.ali(Geograph. Sac.
p.

447.)

568
Cole,

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
Turmoil,
to

Vex,

and

Pull,

and the use of the word

in

and /ro," agree with the metaphor annexed to the Let us mark how words action of Harrowing the Ground. under different Elements, derived from the same idea, perform I shall shew that Turmoil and Trouble belong the same office.
to

' Harried

Turma and

Turba, and are

derived

from the metaphorical

it,

application of the

Turf,

if I

may

so express

or Dirt in a state

of Agitation.

All agree, that Tumultus belongs to Tumulus, the

Heap of

Dirt.

Skinner, in the same column

with Harry, has

Sea Harr," which is a Lincolnshire term, as he the phrase " says, for " Tempestas a mari ingruens;" and he derives it either

from the Saxon

all,

Ham,

Flustrum, ^stus, or from Harry.

They
derived

we

see,

belong to each other; and the n in

Ham
is

presents

to us a similar form, as Orino, (Ooivu, Excito,) which

from Oro, (O^u, Excito.) John Florio explains the Italian Tartassare by " To rib-baste, to bang, to tugge, to hale, to Harrie," as

The Mr. Malone has observed in his Appendix, pag. 668. strongest sense annexed to these words is expressed in old English
by the word Harrow, when
Hell.
it

is

applied to the Devastation of

the powers of Darkness by Christ.

Christ

is

said to

Harrow

sion,

The Commentators on Shakspeare have quoted this expresso common to our ancient Writers, on the following passage
" Bern. Looks it not " Hor. Most like
:

in

Hamlet.
like the
it

King ? Mark

it,

Horatio.
(A.
I.

Harrows me
has

with fear and wonder."

S. 1.)

On which Mr.

Steevens

remarked,

"To Harrow
So

is

to

" conquer, to subdue. The word is of Saxon origin. " old bl. 1. romance of Syr Eglamoure of Jrtoys.
"
*

in the

He

swore by him that

Harrowed

Hell!

"

In the passage of Hamlet,

Harrow

is

a metaphorical
;

use of
is

Harrow,

as

appUed to the Operation on the Ground

nor

it

necessary

THE
speech of the Ghost.
'

EARTH.

569

necessary to refer us to a Saxon origin, any more than in the

could a tale unfold, whose lightest word

"

Would Habrow up

thy soul."

The Saxon word and

the English word, as

we have

seen, are the

same, and are used in a similar sense.

Skinner quotes, in an

Appendix Vocabulary of Ancient Words, the expression " him, that Harrowed Hell, (i. e.) per Christum," and justly
it

"By
refers

to the

Saxon HERoian, Vastare.

of Hell.

The

familiarity of this expres-

sion arose from

one of the ancient Mysteries, which was called

the

Harrowing
Hell,
first

The

representation of which

is,

"Christ

" entering
" our
*'

triumphantly," says

Mr. Malone,

" delivering

parents,

and

New

and the most sacred characters of the Old Testament, from the dominion of Satan, and convey(See Historical Account of the Stage,

" ing them into paradise."

p. 14.)

We have seen, that Skinner, under Harrass, refers us

and Harrie. The term

to

Hurry

Hurry

is

anotherform of these words, and

has a less violent meaning.

In the phrase HvKRY-Scurry, the

word

is

used

in

a stronger sense; and Junius explains

Hurry by

who reminds us only of the " interjectio festinantis, quod loquitur Auriga Teutonic Huri, the
" equis, quando
pellit

" Violenter Disjicere.raptim propellere,"

currum, vel redam, vel hujusmodi." Skinner

it

however justly

words which we have just discussed, Hergian, Vastare, &c., and the French Ahiirir, which
refers

to the race of

is

another of these terms.

My

Lexicographer explains Ahur/V

by " To Surprise, to Astonish, to Maze, to Tease." In the Poems attributed to Rowley, Harrie is used in its gentler sense of Hurry, and its stronger sense of Harrow. In the Tragedy
of Ella

we

have, " As Elynour

bie the green lesselle was syttynge, " As from the sones hetc she Harried,

" She sayde, as herr whytte hondes whyte hosen was knyttynge, " Whatte pleasure y tt ys to be married." (^. 208, &c.)

Again

570
Again

^R.R.\--C, D, G,
in the
!

J,

K, Q, S,T, X, Z.
Harrow.
(f.

same play

it is

used for

" O didst thou see mie breastis troublous state, " Tlieere love doth Harrie up my joie and ethe."

1039, &c.)

Dean Milles explains

morphosis, the

it

here by Tear up.

in its

In the Eiiglysh Meta-

word

is

used

genuine sense of
it.

or Tearing

up the Ground, and the objects upon

:

Harrowing The Giant

Knight

is

thus described

" "

He tore a ragged Mountayne from the Grounde, Harried uppe uoddynge forrests to the skie." (jf. 81-2.)
explains

Chatterton

Harried by
this

Tost.

We
Dog

perceive, that

the

word

is

adopted in

passage with most singular force and

propriety.

We
is

the

now understand, that Animal, which Harries up

shall

the

called the

Harrier

Hunts up or Pursues other

it

Animals, &c.

To

Hurry.

from the French Harrier, Skinner, under Harier, says, " Nomen canis, Ridero
(i.

Nathan Bailey derives

" Ladon, credo potius Lagon, Gr. Auyuuv,

" sectator,
v.

e.)

Leporum Inhe

Hare."

This would lead us

to suppose, that

imagined Harrier to be derived from Hare, and to signify, 'The

The term Hare belongs to this race of words, and means 'The animal, which Hurr/^5 along with a fearful trepidating motion.' Hare occurs in the Saxon Hara, the Danish
*

follower of Hares.'

Hare, the Belgic, the German, and the

French

Hase, and the

'^S

Arabic Hazaz.

We

perceive in Hase

the form
Hcer,

of our Eleor Hair,

ment.

Junius derives

these

words from

Pilus,

because, as Pliny says, " Villosissimum animalium Lepus."

This
Suidas,

Lexicographer records likewise the term Auro/,

for Hares,
oi

(Au^o;,) in

Xayuoi.

have added, in

the

idea of the Fearful trepidating Motion, as in

my

interpretation of

Hare, Skinner we have

he explains by

next to this term Hare, the verb

" Perterrefacere, consternare,
derives from the race of

To Hare, which
percellere
;

metu

"

and which he
Skinner does
not

words now under discussion, the French

Harier, Vexare, and the Saxon Hergian, Vastare.

THE EARTH.
in

571

not refer the verb and the substantive to each other; and Junius,
the

next article to

Hare, which

is

HARE-brahied, seems to
'

doubt, whether this expression and the phrase

'

Js mad

as a

March

Hare,' do not belong

to the

Teutonic Hader, Haer, Lis, contehtio.

by these phrases, that the idea of the Hare is connected with the sense of Hurry, in its more intensive meanperceive,

We

may

ing of j^gitation
the

verb

'

To

Trepidation. Skinner refers Hare.' The Arabic term, to which

of a Hare,
is, I

liA\i.-E-brained

to

Skinner has

alluded as the

name

believe, jysi^/ijooz, to

which

Mr. Richardson has

different

affixed sixty-seven
I

meanings,
this

all

apparently

from each other.

have produced

word on a former
*

occasion.

The ancient French word Haro, which denotes

*

A Hue
Harrie
is

and Cry,
of

to

beg

assistance,'

belongs to these words

and Harrow, &c., and denotes the Noise made under circumstances
violent

Disturbance

Agitation,

the cry which

to

Harry

up

to

Raise and alarm the Country,

denoting
a

The Etymologists
Clamat,

produce terms

Cry, as

Hareet,

Haremees,

Clamamus, Haren, Crier, which belong to the same idea. The word Herald, Faecialis, caduceator, and its parallel terms Herault,
Heraut, (Fr.)
Araldo, (Ital.)

Heraldo, (Span.)

Herold, (Teut.)

have been derived by the Etymologists from the Saxon Here, Exercitus,

and Held, Heros,

from

the Belgic Herr-Alt, Senator seu

Senior Exercitus,

Haren, Crier,

from Here, Exercitus, and Aid, Servus, or from and Alt, Nobilis, <\.d,Praco Nobilis "Vox FranThe Reader must form
cannot
find, in the
this

" cica et primigenia est. Hero vel Haro, Gloss. Boxh. Fora-Haro,

" Prasco," says Wachter.

his

own judg-

ment on the matter.

nature of the office
origin of this word,

French Etymologists,

who have been most ample on

is

subject, that the original

sufficiently understood.

we must

refer to

it

Whatever be the the familiar Saxon name

Harold.

The

572
The

^R. R.

\-C, D,
in

G, J, K, Q,
Junius

S, T,

X, Z.
and Harrow ^
is

succeeding word

to Harrie

Harsh, which we shall understand to belong to the metaphor of The Etymologists produce the Danish the Herse or Harrow.
Harsh, Rancidus
;

the Belgic Heersch, Imperiosus

;

the Islandic
;

Herskar, Severus, ssevus, nocens

the Spanish Arisco, Asper

the

Flemish Hersch, and the Saxon Has, Raucus.

belong to the same
idea.

All these terms

Herbisch,

Skinner derives
Garro, Asper
;

Harsh from

Subasper, or from the

refer
it

Welsh
siccus.

and Junius seems to

Meric Casaubon
another
believe, only

to Barsch, (Belg.)
it

Burrasca, (Ital.) &c.

derives

from

S^fo?,

Hard

is,

form of Harsh.
rived from
I

We

might have supposed, that

Hard was
;

deyet

the

Earth, under the

to

idea of the Solid Dirt

imagine, on duly considering the words connected with

it

Hard,

that

must be referred

the

train of ideas

now

before us.

The

Etymologists refer us to the parallel terms to be found in

other Languages, as the

Saxon Heard, the Gothic Hardu, the

Danish

Haard, the

Belgic Herd, the

German

Hart, the Runic

Hard, which they derive from the Latin Arduus, or the Greek
KafiTEoo?.

Skinner, however, adds,

"Mallem ab a
diffluunt,

priv. et ^eu, q, d.

"

AovTog,

qus enim dura sunt non

in

Sed nee huic pro

be employed
in its

" Etimo fido."

original sense

The Saxon Heard seems

the

to

Sharp or
Solid,' as

compound W^AK^D-Heawa, Scalprum, the In German, Hart signifies Hard or HAKD-Hezver.

inEnglish; yet

my

Lexicographer explains HarteAT^;/^^

by "a Sharp, Severe, Biting, Nipping, Searching, Tickling Cold;" where terms are employed, which lead us to the Metaphor which I
have supposed.
*

He

explains, likewise, "

Hart mit

einem verfahren,

In one HARo/y, HARSH/y, roughly, sharply," &c. short, we cannot doubt that Harsh and Hard belong to each and in Harsh, we see the true original idea, without the other
TjO
treat
;

notion of Solidity.
Dictionary, where

In the column preceding that in

are found,

my German
'a

Harsch and Hart

we have Harke,
Rake,"

THE
" a Rake," and

EARTH.
rake, or

573
In the

Harrow, " To

Harrow."

same

column we have HASCuen, " To catch, cage, attack, apprehend, " lay hold on " where, in the explanatory word Catch, we see the
;

idea of

'

VeUication, Plucking

up or away,' which
I

have supposed

to be attached to this race of words.

shall

shew

in another place,

that Carpo and Capio

belong to Scrape.

In the same column

we
it;

have Harz, " Hard Rosin," as

my

Lexicographer explains

where Harz belongs

parallel terms,

Hart, Hard, Solid. The English word Hardy, " Audax, animosus,"
to

&c.,

and
In

its

must be

referred to this race of words,

which denote
the

Impetuous

motion

Turbulence and

Violence of action.
its

phrase FooZ-Hardy,

we

see the term in

strong sense.

The

Etymologists record the parallel words, as the French Hardi, the

Runic Ardur, and the Greek Ardalous, A^SxKovg, which Hesychius interprets by EtKccwvg. Skinner derives Hardy,
Italian Ardito, the

&c.

from

the

Hardi

to the

The French Etymologists refer German Hart; and Wachter, the German EtymoLatin Ardeo.

logist, gives us the

and remhids his Readers of the Welsh Hydr, which, as he says, " non solum fortem et stre" nuum, sed etiam Audacem significat." Mr. Richards explains

same

derivation,

the

Welsh Hydr by " Bold, stout, strong, valiant." Again, in Welsh we have Hyder, "Trust, confidence, boldness." Hyderu, " To be bold, to trust, to rely upon," and Hyderw^, "Undaunted,
Let us note, as

" bold, confident."

we
is

pass on, the Latin AuD^.r,

to

where the r of our Element

the

rD

is lost,

which must be referred

another
term,

same idea. The Latin Ard^o

denoting
the Latin

a state of Agitation or Irritation.

The English Hot and

^STMo are derived from the same idea, and belong to the Radical rT, when the r has disappeared. Among other senses of Ard^o the ordinary Lexicons, we have "To be Tormented, Troubled.

" PodagrcE doloribus ARDere.''

longs to

shall

shew, that Trouble be-

Turba the Agitated

Dirt of the Turf or

Ground

and
the

574
the
first

^R.

R.\~C, D, G, J, K, Q,
its

S,T, X, Z.
in

sense of

parallel

French term Trouhler

is

Deletandefile, to

ville's
'

Dictionary,

now
The

before me,

"

To

Trouble, to
derive

make

thick or Muddy.''

The Etymologists
seems

Ard^o from
Era,
(E^a,)

Aridus and Areo.

for the adjective

id in ARidiis

to be only the addition to the

form from Areo, which belongs

the

the

Ground.

Ardelio,

Busybody,

is

rightly

derived

from

Ardeo,

"quod Jrdore quodam omnia occipiat, nihil peragat." With respect to the adjacent term Jirdea\ we cannot, I think,
(e^uSio?,

doubt, that Ard^^;, and the Greek Erod/05,

Ardea,) be-

long to each other. The Etymologists derive Ardea from Arduus, " quod volando Ardua petat." Bochart thinks, that E^uSwg is
quasi EXuSwc, "
<p(Xij^

ycc^ TOiq EXooSecri roTroig,

Locis enim palustribus

ii.

" delectatur."

( Hieroz.
is

Pars Poster.

Lib.

c.

28. .1.)
bird
;

By
and

some,

this

bird
it

considered as

an angry

Irritable

Hebrew name Anapha is derived, " quod facile ad irara concitetur." Under this notion, ARD^a and Erod/o^, (E^uSiog,) might mean the same as Ardeo. Perhaps,
hence, as
is

supposed, the

however, this bird

may
or

be so called, because

it

delights in places

abounding with
busa,

Mud

Earth.

It is called

Tarabusco, or Tarra-

says

Martinius, " quasi Terram

terrae

perforans.

Rostro enim
confirm
this,
it

" inserto palustri

I

vocem

edit horribilem."

To

must add,

that in Austria, as the

same Writer observes,

is

called Erd6m//, "

quod Terra inserto rostro sonet."

and EROoios,

The Erd
think,

in

ERcbull brings us at once to the spot, supposed

and

to

the

Ard^^,

{EpuSwg.)

my Many
in

Hypothesis,
that

Heron,

Hern, &c., with their parallel terms, are derived from

(EfwiJioff-)

Erod/o5,

Heron, Hern, &c. belong,

delight
in

believe, to

Arundo,
Reeds.

because these birds

places

abounding
this

with

Martinius derives some of the

a Reed.

names of

bird from Rolir,

An

adjacent
is

wprd

to

ERovios,

(E^uSio?,)

in the

tionaries,

Erot^o,

(Efwraw,

Interrogo,

rogo,)

Greek Dicwhich means

literally

THE
literally
'

EARTH.
we
refer
it

575
form of the Elesignify to

To Earth'

or, if

to the

ment ^R, *To Era,'

Enquire
Dirt.

(E^a, E(p.)

Search Jsk,
and belongs

Most of the terms which

are derived from the idea of Routing into

To Scrutinise, is taken, we know, Eruere; Rimor, To Search, means to Rout into

Scrutor,
vices, &c., to the

from Scruta,
Chinks, Cre-

Ask
in

is

attached to

Metaphor of Rimari Terram rastris. our Element ^rS, "rT, '^S, -^T. The Os, Ot,
E^uTog,)

Er|o5, Ot-os,

(Efw,',

are

terminations only,

derived

from the analogy of the Language;

(e^xu.)

and

this

would induce us
'^R, as

to refer ER=otao, (E^utuu,) to the Radical

form

in

Eroo,

these

The term words, when

Metal,
if
I

Er^o, (E^ew,

Interrogo,)
is

the sound of r
is

lost.

must be added to Another Greek word

for Enquire or Search,

leuo,

derived from Seeking for Metals, Metalso express

it,

To

may

To

Search for Metals, by

Digging into the Earth, (MEraXAsuw, Metalla Eruo;

Investigo, MsraXXaw,
Scrutor
Scrutor.)
I

Scrutor
Search
shall

et

shall

shew,

that
all
I

and
from

belong to Scratch, and that they are

derived

operations

on

the

Great, (Celtic,) the

Ground.

shew,
with

moreover, that Rogo belongs to Rout, under the form

the breathing after the

RG,

form, the

R; unless we suppose, that in the original breathing was before the R, as in the Saxon Hrut^w,
;

To ^RouT
In
the
(Efwraw,)

Stertere, Ronchisare.

same opening of my Dictionary, in which Erotjo, is, we have Erroos, {E^^uog, Aper, Aries,) which means

the Router, under another idea, as relating to a Violent action of

Annoyance.

The

term directly adjacent to EROxao,

wtoj,

(E^utocu,)

is

Eros,
which
after
{E^ocu,

Eroto^,
belongs,

(e^^j?,

Amor;
seen,

quo
to

Prosequimur aliquem,)
the
idea

as
for,

we have
&c. &c.,

of

Searchi?ig

Longing

and

is

directly

attached to Er^o,

Amo, Amore Prosequor,) derived from the form Era, Let us mark the explanatory Latin term Pro(Efa, Terra.) sequor, m the phrase Amore Prosequi, and remember another

mode

576
mode

^R. R.
of using
it,

\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T,X, Z.
Odio Prosequi; and

we

shall see,

how

the meta-

phor belonging to Prosequor, which

of words

is

similar to that in the race

now
;

before us,

is

at once applied to Love, and to actions

is

of Annoyance.

Sequor, in one sense, says R. Ainsworth,

"To

" Love," &c.

*'

where we have the same metaphorical meaning of

I

To Seek for," which

have supposed to exist in Erao, (E^aw.)

I shall

shew, that Sequor and Seek are only different forms of each
Scratch, &c.

and that they both belong to Search, Greek Eurisko, (Ev^ktku, Invenio, hivestigando
other,

The

et Inquirendo,) is

attached to the same idea;

concipiendi, whether
it

and we are

to decide

on the modus

should be referred to the form of the Ele-

ment "RT, "RS, &c., or to '^R, &c. as in Euro, (Eu^ov.) The Latin h=ORTor,To ex-hORT, must be added to this race of words, under the idea of Stirring Up Exciting, &c. That h-OKT-or is derived from the Earth, we shall little doubt, when we call to mind a word under the same form, K-Okt-us, The piece of Earth, denominated a ^-Ard^w, where we are directly brought to the original Spot. The Etymologists derive HoRTor from O^u, Perf. Pass. D.^<Tai, Excito; which Greek term must be considered to

belong to the same

or
*'

idea, either as

attached to the Radical '^RT,

(O^to?,

"^R.

Martinius derives Orto^,

in

Ara, Cypriis,) from O^u,

tanquam

altum excitata," which we

now

see

is

the

Earth,

either

as the raised

Earth, or

as that,

which

lies

low on the
In

Earth,
the

We
Ort

see

how

Ara, the low altar, belongs to Aro, and

''R.

they are both taken from the Era, (E^a,) under the form

Greek Koni=ORTos,
shall

{Kovw^to?,
its

Pulyis, Pulvis

excitatus,)

we

see the
I

connected with

original idea.

now examine
(Ef9,

certain words, attaclied to our Element,

which express Contention

Erethzzo, Eris,
cesso,
E^jf,

Strife Jnger; such as the Greek Eretho,

Irrito,

Lacesso,

Provoco,

Ef5<^w, Irrito,

La-

Contentio,) which convey a similar idea to Harrow,

I

Harass, Herser, Harasser, and which belong, as

imagine, to the

same

THE
same metaphor of
Perhaps the Reader
will

EARTH.
Era,
(E^a, Terra,) or

577
Earth. the Greek

Stirring up the

be inclined to imagine, that

directly belong to
Is in

words beginning with EP, ER,

I

Era, (E^a); and

shall leave

him

to decide,

whether the

Er=/5, and the th

or eth in these words, be an organical addition to the R, or a significant addition arising

from the analogy of the Language, as

is.

the izo

in

Ereth-izo undoubtedly

In the same column of

like(e^iL,

Greek Vocabulary, where these words are found, I see wise Ergo, (E^yov, Opus, Labor in Agro,) and Erdo,

my

Facio,) which

have before referred to the same Spot.

We

may

remark, that the parallel English term z<:;=Ork, which under other

forms
to

we

find to be t'=ORHTE, tc;=YRTHA, &c., has a similar sense

(E^e9u,) in

Eretho,

the phrases

'

To Work up
if it

a Person'

'To

Work

him

well,'
I

&c.

Let us

mark the explanatory term

be not considered as

Irrito, which, as

before observed,

belonging to the Element '^RT, with the breathing before the R,

must be referred to the same Element with the breathing after to Rout, &c. &c. it, In the same column of my Greek Voca-

bulary,

find

Ereido,

{E^BiSu,

Figo, firmo, fulcio, Trudo, Ingruo,

Ptigno;
(e^uku,

pass, etiam Fundi, sc.

Humi,

Sterni,) Ereiko, or Eriko,

Frango,

Confringo,

Confundo,

Scindo,

E^wu,

Frango,

mean To Era, (E^a,) or Earth, or be Earthed To be thrown upon the Earth To Stir up, Break up the Earth, &c. with the idea of a violent motion, annexed to those acScindo,) which

tions.

In the succeeding column

find Eresso, or

Eretto, (E^stro-^,
Cavillor,

vel E^eTTu,

Remigo;
illudo,

scommate

Impello,) and EREScueleo, ludificor; Contendo, Rixo.)

To Era,
(E^a,)
*

(Ef(r;^^eXw,

We

shall

not

wonder
'

to find, that the

term Eresso or Eretto,

{E^ea-a-u,

e^bttu,)

To

Row,' was connected with a race of words, which denoted

in their original sense.

up the Earth,' when we know, that

To Earth, or 'To Stir To F/o;^^/i the Main' is the

term

most familiar of our metaphors.

4,

Let us mark the explanatory

578

^R.R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

term Rixo, and the English Row, in Belgic Roeden, with its kindred word Rudder, where we have the form RS, when the
breathing before the
in EK=]esso,
etto,

is lost.

If

we

consider the esso and

etto,

as additions

from the construction of the Lanunder a similar

guage, the

Er might be

regarded, as belonging to Oar, which

certainly relates to the

idea.

Ground, or Era,

(E^a,)

In the same page of

found,

my Greek
my

Vocabulary, where Eresso,

(e^eo-o-w,) is

we have

other terms, which directly bring us

to the
Litigo,

spot,

supposed in

Hypothesis.
;

Erith^mo, (E^Sevu,
Servio,)
(E^<5oj,

Contendo;

Lanam
Jgricola,

tracto

Laboro;

not only
Lanificus,

signifies to Conte?id, but to

Labour; and Eritho^,

Messor,

textor, vel textrix;

minister, famulus,)

which

belongs to

it,

actually

denotes

a Labourer on the Ground or

Earth.
In the succeeding column of
'EKKites, {E^KiTvjg, Servus,)

my Greek

Dictionary,

find

where we have the form '^RK.

?//)-Eeret'o, (YTrij^enj?, Minister,

Hence
to

we

have

Z(!/>-Eeret^5,

and

Famulus,

rvfj^BTiu,

Ministro, Inservio,

Operam

alicui navo,)

words relating

Labour

Servitude.
(E^BTTji,

These terms the Etymologists derive from

:

Eretcs,

Remex,) the Rozver

We

may
;

observe, however,
to
afford

that the action of

Rowing
more

is

not sufficiently familiar,

a term for a Labourer or Servant, in general

and therefore we
to

must recur

to

the

original

idea

annexed

the

word.

Perhaps the sense of Erith/o,

to an operation

(E^fSeuw,

Lanam

tracto,) as relating

with Wool,

is

not derived from the notion of

Labour, but from that of Pulling or Teazing Wool, which brings

us to the original idea of Irritation, Vellication, &c.
'EB.iineuo,
(E^/^guw,)
I

Adjacent to
certo,

find

Erizo,

(Ef(^w,

contendo,
(e^jj,

Ex-

aspero,) which belongs to Eris, Eridos,

E^Xf, Contentio);

and we now

fully

understand their relation to each other, which

subject

every view of the

tends

to

confirm.

As we

see the

ideas of Contention, and the Cultivation of

Land by Ploughing

Harrou'ing,

THE
(E^t9evo),

EARTH.
in
E^tdog,
;

579
we
shall not

Harrowing, &c. &c. to be combined

Contendo, Laboro,
origin of Eris, (e^*?)

Erith^wo and Eritho^,

Agricola,)

wonder
to

at

this

yet

we do not want
similar

evidence of

another kind to shew, that

this

word bore a
its

meaning
It

the double sense conveyed

by

adjacent

terms.

should

seem, from a curious passage

Hjttfa<

in the
(e^;?,)

commencement

of the Eoya. kxi

of Hesiod, that Eris,

to

had not

lost its original idea,

as

relating

the

Labours of Agriculture.

To

the

Eritho^,

(E^tdo?,

Agricola,) belong probably the Latin Erus, Servus,

and

ERiTudo, Servitudo.
says Martinius, "

Some

derive these words from

E^og,

"unde,"

Et^e^og SovXbiu,"

and others from

Ei^u,

Necto.

The

Arabic '^ys- Herk, " Burning,"

Herek, " Fire

Rage," must be

referred probably to this race of words.

In the preceding column of

Mr. Richardson's Dictionary, I find (j^ ~i. Hers, " Splitting, Tear" ing." Hyrs, " Desiring greatly," and jj^ Hers, " Rough
" Groiuid,'' where
in

we

are directly brought to the Spot, supposed

my

Hypothesis.

Let us mark the explanatory word Rage,

where the breathing before the

is lost.

The English term w- "^Rath, w='^RoTH,must be referred to the and we shall instantly grant that the race of words now before us
;

sense annexed to this word would be most naturally and obviously

derived from the idea of Stirrmg
tip

Exciting Agitating.
*

The

form ti;=RATH
it
*

is

the same as zf='^RouGHT, belonging to ?x'=Ork; and

contains the same idea as this word, in the phrase

to=Ork'd or
produced by

zf

=RouGHT up

into a Passion.'

The

parallels to Wrath,

the Etymologists, are the Saxon Wrath, Wrathe, the Danish Vrede,

Fred, the Belgic JVreed;

(?e6og,

and the Etymologists refer us to Rethos,

Facies,)

Eretho,

(E^aOu,)

and Wrythan, (Sax.) Torquere.

We

shall

now

understand, that

zf ='^RYTHan,

Torquere, to which belong

our terms
race of

Writhe and Wreath, must be referred likewise to this words. Thus we see, how w- '^Reath, the Chaplet or Garland,

580
]and,

^R.R.\--C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
may

be attached to a term, expressing the most violent action of Jgitatmi ; and how such terms may be derived from

w-^Rnmng

up or about, if I may so express it, or '^Rouxm^ up the Earth. We know, that Torquis belongs to Torqueo, Torsi, from which the most forcible of our terms to express an action of
Violent Agitation
is

derived
Torsi,

Torture.

shall

shew

in a future

Volume, that Torqueo,

under a similar
queo by "
;

belongs to the Element

it

TRS,

&c.

idea,

and that

must be

referred to such

words

as Dirt, Trace, Track, &c. &c.

Robert Ainsworth explains Torto twist.

To Writhe, Wreathe,
'

To

wind, or whirl

" about " where, in the sense of Whirling about,' or Stirring about,

we have
of

the genuine idea.

This, Lexicographer, under

Turn
about,''

the sense

"To

bend, or bow;
;

to

produces the following

passage from Cicero, " Versare suam naturam, atque hue, et illuc " Torquere et flectere " where we see that Torquere is used as a

synonymous term
from
Stirri?ig

to v^E'R.sare,
I

which
shall

have shewn to be derived

particularly, in

up the Earth.

examine more

a future page, the words in English

Saxon,
we have
t,

&c., which begin

with F, W, &c.
in Irascor

In the Latin Ira,

so

the form

'^R,

and
the

and Iratus we see the

and

as derived from
is

construction of the Language.

**

In Saxon, Irra, or Trra,

'^R;

" Ire,

Ira,"

where we have the Radical

Saxon Dictionary,

but in the succeeding

term

in Lye's

iKsian or

Y^sian, sometimes

written Iors/^, " Irasci, Irritare, Lacessere,"

we -again

see the

form

"^RS.

The succeeding term

in

my

Saxon Dictionary to

Trsian, Irasci
is

Irritare,

Trsinga, Iracunde, Trsung, Furor, Ira,

" Yrth, the Earth.

I

Fundus

arabilis,

Ager

novalis,"

which

will decide,

imagine, our opinion on the origin of these words.

has referred

Though Skinner
term to Wroth,

Wrath

and

Wroth

to

each other,,

yet by Junius they are placed in separate articles.

in

The
is

preceding

the Lexicon of this latter writer,

Wroote,

" SufFodere,

THE
" Suffodere,
vel

EARTH.
Rostro,"

581
which belongs to
taken.

Subigere

Humum

'^RouT, '^RooT

up, &c. &c.,

where we see the original action,

is

from which the metaphorical meaning of these words

The Greek Orge,

of words, though
it

must be referred to this race requires a more detailed explanation as it

{O^y*;,

Ira,)

appears to embrace two different ideas belonging to our Element,

or rather
it

attaches to

the idea of a certain action the conse-

quence of that action.

Orge,
;

{O^yr,) is

explained in Hederic's
;

Ingenium, quo quis praeditus Vocabulary by " Ira, Iracundia " Mores, Studium Superbia, arrogantia Scevitia, Acrior quis;

In

*'

que

et

vehementior impetus et ardor."

some

of the senses

of this word

we

plainly perceive, as
its

Excitement or Irritation, in
" et

imagine, the idea of strongest sense. " Acrior quisque

we should

vehementior

impetus et Ardor;"

and yet

in

others

seem
as
it

to perceive the Genius

Nature or Quality of a thing, derived,

Soil.

we

might be, from the Nature or Quality of the

All

thisiir

will be reconciled, if

we

imagine, that both ideas are contained

tip

Orge,

(Of>;,)

or that the notion o{ Stirring

the
it,

Land

is

con-

nected with the effect of that action in Cultivating

the Quality of
it.

or Improving

The term
it.

ze;=ORK will,

imagine, best lead

us through the turns of

meaning annexed
Orge,

to this term,

and those
is

which belong

to

Thus, then,

{O^yn,) as

suppose,

derived from the idea of the Ground, zv-OKVied up, as

it,

we

express

into a state of Cultivation. to

The

expression iv-OKKed up will

lead us

the sense

of Irritation conveyed

by

this

term

and

a Soil

w^OKKed

up, for the purpose of acquiring a certain Nature

or Quality, brings us at once to the sense of Nature

Genius, &c.

Quality
it

The

original

meaning of these terms,

as derived,

according to

my

Hypothesis, from Natural productions, and the

Ground, does not appear indeed in the term Orge, {O^yn,) but
is

directly expressed in the

words belonging

to

it.

ORoao

relates

to Natural productions swelling with juice, as

it

might be from
the

582
the

'^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
effect?,

of a

Rich

Cultivated

Soil;

and Orqos absolutely

;

signifies a RichrFertile Soil, (p^youu,

Succo vel humore turgeo

Venerea cupiditate flagro, prurio, O^yxg, Terra pinguis, fertilis.) .Hence, we know, is derived the Medical term Orgasm, which
,

has been judiciously adopted from a due impression of the peculiar

sense, annexed to these words, to express Venereal Irritation as

connected with the Natural quality of the subject, in which

exists.

it

Now

it

is

curious, that

ORoasmos, and OKcazo,

their senses

{p^yaa-fjuoq

et Ooya^w,) are explained in

some of

by the Lexicoexplained thus

Subactio

graphers after a manner, which

we cannot

so well express as

by the phrase te;=ORK

in

up.

ORcasmos,

(O^yxa-fiog,) is

Hederic's

Vocabulary.
5

" Praeparatip,

Emollitio,
"
;

" (2.)

Irritatio, Concitatio

(3.) Irruendi impetus

;

and Orgazo,

(O^yoi^u,) is

interpreted by " Instigo, Incito

Mollio, Suhigo, Macero,

" Contempero."
Subactio,

We

see, that the sense of Prceparatio, Emollitio,

and Mollio, Subigo, Macero, Contempero, precisely corresponds with the sense of 2X'=Ork up; and what is still more curious, in the very instance produced by this Lexicographer,
under Orcuzo, {O^yx^u,) to exemplify the sense of Mollio, &c., the

term

is

actually

applied

to the zf=OiiKiNG

up of Dirt,

UviXov

O^ymov, Pelon ORoason, "

seen, under the

w=Ork up

the Clay, or Dirt."

We

have

Saxon w=lRKan, the following phrase produced

his

by Lye, " He ty=ORHT^ fenn of

" sputo, 'He

spatle,

Elaboravit lutum ex

made
;

or

w=Ork^^ up
annexed

clay of the spittle.'"

to

This
is

sense of Subigo

Mollio,
I

the above

Greek word,

indeed curious
diate idea,

and we may observe, that without the intermehave proposed, the sense of Subigo

which

Mollio,

would not only be altogether foreign

totally opposite to
it.

to that of Instigo, but even

We

now

shall

understand,
in
agro,

how Ergo,

and ERGazomai,

Opus Colo agrum,) are only different forms of Orge, Facio, &c. ORGas, and ORGazo, {O^yvt O^yoc?, O^yu^u.) Let us mark the ex{E^yov,

Opus

Labor

Efya^o/^a/,

planatory

THE
to the

EARTH.
I

583
shall

planatory term Subigo, from Ago, which

form Kc-er, under the same notion.

shew to belong Whatever be the

origin of Ago,

we know,

that Subigo contains this union of ideas,

;

supposed

in

my

Hypothesis

namely, that of Cultivating of Land,

R. Ainsworth ex;

and of Macerating
next,

Softening Breaking, &c.

plains Subigo in one sense

by

To

by " To Break, Ear, Till " and in the Ante Jovem nulli Subigebant arva Beat, or Stamp

" coloni.

Subigere mortario farinam.

In the Greek ORG/a,

we

see the

'

Rites peculiar to each Deity,*

it
;

with the idea of Irritation or Commotion connected with

and

hence

it

is
it,

peculiarly applied to the Rites of Bacchus, or,

as

we

express

Orgies of Bacchus, Sacra aliorum Deorum; {O^yta, Orgia, proprie Sacra Bacchi Mysteria, Sacra arcaniora.) The Greek ORKia, (O^kix,) has someby a term derived from
it,

the

times the same meaning with Orgia, {O^yoc,) as in Orpheus Mbtx

iJ'OPKIA
f^va-Tocig,

&C.

OPKIA

r Uaiuv, &C.

OPKIA

(p^ijcra

Geuv,

&C.

(Argonaut, ii. 25. 465, &c.)

that ORKion,

This would lead us to suppose,

Proprie victima foederis sanciendi

and Orko^,

[O^kiov,

ergo Ccesa;

Foedus

jurejurando sancitum;

Jusjurandum.
O^yicc,)

O^xo?,

Jusjurandum, Juramentum, Sacramentum, Foedus, Religio,) originally related to the

Rites,

Orkw, Org/j,
to the

(O^kioc,

the Religious

and afterwards
I

solemn Pledges or Oaths, attached to

belongs to

those Rites.

have however given on another occasion a different

it

origin of Orko5, (Ofxoj,) and have supposed, that

a Race of words, denoting

'

Enclosures,' or Places of Security, as

Erko5,

(E^koj,

Septum,) &c.

so that Orko^, (Ofxo?,) would

mean

the Pledge of Security for the performance of any thing.

In the

same column with Orkos, (o^xo?,) in my Greek Vocabulary we have ORKane, (o^xar,?. Septum,) the Enclosure. That these words all belong to each other, we shall, I trust, at once agree
yet
it

is

not easy to adjust the precise notion, by which they are

connected.

The

original idea

annexed to Orkos,

(O^xof,)

may

perhaps

584
Adjure

'^R.

R. '

.-"

C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T,

X, Z.
Adjuro,)

perhaps be found in the sense of Orkizo,

(O^ki^co,

To

Conjure the

term of Excitement to action

y

by violent

hnprecations or Curses &c.

In the term a'=Orcise,

out or

we

see the

Violent action of Driving

away by strong
;

Adjurations.

If Erko^, (e^xoj,) should denote the Enclosure

not simply as the

Earth, but
off,

in a sense of Excitement, as of Driving out

I

away or
how
I

&c.,

which

sometimes suspect

then

we

shall see

all

these terms originally conveyed the idea of an action o{ Excitement.

The
this

further

proceed in Language, the more prevalent do

be.
I

find

notion

to

have conjectured,

in

a former page, that

ORcheomaiy (Of %<?/*;,) relates to the Erkoj, {E^kos,) as denoting yet I ought to the Circular motion, which is extremely probable
;

suggest, that
in the

it

may

possibly refer only to the idea of Excitement,

Motion of Dancmg.
adjacent word to Orge, {o^y^,) in the Greek Vocabularies,
{O^yuvov,

An
is

OKGanon,

Instrumentum, Fistula, Organum,) an ORoan,

is

or Instrument, by which any thing

action.

?x;=Orked up or Put into

Here the Etymologists

refer us to

Ergow,

(E^yov,) as
its

the

origin of this word.

vatives,
is
still

The term

ORoajion, [O^yavou,) and

Deri-

preserve the idea of Excitement or Commotion, which

;

attached to their kindred words

and hence

it

seems particuan

larly applied to these instruments, in

which actions of Excitement

in

or Commotion
especial

are

to

be found.

Thus ORoana denotes

manner JVater and JVind Instruments, Organa ad hau-

riendam aquam

Organum
Irrito,

Pneumaticum, as the Musical Instru-

ment, the Organ.

In short, Organow, (O^yuvov,) seems to parthe

take of the sense, belonging to a word under

same form,
Incitor.)

Orgaino,

{O^yuivu,

Ira accendo
is

Tumeo, Mstuo,

The

n, in

ORcan and ORoaino,

only an Organical addition to

I

the G.

Let us mark the term, which

have here purposely used,

to the

OKGKmcal, where we are again brought

of the Voice.
It
is

Pneumatic

Organ
to

marvellous to observe,

how words

continue

THE
to preserve

EARTH.

585
may
In collecting under

a portion of their original idea, however various

be the purposes to which they are applied.

one view the above words, denoting Anger, Strife, Sec, as Wrath, Orge, (O^yv,) &c., I do not mean to say, that they all directly
belong to each other, as attached to the same series of terms; but I mean to assert, that they all belong to our Element '^RT,
'^RG, under a similar train of ideas, such as
the preceding discussion.
I

have unfolded

in

Terms expressing
ing

actions

of

Ereugo,

Force and Violence, as Break-

Striking, Pushing, Pres&c.,

^Ructo. (Gr. Lat.) To Break up, as wind from

the stomach.

sing,

derived from the

Aries,

operation of Breaking up the

Hurdd, Urz, &c. (Lat. Celtic,) The Ram, Pusher,

Striker.

Ground, the Era,

(E^a,)

or

Earth.
Ereido. (Gr.)

HwRRDu Hyrthu. (Welsh,) To attack, thrust, push, drive.

To
Dash, clash,

push, press hard or violently

Heurter, Urtare. (Fr. Ital.) To Strike, Dash against.

upon

To throw on the Earth.

Hurt Hit,
Ico.
Strike, &c.

Outao, Otheo,

Ereiko. (Greek,)
pieces.

To

Break

to

(Eng. Gr. Latin,)

To

Arasso,
(Gr.)

Aratto,

"Rasso.
violently,

Ares. (Gr.)

The God

of

War,

To

Strike

the Dasher, Destroyer, &c.

to Break to pieces.

Urgeo, Urge.
strike

(Lat. Eng.)

To

Erechtheo, Orechtheo. (Gr.)

Push, press upon.

To

throw

about, to

against, dash against.

Arguo Argue. (Latin, Eng.) To Urge or press by words,

&c.

''Rasso,

'^Regnuo.

(Greek,)

To

dash one thing against

AiRGflm, Airg/w. (Gal.)

Plunder, spoil. Urge.

To

another.

To

Break to pieces.

4 E

We

586

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

AV^E have seen the terms expressing actions of Violence, asEREiDO, Ingruo, &c.) Ereiko, Eriko, (E^bmu, Frango, (e^eX, Trudo; While I Confrino-o, Confundo, Scindo, Eooew, Frango; Scindo.) am examining these words, I cast my eyes on Erechtho, {e^ix^u> The term Scindo, Agito, Jacto,) which belongs to the same race.
Orechtheo,
(Of6%9fw, Cupio, desidero;

Sternor, Mactorj

dicitur

etiam de sonitu fluctuum ad littus allisorum,) is another form of Erechtho, (Eoe%Sw.) It is well known, that the proper sense of

Orechtheo,

(O^ex^eu,)

is

that of
;

Dashing any thing against the

Ground or Earth with noise or, in other words, that it signifies ' To Earth," if I may so say, just as EScc(pi^cAi, Solo allido, belongs We all remember the saying preserved by to E^ci<poi, Solum. Athenaeus, " Mvx.xta-i S' aioexSit to Xctivov TTe^ov, Fungis allisis resona'

bat lapideum solum."

It is

not necessary to enquire about the

:

precise

meaning of this sentence It is enough to see the application of the word, and to be aware of the fact, which Casaubon has noticed, " Id verbum," Of%flew, " de sono rei in Solum projects
"
dici

norunt eruditi."
(Ofe%6w,) in
its

(Athen.

lib.

ii.

c.

19.)

The term OrechDesidero, brings

theo,

gentler sense of Cupio,

us to a term before produced, Orego, {O^iyu, vel pedes vel

manus

extendo, Porrigo, praebeo, tensa

manu

prsebeo;

O^syo^ai, Porrigor,

extender;

Med. Appeto, Cupio, porrectis manibus Capto, item commoveor Isetitia) where we see likewise the gentler action conveyed by these words. Yet we perceive, in the sense of" Commoin
;

*'

and that of " Appeto," the idea oi Agitation Excitement, &c., and likewise in the sense of " Porrectis manibus Capto." If the first sense of the word had been expressed by 'Jacto, Moveo, ut manus
veor,"
'

pedes,'

we

should have seen the primitive meaning.

vel
;

In OKGuia,
vel

(ppyvict,

Spatium interjectum
from which

inter

pedes

divaricantes,

ambas manu expansas

to the original spot,

Ulna Passus,) the

I

Step,

we

are brought

suppose these words to bederived.

We

THE

EARTH.
The

587

We
&c.
^

perceive, likewise,

how

the idea o^ Agitation or Excitement, an-

nexed to Orego, (O^syu,) connects that word with Orge, Orguzo,

(O^yri,
O^yctl^u,

&c.) before produced.

English '^Retch

Reach, belong to Orego, (O^e^w,) as I shew in a future pao-e. In Greek we have AKRicnasthai, {A^^ixoi(r9oii, manibus et pedibus sursum tendere); and the succeeding word to this, in my Greek Vocabulary,
is

ARRICH05,

(A^^txog,

Cophinus, vas vimineus,) where

we
;

have
EfX57,

the Ericlosure, as in Arkus, Erkos, (Afjcuj, Rete, E^ko?,

Retia,) Area,

Septum

&c.

In Hebrew, jny

ORG,

or

HRG, means

"

To

Stretch out, extend," which

{O^eyu, O^yccu.)

and Orgao,

Mr. Parkhurst refers to Orego, In Hebrew, likewise, j;p IKG, or IKH,

Mr. Parkhurst explains
In Welsh
derived,
I

means
it
;

'*

To

Strain, Stretch, distend," as

it is

but from what idea

cannot decide.

Herc^^ means "

it.

To

Reach, to extend," as Mr. Richards explains

{A^aa-a-u,

The Greek Arasso, Aratto,

is

A^xttu, Illido, Pulso,)

another of these terms, which express actions of Fiolence ; and hence we are brought to Rasso, {Pxa-a-co, Allido, Collide, deturbo,)

where we again see how the form ^RS passes into the form RS

when

the breathing before the

is lost.

Hence we come

to the

Frango, Ruinpo, Scindo,) and a great race of words, under the form RS, RG, &c., which
P-^ywfAt,

terms REcnwo, R-Eonumi, {Vnymu,

will be fully considered in a separate

portion of

my Work.

The

term in ray Vocabulary, adjacent to Arasso,

is

Araito,{A^x(r(rco, Aoxttu,)

Aralrojoreo,

(A^cxr^ocpo^eu,

Aratrum

fero,)

where, in Anotron, or

AROxrow,
the

(a^ot^ov,)

we

are directly brought to the

Era,

(Eoa,) or
{Aoa^o?,

Earth.

In

the preceding column

we have Arados,
is

Pulsus cordis post vehemens exercitium,) which

letters, as a

placed in great

Root, but which, as

we now
to
this

see,

belongs to Aratto,
{A^xSog,}
is

(AfaTTw,

Pulso.)

An

adjacent term

Arados,
as

an

acknowledged derivative from

Collisio,

Pulsatio.)

In the

ARAcmo^, same column with Arasso,

verb,

(A^ay^oj,
(A^ao-o-^,)

wc

588
belongs to

^R. R.

\-C, B, G, J, K, Q, S,T,X, Z.
(A^a^i"??,

we have Arachw^^,

Araneus, Aranea,) the Spider, which

if
I

the idea of Earth/w^,

may

so

express

it,

of

Crawling upon, or Scraping about the Earth. The idea of Scraping or Scratclmig has been perpetually annexed to this
animal.
ylranar,

To " To

the Spanish Arana,

the

Spider, belongs the verb

Scratch, to Scrape," Sec.

In the form Aranea, &c.

we have
of

the organical addition of

N to

Ar.

In the same column

{A^ocxv*ii,)
is,

my Greek
to

Vocabulary, where Aradmes,

I find,

be-

longing

our Element, ARAKidna,

{a^uktov,

(A^xki^vx,

Species

plantse,)

and Araktow,
Plant

Atramenti

sutorii species.)
1

Whether

the

has any thing to do with the Spider,

cannot decide.

Perhaps the term denoting a species of Blacking,

the Black Dirt of the

may belong

to

Earth *.

The
* The form Erechtho, (e^sx^'', Scindo, Agito, Jacto,) will remind us of the proper name ERECHTHe?/?, (E^tx^fK;,) which we shall see to be unequivocally connected with the Era, ({,) or Earth, though we shall not be able to unravel the facts, with

which Mythology has involved

his history.

He

is

introduced at Eleusis the Mysteries of Ceres

the

supposed by some to have first Goddess of the Earth. He is

considered, likewise, as sprung from the Earth, and is called Ericthonios, or Ericth = Cthonios, (Ei;^(ioio?,) in which term Cthon, (xSwv,) the Ground, is acknowledged to be

apart of

its

composition; however idle and shocking the mythological origin of

recorded by the Scholiast on Homer,
(II. B.
jf.

this

word may

be, as

547.)

He is supposed

to

have sacrificed a personage, called Othonia, or Chthonia ; where we again see the Chthon, The Athenians are called the Erechtheid^, and perhaps' their (xfl,) or Ground. name of AutoxBo"; may be derived from this source. ERECHTHe(, or Erichth-C/(/Aoios,

belongs perhaps to ERECHTHeo,(E^tx^w, Agito,) and means the Stirrer up, or Plougher of the Ground, or Earth ; and he was probably considered as the first or principal perThe name son, who introduced among the Athenians improvements in Agriculture. with another Erichth-CA^/jow, story 'Ev.isi-Chthon seems to be only another form of

aimexed

to

him, which

is

still

connected with the

Earth.

The

latter

personage

is

supposed to be a Thessalian, the son of Triops,y>'ho derided the Goddess of the Earth, Callimachus and Ovid have amply supplied us with Ceres, and cut down her groves. details the crime and the punishment of the son of narrative, which e-xtraordinary the
Triops
;

and

let

us not

fail

to observe, that the

name of

the father Triops

is

likewise

Triops has the same meaning as the Trip derived from the operations of Agriculture. The Trip in thk word belongs to the Trib in such terms as Tribo, in Trip-'Toleimts.

THE
The Greek Ereido,
Ingruo,

EARTH.
sc.

589
;

(Eje^^w,

Figo, Firmo, Fulcio, Trudo

pugno

pass,

etiam Fundi,

humi, Sterni,)

in

the

sense of Firmo, Fulcio, appears to have a different sense to that

proposed in
yet

my

Hypothesis, and to the other senses of the word

we

are at once brought to the original spot in that

meaning of

the term,

when

it is

explained by 'Fundi,
is

genuine idea of the word

that o^ Dashing Claslwig Striking

sc.

Humi,

Sterni.'

The

Pushing

Pressing

any thing with force and violence, as at or

on the Era, (e^,) Earth or Ground; or as the Earth is Struck Pushed Pressed upon, &c. by the Feet of men and animals passing over it, or by Instruments in the Labour of

'

Agriculture.

Hence

it is

explained by the Lexicographers, Humi,

Fundi,

Sterni,

Struck

Pressed

To
or

be

Earthed

To

be as objects which are

It is

Thrown on the Earth.'

E^eitrocTB

brought to
I"
its

its

original spot in such expressions as

it

S'lx"'^ >'"?
'

sense of Firmo, Fulcio,

*

means, when objects are

*

Pressed vio-

lently and strongly against each other,' so as

To be Supported, or
(^11,

'

Firm.' In the passage produced by the Lexicographers under the

AtTTTig
ec^'

word;
'

occTTnS'E^BiSe, xo^v?

xo^vv, ave^a

Shield, Clashed,

Dashed

Struck or Pressed violently upon Shield,

'or

^ avt]^,

I3. V. I3I.)

on the Ground in Ploughing Harrowing, &c.; and the Tolem means the Ground. This form of Tellus appears in the Irish Talamh, " The Earth, Ground, Soil." To this same form for the Ground belongs the Greei{ TnALAM-e, os, (aXafcn, Cubile fer.irum, Ga},a.i>i.o;, Cubicuhim,) TnELUMn-o?j,
(T^ipw, Tolo,)
rcL-xling

to tlie operations

Tribtila,

(iXi/fcvov,

&,c. &c. To the form Tribula, whieh is a compound of the and BL, belong our terms Tribulation, Truuhle, &c. &c. and thus we see, that a)=ARK, Dolor, and w=Ork, So/icilude, and Solicito,To Stir up the Land, Tribulation and Tribula, belong to each other, under different Elements, for the same

Fundamcntiim,)

Elements

TUB

reason.
I shall

The Etymologists
is

derive Tribula from Tero, which

is

extremely probable.

not stop to discuss this point on the present occasion;

perfectly indifferent to the spirit of

but shall only observe,

a future Volume,

that

it

my

Hypothesis, whether the Element

1 shall

TR

or

TRB

supplies the

first

syllable iaUhis

word.

shew,

in

that Tero belongs to Terra, for the

same reason.

590
'

^R. R.
was Jammed

\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.
Helmet
to

or

close to Shield,

Helmet,

Man

to

Man,'

we

see the idea of Support, or of Fulcio, Firmo, &c., as connected

The word with the action of a Violent Pressure or Concussion. Pressure is a proper term on this occasion, since it gives us the
idea of Fulcio

Firmo,

as proceeding from an action of Violence.

its

We
'

shall

To

own, that a word, which in Clash or Press with force and

original sense signifies

violence

one object against

would be admirably applied to the Violent collision of It is thus applied by Homer, when Achilles exhorts Wrestlers.
'

another,'

Ajax and Ulysses to desist from

MviKBT

this exercise.

EPEIAES0ON,

jwTji^e

T^if^etrSe KccjcoKri.
(//. Y. f.

Ne
1

amplius lucta obnitimiiii neque conterimini mails.

(Tf(/3w,

735.)

shall

shew, that the word Tribo,

Tero,) and

its

explanato

tory term Tero, belong to the

same

spot, for the

same reason,

Tuff and Terra, &c. Let us mark the explanatory words Push to the Press, which I shall likewise refer to the same Spot

Pedom,

(UsSov.)

shall

shew, that Clash belongs to the Clod,

;

Sec.

Dash
Sec.

to

Dust, &c., and Strike, Trudo, to Dirt, &c.

to

which

we must
&c.

refer Tread, Track, Trace,

Thrust, Thresh, Dregs, Drag,

The term

E^eia-ccTs,

which

is

produced above, and which re-

lates to Firmness, is

adopted by the Poet to express the most Vio'

lent action of Pressure

on the Ground or Earth.

When

the Ship

Argo was

for the first

time to be launched into the sea, and by

sticking in the sand had resisted the efforts of the Argonauts to

move

her,

Orpheus exhorts them again

to exert their strength,

with this instruction for accomplishing their purpose.

E(^' CCye VVV
(TTifipOKTtV VTTO (TTBDVOKri

KoiXuxg

B^ia-aB' oi^o^^odBovTeg,

EPEISATE

S'

IXNIA FAIH,

Tapa'OKriv Trodog axpov vrrepf^Xridfiv TUV\i<Ta,VTeg

Ka xapoTtov

ttoti %u/it

ytynQoTBg (X^are

vria.

{Argonaut,

v.

253, &c.)
" Eia

THE

EARTH.
fluctus
trahite

591

" Eia age, nunc firmis sub praecordiis funes urgete impetu simul " facto, plantir imprimite terrae vestigia, extrema pedum ultra

"

modum extendentes, et feros in To these terms, expressing

we must

Iseti

navem."
{e^siL,

Breakings Striking
Ingruo, &c. &c.),

Pushing, &c.
refer

Violent

actions

of Annoyance

Ereido, Ereiko,

Trudo,

the Latin Aries, Ariet/j, the

Ram.

In Greek, Erroos, (e^^uo?, Aper, Aries,)

the

Boar and the Ram, from

same
I

idea;

means at once the and Hesychius has

the

recorded the term Aricha, Aoixk,

u^^bv tt^oISxtov,

Ram, which
for

is

another form of these words.

find

in

Lhuyd

Aries, the

Welsh Hurdh, the Armoric Urdfi, Urz, and the Cornish Hordh. I find, in the Welsh Dictionary of Mr. Richards, Hwrdd, "A Ram,"
"
*'

An

Assault, Onset," &c. &c.,

assault, or onset,

and Hwrddu, and Hyrthu, "

to attack, to

To

make an

" Drive forward."

This

is

Thrust, to Push or only another form of the Welsh

Scholars will
their

Arddu, " To plough."

"

The Welsh
term

now under-

Language, Hort/o, To Slander, To which signifies, we see, to Hurt, and belongs to HvRthu, and Hwrddm, in
in

stand the origin of another

detract, to backbite, to traduce,"

their metaphorical application. In

"

To

Stupify, to
in

Welsh, likewise, Hurtio means stound or stun, one also, to be astonished, to

;

" be

dump,"

as

Mr. Richards explains

it,

where we have

another of these words.

We
Fundi,

perceive, that the

Welsh Hwrddu
These words

with the Greek Ereido, (e^eX,

sc.

Trudo, Ingruo, pugno; Etiam

agrees exactly in sense

will likewise suggest to " To Hit, or strike upon, to run against, us the French HEURT^r " to rush against, to jostle Se HEURxer, To Hit, knock, or dash " one against another." The French Etymologists have under-

humi, sterni.)

stood the terms to which this word belongs.

that

They

iiave

seen

HEURxer has a

similar sense to the Latin

"proterve

nostras aedes

ARiErat^

HEURT^r

" Qi'is a la porte " and

Ariexo.

they

592
the Celtic
pellere

-^R.

R.\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z.
a

they produce the Italian VRTare, a word of the same meaning

Hwrdd,

Ram the German

the barbarous Latin word Ort are

We
now
of r
is

Hurt^w, Trudere, imthe English word Hurt,

is

and the Latin Urgeo.

of h-UrT,
gists,

understand, that /i=Urt

is

to be

referred to this race of words,

and that ^=It

lost.

only another form

when the sound under Hurt, refer us

The English Etymolothe Belgic HurLen, Horten,

to the

Saxon Hyrt, Laesus, vulneratus

;

the French and Italian Heurter, Urtare

Pulsare; and the Latin Ur^^r^, &c.

derives the
*

From
'

Horten, Junius properly

Belgic Hortig,

Hiirtigy

Expeditus promptusque ad

res gerendas;* and hence

we have
In

the

German Hurt/^ "Agile,

Heris,
signifies

" Active, Steady,

*'

&c. &c.

Arabic, (j^-^

same column of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary, we have J-* Herz, " A violent blow oJi Herid, "Tearing;" and in the **or squeeze with the hand" preceding column, we have __* Herij, " Tumultuous, seditious,
contusion,

a severe

blow;"

and

in

the

<'

destroying one another."

The
words.

Latin
It

Urg^o, Ursi, must be referred

to this
(E^yoi/)
;

race of

has been derived by some from Ergo,

and by
Latin

others from Org^o, {O^yuu,^ which are kindred terms.

The

Urgeo

is

used in

its

original sense,

when

it

is

applied as in the

following passage of Horace.

" Jampridem non
" Et tamen Unces tacta ligonibus ana, &c."
.

The

Glossaries
in the

explain

Urg^o by the Greek Epeigo,

(E^reiyu,)

where
Epi,

Eigo we
the r
is

see a term belonging to the race of words

before us,
(Ett*.)

when

is lost.

The Ep belongs
to

to the preposition

There

another compound of the preposition Epi,

the words

(Ett*,)

and a term attached

{Evri^toc^co,

now under
;

discussion,

Epereazo,

Noceo, injuriam facio

Infesto,

calumnior.)

The Ereazo

belongs to these words, denoting Violence of action

{e^i^w,)

Annoyance, to Erizo,

&c. relating to an action on the

Era,

THE EARTH.
Kra,
will
(E^a.)
If this

593
is

be not the origin of the word, the Eper

(TTre^,)

another form of Uper,

Ubris,

(TjGf/?,)

&c. &c.
in

remind us of our English word Egg, as

The Eigo Egg on. The

be fully con-

Saxon EoGiiDi,

To Egg,

Excitare,

is

in the

same column of Lye's

will

Saxon Dictionary with 'Eoean, Occare, which

sidered in a future page.

Akguo is only another form of Urgeo, or Urguco, from which, we know, ARGue, AKGutnent, &c. are derived. Arguo is a very strong term to express the idea of Exciting Harassing Urg/^, by Speech, &c. " To prove, or make proof of, To Argue

"

To

Accuse,

To

reprehend," says R. Ainsworth.

ArguIus and

ARGutatio belong to Argz^o, as the Etymologists justly underAKGutatio the same Lexicographer explains by " A Reastand.

" soning, debating, jangling, or quarrelling; a creaking, (as of a " bed, chair, &c.) prattle, tittle tattle;" and ArghUis, in two of

by "Accused, Charged;" and "Harsh, Screaking." Let us mark, in the explanatory term Harsh, another word beits

senses,

longing to our Element; and

we

perceive, that in the sense of a

Harsh

noise,

we

are brought to the idea of Scratchi?ig upon the

I

shew, that the explanatory words Creak, Screak, and Scratch, belong to each other, and to the idea of
shall

Earth, or Ground.

Stirring

up the Great or Ground.

in its first sense they

The
clarus,

Etymologists

derive

Arguo, which
manifest.

suppose to be

"To

show,

" or declare," from

" ARGuit,"

Argos,

(A^yog,

manifestus,) Clear,

In this sense of Shewing, " Degeneres animos

*

Timor

we have the idea of A Sharp Proving or Probing." In Scotch, Argie means "Assertion in a dispute," says Dr. Jamieson who observes on this term, that it seems on the first view "to be corr. formed from the E. v. Argue. But Su. G. lerga is
;

" used in the same sense, semper eadem obgannire, ut solent " aniculae iratae. Ihre. Isl. larg-r. Keen contention." All these
words, as

we

see,

belong to each other.

The succeeding

article

4 F

in

594
in

^R.R/.- C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z.
is

Dr. Jamieson's Scotch Dictionary

"

To

ARCLE-Bargle,

To

" contend, To bandy backwards and forwards. S. Avrgli.- Bargin, " Loth," who observes, moreover, *' This may be referred to the
*'

"same fountain as the last word. Besides the terms mentioned, we may add Isl. Jrg, Enraged larga. To contend. In Gl. Ram" say, however, Eaggle- Bargm is given as synon. If this be " well authorised, the term may properly signify to Haggle in a " Bargain." The word Haggle belongs to the form Hack, under the same idea, as Argle Arguo, ARoie, &c. are related to each We shall now understand the origin of the term Argal, other.
;

adopted in the Logic of the Clown in Hamlet, " Now thou dost " ill, to say, the gallows is built stronger than the church; Argal,

" the gallows

may do

well to thee;"

where Argal means the

Argle, the Assertion or conclusion in an Argument. In Spanish, ARGuir is used, as in other Languages, in the metaphorical sense of "To Argue, to dispute;" but Argue means a "Machine " for moving large weights, windlass, where we see its genuine sense in expressing what relates to an action of Force and Violence.

same

as

The French

ERco^^r,

"To Wrangle, To cavil,"

is

derived by

some

In such from Jrgutari, and by Menage from the Latin Ergo. cases it is difficult to decide; yet the term Ergo/, "A Cock or

" Dog's Spur," which

us to conclude, that
it

is

surely attached to 'ERGOter, would lead

belongs to the race of words before us,

Argwo, &c.

cannot doubt, that Ergo/ is attached to such terms as Urgeo, &c. The French Etymologists see no connexion between Ergoter and Ergot, who inform us, that Ergot was and they remind us of the Italian anciently written Argot; Artiglio belongs to Jrticidus, Artiglio, " les ongles crochus."
ArtuSy &c.

We

In Mr. Shaw's Galic and Irish Dictionary, we have Airgw, "To plunder, spoil, drive away;" and in the same column we

have "AiRG, APrinceAiRiGH, Chief, Sovereign AiRcm,

To Ask,
*'

seek.

THE
"seek,
the
*'

EARTH.
Money
Airghe,
**

595

demand

AiRcad,

Silver,

A Herd;"

succeeding word to which is AiRoliean, A Bridle, rein, " Airgheanna a bhais, Symptoms of Death." Symptoms," In another place we ha^ " AKGuaim, To Rob, plunder Arg,

"

Champion -:-Arigh, Chiefs

word
to

ARcuiti,

succeeding

Argnaim

is

An Argument." The ARcairim, " To Keep, Herd."

The terms denoting Plunder

A Chief Champion Prince, must

is

be referred, I imagine, to these words of Violence, which the Saxon H^Rcian, " Harrow, Vastare, spoliare, Prasdas agere," most fully
expresses.

In Saxon,

Hearge

Hercules, w-hich belongs pro-

bably directly to

HERG/aw.

We

might perhaps imagine, that

belonged to the Element "^RG,

Hero,

in Hercules, or HERc=C/e?^,
;

under the same idea

but here some difficulty occurs.

The name

Her=Cules surely belongs to the

Welsh Ar=Glwydd,

"A

Lord;

"

Master, one that hath the rule and property of a thing, an owner," where the Ar is probably the articular prefix, or part

denoting 'The Illustrious Personage.'

in

The same

difficulty occurs

some other terms, which I here produce, as in Airig, where the Air may denote 'The Illustrious Personage;' and the Ig may be
a termination, as in Aireach, Noble, from Aire,
*'

"A

name

to the

different ranks

of nobility."

As

consider the forms '^R and

'^RG, &c. to coincide with each other, this distinction will be, in

one point of view, unnecessary

this distinction,

Yet

still

it

is

right to recur to
itself>

when

the

more evidently presents

as

significant addition
see,

We

which belong to the form '^R. that ARcuhi coincides with Auguo, and Airg/V, " To
to terms
or, as
it

" Ask, seek, demand,"

know, that
Solicit

might have been,

'

To
its

Solicit;'

and

they belong to a similar notion of Stirring up

Urg/^, &c.

We
is

or Solicito, a parallel term in

meaning,

derived directly
I

from the metaphor of Stirring up the Ground. have produced the adjacent terms signifying the Herd in this
that the

place,

Reader may exercise his

own judgment on

the

original

596

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
annexed
to these words.

original idea

Some perhaps may

think,

Herd, the Keeper or Possessor of Cattle, might sometimes become the Driver away or Phinderer of Cattle; and that these terms denoting Plunder might be derived from that source.
that the

same column with Airgim, To Ask, &c., are Argeadh, Regard, Argeadham, To Regard, which may denote the object
In
the
that

men 'Ask

Seek,

or are desirous ofobtaining

;
'

or they

may

belong to Airghe, the Herd, Keeper, Guarder, under the same

metaphor, as /-^-Gard
itself bears.

" Airg^^, Silver,

might seem
words;
term.

to be attached to the ideas

it

Money," conveyed by some of these

and the Latin AKGentum,
its

and yet

is

difficult

to

decide on the origin of this

The Greek ARGuros,

certainly be referred to

(A^yv^og,)

must

the Celtic term, whatever be

original idea.

Lye

produces, under ARGe?itum, the

is

Welsh

Ariaji,

Jriant,

where the

lost,

the Cornish Argan, Arghans, the ArIn the

moric Arghant, and the Irish Airgid, Airgead.

same open-

ing of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, we have Aiscam, "To request, " crave, search for," Aisc, " A request, petition," which is derived

from the same idea as Airgim.

is

Here we see the

is

lost, as

it

in

our corresponding term Ask.

"

The word

Aisc likewise sig-

nifies

Damage,

trespass, reproach, chastisement,"

where

it

cor-

responds with the terms of violence under the form '^RG, Airg/Vw,

"

To

Plunder," &c.
(A^jjfj

The Greek Ares,

means, either in
its

Mars, Gradivus

Praelium,
sense,

bellum

vulnus, plaga, caedes, ferrum,) belongs to this race of words, and

violent

or

more gentle
from
terms
the

that

which

Harrowes
mologists

Routs Destroys Pierces Wounds, &c.

derive

The Etywhich

Ares,

(A^*;?,)

of Violence,

belong to the race of words before

us, as

Greek Arasso, or

Aratto,
Destruere,
(Aoa<r(rw,)

(Afao-o-w,

A^etTTu,

Pulso,)

and the

and

^>ny

ORIZ,
to

Violentus.

Hebrew D"in HRS, The Greek Arasso,

its

brings

us

the form Rasso, {Vmo-u, Allido,) and

kindred

THE
all

EARTH.
Friymi^t,

597
Frango)
;

kindred terms Reghuo, REGmcmi, {Priywu,

and we

remember such expressions as Pyi^af^evoia-Ttxa;, &c. &c., with the compound Frj^rjvu^, Viros frangens, &c., applied to the Warrior.

The Hebrew Din HRS,

and
that
to this
is,

signifies

"To

break through, break in;"

;

Mr. Parkhurst has justly referred the word Harass

In the

he has properly understood, that these words belong to the

same

train of ideas.
is

same opening of Mr. Parkhurst's

with which he compares the

Lexicon
old Latin

nn HRG, "To
word Haruga, a
to

Kill,"

Sacrifice, a Victim,

both which must

be added

the

words before

us.

Hara, and others from A^;%a, Aries.

Some derive Haruga from HAKvspex is derived by the

Ara, and
Inspicio.

Etymologists from

The In Welsh, Aragu means " To first derivation is probably right. " quench, extinguish, or put out." In German, Wurg^w is " To " Choak, strangle, throttle, or stifle; To kill, cut the throat." In Mr. Shaw's Galic and Irish Dictionary we have OKcam, " To
or from

Haruga,

"

Orcadh, " Killing, Destroying." In the same column, where this latter word occurs, we have Org, " The Cramp,"
kill,

destroy,"

which must probably be referred

Disturbs

to the idea of that,

which Ajinoys-

"
*'

"
I

we have ORcu-radh, Grief, Sorrow." Orc likewise means "A Hen Egg," "A Salmon, A Whale," the same as OiRcain, "A Young Pig," " A Prince's They are placed by Mr. Shaw as separate words, and son."
&c.
In the same column
to decide

Pains,

must leave the Celtic Scholar from which they are derived.
these words,
I

on the peculiar

ideas,

While

am examining

one of

cast

my

eyes on OiKceart, "

Hurt, Wound."
vio-

Again

URcnoid means "Hurt, Harm," &c. &c. The Hebrew \ny ORZ, signifies " To Agitate, shake
in Galic,
;

" lently

To Terrify, to shake or agitate others with fearj"

and

from

this

(A^ua-a-u,)

word Mr. Parkhurst has derived the Greek Arasso, Ares, (A^ijj,) and with the prefixed. Mars, the Latin

Urg^o, the English Urge, and

the

French Orage, a storm,

which

598

-R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
all
I

which must
tion,

which

be referred to the words of Violence and Commo-' am now unfolding. I have represented the Hebrew

y Gnain, or Oin, simply as a vowel breathing, which others have It has oftentimes, however, the force of the consonant G; done.

and thus

it

is

difficult

in

many

cases to

decide,

whether the

Hebrew

term, beginning with y Gnain or Oin, should be referred to

those words in other Languages, which begin with a vowel, or with the Consonant G. If py ARZ does not belong to our Ele-

ment

'^RT,

it

must be

referred to

GRT,

and the terms under that

Radical, denoting the

same

object, the Great, the

Ground.

The

succeeding term in Mr. Parkhurst's Lexicon is pny ARK, which " To flee," and in Arabic, in Chaldee, as he observes, signifies
*

To Gnaw

" and the next word, \:ny

ARS, means "

Couch,

" Bed, Bedstead."

These terms

all

belong to each other, and to

the Ground, either as the Scratched Fretted Spot, or the low If the original idea of the word, denoting the Bed or Spot.

Mattress,

is

that of Interweaving, as

Mr. Parkhurst supposes,

us to the

it

may be

derived from the notion of Stirring up or about

Mixing

together, &c.

Mr. Parkhurst

refers

Hebrew Dny ORS,

Knead," where we unequivocally see the idea of Stirring.up " Commiscuit, about, or together, which is explained in Castell by

To

" Implicavit, Implexuit;"

and the Arabic word, which corre-

sponds with the Hebrew term, denoting the Mattress, signifies To construct a trellis or lattice-work," as Mr. Parkhurst observes.

The

succeeding term to the

Hebrew

ti;^y

is lost, To Consume, Destroy. A Moth;" where the but the true sense of the Element To Scratch Fret Destroy,' &c.

"

ARS, is r, we see,

tL^y

AS,

'

still

remains.

been compared with another Greek word, Arr^w, or Ars^, {A^^v, k^<rrtv, Mas, Masculus): We of R and S are connected, in Arr^w and hKsen, how the sounds

The Greek Ares,

{A^yjg,)

has

see

and how the forms

''R

and ''RS pass into each

other.

must
leave

THE
leave the

EARTH.
in

599
Jres be derived
significant addition

from

this

Reader to decide, whether the ^S process, or whether the Es be not a

'^R.
(A^ij?,)

derived from the analogy of the Language.

In ARea, (A^ija,)

we

have the form

The Ar
and the

in Ar^IsIos, (A^iirro?,)
Istos represents the
(A^eiuv,)

belongs to the

Ar

in

AR^es,
as the

superlative addi-

tion,

Eion in

Ar=Eio}i,

does

the

comparative.

The word
the day.

Aristow,

(A^io-tov,

to ARIST05, (A^ia-Tog,)

Prandium,) the Dinner, might belong and mean the Best or most agreeable part of
A^kttov

The
ei

Etymologists derive
esset definitum
;

from

Ao^kttov,

"

quod
profi-

" tempus
*

non

ab

A^-/;?,

quod daretur

ciscentibus

ad bellum."

That

my

Hypothesis respecting the

receive confir-

original idea

annexed to

y^res, (A^???,) is right, will

mation, from considering the sense of the word Aris, under a

similar form,
(A^i?,

Instrumentum

fabrilej

Herba quaedam,

Ang.
calls

Friers Cowl,) the

workman's Instrument, which Martinius

;

the Scobina, a File

where we are

directly brought to the idea,

conveyed by the Element, of Scratching or Fretting a surface. Can we imagine, that the Arist, in Arist07i, (A^ia-rov,) bears the

same

idea of Fretting or Tearing

any thing to pieces

I

and denotes
the

a Meal, from the action of Eating^

shall

shew, that

German
to our

Fressen,

To

Devour, belongs to Fret, and that Eat belongs

under the same idea of Scratching or Fretting a Surface, as when we talk of a Corroding substance Eating into
'^T,

Element

any thing.
meaning.
the

The

explanatory term Corrode has the same double

refers
Aris,

Martinius

and Jrisaron,

(A^ig,

A^ia-upcv,)

Herb, to Jris, (Af<?,) the File. Robert Ainsvvorth explains Aris by " An Herb of a Sharp and biting taste " where we have again the sense of the Element. The Aris, the Herb, is the Aris,
;

the File, the Sharp Scratcher the Fretter or Biter.

Perhaps the

Saron in Arisaron,

(A^ta-a^ov,)

belongs to Sairo, (Sa<fw, Scopis Purgo,)

a term, which relates to a similar action of Scratching or

Sweeping
worth's

over a Surface.

The succeeding word

to Aris, in Robert Ains-

600
worth's

R. R.

\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z.
is

Vocabulary,

Arista, the Beard of Corn, where we

not derived from Arsen,
is

have a similar idea of the Scratcher or Pricker.

Arsenicon,
(A^o-svikov,') Arseyiic, is
(Afo-iji',)

as the Lexicographers imagine, but

quasi Senicon, or Sernicon;

and

it

is

taken from the Persian terms Ser-Nic, signifying Gold

^SyJ^J ZiirNeekh,'^Or^\men\., Arsenic."
its

and Paint, Auripigmentum,

This
will

be more fully unfolded in

due place.

In the same
occurs,

Greek vocabulary, where Ars^w, {k^a-yiv,) have Ars, Amos, (A^j, A^vog,') which must perhaps be
column of

my

we

referred to

mode of This mode of Eating, we know, Eating peculiar to the Sheep. In Yorkshire, a Sheep is said to Nep or Nip. is called Nibbling. Thus, then, Ares, (A^*;?,) Mars, and Ars, (Af?,j the gentle Lamb,
the same idea of Vellicating or Carping a Surface, in the

belong to each other, under the idea of the Carper and Nipper, in In Agjius, the r is lost, and the stronger or more mild sense.
the n
is

an organical addition to the G.

is lost.

In

Amos,

(Afvo?,)

the

characteristic radical S, &c.

When

the

is

lost in

Amos,
this

or the

G
;

in

Agnus, the '^N would then represent the name of

m.
In

animal

and hence, perhaps, we have AmN-os, (Apo?, Agnus,) with

Spanish, ARisan'o
is

the organical addition of the

the

herb called ARisarium; and in the same opening of my Spanish Dictionary, where this word occurs, I find, belonging to our

Element, Arisco, " Fierce, rude, &c. Harsh," &c. " the Ram," Ariga, " the Mill Dust," i.e. what is beat

Ariete,
to

Earth

or Powder, AKicar, " To plough across the Ground, sown with " corn; to clear it of weeds," Arigo, "Light, easily tilled, ap-

" plied

to the

Ground or

Soil."

In the same leaf of

{jE-oiMco,

my

Vocabulary, where
(E^euyw,

we have

Ereiko,

frango,) &c.,

find

Ereugo,

Ructo;

Emitto, vel
still

evolvo, quasi Eructando, efFundo,)

To

Eructate, which belongs

to the

same spot

and

it is

derived from the metaphor of

Routing
applied

up

Stirring up

Breaking up the Ground.

We

use Break, as

THE
employ Brechen
in a

EARTH.
way,

601

applied to wind, precisely in the similar

same manner; and the Germans

" Sich
is

Brechen,

To

vomit,

" disgorge, cast up."

Break,

we know,
shall

particularly applied to

Breaking up the Ground.

(Efu>^,)
relate, as

We

not wonder, that

Ereugo,

To
I

surrounded by a race of words, which have supposed, to Breaking up the Ground, when we
ERUCTflif^,
is

remember
words

the coincidence of

Plow-share.

The Etymologists acknowledge the relation of these

though they imagine, that Vomer contains
'

Vomo, to Vomit, with Vomer, the

to each other,

the secondary and metaphorical idea,

'

Vomer
is

dicitur,

quod Terrain

Vomat.'

We

shall

now

understand, that

Vomer contains the

Metaphorical.
It is

original idea,

and that the sense of Vomo

curious, that in Persian

we have

a word belonging to our Element,

which

once signifies the same as Eructo, and an Excavation Mr. Richardson explains q.j\ Aregh, in its first of the Ground.
at

sense,

by "

Canal;"

and

in

another sense

" Belching."

In Persian,

breathing before the R, i.j

we have Hugh, "

we have Arugh, the form RG, without the Belching, Eructation:" The
is

succeeding

term in

Mr. Richardson's Dictionary

(as

the Arabic

U; Rugha, "Crying
such as

an Inftmt)
"

roaring, braying, &c. (as

" a hyena, camel, or ostrich,)

we find it in Weruk, as an Arabic word,

Hebrew,
pn'

where we have the idea of Noise, Rugio, &c. Mr. Richardson has marked c .1
signifying " Belching, Eructing.'"

In

IRK, means
in the
;

"

To

Spit,

Spit

out,"

to

which

Mr. Parkhurst
"

refers the English

Retch, and the Saxon Hracan.

this

The preceding word

Lexicon of

Writer

is

yy IRG,

To

be Broken,

afflicted

" where, in the sense annexed to Break,

we have

Let us note the Latin Ructo, the Persian Rugh, and the English Retch, under the form RC. In our familiar expression " To Raise phlegm," we have the precise
the true idea.
idea; and
I

shall

shew, that
up, &c. &c.

"To

Raise up

"

belongs Xo Stir up

To Rake Rout

The 4^

Latin Eructo, and the English

-E^ uate,.

602

'^R.

R.

'

.- C, D, G, J, K, Q,

S, T,

X, Z.

compounded of E and Ructo. In the same column of my Greek Vocabulary, where Ereugo, (E^svyu,) is, I find ErechTHo, (Eo%5w, Scindo, Agito, Jacto.) which I have before produced, as belonging to this race of words, signifying 'To Stir up or about,
Eructate, are
*

To

cast here
in

and

there,

To Break,'

&c.

Let us mark, that Cast up

is
'

used

a similar sense for to Vomit; and

'To

Cast a Pond,'

is

To

Cast out the

Mud

of a Pond.'

Cast and Jacto belong to the

same race of words, and are derived from the same spot. We have seen the term Werugh, "Belching, Eructing;" and in
a preceding column of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary,

Persian

To pull up, tear out, extirpate. o'^r^J WERK^r^^n, "

{E^BvQog,

we have

the

"

To throw away."
Adjacent to the word Ereugo, (E^evyu,) in our Greek Dictionaries,
Rubor,) REDJiess, to which,

we have Ereutho^,
belongs ERVTuros,

we know,
means a

(E^vS^o?,)

Red.

Ereutho^,

(E^eudoi,)

colour belonging to a certain species of

Earth,

or Soil.

We

may

imagine, that the names of Colours would be derived from the

various kinds of Soil.

Let us note the very word Colour, and

Soil,

mark
Color

its
is

affinity

with

Solum.

This

will explain to us,

why

adjacent to Colo, in our Latin Vocabularies.

In Hebrew,

DTK
to

ADM,
is

has this double sense of Red, and the Ground, from

which

derived the

name Adam.

the Element

DM,
aliis

Hebrew ADM belongs The bird called denoting the Ground.

The

is

Y.KiTHakos, (E^iQaKo?, Erithacus, avis qusedam solitaria, quze a qui-

busdam

Silvia,

ab

Rubicula dicitur,)
the

is

probably derived from

it

ERUTHro5,

[Epudoog,) for

same reason
{E^tQoMvi,

as

called Rubicula.

The

adjacent

word EKiTuake,

Erithace, cibus

apum,

vel

gluten ad conficiendos favos,) is derived by Martinius from the same source; " Ergo a Rubedine (quae Graeci E^eu^o?,) dici videtur,
" quasi
Erithaca.^'

We

perceive,

that

Red, the term directly

belongs to the Element

corresponding with ERUTH-ro5,

(E^uflfo?,)

RD,

with no vowel breathing before the R.

I

cannot

THE
I

EARTH.
(Eju^^oj,)

603
without noting an
de tenui ferventique

cannot leave the word Eruth;-05,

(E^va-iTreXxg,

adjacent term, ERVSipelas,

Tumor

sanguine ortus, ignis sacer. Erysipelas,) which is supposed to be derived from Eruo, (E^uw, Traho,) and Pelas, (nsXa?, prope, vel in

and hence it has been called Vicinitraha, and FiciniThe Latin words Vicinus and Traho are a translation riihia. and perhaps the Ruhia of the supposed origin of the Greek term
Vicinia);
;

may

represent the opinion of those

who

imagine, that the

(E^u^fo?.)

ERusi/^/a5,(EfU(r;7rXaf,)

belongs to ERUTHro5,

Erus in The Medi-

but a feeble reason, why the word should be derived from E^uw and UiXxq, " quod vicinas partes ad se trahat, " casque quasi diffluendo occupet." Perhaps the Erus belongs
cal writers give us

to

ERUTHro^, and the Pelas to Plesso,

;

(iTXija-frw,
'

Percutio,)

To
or

strike or afflict

so that Erusipelas

may mean The Red Scourge

is

'Plague.'

Now

the explanatory word Plague belongs to Plesso^

Plege,

(nxijo-o-w, nxriyT],

Plaga); and what

curious, the very

com-

bination

RtD-PLAGUE, which, according

to this idea, precisely cois

incides with

ErusZ-Pelas, occurs in Shakspeare, and

" The

applied

in our old writers to the

" For learning

same species of disorder. Red Plague rid you,

Caliban says,

me

your Language."

on which Mr. Steevens remarks, " The Erysipelas was anciently called " the Red-Plague." If my derivation should be true, it is curious,
that a similar combination should have been afterwards formed.

The Greek Orrod^o,

a state of Horror, Fear, &c.,

(O^^u^ea,
is

Timeo, Formido,)

To
;

be in

derived from the

Metaphor of Har-

Kowing up the mind. Orros, (O^fo?, pars subjecta testiculis sacri ossis extremum podex,) is the part in contact with the ERA,(Eoa,) or Earth, in sitting, or the part belonging to the Tail in animals.
;

Orkos,

(Of^of,

Serum,) the Whey, from the curdling of the Milk,

either taken from the idea of Coagulating
its particles.

is

derived from the Metaphor annexed to ORRooeo, (O^^uSsu.)

The

process of Curdling

is

or of Separating from the Agitation of

The

strongest
idea

604

^R. R.
is

\-C, D,
We

G, J, K, Q,

S, T,

X, Z.
combined

idea of Agitation

connected with that of Borrow, and the meta-

phor of Harrowing.

know, that

the
as "

word Curdle

is

with the idea of Horror

Fear, &c.,
pars

My

Blood Curdles with

" Horrozv, Fear," &c.

Seu,)

The Lexicographers
subjecta

derive Orrodeo, (O^^w

from

Orros, (O^fof,

Testicuhs.)

Orropugion,

{OoooTTvyiov,

Birds.

idem quod O^^og, in Avibus Cauda,) means the Tail in In Saxon, Herth-5^//^ means " PelHs in qua includunScrotum,

" tur

testicuh.

ab

HmKTB.a7i,

Testiculi,

et

Belig,

" Venter."

shall shew, that Tail belongs,

under another Elein

ment, to the same spot, and that Puge,

Orropugion,
(O^^oTrvytov,)

(Uvyvi,)

the

compound

and

the

Latin

Podex, belong to the

I

Pedon,

{lle^ov,)

&c.

We

cannot but remember, what

have before
sit
;

produced, the vulgar word for the part on which

we

and we

should be reminded of the Greek Arche, {A^x^, Princeps,

Dux
to

Podex,

Intestinum rectum,) both

as the Base, or Foundation.

which

terms

belong
fail

the

Earth,

We

must not

to recol-

lect, that this

part

is

called likewise the Bottojn; and,

by another

word, Fundament, derived from Fundamentum, which belongs,

we
In

know,

to Fundus, the

Ground.

The

Latin Horr^o must be con'^R.

sidered as belonging to these words, and to the Element

the term Orro5, (O^foj,) the Os arises from the construction of the

Language, and the Odeo in Orro^^o, (O^^uSsu,) will be a termination, as the Or and Idus, in the Latin HoR-Or and HoRK-Idus. An adjacent word to Orrodeo, {O^^uSeu,) in my Greek Vocabulary,
is

ORsai,

(O^o-a<

lEoL pro

O^ut,

ab O^u, Excito,) which they

tell

us

to be an JEoWc

form

for Orai, from Oro, (O^w,) "

To

Excite; " where

we

see

how

the forms 'R, 'RS, pass into each other.

In the suc-

ceeding column of
occur,

my Greek Vocabulary

to that,

where these words

we find belonging to our Element ^RT, '^RS, &c. Orusso, Orutto, (p^ua-a-u, O^vttu, fodio,) which signifies To Era, (Ef,) or to Earth, as I have before shewn, Oruza, (o^u^a,) Oryza, Rice, which belongs to the same spot and we shall note, likewise, that
;

in Rice, the breathing before the

is

not found.

We

have likewise

THE
ORTalis,
(O^TocXis, Pullastra,

EARTH.
Coturnix
;

605

wise in the same column Ortux, (O^tuI,

vel Gallina,)

Herba,)
{O^tocXi^u,

and ORTalizo,
ferri.)

Incipio alas

ex plica re
the
Quail,
;

incipio in altum

Ortux,

(O^tv^,

.Coturnix,)
this animal

may

be so called

from the Noise which

and should perhaps be referred to the race of words belonging to our Element, which denote Noise. The

makes

c-Ot

in Co^-urnix

might belong to 0;t

in

Ort-Ux.

The
From

verb

ORTalizo, (O^roiXi^Uf)
in the first
Ortalis,

may be

taken from the idea of Agitation,

this,
is

attempt to move the wings in flying.

the

{O^-uXtq,)

young animal, .may be taken.

this,

There

a bird,

under a sound similar to

Ortolano, (Ital.)

called the Ortolan,

(Fr.

Eng.)

which

the

French

Etymologists derive
Gardens.

from Hortulanus, because

this bird frequents

Terms belonging
ment w- ^RT,

to

our Ele-

Wreck.
Broken

(English,)
to pieces.

What

is

&c., connected

or about. Turning up Break-

with the action oi Stirring up

Writhe. (Eng.) To Turn up or about, with force, Torquere.

ing up the Ground OT

Earth,

as with force, violence, &c.,

or as an action of labour.

Wreath. (Eng.) The Garland, What is Writhed or wound

about, without force.

Work.

(Eng.)

Weorc Wark Irk.

Eng.) Pain.

Wrest, Wresten, &c. (Eng.

(Saxon,
Sax.)

To

force

one thing

from another by JVrithing or

Twisting about.

Wr^can, Wreak. (Sax. and Eng.) To JVork in a violent

sense.

Wrist, Wyrst, &c. (English,

Sax.)

The

part able to Wrest.

Wrack ^Rack.
quere,

(Eng.) Tor-

To

Torture.

Wrestle. (Eng.) To Twist about.

Wrest, or

Wriggle.

606

^R. R.

\'-C, D, G, J, K,Q, S,T, X, Z.

Stir

Wriggle. (Eng.) To
here and there.

about

*RosTrw. (Lat.) The Router

up.

Wroote,
Ground,

"Rout,
To
as
Stir

Wrot.
''Root.

(Sax.)

The

Proboscis

of the Elephant

the Wrooter
To
Wroote^

(English,)

up the
do with

or Router.

pigs

Write.
Rout

(English,)

their Snout, or

or Scratch up.

SHALL now produce various words in Saxon and in English, belonging to our Element '^RT, which commence with the letter

must be considered only as representing a stronger These words I have inserted in the present vowel breathing.
JV.

This

letter

article,

because they are in general connected with the idea of

the

Stirring up
-relating
to

Ground, and are employed to

notion

express

actions

the

of

Exciting Disturbing Annoying

I

Plaguing

Aggi'ieving,
the

&c.

shall

words, which present themselves

are connected with

however introduce other under this form, and which

under a different
idea.

same

object,

We

have seen the English words

Work and Wright with the paWoRKing

or cultiva-

rallel

Saxon terms Weorc, Opus, WiRtan,&c. &c. Operari, and the

(j.^yov,)

Greek Ergow,

referring to the idea of

ting the Land, as in the phrases, "

" ram elaborare, colere."

"

"

Land
naes

Man

EoKTuan WYRcan, Terthe tha EoRTuan Worhte,

vel

Homo non

erat qui terram coleret."

We

have moreover seen,

that

Weorc means

" Dolor, cruciatus, Anxietas,"

and that the

parallel

English terms are

Wark,

Irk, &cc. &c.

The English word Wreak

a person,
is

To

Wreak
its

Vengeance upon
violent sense of

Exagitation

" him
similar

Persecuting, Aggrieving. well Work him to an

I'll

nothing but

Work, with

more

In our phrases, "I'll

oil,"

Work
in

Work

is

applied in a
is

manner.

The Latin

^;f-ERC^r^,

we know,

used

the

THE
the

EARTH.
or Trouble."

607
The term Work
is

same

sense,

"

To Vex

sometimes applied as
*'

upon us;" and

"

Wreak is, as " He will Work vengeance sometimes Work and Wreak are both used on
In Titus Andronicus,

the

same occasion.

we have

the following
foes."

line:

By Working Wreak/}// vengeance on thy

In old

English,

Wreak

is

used as a substantive, as in Coriolanus,

"Then

"

if thou hast a heart of

Wreak

in thee, thou

wilt revenge,"

&c. &c.

under fVreak, to the Saxon Wracan, Awracan, the Gothic Wrekan, the Belgic ff^reken, the
refer us,

The Etymologists

German Recheti, vindicare, ulcisci, Raach, Ultio, &c. &c. In German, Rachen signifies " To avenge " and in RECHeti we are
;

directly

brought

to

the

action

supposed

in

my

Hypothesis.

RECH^ra

means

"To Rake, To Rake

together;"

and Reche
terms

denotes " Harke, a

explains
it.

We

Rake, Raker, Harrow," as perceive, that Rake, and

see in the

my
its

Lexicographer
parallel

Rosxrwrn, &c,, belong to the form

the

is lost.

We

how

readily these

forms pass

RK, when the breathing before German Harke, or Harake, Rake, into each other. The word preDictionary,
is

ceding Rachen, in

my German

Rachen, "

great

" and wide throat or gullet, a voracious beast's open and deep " Mouth, extended Jaws, Cheeks or Chops," which perhaps belongs to Retch Reach, signifying To Stretch out," &c.

'

Saxon Dictionary, explains WRjEcan, &c. by " To " Wreak, Exercere, Agitare, Infligere," which is a very just
Lye, in
his

interpretation; and in ex.Kcere

we

see the genuine word.

Hence

we term in I-ye's Dictionary, Wracw, Wracmww, Exulare, peregrinari, Wr^ec, Peregrinus Miser;" and hence we have the English Wretch, which the Etymologists understand, who remind us likewise of the Greek WhKistes,
have the
adjacent

{Vocyja-TTiq,

Dissector, Carptor;

Mendax,
(Psjo-o-w,

&c.) which the Lexico-

graphers justly refer to Resso,

Frango,) where

form RK, as

in the

German K\cnen.

we have the The term WREJched might

be

608

^R. R.

\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T,X, Z.

be expressed by a metaphorical application of any of the terms, belonging to this train of ideasj as 'The Broken up or down personage

the

personage ty^ORK^^f down or to pieces, the Vir miseriis

'

Fractus

Exagitatus, ExERcitus;'
Wrack

and

it

would be

idle to select

a peculiar notion from this train of kindred ideas.

In the English

and Wreck,

Ship-WpECK, &c., we

have the idea of Breaking to pieces, such as we have seen in

'^Resso, ^Reghuo, and
"^Regw;/?/?/, (Pijo-o-w,
Vyiyvvf/,!,

Frango, rumpo

Vehe-

menter Ferio, Allido,

before the

Piiywu,

Frango,) where the breathing

record under these

RT,

&c.

is lost.

The Etymologists

English words the French Varech, the Swedish Wrak, the Islandic

The Sea Wrak, with its parallel terms Vrag, (Dan.) Vrac^ (Norman,) &c., may mean the Vile Wretched plant Vilior alga or it may belong to the idea of Agitation, and mean the Plant Driven or Thrown upon the Shore. The Etymologists produce The term Wrack, or Rack, the Belgic Wraecken, Rejicere.
Rek,

To

Torture,

is

nothing but another form of these words, signi-

fying " ^;fERC^r^, Agitare, Infligere."

Lye has produced, under

Wrack, "Torquere,"
JVrican,

the Saxon IVnecan, bearing this sense; and

he has moreover added the Gothic terms Gaurikan, Ulcisci, and

Persequi, &c. &c.
will

The
of

interpretation

of

Wrack by
whirling

Torqueo

remind
to the

us

Writhe, Wreath, and Wrest,

which belong

same

idea of Stirring

Turning, or
;

up or about, &c. &c. with these words; and

other senses, by "

Torqueo precisely corresponds in sense

it is

explained in Robert Ainsworth,

or

among

To Writhe,

Wreathe

to twist.

" wind, or

whirl

about;

To
in

Rack, torment, or

To torture. To
its

" Wrest, to pervert, to distort."

Wreath,
it is

in

the sense of a
turn about; but

Garland,
in

is

used

in its

most gentle meaning, Agony,

To

Writhe, To Writhe
has justly

applied in

most

violent sense, to extreme Agitation in Stirring or Turning about.

Skinner

referred

Wrath, Wroth, and

its

parallel

terms,

THE
terms to

EARTH.
I

609

Writhe, &c.

and

have on a former occasion examined

it

the word
Eris,
agree,

Wrath, and compared

E^(f,

with the Greek Eretho,

&c,

Erid-05, &c. (E^edu,

that

E^iSo;,)

&c.

We

shall

all

the

sense conveyed

by such terms would be most

naturally derived

from

that

of Stirring up

Agitation,
I

&c.

In

Hebrew, DT IRT, is "To turn aside, turn over;" and to this word Mr. Parkhurst has referred the English IFrithe, Wreath, and
with a Quivre annexed, the Latin
v=Y.KTo means likewise to
Verto.

have shewn,
In

that

Earth

up, &c. &:c.

Wrest we

see the idea of violent Stirring or Turnijig about, for the purpose

of forcing asunder one thing from another.

refer
us,

The Etymologists
Saxon
IVreothian,

under
or, as

Wreathe, Writh,

to

the

Obvolvere,

sometimes written, JVrathian, Wrythan, Torquere,

Wrida, (Swedish,) &c.

Under Wrest, they produce

torquere, the Belgic
IFritsehi,

the

Saxon Awrestan, Wrastan, In&:c.

;

Torquere,

and from hence

?i

they refer us to Wrench and Wring, where the

ganical addition to the

is

only an or-

C and G,

quasi Wregch, Wrigg.

Wrist is referred by Skinner either to the Wyrrest, Carpus, or to the verb To Wrest; "quia
English

The Saxon Wyrst,

sc. vis
ilia,

" qua res extorquemus, in " prrefero." We see, that

strong part, able to
refer us to the

Carpo prscipue

sita

est,

sed prius

Wrist and Wyrst,

&c.

mean

the

Wrest.
the

The Etymologists, under

Ausringen, " et
Skinner,
inde

Wrejich

and Wri?ig,
the

Saxon Wringan, the Belgic Wringhen,

Ringen,
Circulus,

Danish

Vrenge,

German

" Luctari, nisi malles

hoc," says

"a Ring,

"

deflectere, quia sc. luctatores in corona seu Circulo

spectatorum

" vires experiuntur." man RiNGew, " To

We

shall

now understand,

that the

Gerto

strive,

struggle,

Wrestle," &c.,

means

Wrench
which
is

about here and there.

Ring, the Circle, means that

its

Wrung

or Tzvisted round, in

gentler sense,

Ri'ig,

Circulus,

has the

same

relation

to

Wring, that

Wreath

has
to

4.H

610
to

^R.

R.\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z.
to the

Writh.
tiie

Ring, Pulsare, Tinnire, denotes the action of Striking,

and

Noise belonging

term of violence, Wring.

Let us

mark

word Wrest/?, belonging to Wrest. The succeeding word in Skinner to Wring is Wrinkle, which seems to belong directly to Wring; and thus the Wrinkled countenance denotes the Wrung Distorted or Deformed countenance. Ruga is attached to the Element RG, under the same train of ideas,
the

and denotes the Rough Rugged Countenance. The Etymologists refer us, under the word Wrinkle, to the Saxon Wrincle, the Belgic
Wrinckel, the German Runtzel, &c. Wrinkle is likewise explained by " Turbo, seu Cochlea marina," which is so called, "a testae Ru" o-ositate," though
it

is is

not derived from Wilk, as some imagine.

or Perverted from the right course,

Wrong

is

that,

which

Wrung

who derive it from the Saxon Wrinas the Etymologists understand, gan ; and they produce likewise the Saxon range, Injuria, to which

we must add
Saxon word
sc.

Wrenc, Fraus, Dolus,

in

&,c.

While

am examining

this

Lye's Dictionary,

observe the Saxon term Wrinc^

Eagas. " Ictus oculi," which means the Wringing or Turning In Junius, Wrenches occurs as a term in about of the Eyes.
" Deceitful trickes, Fraudes," &c., Chaucer, which he explains by and which Lye properly refers to the Saxon Wrenca. The suc-

ceeding word in Junius

derives from the
is

is

Wrenn,

" Regulus, Trochilus," which he

In Saxon,

Saxon " Wraen, Lecherous."

Wrenna

Lascivus, Wrannes, Lascivia. a W^en, and Wrcene, Libidinosus, The Wren, the bird, may be derived from Wrcene, Libidinosus, or
the contrary order
ginal,
it

may have

taken place.

If

Wrcene be the oritip,

may be

taken from the idea of Exciting or Stirring

is

from which this sense of Libido Wren, however, may belong to

commonly borrowed.
race

The

this

of words, denoting

name

for the same reason, as its Twisting or Turning about, precisely belongs to Trochos, {T^oxo?, in Greek, Trochilos, {j^ox^Xo^,)

Rota,) the Wheel.

The English Wrangle,

Altercari,

conceive to

be

THE
be quasi Mraggle; and that denoting Agitation, &c.
it

EARTH.

611

should be classed with these words,

this
;

The Etymologists produce under

term the English Wrong, the Islandic Uangur, Bangligur, Iniquus

and they remind us of the Greek ERESKEL^m,

{^^itrx'^Xuv , Cavillari,)

where we see the true form.

In

Wriggle we

have the same

;

idea of Agitation, though applied to a different purpose

and here

we
as
I

see our
this

Element '^RG.

The

Etymologists justly remind us,

In
;

under

word, of the Belgic

JVritselen, Motitare.

Wrestle,
and
this

before suggested,
is

we

again see the same

notion
to

word
and

properly referred by Skinner and

the

Junius

Wrcestlian,

Wraxlian, (Saxon,)
to the

Belgic PForstelen,

ffrastelen,

Wratselen,

Enghsh Wrest. In Saxon, Wrixl is Vicis, vicissitude, &c., and Wrixlaw, and Wrixl/aw, Permutare, which sense of change must be referred to the same notion of Agitation, &c. The Latin Luctor, To Wrestle, belongs to Lutiim, with a similar
metaphor of Stirring up
the Dirt, &c.

In the same column of

Ira,

my

Saxon Dictionary, where

&c. occur,

Wrath,

Vehementia Ve;

hemens, Urgens, WRjEsran, Intorquere, intrudere, WRjESThian,

To Wrestle,
Stabilis,

find likewise the terms

Wrast, Firmus,
all

and Wrceste, Firmiter.

this idea of

These words must

Stability
in

belong to

each other, and

Firmness and

must be attached

to an action of Violence, as

This will be more

fully

Wrest/w^, Wreath/w^, &c. explained, when I examine its parallel

see
it

we

word Rest; yet we cannot at present but understand, when we observe the term Arrest, that the idea of Rest is unequivocally
connected with an act of Fiolence.

The terms belonging

to our

Element "RT, which are

tionary,

in

the

opening of Lye's Saxon Dicto the idea of Agitation

where Wrenc, &c. occurs, relating

of

Harrowing

Plaguing,

Stirring up or about Driving on Persecuting Destroying, &c., are the following

;

or about
;

the

Gothic WRiKan, Persequi

Niti;

the

Saxon Wrigaw, Tendere, Conari,

;

WRican, WREOoan,

Ulcisci

WREOTon,

Crepitare,Strepitare;

WREHian,

612

^R.RA-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
Instare, Instigare, Incitare, Allicere
; ;

WREHxan, URGere,
WREcan,
Furiose
ter
;

WREcan,
Graviter,

Accusare, Insimulare, Deferre

Wrecow,

Exercere, Infligere.Ulcisci;

Vindicare, Exulare;

Wrathe, Vehementer,
;

VJRArnmod,

Iratus

animo

\Vrath//V, Infestus, vehemen-

IjRGens,

Wrath;
:

under which Lye refers us to Wr^eth,

Ira,

WRJETniafi, Munimen, Ligare, to Wr^eth,

and the Gothic

Wrakga, Persecutio This latter word is next to the Saxon Wrang, Wrong, Injuriae, (which I consider to be quasi Ifragg, Wrogg,) and Wraxlww, To Wrestle. The Saxon Scholar will
not forget other words in that Language, bearing a similar idea,
as

WuRTHZ^n,

Perire, For- Wurth^w,

Perire, &c.

For-WYRcan,
Foedare,

Perdere, from WYRCizn, Operari,

Violare, Infringere.

Wyrd^w, Corrumpere,

In the same opening of Lye's Dictionary,

occurs,

where

Wrikan, &c.

Element, with a different

Tiig,

we have terms belonging to our meaning, as the Saxon WRican, to

WRisaw,
;

Tegere, Induere, Vestire;

Fruticare, Germinare,
Wrcette,

PuUulare;

/Fr^ow, ^F/^on, Tegere, operire

Miraculum
Curvus,

WRiETTE, Veratrum, Helleborus;

the

Gothic

JVraiua,

and the Gothic Wratow, Ire, Iter facere. These latter terms seem remote from each other, and from the race of words which
I

am

discussing;
in

but a

little

consideration will unravel to us the

involved, and
its

mystery
belong
to

which they are

shew, that

they

all

our Element, under one of

senses.

In the Gothic
idea of

Wratow,

Ire,

Iter Facere,

we

see simply the

of the

'To Earth, or Pass upon the Earth.' Underanother form Element, we have the same sense in the Greek 'E.RCuomai,
Eo,) as
I

(Eo;^0|U,(,

have before shewn;

and

in

the explanatory
;-

word

lier,

peared.

we see likewise our Radical, when the The Gothic Wraiua, Curvus, will remind

has disapus
of our

English term Wry, or Aivry, which I consider with the Etymologists to be quasi \Vrith^</, Turned or Distorted out of its
course.

The Etymologists

likewise

record

the

Greek Roikos,
(Pootoff,

THE
(PotKog,

EARTH.
Frie, Inflectere,

613
Torquere.
to

Ciirvus,)

and the Danish

The

Saxon WRiETTE, Miraculum, Mirandum opus, seems

directly to
*

belong

Wreath,
it

and to mean 'that which

is

finely

Wreathed
it.

Done

in fine, Contortive devices,' if I

may

so express

If

we

were

to say, that
to the

meant Finely
'

come
their

belong to

same point, as the same operation, and only

Wrought out,' we should nearly 'Wrought up' and 'Wreathed up'

differ

from each other in

passage, which

peculiar
is

mode of

application.

The

Lye

produces,
"

the following.

"

Is thaes

middangeafd missenlicum
Est hie orbis variis

wisum gewlitegad

Wr^ttum
is

gefmetwad.

" modis decoratus, mirandis operibus ornatus."

The term gesame

spot,

FRJETwad,
nearly the

or Fretted,,

drawn from

the

with

same metaphor,
the

as

Wr^tte

in the sense of

Wreathed.
;

Fretted belongs to

sense of Scratched or Stirred up

and

Wreathed
or about.
together,

belongs to that of Stirred up or about, or Turned up

Perhaps

that

some may imagine, on seeing these terms Wrcette and Fret must be referred to the same
that such be the case, the form

Radical

and

if

FRD,

or /- ""RD,

must be

referred to our

Element ""RD.

This must be a subject

" Veratrum, Hel-

of future investigation. " leborus,"

'

The Saxon WRiETTE,

to

should

be directly referred

Wreath, Writhe,

Twist, or Contort,' as denoting the Twistingor Contorting Drug, a very proper source for the name of so Drastic a Medicine.
if

To

Here again,

Wr^tte
as

be referred to
it

Wrought,

&c.,

we

shall

come

to the

same

point, as

will then denote the

it,

Drug, which
be instantly

powerfully

Works,
is

we

express

or,

according to the same

It will

metaphor,

Drastic, or powerfully operative.

is

granted, that the Latin Verat/-w

only another form of the

Some think, that Veratrum is so called, "quod Saxon Wr^ette. " Vires habeat;" and others, " quod mentem Vertat."

The terms Wrec^/z, or Rec^/z, Wrig^w, " To Rig, Agere, induere,

Enarrare,
vestire," as

Exponere,

and

they are to be

found

614

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

found under the form RG, shall be fully explained on a future We cannot doubt, however, that they belong to the occasion.

same fundamental

idea, existing in

the words, by which they are

surrounded, whatever peculiar turn of meaning these terms may have received. Lye explains Recam by " To Reckoji, Curare, " Solicitus esse, I Reck not, I ne Reck, Nihil Curo;" where we at

once see, by the explanatory term Solicitus, which is derived from the idea of Stirring up the Ground, from what source Reck, &c.

may be

derived.

We

cannot but see

too,

how Wrigcw, "To

Turning

" Cover,"

may be

derived from

the idea of Stirring or

its

up, over, &c. &c.,

'

when we

consider

connexion with

Wreath,

Twist, wind, or wrap over.' A term, under the same form as Wvnoan, Tegere, means " Tendere, con" tendere, niti," where we see the idea of Excitement. The

To

turn up or over,

To

action of Stirring, Turning

the

two

effects
it

and hence
other.

up or over, necessarily includes in it of 'Bringing or Drawing out,' and of Covering over-,' that Appareo and Operio are attached to each is,
'

The term immediately preceding Wrigan is WniDan, or, " Fruticare, germinare, pulluas it is oftener written, Writhw, " lare," which seems to belong to WRican, Wreath, &c., and to
denote the Covering or Cloathitig of trees, by the budding blossomThe terms directly preceding WRnuian, Fruticare, &c., ing, &c.
are

WRnuels,

Fascia, Velamen,

and Writh<?,

"To Writhe,

" Ligare," &c. In the Saxon JVreon, Wrijon, " Tegere, Operire, Celare, Abscondere, Protegere," we have the form IVR, which

we may

consider,

if

we

please, as

the simpler form of Wrigan,

To
is

Rig., Teo-ere,

WRicaw.

Lye has An adjacent word

&c.

justly referred us, under

to the latter
in

Wr^ow,

to

Lye's Dictionary,

Wrigj/5, " pro Hragle. Vestis, velamentum," says our LexiThe form most consonant with the origin of these cographer.

words
ferred

is
it

Wrig^^,
to

as

derived from

WRiGan.

Lye has

justly re-

hRjEghu, the dress of

Women

called a Rail.

Skinner
has

THE
intermediate step
;

EARTH.

615
we have
the

has properly produced the Saxon form Regl, where

and he has recorded likewise the Latin Ralla,

denoting Stirring
in

which belongs to these terms.

To
up, &c.,

this

race of words,

up

Scratching

compound -B^=Wray, which Skinner explains by Detegere, and Nathan Bailey by " To " reveal or discover a secret; also to Foul with ordure ; " and in another article, by " To Betray, to discover." Remote as the
M'e

must

refer

Wray,

the

sense of the word appears to be from the original meaning, sup-

posed

in

my
to

Hypothesis
this

yet even the Etymologists have con-

ducted us

idea.

Skinner refers

Bewray

to the

Saxon

Bewregan, JVregan, the Belgic JVroeghen, Accusare, Prodere, deferre;

and Lye gives us a similar

:

origin,

with the following

explanation

" Turbatae Vellicantisque conscientiae stimulis prodere

" seipsum."
'

We
of

cannot but

see, that the

sense of

'

Discovery

'

or

Detection,' which
idea

B^=Wray

conveys,

is

commonly connected
self-compunction,

with an

Exagitation Vellication,

by

which that 'Detection' is " Wray his own shame."

" ablush,"
(6'/2j^5/).)
'

"To Be= "And not JS^-Wray thy treason with

produced or attended, as

&C.&C.

Thus, then,

5^=Wray

means,

in its

original sense,
'

dere,

vel
I

Quasi Exagitando, VeUicando, Urgendo, &c. ProArguere,' and afterwards Prodere, Detegere,' in
'

general.

have

selected

the

term

ARGw^r^,

"

To

shew, to

" declare,
the

to accuse, reprehend," as precisely corresponding with

by Bc-Wray.
I

metaphor conveyed
to
it is

have shewn,
the

that

Argwo belongs
ideas;

our Radical "^RG, under

same

and that

only another form of Urg^o, &c.

at

(Urges
'

train

of

ligonibus arva,)

where we are

once brought to the original action,

and the metaphorical application.

'

AKGuere means

Quasi Ur-

GENDO, Exagitando, probare, monstrare, detegere.'

is

The

term

e=WRAY
seem

said to signify

"To foul

with ordure," which does not

I

directly to

belong to the sense of the words, which

am

here

616

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
If the

here unfolding.

term has really

this

meaning, we must
;

recur to the original idea, supposed in

my

Hypothesis

namely,

that these words are derived from the action of Stirring up Dirt.

We
word
'

see, that
;

Lye has used

if

Tiirbajitis in

his explanation of the

and thus,

the

interpretation

of " Foul with

ordure

should be just,
bare,

we might explain the word B^-Wray by TurTurbando, et Turpare, Turbando Exagitare, Vellicare,

'

Exagitando Prodere.'

Perhaps, however, the meaning of the Prois

verb, on

which
;

this sense

apparently founded,has been mistaken.

The proverb runs thus: "It is an ill bird, that e?=\VRAYs its " own nest " which may mean only, that it is an ill bird, which is so much its own enemy, as to Discover or Betray its own nest,
*

Mala

est avis, quae quasi

semet ipsam Exagita?ido, Accusando, &c.

Proverb sometimes runs,

'

suum nidum
It is a

Prodit.'

believe, that the

*'

Foul bird, which

^^^Wrays

its

own nest;" where

to
affix

the of
in

equivocal
*

word Foul would contribute

that
it

the

sense

Fouling with ordure,' to the term

^=Wray.

We perceive,
its

the y of
the form

Wray,

has been directly taken from a word under

^RG. Though Wray, considered by

itself,
I

agrees in

fundamental
;

idea with the race of words which

am now

unfolding

yet the

combination of f=WRAY does not accord

in its turn of

meaning

with combinations apparently of the same kind, as they are exThe Saxon Bewregan, recorded plained by our Lexicographers.

though he produces the compound Be=Wreon, which he explains by " Operire, " Tegere," where we have a sense opposite to that conveyed

by Skinner,

do not find

in

Lye's Dictionary

by B^=Wray. shew
us, that

The compound Be-Wreon

has the same sense as

the simple term Wreon, Wryon, "Tegere, Operire;" and this will

B^-Wray

is

not a compound, in which the

Be has

' To Un or Dis-Co\eT,' as some might a negative sense, quasi This sense has been obtained, we see, by a naturally suppose.

very

THE
very different
observe,
is

EARTH.
action

617
I

process

The

inseparably

about Turning up
Scholar

about

must again connected with that of Stirr'mg up or

or

of Covering,

over;

and perhaps

the

Saxon

may

Operire, or

^=Wreo at once means Aperire and The term Wreou has, according Eruere and Obruere.
discover, that

to

the confession
in

of the Etymologists, &c., this

his

double sense.
to

Though Lye
the
Junius,
parallels,

Saxon Dictionary assigns only

Operire,"

Wreo?i
as

sense of " Tegere,

&c.

yet,

in

his

Edition of

under "Wrie, Wri^'m,

Tegere, Velare,"

we have

"Wreow,

Wryo7i,

JFrigan.

item Prodere,''

where we

Thus, then, we may safely explain Wreow by Eruere, Fertere, Eruendo, vel ProIn Scotch, the term Wrie signifies at once " To dere vel Tegere. " " Twist," and To Cover, to conceal," as Dr. Jamieson explains

see the other sense Prodere, as well as Tegere.

though he has placed the word with these senses in separate Thus we see, that the Saxon WReon is, in fact, nothinoarticles.
it,

but our English

'

'

To Wry,

or

Awry,*
'

if I

may

so say,

'To Turn,

or

Pervert,

Eruere, vel Vertere

article,

cordingly an

Dr. Jamieson has acBe-\YRY, which he explains by " To PerIn "

see

and

" Vert, or Distort."

Eti-'ViR07iner,(Fr.)
if I

we

Veer round," ViR^r, (Fr.) En~YiRon, the same idea of Turning or Wry/w^,
mai;Jc

may

so say.

Let us

the

Wrjv and the Ver, correin another state,

sponding with each other;

and again,

and

Wreath.

The term
'

adjacent to this
or

Verto Latin word Vergo

; '

probably only means

To Turn

Bend
is

Verge

the Verge of a Court, we have

Be=WReon,
the form '^RG
;

downwards

and

in

the En-YiRons.

In some

tenses of

assumed, as Be-WRKOcen,

Be-WRiGen, Be-\\ROGen, Tectus Be=\VR\jG?., Protexisti. In the Poems attributed to Rowley, the term Enrone
and seems
" Thus

occurs,

to
I

mean

the

same
;

as

'

Unsheath.'

Enrone

inie anlace

go thou shethe,
wythe
deatlie."

"

'11

potte ytt ne

yim

place, tyll yite ys sycke

{El/a,

y'.

GGO.)

'

Dean

618
Dean
" Wreon,

^R. R.

\-C, D,
Draw

G, J, K, Q,
is

S,

T, X, Z.

Milles imagines, that Enrone

" perhaps Enwryne, from

To

Display,

out."

Here,

we

see,

Dean

Milles has

given the same sense to Wr^o, Prodere, "

I

To

Display," which

have supposed

and

in the phrase

Draw

out,

corresponding in

sense with Eruere, he has brought us to the metaphorical application,

which

my

Hypothesis supposes.

With

these

two senses,

annexed

to the

term Wreow, of Prodere and Tegere, we cannot well

is

decide, which of these senses

if

applied in

En-Rhone and En-lVryne,

these words signify to Unsheath.

Dean Milles supposes, or the meaning may be 'Un-Cover,' or 'U;j-Sheath.' In the same Poems, the term 2'=Wrinde is considered to mean in three passages Hid or Covered; yet in two other passages, T-Wrinde and T'-Wreene unequivocally mean DisThe term T-Wreen signifies, likewise, in two passages. closed. Covered; but the words 5^-\Vreen, 5^-Wryne, &c. mean, in
a variety of passages,
*'

The words may denote what En may be negative, and the

Express, declare, display."

In one place,

T=Wrynde,

Covered, seems to

mean

the

same

as

^-Vironed.
of M\ C.
j?.34.)

" Or bee the erthe with lyghte or merke F-VVkynde.

{St.

In another place,

T-Wrynde

seems to signify Kept

off,

or, as

explained under the original turn of meaning annexed to the

word, Cast
Qnt

out

off or
as

away, just as Expello signifies to Cast

the

or

away;

and

kindred

term Eruo,
out, or
'

(e^uo,

Traho,

Custodio, Vito,) denotes at once

*To Draw

Cast out or
out,'

off,

To Keep

off, from,'

&c.
it

The term

Eruere,

To Rout

has the same idea, though

expresses the sense in a stronger

manner.

In the

Song of

the Minstrels, the prudent damsel says

to her Lover,
" But manne, hce moste bee Ywrynde, " Tylle syr preeste make on of two."

Thus, then, if such senses should be readily annexed to the terms which I have produced, and if jB^-Wray does indeed signify

"To

THE
"

EARTH.
and
spirit

619
be explained in the
out,

To
off,

Befoul,"

their

force

may

following

manner.

"

To

Cast,

Throw, Draw, Turn up,

;

" "

away,

aside, over, about,

&c.

as the Dirt of the Earth, &c.

2.

1.

To

Bedaub, to Befoul, Bespatter.

*

To

Cast,

Throw

up,

" out, &c., so as

To

Produce, Bring forth.

Display,

Betray,'

" &c. &c. 3. To Cast, Turn, or Throw about, or over, so as " * To Cover, Conceal,' &c. 4. To Cast oiF, out, away, &c., so
" as
'

To

Keep

off.
*

Separate,' &c.

5.

To Turn

up, over, or

round
aside,
dili-

" about, so as

To
or

encompass or Efi-YiRon.'

To Turn

" To make
gence
in

Wry

aWRY."

have applied considerable

endeavouring to trace the various meanings, which are

difficulty

annexed to these words, as they have caused great

embarrassment.
It is

and

want of such arranged explanations, that all our difficulties in Language have arisen. In Junius, we have the term Wroote, which he explains by
for

" SufFodere, vel subigere

*'

humum

Rostro,

Humum
refers

Rostro Vertere
Root,

instar

suis,"

and which he properly

to

Radix,

and

to Root,

"To

Root as swine do,"

to the

Saxon JVrotan,

Subigere, to the Belgic Wroeten;

Islandic Rota.

We
is

and Lye likewise records the perceive, that *Root, '^Radix, Root up, or

'^RouT up,
instantly
'

all

belong to

this race

of words.

In

the preceding

column of Junius
Scratch

our familiar word Write, which,

signified

we

shall

agree, originally

'To Wroote,

'*Root or

up a surface, as some Etymologists acknowledge.

We
in

know, that Exaro,

To Write,

belongs to the same metaphor of

I

Turning

up, or

Ploughing up the Ground,

shall

shew

future Volume, and the Etymologists allow the coincidence, that

the Greek
to

Grafo, (r^u<pu,

Scribo,)

and the Latin

Fodere.)

Scribo,

Grave

EnGrave Graban,
Runic Rita
;

belong

(Gotii.

the

Etymologists refer us

to the parallel

Under Write, terms in other Lanrefer these

guages, as the Saxon Awritan, JVritan, the Gothic JVruta, and the
Islandic and

and though some

words
to

620
to
PriTov,

'^R.R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
Dictum, yet Skinner justly observes, "Mallem deducere

" ab A.S. Wrotan, Belg. Wroetefi, Terram Suffodere, Versare, fere " ut Lat. Exarare, ab Aran'do ; qui enim scribit chartam quasi " Arat et Fodit." RosTrum is the RooT^r up; and accordingly

we

find, that the

preceding term to

" Rostro versare," in " phantis Promuscis."

Wrot^w, "To Root, Subigere, Lye's Saxon Dictionary, is Wrot, " EleAgain, we mark the explanatory term

VEKsare, or VERT^r^, belonging to these words, as I have had In the same opening of Lye's perpetual occasion to observe.
Dictionary, where these words are found, are the following, be-

longing to our Element,

Wryhta, A Wright,
;

Opifex,

i.

q.
;

Wrohs, (Goth.) Accusatio Wyrhta, Wroht, Writs, (Goth.) Litera; Vrot, WROHjaw, (Goth.) Accusare Wrixl, Vicis, Vicissitudo, Proboscis; Writh^w, To Wreath WRixLan, Permutare, &c., which I have Alternatio, reciprocatio In the same opening I find Writh, tJwaa, before produced. which belongs to Writha, Lorum, and Writhz^m, "To Wreath,
Accusatio, (Sax.)
; ;

" or Confine, Ligare," &c., as Uncia belongs to a race signifying

to Confine, Uncus, Ha?ik, &c., whatever be the precise idea from

which these terms are derived. In the same column I Gothic MV-RiTBus, Grex; and we have likewise the Saxon
Grex, which
perhaps directly

find the

Wr^th,

belong to the idea annexed to

Fascia;
as

WRiETH, Wreath, Ligamentum,

a set of animals

Wreathed

or Confined together in one spot, company, &c.

to

They

may belong however

of Spoil or Plunder.

Herd, and may be derived from the idea

the Plunderer,

The HERDS-Man might be

and afterwards the Keeper of Cattle, and then a Keeper in In the same page of Lye's Dictionary with HERGiaUy general. To Harrow, Vastare, we have " Herge, Turma; Prcedatores

Depopulatio."
in the

The Saxon Herd, "Herd, Grex, Armentum," is same column with Here, Exercitus, Turma, Cohors. Hence
Master, (Germ.) Uekus, originally denoting, as
I

we have Herr,

imagine.

THE
I

EARTH.
On
we
shall find every thing

621

imagine, the

HARROW^r,

Plunderer.

this derivation I finally

repose, as on such an Hypothesis

uniform

and consistent*.

object of
the forms

* Though the form of the Element *RT, &c. v-*RT, &c. 8cc. is now the peculiar my discussion, yet it is necessary for us to understand the mode, in which

*R and v-*R

are related to these,

with each other in their points of union.

c, b, Stc.]

We

and how indissolubly they are entangled shall from hence see, how the forms
8cc.

"R, "RT, &c., or

VR, BR,
;

8cc.

VRT,

BRT,

Sec, are connected likewise

with our Element "R, "RT, &c.

in a separate

though, when once generated, they

may be con-

sidered as constituting distinct Radicals, and they will be accordingly fully unfolded

Work.

As

these forms
in

do not belong
a separate Note.

to the general tenor of these

discussions, they will be

in

examined

Among

the terms in Latin,

which Ver appears, as constituting the word, or beginning it, which are to be refeved to the Element "R, r-'R, under the train of ideas now unfolding, which Vekro may justly represent, are Ver, Vehco?-, \ E^etrum, Ver;^, VERe.r, VERRes, Verrj/cca, VERRj/ncflf, Ver^o, VERgo, Verw/s, VER/)fl, or Ver;)ms, VER^er, Veri^s.

The Ver, b-Er, Ear, Eer,

(Ef, Ver, Hj,

Ver;

Stirring up. Raising or Rising up, for a similar reason, as the Spring

Diluculum,) belong to the idea of Time conveys

The term Eer, (h^, Diluculum,) means the and hence we have Aur=Ora. The Element *R is doubled to express the idea more strongly, as in Or=Ooro, (o^w^w, Concito.) The simpler form is seen in Oro, (o^u,) which is nothing but To Era,' (e,) To Stir up the Era, ARarc,' &c. &c. The Or, in Omor, belongs to the same idea and perhaps we may imagine, that it has assumed the Passive form Or-Ior, from having the Element doubled. In Ver-Bero we have quasi Ver-Ver, or Verro-Verro, for
the sense of Rising or Springing up.

Morning, from the same idea of Rising;

'

the same reason of adding to the force of the idea expressed.

is

Verrcs, the Boar Pig,

;

Verrit," as the Etymologists suppose Boar is only another form of Verrc5, where we have the Element BR. The Ver, in Ver/ja, YERetrum, and Verk, has a similar idea, and means " Id quod Verr^V, Fodit," &c.
VEReor, To be
in

the animal, " qui terram

Fear,

is

quasi Verro;-.
itself

Fear

is

only another form of VERt'o?-.

We

The Ferrc/, the Scratcher up of the Ground, attaches itself directly to Tvtet, as the r/-VERRa does to Verro. We here see, how the Element '"R passes from VR into BR, FR, and how the T is added under the form FR, so as to become FRT, as it is added to *R, so as to become *RT. All this is done without error anrl confusion and we see, moreover, at once the
see

how Fear connects

with FrcI.

general relation, existing between

to each other.

all

these forms, clear and distinct, as well as the

peculiar relation, by which the words under each form are

more

particularly attached

The Verruco,

the fVart,\Eixit.iuosus,

"Full of /fa Ws, tumps, or

to

hillocks," Sec,

are acknowledged to belong to

Verro, and
its

mean

the Terra, qua; sursum VERRj/wr.

The corresponding term Waet, with

parallels JVeart, JVartze,

Ww, (Sax.

Germ.
Bclg.)

622

-R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
Wart Ward

Belg.) &c., attaches itself to words of the same idea in the Teutonic Dialects. In tumulus or mound tlirown up on high ground, means or Scotch,

"A

"

in the Orkney and Shetland islands, for the purpose of conveying intelligence." Here we have the Tumulus or Tump of Earth, corresponding with the interpretation of Verrucosus; and in the phrase Thrown up, we have the very metaphor, from which

I have

supposed the term to be derived.

I find to

The

idea of the Crawling or Creeping

be commonly derived from the idea of Scratching up the animal, as VER-i/5, that Creep belongs to Scrape, &c. 8cc. and we have seen, Ground. I shall prove, that ARflna, the Spider, and ARanar, To Scratch, are connected with each other for
;

The Etymologists have justly referred v-ER-mis to ER-po, (E^xw,) have some reason to imagine, that the form *RM, '^RP, Sec, or ''Rtn, *Rp, &c., is connected with *R, just as '*RT, &c, "Rf, 8cc. is with ''R; and that from hence we have the form RP, as we have that of RT. Thus we see, how Repo is connected with Erpo, (e^ttw.) This, however, is a point of Hypothesis and the Element RM,
the same reason.

Repo.

RT is. RP, &c., when once To Vermis belongs Worm, with its parallels Wyrm, (Sax.) Orm, (Dan.) &c. Hence our name Orme is derived. We see, in VERpa, the form "Rp. In the English term
existing,

may

be considered as a separate Element, just as

and its parallels Wv.Rfen, (Germ.) "To throw, cast or fling a thing some" whither," as my Lexicographer explains it, we have the idea of Stirring up VERRendi, supposed in my Hypothesis; but in the Mould-W ARp, Animal, quod Terram in tumulos VerrzY, we are brought to the very action. In considering

Warp,

Vrie, (Danish,) Inflectere, Torquere, we cannot but note other Latin terms, belonging to the Element v-*R, as ViERe, " To bind with Twigs, To hoop," &c., which means, we see, " To Turn about,
the terms
its

Wreok, Wrie, and

parallels,

" or round, to Wind round with twigs," &c. Vietor, Vietus, are supposed to be derived from this word, by the analogy of the Language. When Vietus is applied to a Person " Bowing or stooping with age," as my Lexicographer explains it, " Vetus, " Vietus, Veternus," we cannot but mark, how this term connects itself with Vetus, &c.

and thus we

see,

how by the most natural process

words, which appear most unlike,

fully

may

examined in a future Work. belono- to each other. This however must be more We see, likewise, how the Latin Y arus, which means in one sense 'Crooked,' and in another Various,' &c., belongs to Wrie, Vrie, Sic, and how this brings us to
'

VARiw5, Vario,
about.

\ ARious,

8tc.

&c.

The Latin VAR/are means nothing but To

there;

Stir

To

Scratch about here and

Marks, Specks, commonly " small-pox or measles."

of a foul

and hence kind, as Var/, "

explained in the

it

is

applied to Scratches

Pits, or
first

marks,

made by

the

Vario

is

sense

by R. Ainsworth,

"

To Draw with, or be of, divers colours; to mix, to' Draw and Streak ^To Draw Streaks, we are brought to

Streak;" where, in the terms

the original idea of Scratching
will

upon a Surface. Vab!0,

'

Let us mark the term Divers, which

shew how Ver-^o,

'

sus,

coincide in idea with each other, as they, in fact, both

about

here

and

there.'

From

the phrase Variare

mean To Turn up or Virgis, we might conjecture,

that the ViR-ga was related to Varjo, as denoting the Streak Line, and hence the Rod. I have before supposed, that i'-Irga belongs to the Earth, as denoting

the appropriate Spot of Ground.

Perhaps the Reader

may

imagine, that

when we
have

THE EARTH.

6^3

have brought a term to the Spot, from which it is originally taken, the purposes of Etymology are performed, and that any further attempt to adjust its origin is an unnecessary minuteness. Still, however, as I am desirous to attain as much precision
as

the case will admit, I have proposed to the consideration of the Reader this idea. R. Ainsworth explains ViRga, in one sense, by a " Streak," which brings us, we see, to the idea conveyed by Varjo. When Virga relates to a Piece or Measure of Land, it is in the same sense, as when we talk of a Strip of Land, which belongs to
I
;

the Stripe, the Stroke or Streak.

Streak, or Stripe, for the

shall

shew, that

same reason
this

and that

Rod belongs to Radius, the from hence we have Rood, the Stripe

of Land.

While

am

examining

word ViR-ga,

I cast

my

eyes on Vie, Virco, Vivtidis, contains the same fundaoriginally, as I imagine,

Vmago, ViRgo, ViRei, Vir5, where the Vir in these words mental idea. The sense of Power and Strength is derived

from the Metaphor of Stirring up with J'orce and violence. Hence we have the Strong man Person and Strength in general, Vir, Virus, Vines. What is Green and nourishing means only what is Lws/y and Sti'ong ; and hence we have Virco, ViRidis. R. Ainsworth explains ViReo, in one sense, "To be lusty and Strong." The ViRgo belongs to ViRago, and to Vir; and in Celtic these words appear under the form GU-R, as Gur, Gureg, Man, Woman, &,c.; and sometimes we have the form

FR,

as Fear, Frag.

Hence we have
(a^etu,)

the Teutonic Frau, in the simpler state, as Fira.

We cannot but see, how Vmtus belongs

i'-Irtms,

and A^ete, Aretc,

to Fir, &c. ; and I have shewn, that t-Ir/ms, denote the Quality of any thing* as attached to the

Stirred up or Cultivated

Era,

(E^a,) or

Earth. German WAHR,"True,

certain, sure,"

The

Latin Verj/s belongs to such terms as the

as I before observed,

which connects itself with the race of words denoting Defence Security, kc. inc., under the forms WR, 'WRd, WRh, &c. *R, "Ud, *R, &c., as rtWARE, Warj/, Warrc;;, WARRant, War/!, War^, g-UAR<i, &c. &c., produced in a former page, (53,) I have supposed, that all these words belong to the Ear<^, as
the peculiar and appropriate spot, Enclosed for the purpose of Protection and Defence.

Perhaps, however, these terms for Defence may be derived from actions of Fiolence, under the idea oi Driving away off, Routing, &c.&c., and may therefore belong to the

Era,
'

Ear-Z/i,

Earth,

considered as in a state oi Agitation,

Harrow To Harry, HERcmn,

these

in

the sense of
I

'To
must

Vastare, Spoliare, Pra;das agere,' &c.

:

own, that on the maturest deliberation

arranged

I am inclined to this idea yet I have justly words, denoting Security, in a separate portion of my Work, as

generally representing a vein of meaning, in which

no idea of Flolent action or we sec how Ver(, What is True Sure or Secure, may belong to such terms which express Fiolent actions. Driving off Sleeping off, or Away, Sec, as Verro. We shall perceive, under this
Agitation was manifest.
If this idea should be just,

notion,

how Warj/,

Wa

Rrf,

&c. agree in sense with the race

with which they seem to be altogether entangled.

" son offyour Land"

is

"To

In the phrases "

see

now under discussion, To Warm a per-

War</

off a blow,"

we

how

the sense of Driving off

connected with that of Defence. The very term Defendo means in the first sense, as U. Ainsworth explains it, " To Strike, or Keep off, out, or away; " and in another sense

we

624
we we
have,

'^R.

R.

\-C, D,

G, J, K, Q,

S, T,

X, Z.
how
it is

a thing, to maintain and stand to it ;" from whence we see pass at once to the sense of Veri, To oVer, or Avouch as True. This union of ideas between Defence and Driving away is perpetual, and

"To avouch

particularly conspicuous in many of the terms belonging to the race of words now before us. Thus, WERgara is 'Defendere,' and likewise ' Prohibere, Arcere;' and. WERoeoM means ' Maledicere,' where we see the violent sense of Driving away.

The term between Wjer, and in WmJian, Tueri, in Lye's Dictionary, is Wjer, JVar, Bellum Wmn, Vir, Wary, and and W.^er, Capitis Wjer, have we column same the redemptio. We shall now see how W^SR, belonging to the Latin Vir, and War, Bellum, are attached to the same idea, and mean the HARRooy/?g and HARRoaDer.
Let us mark the term ARcere, another of these words.
the Wear, and
;

We know,

and Guerre have passed into each other, as Vir, Wer, and GuR, Sec. (Celt.) have done. In Dr. Jamieson's Scotch Dictionary, we have Wer, Were, To Defend, to Guard; WERE=fFa//, A Defence; Wer, War, Aware, Wary; and in the same opening of his Dictionary we have WERrfj'e, The feeblest bird in a nest; Were, Wer, &,c. Doubt, hesitation, Apprehension, Fear; and Were, Wer, &c. War; and To Weey, Werry,&c. "To Strangle,To Worry;" WsRY.Cross, Vexatious,&c. ; where the same fundamental idea exists. The sense of Doubt Fear, is
that

War

derived from the idea of being Agitated Worried, &c.; and the Etymologists have Let us mark the term Worry, accordingly seen, that it has some relation to War.

Dr. Jamieson seems unconscious of the affinity of these and appears to have referred each of them to. different In the same opening we have WerA, To Ache, and Wer/:, To WorAt. origins. signifying Doubt, Apprehension, belongs the compound Den^WzvLiL in Were, To It occurs in the Poems attributed to Rowley, and from its manifest sense is English. old explained by Chatterton, " Doubt ^Treinour." Werry, To Strangle, appears justly
belonsring to these words.

Scotch words

to each other,

a'rain in

Scotch under the form

Wyrrie

and

in the

same opening of Dr. Jamieson's

Dictionary, where this last word occurs, we have Wir, An Arrow; where let us mark Arrow, belonging to the same idea of a Violent action, with motion and noise;

To Wyr, To

sling

WiRRY-CotS), a

down Bug Bear

WyrocA", a

sort of corn in the foot; i.e. the

to the idea

Annoyer,

WvRRY-ifew, applied

of a Destructive creature.

Let us here remember our term Whur, "The fluttering of Partridges and Pheasants, " as they rise," says N. Bailey; who produces, in the succeeding article, " Whur, To " snarl as a Dog does." The WnuRR/wnf Pheasant will shew us, that Wyr, the

Areo, conveys
sufficiently

the idea of 'Noise

with that of Violent

annexed
to the

Agitation^

^Thcse

terms will

shew
I

the fundamental idea

Element

WR, and

will lead us

imagine, that the words for Defence are involved in the same iiotion. But the Etymologists themselves have directly brought us to this idea. Dr. Jamieson, under " To Wer, &c., To Defend, to Guard," produces a long list of the acknowto conclude,

" AK-Jan. To Forbid ;" ledged parallel terras, Waerian, &c.(Sax.) &-c.&c. Moes G. ' and he adds " Ihre has observed, that, in most Languages, these two ideas of Prohi'< ' bition and Defence have been conjoined, the same words being used for expressing " ' both.' And indeed, what is a Prohibition but the Defence of some object in a " particular way
;

by the interposition of the authority of him who claims a right to " forbid

THE
" forbid the use of
it

EARTH.
the Prohibition being

625
generally enforced
shall

to others

"certain penalty? Hence

Ward,

Cuslodia,
(e^koj,

Guard."

We

by a

now

understand,

how such

terms as the Greek Erkos,

Septum,) Eruko,

(e^ukw,

Inhibeo,)

(Eifvw, Includo,) Eretj/o, (e^vu, Propulso, Auxilior,) &c., in which

Inliibeo,)
latter

Arego,

(_A^vyu,

Auxilior,)

Eiego, Arkeo, (Afxiu,

oJ)\

word we

see the idea of Driving

(E^axa,

connect
(Ejixw,

themselves with the

terms of Violence,

Ereiko,
is,

Frango,)

Eriko,

Frango,)

Ereido, (EjfiJw,
&c.

Work,

(p. 76,

535, &c.)Though
Enclosure,

Ingruo,) &c. Sic, which are produced in former parts of this

all this
;

imagine, justly conceived as to

that

the original idea annexed to these words

yet

we know,
in

many
to

of them aftertheir

wards signified an
notion
;

simply,

without any

reference

primitive

and therefore they have been justly examined

in different articles,
i,

a separate portion of

my

Work.
In Lye, we have
fendere; ^A'^ermh,

succeeding each other,

;

q.

^VARl, Cavere

WER/an, Wer/^o;?, DeWER/aw, To Weary, Faiigare, Conterere,

less

which, we

see,

have the same fundamental idea of some action more or

Violent, of

Annoi/ing, Destroying, See. &c.

We

here perceive the origin of our word

Weary,

whose primitive idea is well expressed by Conterere. I shall shew, that Tero belongs to Terra, for the same reason. In the sense of WERtflw, Gerere, we see the origin of our term Wear, the primitive idea of which appears in the phrase "To Wear and " Tear." We know, that Weab sometimes signifies, in a simple sense, Gerere 'To

'Wear " Worn

cloaths;'
out,"

yet,

in

the

passive

signification,

we again

see the original notion.

when we Thus we see,

;

talk

of

" Cloaths

that "

To

Weary

" a person," is nothing but " To Wear or Tear him " and thus the Commentators on Shakespeare need not disturb themselves with efforts at emendation, as they call it, when they change Wearing into Wearying, as in the following passage; " Wearing thy "hearer in thy mistress' praise." The Etymologists understand the union of ^^*EAR and Weary. \\'liile I am examining these words in Lye's Dictionary, I cast my eyes on

Werse, Werst, Worse, Worst,

which, as

In the phrase 'To be

Worsted
;

in

battle,'

we &c. we

see,

belong to the same idea.

see the original idea of being

Routed,

&c.

The word then

passes into the sense of the Vile object,

Wiresta,

Worst,

and hence we have the Worsted Stocking, as applied to The Etymologists derive it from the Stocking with the Vile, Coarse Thread. Worsted, a Town in Norfolk. I find in the same column of Junius, with Worse, the
Pessimus, &c.

term AV^orry, Vexare, where we unequivocally see the original idea annexed to these words; and Wort, Mustea, cerevisia. Next to Werst, Worst, in Lye's Saxon
Dictionary,

we

have, in separate Articles,

Wert, Mustum,

and

Werts, Worts,

Herba. The term Wort, Herba, with its parallels, Wyrt,Kc. (Sax.) Urt, Ort, (Dan. and Swed.) WuRze/, (Germ.) Radix, &c. &c., denoting a Herb, Root, Sac, we should
naturally conceive to

served, (page 52); yet

mean simply the Production of the Earth, as I before obwe cannot but note, how the terms, parallel or related to these
belong to the idea of being Rooted
oi-

words.

Radix,
is

Jloo/,

Routed up; and such

as I before observed,
it

perhaps

the notion annexed to

Wort,

&c.

Wort, Mustum,

means

the Liquid fresh from the

Wort

or Vegetable, from which

is

made.

Our

famili.nr

4 K

626
familiar

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
name Warton

" Hortus," as

" Herbarium septum, is derived from the Warton, Wyrt-Tun, belong direetly to Wort ; but may term The remarked. I before Eradicating, or Scratching up a of the idea from if it does not, it is assuredly derived Root up Weed, To To and the ; see its true sense in the use of the verb Surface. Dress is at once nieanin<^ of Dress, which it bears, is precisely for the reason, that

Weed

We

applied to Cloathing, and to the clearing out of

Ground

To Dress a Garden, &c. &c.

produced, as a term in Chaucer and Gawin Douglas, for " Execrari, Detestare;" and he justly refers it to the Saxon Wyrgan, Wirian, ^c. Maledicere ; and Lye records the Gothic Wargjan, Damnare. Lye has an article, adjacent to this, " Ware one's Money, Pecuniam impendere," which belongs to
In Junius,

Wakie

is

Wear, To Waste

away. Again, Junius has W^arry, as used likewise by Chaucer, which he explains by " Errare," and refers to the Saxon JVoriati, bearing the same meanin". Lye records Vargus, Bargus, Latro ; the Islandic Vargur; which he refers to the Gothic Wargjan, Vargas, &,c., where we pass into the form BRG. The preceding word in the Lexicon of Junius is a term produced by Lye, Warrok, Warroks, and explained by " Jumentum," which may mean the animal "Lahore " Fatigalum, Vexatum." It is used too, as Lye tells us, " De cane ringenti rabi" doque," in which sense it manifestly coincides with the words before us, Worry,

&c. &c.; and thus the Jumentum and the Mad dog will mean the animal W^orried He refers us, however, to the or WoRw down by labour, and the W^oRR^Hg animal. says, mean "Jumentum ad which, he as Swedish Warok, and the Islandic Farok, " araadum tempore Vernoj quod componitur ex Var Ver, et Ox, Bos."

e-'^^:>^i

Terms

THE

EARTH.
Crag-like
spot,

627

Terms expressing what is GratHiring Rough Harsh

Wood

of

Rough

brakes.

sute,

&c.,

connected

with

HiRSE, Herse. (Eng. Germ.)

the idea of Grating upon or

Scratching upon the

Grain or Grit-Wke substance.

or relating to
as

Earth, the Earth,

Grated

Hourder.
Animal.

(Fr.)

To Rough
The

cast.

being in this

HiRcus. (Latin,)

Hirsute

Scratched state.

Eruggo^. (Greek,) The Rough

Goat's Beard.

Harsh, Harsk. (Eng. Dan.)

HiRTw^, HiRsutus, Irto, iRSUtO,

Eric-^,

a.

(Greek, Latin,)
Prickly plant.

The

Rough
"ERicius,

Erto. (Lat.

Horts, iRcing, KRScen,

Sax.
Fr.

Ital.)

Herissow, Urch/, &c. (Lat.

Hard, Hart,&c. (Eng. Germ.)

HEURT^r, Hurtle. (Fr. Eng.) The Violent, Harsh, or Hard
collision of objects.

Belg.

Eng.) The
(Fr.)

Hedge-Hog.
Herisser

Herse.

To

stand an end, as bristles, &c.'

Hurtle

Berry, (English,)

The

The Harrow.
IJrsus,

Berry upon Rough Plants.

Arktos,
8zc.

Arth,
Gr.

Ors,

HuRDE, Hurdle. (Germ. Eng.)

&c.

(Lat.

Welsh,

The

Grate, Crates.
Sec.)

Corn.)

The

Bear, the Hirsute

Hurst. (Scotch,

Rough

animal.

In

this article I shall first

is

produce a race of words, which denote

its effect;

what

Harsh
is

or Grating to the touch, &c,, or in

in general, as

and

hence, what

FIirsute or Rough
I

to form, appear-

ance, &c., and which,

imagine, are connected with the idea of

Vellicating,

Grating upon,
surface of the

Scratching up

Harrowing up

the

Earth.

shall

then produce a race of words,

which

628
which, as
in
this

^R.R.\- C, J), G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.
in general;

which relate to the Harsh Noise, or to Noise

I

and

suppose, are directly connected with the Noise

if
I

made

action, or,

may

so express

it,

with the Grating or

Scratching Noise,

upon the surface Ground, being in

made by objects Grating of the Earth or Ground,

this

Grazing or Scratching
or from the

Grated Scratched,

Rough Rugged

Earth

or

state.

We

perceive, that Grating and Scratching at once relate to the

Action and

the

Noise.

shall

shew, that Scratch

Grate

and Graze belong to each other, and to the Celtic name of the
Ground, Great. I have been already obliged to anticipate two terms belonging to our Element "^RT, &c.,

Harsh and
another

HiRsute, or

The Etymologists have

various

produced, as parallel

Hmsutus. terms to Harsh,

I

words,

belonging to

Element, which

shall

not produce.

They

justly record, however, the

;

Danish Harsky
Spanish Arisco,
in

Rancidus;

the

Islandic Herskar, Severus

the

which

my

Lexicographer,

Mr. Neuman, explains

one sense

The adjoining words in by " Harsh, unpolished, churlish." his Spanish Dictionary are ARico, ''Light, easily tilled; applied
"to
**

the

Ground

or Soil;"
flies

and Arija, "Mill-Dust, that part

about the Mill."
;

word and in the same column we simply signifies Dust or Earth have ARicar, "To plough across the Ground, sown with corn; " to clear it of weeds." In the same column with Arisco, we have Arista, " Beard of corn, sharp prickles growing upon the "ears;" which, we know, belongs to the Latin word under
of the flour, which
latter

The

the

same form;

Pricking object.
<*

Scratching and which means the Harsh Next to Arija is Ariete, "The Battering

ram," which, as I have shewn, is applied to the most violent Tearu^ action of the Element, when it signifies to Harrow up Break up, or Break to pieces any thing.

The Etymologists

should have observed to us, that

Harsh

is

only

another

THE
another form of

EARTH.
Hard,

629
German
Earth,
on con-

Hard, which occurs

idea

in various Languages, as in

the Gothic Hardu, the Saxon Heard, the Belgic Herd, the

Hart, &c.

The

annexed

to

or Solid, might have

to the
;

been derived from the notion of

as the

Solidity,

annexed

terms denoting this idea commonly are

yet,

sidering the word

I

Hard, and

its

parallel terms,

have given, as

imagine, the true turn of meaning annexed to them.

Whatever

is

Harsh

or Scratching

to the touch

is

afterward applied to that,

which gives any unpleasant sensation to the touch, as

Solid substances do,
Solidity
in

Hard
it

or

when

struck against;

and hence
of
its

denotes
sense.

general,

without any

notion

original

Junius justly explains

Hard by

" Durus, solidus, Austerus,

tetricus,

" Pnefractus," only that the

as the original
idea,

latter

words should have been placed

the secondary.

and Durus,

Solidus, as

The

German Lexicographer, now before me, has justly explained Hart, in one of its senses, by " Sharp, severe, biting, nipping, "searching, tickling;" where we see the metaphor annexed to Harrow, &c., or the idea of Vellication. He justly likewise explains Hart by Harsh/)/, and the German Harsch, by "Harsh, Rough;" and adds, " s, Rauh, Hart." Here we are
at

once brought to the sense of UiKsutus.

have suggested, that

Lexicon,
Hirsch,

the succeeding word to

Harsh

in Junius's

Hart,

the

animal, and

its

parallel

terms Heort, (Sax.)

(German,)

&c. &c., denote the animal, which possesses the

Harsh

Pushing
the r
is

Pricking
of the

or Goading

Horns.

We

here see

the idea

Scratcher or Pricker.

Let us mark the explanatory term Avsrerus, AvsTere, which belongs to the form of our Element '^S, when
lost,

with

precisely

the

same metaphor.

Ausrerus

is

properly explained

by " Harsh, rough, sharp."

barbarous Latin Hersia,

The English

means perhaps the clumsy Carriage, which makes a Harsh Grating upon the Ground.
in

word Hearse,

The

great difficulty in determining the origin of a

word consists
in

630
in

*R.
its

R.\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X,
original sense,

Z,
by " Cenota-

knowing

Junius explains
it

it

" phium, tumulus honorarius;" and he derives

Are, Honor, vel Herian, Laudare.
signifies,

from the Saxon

it

He

observes, likewise, that

what we call 'the Pall;' but Lye justly remarks, that it now denotes " Feretrum ab equis tractum," which might be its The term Herse seems to have the same original meaning.
fundamental idea as
attached

Horse, which certainly belongs

to

this

race of words, denoting

precise

Harsh
it.

or Rough, whatever

may be

the

idea

to

It

seems to have been originally

applied to the coarse animal used in laborious occupations,

Hus-

bandry, &c.
the animal

It

might have meant the /?oz^^/i-looking animal, or

the Ground, in

making a Harsh Noise on

its

moving or
trotting
shall refer

'Drawing any thing upon

'

surface.

In the phrase

'Hard
I

Horse,' we express the Harsh moving animal.

Hackw^^ to the idea of Hack/w^ up the Ground, in its motion. The word Cart has the same relation to Grate, Cratio, as I conceive Hearse to have to Harsh, &c. The succeeding word to Hors, in my Saxon Dictionary, is Hbr^, (Goth) Adulter; and I find as adjacent terms, J/orrM^, Whoring, ma^chatio, fornicatio, adulterium; Horg, Horh, Sordes, fimus, &c. Sordidus ; to which we must refer Hoar, Hoary, Wliore ; and we shall moreover understand, that they
belong to the form of the Element
'^R,

denoting what

is

Foul

Filthy, as derived from the dirt of the Era, (E^a,) or

Ground.

The

Etymologists refer us to the parallel terms for Horse, as Hors,

(Sax. and Dan.)
Ors, (Belg.) Hro55,(Run.) Ros, (Germ.) Roiissin,

Rozin, (Fr. Span.)

Ronzino,

(Ital.

shall

shew, that these

words, under the form RS, for a Horse, belong to Rough, &c.
Hirsm^m^, " Rough, Hairy, Prickly, Shaggy.

The Latin Hirtw^ means "Rough, Shaggy, Hairy;" and

Met. Rugged, unplea-

Harsh argument," as R. Ainsworth explains them. In Italian, we have Irto, Irsuto, Erto, and in French, Heriss^t, To Stand an end, and Herissoh, the Hedge-Hog. The term
" sant, of a

Herse,

THE
Herse, the Harrow, adjacent
from which
these words

EARTH.
to
this,

631

will

are

derived.

shew us the source, Another adjacent term,

HEURT^r, Se HEURT^r, " To Hit, knock, or dash, one against " another," belongs to the same idea, and means the Harsh
Stirring up or together, Agitating

or

Striking one thing against

another.

pared
Pello,

it

have produced on another occasion, and comwith Hurt, and Hit, the Greek Otheo, (n5ew, Trudo,
I

This

Pulso,) &c.

In Italian, the parallel term

signifies

is

VKTare.

In

English,

Hurtle

Harsh

collision

or violent Agita-

tion of objects Stirred or Struck against each other, with the idea

of Noise, annexed

to

such actions.
in

The Hurtle
Teutonic

Berry,

in

Danish Hiorte=Bar, and

berrien,

another

Dialect

Heydel-

Heydel-hesiew, " quod in Ericetis

'

sponte sua crescant,

" H^j'^^, Ericetum," says Junius, means the

'

Berry growing upon

Harsh or Rough Plants.' The term Hurdle seems

it

to connect itself with

it is

Hurtle
(p.

but

if

does not belong to that word,

1

derived from the idea of an

88.)

Enclosure, as

have suggested on a former occasion,

The

by the tymologists are Hyrdl,(Sax.) Htirde, Horte, (Belg.j Hiirde, Hurd, (Germ.) Crates ; who give
parallel terms produced

us the derivation of MericCasaubon from Ko^^uAi;, "quicquid eminet, " et convolutum est " to which Skinner adds, " Alludit et E/oyw, " Claudo, Includo." My German Lexicographer explains Hurde
;

by a " Hurdle, Hord, Pen, Fold, Grate."

conveys to us the idea of the Enclosure
us to suppose, that
let
;

The word Hord now

and
which
this

would lead

Hurde and Hurdle had

the same idea:

us

note the explanatory term Grate,

But might lead us

likewise to suppose, that

Hurde and Hurdle

words before
us.

belong to the idea

of Scratching or Grating upon a Surface, and that they must therefore be referred to the race of

Grate signifies at

once the Instrument, sometimes used for an Enclosure, though not derived from that idea and it means, moreover, to Grate or
;

Scratch

632
Scratch
Scratch, &c.

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
upon a Surface.
belong
to
I

have

observed,

that

Grate

and

the Element

GRT,

denoting the Ground,

to the Celtic Great, &c. &c.

Now we

shall instantly agree, that

the Latin Crates belongs likewise to these words.

Robert Ains-

worth explains Crates by "(i.) A Bundle of rods wattled together. " (2.) A Drag or Harrow to break clods. (3.) A Grate of brass

" or wood " and the verb Crat/o he explains by " To cover " with Hurdles or Grates; to Wattle, to Harrow, or break " clods." This explanation is extremely curious and hence we
;

Hurde and Hurdle belong to the Harrow, the Herse,&c.; and thus Hurtle would express that which In Saxon, is annexed to the action of the Hurdle or Harrow. Hyrdl is interpreted by Lye, " Crates et Plectrum:" and we now see, that these instruments, apparently so opposite to each
should conjecture, that
other, point out the original idea,

by which they are connected

as
;

namely, that of one object Grating or striking upon the surface

of another.

The Hurdle

then,

Crates,

meant

that

which

Harrows

or Scratches up the

Ground

and

it

then signified the

Wattled Instrument, of a Grate-YikQ form, because this instrument was originally used for that purpose, or because the Grate-

form resembled the Grating or Scratching in regular lines upon the surface of the Ground. I shall shew, that the Rack for
like

Hay

is

connected with
for a

Ground,

similar

Rakings or Scratches upon the Whatever be the precise idea, reason.

the

by which the Grate-hko. form is connected with Grating upon the Ground, we see, that it does exist; and thus, I imagine, is
the

Hurd/^ connected with the Harrow, Herse, &c. Hurtle, we know, is used by Shakspeare, &:c. Commentators have duly explained its meaning.
"

and the

The Noise of

Battle

Hurtled

in

tha

air."

{Julius Casar, A. 11. S. 2.)

is,

"

To Hurtle,"

says Mr. Steevens, "

suppose, to Clash or

" move with violence and noise."

The

idea of Noise cannot be

separated

THE
Grating over a Surface.

EARTH.

e>33

separated from the action of Violence in Tearing up

Breaking up

Thus

Crash, Crush, Screak, Scrieich, &c.,

;

belong to Grate, Scratch,

Cratio, &c.

and

shall shew, that Clash,

the explanatory term of Mr. Steevens, belongs to the Clod, for

Meric Casaubon, as we have seen, derives Hurdle from Ko^J'uX??; and he then adds Huddle, as another term, connected with this Greek word, by a process worthy of an Etymothe

same reason.

logist.

"Est etiam Ko^hxt] 7rs^teiKrii/.oi Tfj? Ks(pa.Xrig, Involucrum Capitis. ** Anglis a Hood est Cucullus; unde et To Huddle est obtegere, " involvere tanquam pileolo." Huddle, which Skinner explains
Prsepropere, temere, et confusim aliquid agere, multa simul

by "

" confundere, et sine ordine miscere," certainly belongs to the

idea of Agitation,

and Tutnultuous
original

Disorderly

action,

annexed to

Hurtle, and
explains

the

sense

of Hurdle.

Skinner justly

refers us to the

" do

it

German Hudeln, which my English interpreter by " To bungle, Huddle, shuffle, hurry, spoil a work, helter skelter." Junius, under Huddle, refers us to
for the derivation Of
illo

Hurdle,

" Nisi putes esse ex " obnubere pileolo."

Meric Casaubon; though he adds, Hood, unde Hood wink Anglis est Caput

Milton appears to use the word Huddle, as at once connected with Agitation, or a Hurried motion, and the
Noise produced by such a motion.
" Thyrsis
?

Wliqse

artful strains

have

oft dclay'd

" Tlic

Huddling Brook

to hear his Madrinal."

In Scotch,
to this in

HuRDYs means Hurdles; and

is

the succeeding

word

Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary

Hurdle,
it

"

To

Crouch

"
"

or

bow

together like a cat, hedge-hog, or harej'

Shirr. Gl.
allied.

If

not an error of the press, for Hurkle,

as that

appears nearly

" V. Hurkill,'

Lexicographer observes.
forms of each other;

Hurdle and
and however

Hurkle

are only different

remote the substantive and verb Hurdle may appear in sense, we shall find, from my Hypothesis, that they have ultimately the

same meaning.

Dr. Jamieson explains

Hurkill, Hurkle, by
"

4 L

i.To

634
"
1.

^R.R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
To
Crouch, to draw the body together, as a lion brooding
his prey.

" over
" 3.

2.

To

be in

Rickety

or

decrepit

state.

To

be contracted

into folds."

Dr. Jamieson produces the

Incli;

parallel terms in other

Languages, as the Swedish Huka,

" Teut. Hurck-en,
sit

natis clunibus

humi incubare,
squat,
to

Inclinare se

" Belg. Hurken,

" contrahere "

To membra

stooping.
Isl.

Fris.

Horck-en,

ut calefiant.

Hruka, Corrugatio, &c.

Hrok, Corrugor, &c. A. Bor. Ruck, To squat or shrink down." Here we are brought to the genuine idea. I have supposed, that Hurdle conveys the same metaphor as Grate and
Crates,

which unequivocally relate to the Rug^e, Ruts, Furrows,

Gratings or Scratching upon the Grounds; and

Hurdle, Hurkle,
be contracted

we

see,

mean, " In Rugas sese contrahere,

To

" into folds;" and thus

we

perceive,

how

the substantive and the

verb

Hurdle may belong to each other. R. Ainsworth explains Ruga by "A crumple, plait, a Fold; A wrinkle, a Furrow;"

where, in the term Furrow,

we

are brought to the primitive idea.

"We

shall

now
to

understand, moreover, that the very term

;

Ruga
the

belongs

/iRuka, /iRok

and thus we shall

learn,

how

forms ^RC, &c. and RC, &c. pass into each other.
see too, connects itself with
its

Ruga, we

adjacent Latin word Rus, the

Ground.

Let us mark the explanatory term RicKety, adopted by

Dr. Jamieson, which belongs to this race of words,

ARuka,

&c,,

denoting the Contracted, Crooked form.

Let us note, moreover,

I

the explanatory term Crouch, and the word, which

Crooked, which belong to each other,

have adopted.

and

to Crates, Grate, Scratch,

is

&c. for the same reason.

" hunch- backed
;*'

In Scotch, Crouchie
(Fr.) Crooked,

" One that

;

is

that

is, Croc/ir^,

&c.&o.
is

and the

preceding word to this in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary

"Crote,

" the smallest particle," where

idea of

we

are brought to the genuine

Grit,

Crotte, (Fr.) Dirt, &c.

is

&c.

The

preceding terra to

Crate in the

same Dictionary
to these

Croot,

"A

puny, feeble child,"

as

which may belong

words

for the

same reason

Rickety

does

THE EARTH.
does to the terras above produced, or
it

635
directly

may
is

be taken

from Crote, as meaning the

'

Little,

diminutive object.'
Hurdles,

Hurd?V^, "The belong to each other. On this " Mr. Chalmers gives Hurdles, latter word. Dr. Jamieson observes, " referring to A. S. Hurdel, plectrum. But I do not perceive the

The term

preceding

Hiirdys,
still

" Hips,

buttocks,"

which

" connexion between this

part of the the

body, and a Hurdle, or

" Wattle."

The

UvKiyeis,

Hips,
out,
if

HuRD, HuRK,
Ridges of the

or Hurk/^,

HuRo/g
I

mean I may

the

parts

which
rising

so Express myself,

which project HARsn/y

out, if

may
1

so say, as the

Rough

Hurd

or Hurd/^.

beseech the Reader

here adopted,

not to

imagine, that the explanatory terms

Harsh and

HuRKLE,

are remote from the idea annexed to the

Hurdies, and

that they have been selected only for the purpose of supporting

an Hypothesis; as these very terms are applied to a similar object, the Hanches and the Hiicklebones, in a quotation produced by
Dr. Jamieson, under the word Hurkle.
" The Ilanches

Hurklis

with Hukebanes

Harsh

and haw."

Dr. Jamieson produces this

Hurkle
Hanches

but this point

belongs
to

it

passage under the second sense of is not necessary to adjust. The term
.

Hunch, as denoting the projecting

or,

part.

Dr. Jamieson explains HvKKh-E-backit by " Crooked,"

as he

might have

said,

'

//wwc/i-backed

;
'

and thus we

see, that

Haimch

belongs to Hunch, as Hurdeis does to Hurkle, or Hurdle, In the same opening of Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary, where these words
occur,
I

find Hunkers, " To

sit

on

ojie's

Hunkers,

To

sit

with the
"

" hips hanging downwards, and the weight of the body depending

" on the knees," and

"To Hunker down, To

squat

down;

where

how Hunker, belonging to the Haunches, connects itself with another sense of Hurkle. Every part of Language is
see

we

consistent with itself;

and the same object

I

still

continues to be

united with the same train of ideas.

shall

shew, that 'Huke'

bane/

636
*

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
Huckle
bone, belong to the form

bane,'

Hack, Occo,

&c.,

and

Hack/^ up or Scratching up the In the same column of Dr. Jamieson's surface of the Ground. Dictionary, where Hurdeis is, I find Hurch^ow, or, as it is sometimes written, Hyrchoune, A Heclge=Hog, HvKchatn Skin, "A skin
relate

to

a similar idea of

Hedge-Hog;" and Dr. Jamieson duly understands, that these words belong to URcnm, Herisso;;, &c., which I shall produce on a future occasion, and which unquestionably mean In the same column, likewise, we have the HiKSiite animal.

" like a

To HuR, To

snarl, to growl,
;

which Dr. Jamieson has justly re-

ferred to the Latin Hirr-ire

where we have the form ^R, belong-

ing to Aro, Ear, (Eng.) &c. &c. The preceding term to Hyrchoune Peris " Hii^cH, (ch. hard;) v. n. To shiver, to thrill from cold.

" haps radically the same with Hurckle," as Dr. Jamieson observes.

Our Lexicographer
Glossary,

is is

right in

his

conjecture.

In Mr. Grose's

Hurkle

"To

shudder;" and we perceive, that

HiRCH, Hurkle, in
gated
to
it.

this

sense, relates to the Hirsz^^^

Corruattached

Contracted appearance, with the idea of Agitatioji

In the Contractus- leget of Horace,

we have

the Contracted

form only, arising from cold. The Latin Horreo, Horror, &c., belonji to the Element '^R, under the same idea ; and thus we
see

how

Hirrio

and Horreo are attached to each other.

words,

The

sense, which the ordinary Lexicographers give us of Horreo, fully

unfolds
<

the
set

nature

of

bearing

this

idea.

" Horreo.

^1.)

To

up

its bristles,

to have the hair stare, to be

Rough,

" and look terrible. (2.) To shiver and tremble for fear at. " (3) To shake, or quake, for cold " Horresco. " To be Rough " and Rugged." In the " Horret iratum mare," we have the
;

Corrugation of an Agitated surface;

and

in the following passage

we

are brought to the original Spot, and the primitive idea.

" Et campuui Horrentem fractis invertere glebis."

That

is,

Anare campum,

ita

ut

HoRReat

fractis

glebis.

Let us

mark

THE
mark
the

EARTH.
Ira,

637

word derived from

belonging likewise to the same

metaphor and the same Element.

There are other terms

'^RS, &c.,

in
I

Scotch, belonging to our

Element
Rough,
Barren
hill.

which denote, as
or

imagine, what

is

Hiv^siite,

&c.
"

Dr. Jamieson explains Hirst, Hurst, by

"

i.

" height
S.

eminence,

the

bare and

Hard summit
river."

of a

A.

Bor,

Hirst, a bank or sudden rising of the ground;

" Grose.

2.

Sand-bank on the brink of a

have the Locus HiRSutus, Locus Prseruptus, the

Rough Rugged,
from Gawin

Here we

Craggy
mieson
;

Spot.

Let us mark the epithet Hard, used by Dr. Jain a quotation

is

and
it

produced by

this writer

Douglas,
very
"
idea,
:

combined likewise with a term expressing the which my Hypothesis supposes, " With Hirstis,
Dr. Jamieson, under Harsk, explains
it

Harsk

"

by " Harsh,

Under the third and fourth senses, Dr. Jamieson explains Hirst by "Equivalent to a Shallow, in " relation to the bed of a River," which he refers to the Islandic
" Hriost-ur, Terra
inutilis,

" Rough, sharp, pointed."

Verel. Hreyst-ur,

barren

places."

" "

It is
is

used for a resting place," where he observes, that " This

sit

only an oblique sense; as travellers frequently

down

to

" rest

on an eminence."

In

these

senses,

the term

signifies

Earth, or Ground, with the idea of the Rough treading in the Ford or Shallow, and the Rough place of rest the Bare Hard Ground. The word means in another sense, "A small wood;"

on which our Author observes, "A.

" whence L. B.
Hursta,
id.

S.

Hurst

is

rendered

silva,

V. Spelman.
o^o^,

Germ. Horst, Locus

" nemorosus et pascuus, ab

mons

Wachter. Teut. Horscht,

" Harsty Virgultum

'

sylva humiles tantum frutices proferens."

to Su.

Hirst, without any transposition, might be traced

G.

idea with respect " to a Hirst Locus lapidosus, ubi solum glarea et silicibus constat. " Ihre. Or, the term may have been primarily used to denote

" Har, which exactly corresponds to the

common

" the

638

^R.R.\.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

" the barrenness of ground, as manifested by its producing only " useless twigs and brush-wood, from Isl. Hreys, Hrys. For in
"
pi.
it

is

rendered,

Loca Virgultis obsita

et sterilia.
it

G. Andr.

"

p.

123.

Teut.

HoRST, Virgultum.

Afterwards

may have

" been transferred to such places, as from their elevation and " bleak situation, are unfit for cultivation." The sense of Brush-

wood gives us the true

only as

idea of the word, and

et

it

denotes a

Wood,

it

signifies
;

'

Locus Virgultis
Aspreturn,'

Dumetis Asper, Horrens

bushes;
a Brake."

et WxKsutus

The

which R. Ainsworth explains

or full of

to

be

"A

rough

place, craggy,

Let us note the term Brake, which belongs to Break, To Break up the Ground, or to the Rough, Broken Ground, just as Hirst
belongs to

words as HiKsutus, Herse, &c. &c. Let us mark too the word Craggy, which belongs, for the same reason,
such
Crouchie, Crochu, Crooked, &c.

to Crates, Grate, Scratch,

&c. &c.,

before produced.

The term Hurst

occurs in old English;

and

from

this

term our familiar surname

Hurst

is

derived.

The

words immediately preceding Hurst in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary are Hirst, the Hinge of a Door, and Hirsp, To Jar; Hirsill
or HiRSLE, which actually express the

Harsh

Noise.

The Miln=

" Hirst is the place," says Ruddiman, " on which the cribs or " crubs (as they call them) ly, within which the Mill-stone
" Hirsts or Hirsills."

Hirse means

Millet,

which

Junius

refers

to

the

German

Herse, or Hirs, the Danish Hirsz, the" Belgic Hirs, Heers ; and to these words we must add the French Ers, a species of Pulse, These terms precisely answer in taken from the same idea.

meaning

to the

word

Grit,

which

signifies little particles of Creat,

or Dirt, in a rough Grating state.

this relation to

Ers, Hirs, &c. have precisely

Earth Harsh,

&c.

Perhaps HoRDeum, Barley,

Grit, and Oruza, Oryza, Rice, (Of<, Oryza,) may mean the Let us reGrain-like substances, and relate to a similar idea. member.

THE
member, that Oruza,
Fodio,)

EARTH.
is

639
(Oova-a-ca,

(O^u^a,)

adjacent to Orusso,

To Scratch up, know, Orge is Barley,

it
I

Dig up the Earth. In French, we belonging to HoRoeum, and in German

or

is

Gerste.

In Greek,

we know,
(K^tdrj,)

it

is

Krithe,

(K^tdfj,)

which,

think, directly belongs to Grit, Grate,

The
I

notion annexed to Krithe,

under the idea of Grain. will be little doubted, when

(k^/^w, Strido,)

have produced the adjacent word Krizo,

which,
diffi-

as

we

see, directly relates

is

to the Gratijig Noise.

The
the

only

culty

to decide,

whether these words

HoRDeum and Orge do

not belong to the Element

CRT.

In

HoRDeum,
in

H perhaps
when
I

may

exhibit

the

record of that step

the process,

the

Consonant

or

cH

is

passing

into

the vowel form.

to

shall

shew, that Grain, Graniim,

Groan, Grunt, &c.,
Great, Cratio, Grate,
for the

&c.

belong

the

Ground, Gri?id,
is

same reason

as Grit

attached to
In French,

Scratch, Scrietch, Krizo, (K^i^w.)

HouRD^r
to

signifies

HiRTM5
word

To Rough-Cast a wall, which belongs, we see, HiRSutus, &c. The French Etymologists refer Hourd,
and Hourdes, a species of Rustic

in Picardy for a Scaffold,

German Hurde, " A Hurdle, Hord, pen, fold, grate." The French Hourd and Hourdis may denote perhaps the Rough boarded place, and the Rough coarse Shoe. The adjacent word in Menage, Houret, " Mauvais chien de chasse," may perhaps mean the Course Rough Dogs, " Hourets Galeux," Mangy
Shoe, to the

curs,

as

they are called

by Moliere in a passage produced by

Menage.

The terms
same
as
idea,

adjacent

which belong to

Hirtus in the Latin Dictionaries, the Element ''RS, ''S, must be referred to the
to

such as Hirc5, or Hirquus, the Goat, Hirq^uus, the

corner of the eye, Hirudo, Hisco, Uispidus, and Historia, remote

the

meanings

of these
is

words may seem from each other.

HiRc//5, or HiRQ^uus,

the

Hirtw5 or Rough animal.

In Greek,

we have

Iorko/,

{Io^koi,

Caprearum genus,) belonging

to the

same
idea.

640
idea.

^R. R. \-'-C, D, G, J,

K,Q, S,T, X, Z.
is

The Hirquus,

the corner of the eye,

so called from the

lascivious side glances of the Hircz^^, Hirc^uus, or Goat,

"Transis

" versa tuentibus Hircis."

derivative.

Some

think, that the animal

is

the

The Hirquus,
scilicet

or Hirq^u it alius,

properly explained
accedentes,

by Festus, "
" a libidine
lar

Hirquitalti pueri,

primum ad

virilitatem

WiRcorum
I

dicti."

The Greek

T^ayojhas a simiis

idea.

The Hirudo,
tlie

" the Horse-Leech, a blood-sucker,"

consider the adjacent

the WiRSutus,

Pricker.

word Hirundo,
the

the

Swallow, to be quasi

Hirudo, and
of this Bird
it

to

signify

Noise-

making animal.

The name
;

has been perpetually

XaXog
o^vi^,

taken from the Noise, which

makes,

^dByyoi/.Bvrj

as

Nonnus

and hence the Etymologists have, among other conjectures, derived it from Ei^eiv, Loqui. The English word
calls
it

Swallow, and the Greek Chelidon,

idea of Noise,

(xeXiSoov,)

and must be referred

to the

to the

same English^C^//, the Greek

to

belong

the

Kaleo, (KaXew, Voco,) and the terms for the Voice in the Eastern

Languages, attached
Reed,
explain
is

Element CL.
to

Perhaps Arutido, th^

quasi

Arudo, and belongs

Reed,

which

shall

in a future

page, and refer to the idea of the

Rough

Bristly appearance.

Hisco signifies, according to Robert Ainsworth, "

To

gape, to

" open the mouth, to Speak. To Mutter. To Chark, Chap or " open." Here we have at once the idea of Noise with that of

Breaking up or open, as the Ground, &c.

Let us mark the exSec.

planatory word Chark, which belongs to Grate, Scratch,

&c.

The

Etymologists derive Hisco

is

from Hio, in which latter word

Hispidus
is

the Radical consonant

lost.

acknowledged to be
this

connected with HiRsutus.

Perhaps the p in

word

is

an or-

ganical addition to the S, and Idus, the termination, as Utus, in

HiRS-Utus.
up

Historia
into,

is

assuredly derived from the idea of Stirring

to these
is

Routing

annexed

words; but whether

not so plain.
If it

it

belongs

to the

Element

'^ST, or

ST R,

belongs to
the

THE
the

EARTH.
referred to the explanatory

641
word
the
is

Element
the

ST R,

it

must be
;

Stir,

Latin

Struo, Sec.

and

the

genuine form

is

in

English word Story, &c.

The

first

sense of

Istoreo, {larro^iu,)

properly given in the ordinary Dictionaries, " Inquiro, sciscitor,

" explore. "

Many

words, relating to Search and Enquiry, have

Stirritig

been derived from

belongs,
Search

up or Routirig into

Dirt,

as

Scrutor

we know,

to
all

Scruta;

and

shall

shew, that Scrutor

Istoreo,

and Scratch

belong to each other.

{Wtodcco,)

should probably be considered as attached to the Element

ST R.

HiSTRio, The Player, or Dancer, "Ludio, qui ad tibiae sonosmotus " edebat compositos," means probably the Stirrer about the

same column of Martinius, where Histrio is, I find Hitt/o, Vestigo, where we are brought to Motion on the Earth. The Glossaries explain it by IcHneiio, (l;^i/uw,) where in the Ich we again see our Element.
In the

Mover, or Dancing Gesticulator.

The

71

in this

word
is

is

an organical addition to the C.

<puvti xuvog,

term to Hitt/o
sense of Noise.

Hittus,

Vox

canis

The next where we find the

I

While

am examining

the term Aru7ido in Martinius,

cast

my
"

eyes on the adjacent word Anaicus, which

he explains by
is

Villus, qui

dependet a caprarum

mento."

Aruticus

surely

quasi Kkijcus, and belongs to Hircw^, Hxvisutus, Rough.

Marti-

nius has justly observed, that Aruncus

is

taken from the Greek

Eruggo5,
E/f/oi/,

Uovyyoq, Villus

dependens ex mento Hircorum.

it.

Quasi ab

Lanugo, as the ordinary Dictionaries explain

and succeeding
this

The terms
have above

immediately preceding

word, in Hederic's

Greek Vocabulary,
unfolded.

will establish the ideas,

which

is Erugg/ow, U^vyym, Eryngium, " Herba, Angl. Eryjigo, or Sea Holly." The Eryngo, or Erugg/o,

The

preceding term

is

the HiRsw^^, or Prickly plant.

this idea.

Martinius
It is called,

" rum."

The Etymologists have got says, that it is "Herba ex gencre Aculeataas he says, by Nicander, Eruggw, B^uyyo?, " Ea 4 M

642
"

^R. R.

\-C, D,

G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.

Ea vox

alioquin est barba seu villus caprarum, spirillum.

dici videtur.

Ab

" ejus similitudine Herba

Hesychius

n^uyyiov exponit

" aliquam festucam spinosam, qualem etiam supra acervos fru" menti soleant ponere." The succeeding word to Eruggos,
{Upvyyog,) in Hederic, is
E^evyu,)

Eruge, (u^uye,
'^Ructo,

3. sing.
I

aor. 2. ind. act.

ab

from Ereugo,
It

which
to

have before referred to

the

Earth.

would be

idle

enquire,

whether Ereugo,
is

{YMivyu,

'^RucTO, Emitto vel evolvo, quasi Enictando, evolvo,)

more directly to be referred to the idea of Stirring or Casting up The sucthe Earth, or to the Noise accompanying that action. ceeding word to Eruge, (H^uye,) is Erugo, (ii^vyu, Mugio,) To low,
Oxen; where we are unequivocally brought to the idea o{ Noise. The succeeding words to Eructo, in Martinius, are Eruca, The Worm, and Eruca, The Herb. Eruca, The Palmer, or Canker
as

Worm,

is

the Corroder
it

or Fretter of Leaves, &c.

The Ety-

mologists derive

from eRoDO, where the Rodo has the same notion. I shall shew, that Erugo, Rust, belong to a similar idea. In the same page of Martinius, where Eruca, &c. is found, we have ERUsmow, E^vini^ov, "Wilder Senf,"as he explains it, a species
of

Wild Mustard

where, in the Erus,

Harsh
same
it

Pungent, Vellicating Herb.

idea respecting the

meaning of

we have still the idea of the The Etymologists have the the word, when they derive

"

wTTo Tov eoveiv,

quod ob caliditatem trahendi facultate prasditum

the

" sit."

The

Latin Erica means the HiRSute, or Prickly plant.

<^o? (pvrou,) is

The Greek Erik^, (e^/k-.?,

of Plant;

same or a
refer
it

similar species
to

and the Etymologists justly

Ereiko, or

Eriko, (E^uxu,E^iKa, Frango, Confringo, confundo, scindo,) though not for the true reason, " quod facile frangi, et scindi possit,"

sed quod frangendi vi polleat.'

The

verb Eriko has the stronger

sense of Scratching

Tearing or
the

Breaking to pieces;

and the
'quod

Erike, the plant,

is

Rough

Scratcher in a weaker sense,

Frangendi

vi

polleat,'

not as

applied to

its

medical

effect

on
the

THE
its

EARTH.
"The

643

the constitution, as the Etymologists suppose, but as relating to

touch and appearance.

The Latin Erica

is

interpreted by

sweet Broom, Heath,

" or Ling;" where let us note the explanatory word Heath, which is either only another form of Erica, or if it is not immediately connected with this word,

ment
HiVth,

^S,

^T,

without

the

r,

must be referred to our Eledenoting what is Rough. The

it

parallel terms to the

(Sax.)

word Heath occur in various Languages, as Had, (Dan.) Heyde, (Germ.) &c. The term

Heyde, or Heide, means in

German

"

Heath,

or Sweet Broom,
Billberry,

"A

Pagan, Gentile, Heathen;"

and Heidel-Beer, 'A

Blackberry,' &c., which

means only the Berry upon

the

Rough

Thorny Plant, as we have seen in HuKTh^^Berry, another form of this word. We perceive that Heide means an Heaand I imagine that this name for the then, as well as a Heath people was meant to denominate the Rough barbarous people, as they were thus considered by the Christians, from their ignoor
;

rance of the blessings of the Gospel.

The word Barbarian was used

term of contempt,
to denote

in a sense equally comprehensive, as a

the nations

who were

not Greeks,

Paga?i,

we know, was another

term of Contempt, adopted by the Christians to denote those who did not believe in Christianity, from the idea of living in the
obscure Village

the

Pagus.

The term Heathen

occurs

in

va-

rious Languages, as in the Gothic Haithnai, the Saxon Hathen,

the

German and

Belgic Heiden, Heyd, the Danish Hedninge, the

Runic Heidner, which the Etymologists have produced. Some have understood, that Heathen, and its parallel terms, have belonged to Heyde, Erica, Ericetum, " quia, cum in urbibus Chris" tiana religio passim vigeret, ruri in pagis " diu observabantur Ethnicorum
ritus,
sc, et locis

agrestibus

hinc orta est vox Lat.

" Paganus."

It

is

impossible not to observe with others, that

Ethnicus and Ethnos,{ESvog, Gens, Natio,) belong to Heathen;

and
in

644

^R.R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
and Greek words we see nothing of the Heath, but
extremely
(E^i/of,)

in the Latin

only the idea of the Nation, as Gentile, Gentilis, belongs to Gens.

This perplexity
imagine,

is

difficult

to

unravel.

We

might

that Ethnos,

has only an accidental coincidence

with the Saxon Hcethen, t\\?it the

taken from the Greek word
;

Latin EtJniicus was directly

Sec.

and that Heathen,

belonged

more

directly to the Teutonic.

Artichoke, though a

word

of considerabk difficulty, might be

examined

in

this place.

The

Etymologists have produced the

or,

parallel terms,

as

the French Artichaut,

as

it

is

sometimes

written, Artichault; the Italian Articiocco, or Arciocco; the

Artiskock,
chofa, as

Danish

the

German and

Belgic Artischock, the Spanish Artiit,

Junius represents

or Artichoca, as Skinner.

If

we

considered only the form of this

word

in

the

Dialects of the

Teutonic,

we should

conceive,

that Artichoke

meant the Plant,

which was of a Choaking Nature, where Arte denotes the same as When we see, however, the German Art and the English Ard.
the word in French, Artichaut, or Artichault,
that
it

we

should imagine,

meant the plant of a Hot nature, from Chaud or Chault^ Some have considered the word as quasi Radicaldus, Calidus.
from Radix Calida.
idea of the quality
is

The Radix is an probable. Menage

idle

conjecture,

yet

the

produces a parallel Greek

term, Jrtutika, {K^tutiko);

served,
is,

and hence Harry Stephens has obArtichaux, quasi A^tvtikoi xavXot,"

that

" Vulgo dicuntur

Caules conditanei, says

Menage.

This seems

sufficiently pro-

bable.

Yet

again, as

Menage

observes, the Greeks have called

this plant Cactos, (Kaxrof, Cactus,

Spinosa qusedam planta, Car-

duus,)
written

and the
it

Romans

Carduus.
in

Hence the

Herbalists have

Articactum.

Perhaps

the Chaut, Choke, Tuk, &c. of

these words,

we have

the Cactos, [KMCTog,) or Carduus; but then. we

is

may

ask with Menage, whence the Art

derived.

This EtyHorticactum,

mologist once thought, that Articactum was quasi

the

THE
the

EARTH.
hkevvise

645

Garden
this

Thistle, which

These
for

difficulties

plant,

no improbable conjecture. are increased by considering the Arabic word which Menage represents by Harschof and
is

Charschop.

The
Art;

first

part

of this Chof,

word, Hars, would seem to

belong
In

to

yet in the

we

see nothing of the Choke.

in Spanish,

the present

mode

of writing the term

we have
is

Alcachofa.
'

In Arabic, L^>i^js.. Hershef

means

" Scales of Fish.

An

Artichoke.

Thistle."

The

succeeding word to this

AJLijJi..

Hershefet,

words are

"Rough, Hard Ground." The two following Hershu71, " A Kind of Thistle, or Bramble," and Hers,

The preceding term to Hershef is Hersh, Heresh, Rough Skinned Scratching. and an adjacent word is We here perceive, that these terms Herz, Rough Ground.
;

" Splitting, Tearing."

belong

to the

idea of

Rough, and that they might be referred to

(Fr.) &c.
I

Harsh, HiRsutus, UnRisser,

or

have supposed, that

all

such words are derived from the Herse

Arabic, Scratching Tearing.
that

or Harrow, Scratching

Tearing up the Ground

and hence these terms signify in

On

the whole,

cannot but think,

it

Art,
word.

in

ARTichoke, &c., belongs to Harsh, &c., though

is

not perhaps to be considered as directly connected with the Arabic

The

Choke, &c. probably belongs likewise to Cactos,

(KctKTog.^

An

adjacent term

to

the

word Erica, before produced,

is

EKicius, "

An Urch/w,
full

or

Hedge Hog;

Also

warlike engine

" made of iron,

of sharp pointed nails, or spikes."

We

shall

now

understand, that these words belong to Erica, under the

In this word, too, or

idea of the HiRS?//^ object.

we

are brought to

the sense of the

Harsh

Rough

Scratcher,

or Pricker.

The

Etymologists appear to see no connection between these words but they derive the animal ERiciiis, Erit^, Eres, Erinaccus,

which are the various names

" JEreo
septo latet."

for

it,

from Ms, " quod velut sub

see,
is

The URCHm, we

only another

form

646

*R.R.\- C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.

form of EkicIus, and the is an organical addition to the C. The Etymologists acknowledge this affinity, and they produce
the parallel terms
in

other

Languages

as

the Saxon

Ircing,

Erscen, the Belgic Horts, Hurts, the French Herisson, the Spanish
Erizo,

the

Italian

Riccio.

The French

verb

HERiss^r means
in Italian

"To

stand an

end;"
;

and the corresponding words and we may

see, in

are ylrriciare, Rizzar

the

Italian

words

here produced, the two forms ^RC, with the breathing before, and RZ, without the breathing before the R. The Etymologists
likewise record the Belgic Nork, for

^-Ork,

the Latin

Orca,

and the Greek Oky^ujius, {O^Kwog, Piscis quidam cetaceus, thynnus,) which belong to each other, and to the words produced above.

The ORCHUN05 has

Riccio

the

same
call

meaning as the Sea Urchin,

it.

Marino, as the Italians

We

shall

now

understand,
is

that the Echino^, (E%(voj, Echinm^, marinus, vel terrestris,)

the
is

U/cHiN, when the sound of r

is

lost.

In Scotch,

Hurcheon

An
"

Urchin or Hedge=Hog.

In Italian
fish,)"

we

have Orca, "

An Ork,

a Whirlpool, (a Sea

says ray Lexicographer, to which he gives us a parallel

term, the French Orque.

An

adjacent term
is

is

Orcio,

"An
is

oil pot,

" or pitcher; " and the next word

terre.

Orciolajo,

Potter, Potier de

Orca
to

is

an ancient Latin term

for a Vessel,

and

justly

referred

URceus and Arc^o, To enclose. Orco in Itahan means likewise " A Hobgoblin." Urchins in our ancient Writers We all rememare considered as Hobgoblins, or Terrific beings.
ber the threats of Prospero to Caliban
" For
this,
;

be sure,

to-niijlu,

thou shah have cramps,

" Side

stitclies

that shall pen thy breath, up;

"

Shall, for that vast of night that they

Urchins may Work,

"

All Exercise

on

thee."

on which Mr. Steevens observes, " Urchins, i. e. Hedge-Hogs. " Urchins are enumerated by R. Scott among other terrifick " beings. They are perhaps here put for Fairies. Milton, in his
*'

Masque,

THE

EARTH.

647

" Masque, speaks of 'Urchin blasts;' and we still call any little " dwarfish child, an Urchin.. The word occurs again in the ' next act." Mr. Malone adds, " In the M. W, of Windsor we

"have 'Urchins,
*'

Oiiphes, and

Fairies;'
I

and the passage, to

" which Mr. Steevens alludes, proves,

signifies beings of the Fairy kind'f

think, that

Urchins here

"

And

yet

" His spirits hear me needs must curse; but they'll nor pinch,
with

" Fright

me

Urchin

shews, pitch

me

i'the mire."

Let US mark

in

the former passage of Shakspeare the terms, be-

longing to our Element, ty^ORK and ex=ERC=ise, which are used,

we

see, in their stronger sense of a Disturbing or

;

Annoying operaex=YjKc=ise,

tion

and

thus

we

perceive

how

t;=ORK,

and

IjRchins, are derived ultimately from the

to the

same

source,

and belong
is

same

train of ideas.

The

sense of ex='ERc=ise

peculiar,

as

it

directly

coincides

with

the

metaphorical signification of
trouble."
of

ex=ERceo
use
the

in Latin,

"To Vex and

express

We
great

still,

however,
as

word

to

Severe

Painful

" a person," &c.

or Hecke Swein,

Exercise' " To Exercise &c. The Hedge=Hog,

the

operations

Toil and

Labour,

Severity

over

in

German Hecke Saw,

mean
the

may mean

Hog under
I

the Hedge, as the Ety-

mologists suppose; or the Hedge Hecke might possibly

Rough

Hi/s^^ animal, the O/ca, &c.

;

shall

produce

in a future
lost,

page a great race of words, as Hack, Acuo, &c. &c. when the r is
bearing the same meaning
for the

and

in the

German and

Belgic terms

Urch/w, produced by Martinius, as

lael, Eael,

Ecnel, the

Ig,

Eg, and Ech, have a similar sense.

;

He

justly refers these

words to the Latin Aculeus

ing to AKanthos,
(A>cuv9og,)

and he reminds us of terms belongin the

which
frutex

Vocabulary of Hederic

is

explained

by ''Acanthus,
as in the

Angl. Brank-Ursine, or Bear's

"breech;
the

Echinus, Erinaceus;"

where

the

Ak

and Ech have

the

same meaning

above words, and the Ka7i belongs to

648

^R.

R.\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X,

Z.
(Kevr^o?,

the Element

bearing a similar sense, as in Kentron, Stimulus, ^i:M/^"5,) &c.&c. The Hisim-, The porcupine,

KN,

may be

derived from T? and

5f<|,

though

it

probably belongs to the race

of words before us.

mark the explanatory word Urs/m^, belonging to Ursm5, the Bear, which, we "how see, is the Hirsm^z^^, or Rough In Greek, we know, the term is Arkto^, {P^y.Tog,) beanimal. longing likewise to our Element, which supplies the name for this animal in the Dialects of the Celtic and some modern LanLet
us

guages.
the

Among

the terms recorded by Lhuyd, under \5ksus, are

the Cornish Ors;
Oursoii,

Welsh Arth, the Irish Ursaiiy and modern Languages we have Ours,
Orso, &c.

and
the

in the

(Fr.)

Italian

In the latter Language, Orso means likewise a Paring

Shovel, which

may be

either directly derived

from the Tearmg

quality belonging to the

Paws

of this animal, or

Tearing up, &c. the general sense of the Element of Scratching To these words belongs the name of the Wild Man Orson, in the

may

relate to

well-known Story of Valentine and Orson.

adjacent to

The terms
Language,
verb

in

Welsh
to

Arth,

in the Dictionaries of that

relate to

the metaphorical
the
idea

application

of

Harrowing up a
&c.

Surface, or

of Jiinoying

Tormenti?ig,
To

The

ARTeitheio
to

signifies,
*'

according

to

Mr. Richards,

"To Rack

or torture,

torment."

Anszvydo, "

fear, to dread, to

apprehend, to stand

" in awe, to be afraid.

ARsang, Oppression."

The

explanatory

word Rack belongs to Rake, Rout, Rut, &c. We know, that Akktos, (A^xrog, Ursus, Ursa, Pars orbis septentrionalis,) means the North, which I have supposed to signify this or that peculiar Earth or region; and that ''Orth

is

Orth, either with a strong nasal breathing, assuming the consonant form w, before it,
^

if I

may

so express the

the

"RTh, or
An, &c.
for

N may

be the remains of an articular

prefix, as
is

We
Some

have seen, that the Belgic Nork, the Sea animal,

Een=ORK.

THE

EARTH.

649

Some perhaps might imagine, that the Arkto5, (AfTfif,) may mean Horrid region, and that ;/-Orth may have the Hi-Rsute Rough

the

same meaning, with

I

the n before the'

^RTh, by the process

similarity of

which

have described.

Those who

are fond of supposing, that

certain words, or parts of words,

were formed by the

that,

the sound with the sense,

may

imagine, that the nasal sound n was

added to express more strongly the idea of

or

which

is

Rough

Harsh. Whatever may be the precise idea, from which Akktos, (A^xtcj,) is derived, signifying the North ; the constellation at the North Pole was probably called the Bear, from a confusion in the sound Arkto^,
(A^jcto?,)

denoting at once this animal,

and the n=ORTH.

parts of the

Perhaps OKcades and OKKJiey

may mean

the

w=Orth: Hence, under another form, perhaps, we Baxter derives OKcades have Herse, the Herse Language, &c. from " Or or Gar, (quod Scotobrigantibus et Saxonibus est For, " et Grcecis etiam U^o) atque Cand sive Cad, quod et Caput est et
*'

Promontorium."

{Glossar. Antiq.

Britan.")

Dr. Jamieson sup-

poses, that the

term Erse, the Celtic

Dialect

spoken

by

the

Highlanders, " originated from their Gothic neighbours, from the " idea of their being an Irish colony for the Highlanders them;

"

Language Gaelic." The Herse, liowever, may possibly be quasi Helse, where we have the ^-Aels, when the guttural sound of G is lost in the gentler aspiration
selves

invariably

call

their

of H.
I

once imagined,
as

that

same meaning

the
that
is

we might
people,

imagine,

Arcades, or Arcadia, had the Orcades. If the Cad is significant, Cad represented the Coti, that great
the

whose history
;

traced by General Vallancey with such

and Ar might represent the Jire, the term with which they are often combined, Aire-Coti, denoting, as this learned ensuccess
quirer imagines, "the Ancient Coti."
It
is

curious, that,

among
is

other derivations produced by Dr. Barry for the ORKneys,

the
:

4 N

following

650
Following:

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
It
is

the opinion of
British

comes " from the old

*'
*

Camden, word Ar or

as he tells us, that

it

Or, that signifies

Over

against, or opposite to,

and

Cat, that implies

the cape, or point

of

the Catti,

or

people of Cmtwicss."
I

Here we see the

Ar-Catti, or Aire=Coti, as
Scythcp,

have supposed.
I

The
is

Catti, Scots,

&c. &c.

are

the

Celts, as

have before

suggested,

(p.

519.)

Another derivation of the O-RKiieys

from Orc^e, the

have abounded

Whales, which are supposed

in the

in ancient times to

North Coasts of Scotland. (Barry's Orkneys, p. 72-3.) The adjacent word to Orso, in the Italian Dictionaries,

is

ORT/Va, the Nettle, which,

we know, is in French Ortie, and in Latin Urt/V^, and which, as we shall now agree, means the The Etymologists derive Urti^^z from HiRsute Pricking plant. Let us mark Uro, " cujus folia acriter Urunt, id est, pungunt."

the explanatory term Uro, which belongs to the form ^R, for the

same reason same spot.

plained

as the

words now under discussion belong

however,
that the

to

the

We
in

perceive,

Elementary form

*S, &c. appears in Ussi and JJsTiim.

Robert Ainsworth has ex-

Uro

some

of

its

senses,

"To

Gall or Pinch

To
"To

" grieve, " Fretr

I

tease, or

Vex;"

and Viwr he has explained by

shall

shew

belongs to

and Fret
and

Volume, that the explanatory word Grieve Grqfo, (r^aipw,) and Grave, To Scratch up a Surface; have likewise shewn to be applied in the same manner,
in a future

to be derived

from the same

;

spot.

Ar^o,

To

be Dry, Scorched
''

up, has a similar

Ard^o

is

meaning and in Ard^'o we see the form RD. To explained in Robert Ainsworth by "To Burn;

" Scorch,

To

be tormented, or troubled."

The term

Scorched

is

only another form of Scratched v^hat has a Fretted Corrugated see in the sense of Tormented the same metaphor, surface.

We

Bakkowed Scratched
another place,

or

Fretted.

have produced

Ard^o

in

among

a set of terms, which relate to a similar

action

THE
action
tated,

EARTH.
and denote,

651
be Stirred up

on the same
&c.

spot,

To

Jgi~

All these ideas are so blended with each other, that

we must be
action,

contented with describing the general notion and the

which the term originally belonged, without being scrupulously minute in selecting those explanatory terms, which
to

may

be conceived

best adapted

to

express

with precision the

peculiar turn of meaning, with which the

The forms
nal idea
is

JJro

and Areo

will

word was at first invested. bring us to Horr^o, where the origiStirred up or Agitated

unequivocal.

In the phrase Horret Mare, Iratutn Mare,

;

we
it

see the genuine idea of a Surface

and
perIra,

may be

considered as a similar

metaphor

to

'

Aratur Mare,'
it.

though with another turn of meaning annexed

ceive here, likewise,
Iratutn,

to

We
Latin

the

metaphorical sense of the

derived

from the

same

idea

In Horr;V/w5, Horr/J,

HoRResco, and in iRatus, iRascor, the

its

of Agitation

ab

ARajido.
d, Sec.

considered as arising from the construction of the Language, as I have before observed. In the following passage

may be

we

see Horreo used in

" Et

primitive sense
fractis invertere glebis.*

Campum

Horrentem

{Georcr.

HI.

j^.

\Q\.)

This passage will shew us how WiKsutus, &c. is connected with the Herse, the Harrozu. In the Greek ORRodeo, the d may be

an organical
of the

addition,
I

or

it

may

arise

from

the construction

have produced these words on a former occasion, and they are again exhibited in this place, that the

Language.

Reader may understand, how every point of view,

the subject
Hypothesis.
is

in

which

considered, tends

to

illustrate

and establish

my

CHAP.

65^

CHAP.
SECT.
'^C,

III.

II.

^D, ^G, &c.

Terms expressing
(Ea-TicCf^&c,

actions
it is

performed on the Ground, the Eatth, Esxia,

Stirred up, Agitated,

when

Broken up, Routed up,

Cut up, Scratched

signifying

up, Vellicated,
to
it,

^c. &c., by the various accidents

and operations attached

as

Occo, Hough, &c. &c.

Terms

To

Stir

up, Agitate, Excite,

Cut up, Scratch up.

;

Scrape, Vellicate, or Tease, as a Surface, materially

phorical application
;

or by meta-

which tenns sometimes express actions per-

formed on
directly or
actions,

the surface of the Ground, or which are itivolvedy either

more remotely, with words and

ideas, relating to such

as

Ago, Agito, Acuo,

expressifig Bodily or

(^Lat.)

Hack, (Eng.) &c.

tneta-

Hence Terms
Terror

Mental Feelings, as of Pain

&c. &c., as Ach,
to

Disgust,

&c. &c., which are connected with the

phor of Stirring up
Scratching up,

Exciting Vellicating,
Snatch
up

Acuos, (A%o?, Dolor,) &c. &c.

Terms relating
surface,

the idea of

Scraping up Vellicating a
up
or in, &c.,

and signifying

To Nip up
as

Catch

Gripe Seize Constringe,

(A7'%w,

To

Hook up

Agcho,

Constringo,)

and

under the form '^GG, "GK, ^c. or "NK,

Hank, ^c.

Terms ex-

pressing Fire and Water, as connected ivith the idea of Agitation

Commotion, as i^sxus, AQua,(La^) &c. Terms denoting

the

Noise

Harsh, Grating, Rough Noise,

as i?ivolved with the

notion of Scratching or Grating upon a surface, as

Hoarse, &c.
(^c.

wider the form "RS, and Hiss, ^c, under the form ^S,

Words

THE

EARTH.
Haue

653

Words expressing operations on

ArK, ArG, &c. by Stirring up Cutting up Routing Tearing up Scratching up, surface Terms, &c.
tip

Hauen. (Germ.) A
To Cut
up.

Hoe,

the

EsTiA,

(Eo-tix,)

Ea/TH,

Mattock.
Hezv. (Eng.)

Hue. (Eng.)
ance, as
&rc.

The form, appearmade by Cutting,

its

which are derived from, or

are

connected

with,

those

Hough, Hoe, Hock, HuckleBo7ie.

words.

(Eng.)

"What

relates

to the lower part of the per-

OccA

Occo.

son, the

Leg

or Foot, which

(Lat.)

The Har(Celtic,)

row,

To Harrow.
&c. &c.

Houghs up the Ground.

Hos. (Sax.) Calcaneum, Caliga.

Og Ogeid,

OcREA. (Lat.)

The Harrow. Ege, Eg IAN. (German,) The

Harrow,

Hose

Hosen, Hosa, &c. (Eng.

The Covering
for

Sax. &c.)

To

Harrow.

the lower part of the person.

AcK^rw. (Germ.)
AcK^r,
Acr^,

To

Plough,
AGro5.

Ac^r,

Hog Us,

&c.

(English,
or Routs

Gr.)

(Germ. Eng. Gr. Lat.)

The

What Houghs,
the Ground.

up

Ground.
"Ecean. (Sax.) Occare.

EcGian Egg
Excitare.

on.

(Sax. Eng.)

Hack Hash, To Cut. Ax Hatchet,

&c. &c.

(Eng.)

&c. &c. (Eng.)

EAGer, kc. (Eng.)

of Excitement,

In a

state

Kcuo, (Lat.) Quasi Occo,

up, Sharpen up, &c.

To

Stir

Hough Hoe, &c. (Eng. To Stir up the Ground.

&c.)

Edge. (Eng.) The Pointed

Sharp Extremity.

SHALL

65i

*R. R. \-^-C,

D, G, J,K,Q, S,T, X, Z.
Terms, under the Element performed on the Ground,
it

SHALL consider
'^D,

in this Section

the

*C,

^G,

which express actions,

the EArTH, Esria, (Eo-nx,) &c. &c.

tated,

when

is

Stirred up.

Agi-

Broken up. Routed up, Scratched up,

accidents and

Vellicated,

&c. &c., by
as

the

various

operations

attached

to

it,

Occo,

(Lat.)

Hough, Hack, &c.

&c. &c.

shall likewise consider those

Terms, under the same Elementary form, which signify

to Stir up, Jgitate, Excite, Cut
2ip,

in general

Scratch up, Vellicate, or Tease,

a surface materially,

or,

in

metaphorical
these

sense,

as

Ago,
on the

AgHo, &c.

We

shall

find,

that

Terms sometimes them-

selves express, in one of their senses, actions performed

surface of the

Ea/th

or that they are involved, either directly or

more remotely, with words expressing such actions, or with a Hence have been derived train of ideas attached to such actions.
Terms, which express Bodily or Mental Feelings, as of Pain and objects which Disturb JVonder, &c. &c. Disgust Terror
;

Annoy Grieve, &c. &c., from the metaphor of that which Har Pricks Teases Nips, &c. &c., rows op. Hacks up
Vellicates

as

which, under the idea of Scratching up Scraping up Fellicating, or Grubbing up a surface, signify To Nip up or in To Catch up Snatch up To Gripe Seize Constringe, as to Hook up or in

Ache, Acho^,

(A%o?, Dolor.)

Hence we have

a race of words,

Agcho,

(A7%a;, Constringo.)

We

see in Agcho, (Ayx^,) or Ancho,

how we pass from the form of ^G, ^Ch, ^GG, ^GCh, to that of ^NG, '^NK and hence we shall find a race of words, conveying
;

a similar train of ideas, under the form ''NK,

to

which belong
'^C,

Hank, Hang, &c. &c. Under the Elementary form we have words denoting Fire and Water, derived from
Agitation, Commotion, ^c.
I

'D, &c.

the idea of

shall likewise consider, in this Section,

Terms denoting

Noise,

the

Harsh

Grating Rough

Noise, as

connected with the notion of Scratching or Grating upon a surface.

THE EARTH.
face,

655

such as Hoarse,
"^S *.

&:c.

under the form '^RS, and Hiss, &c.

under the form

The
* Tliougli
suppose, that
these

all

Terms

are

connected, either remotely or

directly, with words relating to the Earth, EsTiA,(Ei7Tia,) and its operations; yet the Reader, if he pleases, may consider this matter as a point of Tkeori/, which in a great variety of cases is distinct from those Etymological Facts, respecting the relation of

to each other, w Inch are now for the first time unfolded in the present N'olume. have endeavoured so to state my Hypothesis, that it may be directed only to the Facts, which I am about to exhibit, as cases placed within the reach of Enquiry; and

words

itself, as nearly as possible, to any idea, which the Reader Languages. It may well be conceived, from the species Theory of the on may form of Evidence, which this subject is capable of aflbrding, that direct and absolute proofs

that

it

may accommodate

of the Influence of the

I

Earth,
is

Sec.

trust,

will

be surprised and gratified

the question

discussions, that

cannot often be obtained; though the Reader, in discovering, during the progress of our capable of supplying collateral and presumptive

evidence of so striking and singular a nature.

We

shall

all

understand and agree,

that the Terms, expressing in one of their senses Operations on the

Earth, must be

few

in

number;

and, moreover, that the application of words to this object will

oftentimes escape the diligence of the Enquirer. We know, likewise, that the acknowledged Terms, which are peculiarly and familiarly appropriate to such Operations, must be still fewer in number; and hence we shall see, that such direct and at)solute proofs
I

of the Hypothesis, which some

may
all,

require, cannot always be exhibited.

which the nature of the subject will Accidents and Operations annexed been most efficient in imparting to the that peculiar force and meaning to words, which they now possess in the mechanism of Language. That these Accidents and Operations will have some influence, no one can doubt;
have endeavoured, however, to perform

admit; and

my own conviction is, that the various Earth are the great causes which have

and the degree of influence

views on the subject, from

must leave every Reader to adjust, according to the evidence which is adduced before him.
is

his
I

own
must

observe, however, that the degree of influence in a variety of cases

partly a point of

opinion which every one may accommodate to his own T/ieorj/ of Languages, and which is rather to be conceived than detailed and described. I have endeavoured therefore to guard myself with considerable diligence, in the statement of my Hypothesis, against any embarrassment, which might arise from confounding the truth of such Facts, which we are enabled fairly to ascertain, respecting the actual relation of words to each other, with the truth of my Hypothesis, as we advance to that point, when Theory may or must in some measure necessarily commence. I have staled, in
the opening of

my Work,

"

relate, either directly or

that our Element constitutes a race of words, "which more remotely, to the Earth, and the Operations, Acci-

"

dents.

656
the form

^R. R.

\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T,X, Z.
first

The term which

"C, ^D,

presents
is

itself to

our attention, under

or Occa,
&lc.,

""G,

&c.,

the Latin Occo,

which

" dents, and Properties belonging

charge of adjusting at every
possess on
I everi/

to

it

;"

and thus

do not embarrass myself with the

moment
I

the precise degree of affinity, which words bear

to this object, or the precise degree of influence,

detail,

which this object may be supposed to must again repeat, that the series of Trulhs, which respecting the relation of words to each other, may be considered, under
occasion.

one point of view, in a variety of cases, as independent even of the degree of influence, which we may choose to affix to the Earth and its Operations; that is,
I have detailed, respecting the actual relation of words to each would in a variety of cases remain to a certain point the same, and would still be received and acknowledged, if the influence of the Earth did not always appear in mj' discussions, as a prominent and important part of the argument. The nature of the Facts, which I shall unfold in the present Section, and which

the Truths which

other,

have detailed
I

in other parts

of

my Work, may

be thus

briefly stated

and these
the Theory

Facts cannot,

imagine, be denied, whatever opinions

1.

we may form on

That a great race of words is to be found, wliich are related toeach other, in various degrees of affinity, under the same train of ideas; namely, that Excitement Agitation Cornmotion, Sec, which train Scratching up of Stirring up of ideas we do really anne.v to the action of Stirring up or Scratching up the Ground, Earth, Sec, whatever might liave been the first and original source, from which these ideas were derived, and whatever might have been the potent Operative 2. That among those words, cause, by which they were propagated and preserved. thus related to each other, are indissolubly involved and entangled those terms, which actually express Operations on the Ground or Earth. Under this state of the question, as it relates to Facts, we surely cannot be very far removed from the truth, in point of Hypothesis, when from this scries of kindred words, we select those terms, as the most important and operative, and as best adapted to illustrate the common train of ideas, pervading the whole race, which are acknowledged by all to
of Languages.

express an object most interesting to man, and

to

denote those Accidents and

Operations

attached to that

object,

which are the most important

life.

familiar,

and

impressive, in the occupations of

Human

If

we

should perchance adopt any

Theory on Xanguages, which may lead us to conceive a source antecedent to that of the Earth and its Operations, from which the train of ideas conveyed by this kindred race of words was originally derived ; still we cannot but consider the

Earth,
which

with

its

Accidents and Operations, as being the most important

of ideas
is

that train

influence of which, as

object, on mosi familiarly and impressively exhibited, and by the we should imagine, it would be most effectively propagated and

preserved.

and

its

Accidents Operations,

Even

therefore on this point of view,

8cc.,

we should

justly select the

Earth,
forcibly

as

supplying us with a series of terms, most

THE
Hough

EARTH.
Ground.
is

657
The English
only

wliich directly expresses an operation onthe

denotes a similar operation on the same spot, and

;

another form of Occo

and the terms forCutting, as Hack, Hash,

same words. My German Lexicographer explains Hacke by " A Hatchet, Mattock, Ax, "P/c^=Ax;" and Hack^w by "To Hack or Chop, im Felde, " To How up, Dig, Delve, Brake the Ground; den Weinberg,

Hatchet, Ax, &c.

&c., belong to the

"

To Grub,

or

How
and

up."

In these

German words we

are like-

wise directly brought to the action of Stirring up

the

or Cutting up

Ground;

in

our

English term P/6-/&=Ax,

to

instrument
terms
for

of Cutting

applied

the

Ground.

we The

see

the

parallel

Hack,
are

in

various

Languages, as
Conscindere

produced by
;

the

Etymologists,
Acciare, (Ital.)

Haccan, (Sax.)

Hacher, (Fr.)
Hacke,

Hacke, (Dan.)

Hacken, Hachten, (Germ.)

Securis;

Hachelen, (Germ.),

To

Hackle,

Minutim
tlie

.concidere;

Haccio, (Welsh,) &c., which they derive from

Latin Ascia, the

Greek Ax/^,

(a<i/i?,)

as Skinner, or
as

from the Saxon Acase, or the

In

Teutonic Acus,

Securis,

Junius.

English,

the

various

forms for the Cutting instrument, belonging to these terms, are Hatchet, Ax, Addice, Adze, &c. and under some of these
;

words the Etymologists produce, as

the

parallel,

tlic

Gotliic Aquizi,

Saxon Msc, Ex, Acas,

the Italian
x^scia,

&cc.

&c., the

French

Haclie, Hachette,

Aiscette,

&c.,

the Spanish

Hacha, the

Danish

Oxe,

the

Belgic

Ackse,

Haeise, &c.,

the Latin Ascia, the Greek

A.xine,

forcibly expressing a peculiar

train

compass of

Human
;

Speech.

of ideas, which is to be found througii a wide Win when we take other views of the question, and
oi'

examine words, open before us

ilhistralion
if I

iielongriig to diftereiit trains

ideas, the prospect

still

continues to

and we perceive, that the same Hypothesis is equally potent in the of other portions of Language. I shall assuredly prove this point at least,

am

other,
if

is

not violently deceived, that the relation, which words do aciualli/ bear to each precisely of such a nature, as it would have been, or as it might have been,

the Accidents and Operations, belonging to the Ground, E.arth, &c., had exerted

that very species of influence,

which

my

Hypothesis supposes.

4 o

658
Axine,

^R.R/.-.C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
(A^ivr;,)

Ake, {Am, Cuspis.)

We

perceive

through

what

various

Languages these terms have extended themselves, as likewise the various forms which they have assumed, by taking the different Cognate Consonants, C, D, K, S, T, X, &c., with
combinations.

tlieir

We

may

well

imagine,

moreover,

what
and

effect the existence of

words, representing so important an action,

in

would have on those Languages,

1

which they are found

as the terms, to
'^D, '^G,

might
race

fix

upon

Hack

and

its parallels,

which

the

of

words,

under the forms

'^C,

&c.,

might
Speech

be justly referred, through

that
is,

a wide compass of

Human
in

the train of ideas, which runs through the words under

'^C,

the

form

'^D,

''G,

&c.,
its

is

strongly
;

visible to such

the

sense

expressed by

Hack

and

parallels

and

terms we might

perpetually appeal with sufficient propriety, in order to illustrate

the

various

turns of meaning,

which

this

race of

words has

assumed.

Every one understands the various metaphorical senses, annexed to the words, which express the action oi Cutting ; and we
shall at

once understand,

how
and

inseparably these words are conitp

nected with the process of Stirring

Breaking or Cutting up

the

Ground.

The word

Cut,

its

parallels Seco, Scidi, &c., Skizo,

Scindo,) &c., C-%'C^> Findo,

are to be found through the whole

shall at once understand

compass of Language

and we

how they

are connected with the action of the Soc, (Fr.) the Plough-Share,

on the Ground, the " Terra SAVcia Vomeribus." The Sack, about which we have heard so much, as a term pervading all Lano-uages, means nothing but the Holloiv, or Cavity, derived
from the Hollow, or Furrow, so Cut the 'Terra Excavata vel Hence we see, that a word^ SEcafa SAUc/a, Brando,' &c. &c.

under the same form,

of the Bag,

To

Sack,'

is

nothing but the verb, with

the strong metaphorical sense of Seco, of which Sack, the

is

Hollow
idea.

the substantive.

'

To Sack

'

is

the

same metaphorical

THE
idea,

EARTH.
To
The
is

659
various senses of

under one Element, as

Spanish Sacar, which

Harroiv, Harry, Hergian, (Sax.)

" Vastarc, PrKdari," are

the

under another.

nothing but Secure, will shew the different purposes to which this idea may be referred. My Lexi-

cographer explains Sacar

" put out of place J "
'

in its first
in

sense by

and

other senses

free,

&c.

" to extort. " excite passion or

senses
'

To find out, To compel,

out Pull

"To Remove, by "To clear,

out, to

to

to

to discover.
to

To
is

pull

draw

out,

bring forth what was hidden.

To

anger,"

&c. &c.

may

appear, the original idea

up or out, as the Soil of the Ground,

To Cut up
is

However various these that of 'To Stir or Turn

or out, &c.
true idea of the

To

Draxu

out,'

&c. &c.

The

word

appears in another Spanish term, which

it,

and which

only a different form of find in the same column of my Spanish Lexicon,

Groutid with a Hoe or Dibble," as my " and Sacho, Hoe, an iron instrument for TurnIn

" SACHar,

To turn the
it
;

Author explains
" ing

same column of my Spanish Dictionary, I find Saco, which means at once " Sack, a bag for " carrying or transporting any thing," and " Pillage, Plunder,"
up the Ground."
the
as in the English Sack.

In the Spanish phrase " Saco del mar

" Bay, port, harbour,"

In Scotch, "

we

see simply the

idea of the

Hollow.

To

Seuch," as a verb, means

"To
To

Cut, to divide;"

and, as a substantive,
I

Seuch

is

"A

Furrow, a small ditch."

Tailler,

shall

shew

in a future

Volume, that

Cut, Carve, &c,

with

its

kindred terms

Tailor, &c. &c.,

reason to Tellus.

We

belongs for the same

may

well believe, that the

name

for the

Hollow
thus

in

general, as

applied on

various occasions,

derived from or connected with the Hollow in

it
is,

would be the Ground; and

under the Element CP, that Cave, Cap, Cup, Ship, &c. belong to the " Terra exCAwata," or the CahiP-us ex-CAV-atus,

&C.&C.

ToCavo

belongs Skap/o,

{Xkch-tttu,

Fodio,) Sap,

To Dig To

660
To Dig

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
out, &c.
;

and hence we have Chop, Scoop, Sup,

Sip,

To

Draw out, &c. Terms for

Occo, are
to

the Instrument and Operation, expressed by

Occa,
in

be found under the form *C,

In

'^G,

&c. in different
;

Languages.

Welsli,

Og

and Ogeid

is

Occa

and
it is

the

Armoric we have Oget and Ogedi.

In the Cornish

Harau,

corresponding witii the form of Harrow.

In German,

'Eoiaii is

To

Harrozv, and

Ege

is

the

Instrument.

signifying

*To

Plough,' in

this

One of the terms, Language, is Ackern, which

for tillage," &c.
I
;

belongs to Acker, "

Field, Soil,

Ground

so that

Ackern
it,

literally

means 'To

Soil or Ground,' if

may

so express

that

is,

'To Break up

the Soil or Ground.'

AcKer,

we know,
is

belongs

to

Acre, Ager,

Agro5,

(Ay^o?.)

In

Saxon, Ecean

In the same Occare, and Ecetha, " Harpica, Rastrum, Occa." column of Lye's Dictionary we have " Eooian, Excitare," which,

we

see,

belongs to Eoean,
phrase
'

Occare

and thus we perceive how

of the
in

Egg,

in the

Harrow, or Occa.

To Egg on,' belongs to the metaphor The English word Hough retains,

the

mode
is

of writing
it

it,

the record of the Radical '^G, or 'C, though in

the sound

is

not heard.

In Hoe, a mode, by which this word

is

sometimes represented, the record of the Radical

it
is

lost

both in

writing and in the sound, and so

in

the parallel terms pro-

duced by the Etymologists, as the French Houe, Hoyau, the German Hawe, Pastinum, from Hawen, Percutere, Secare ; the Belgic
Houzve, Hatiwen.
(" nee

Skinner observes, that

it

would not be absurd

tamen absurdum esset,") to derive these words directly from the Latin Occare'' uf^eirug defiectere a Lat. Occare." In German, Haue means" A //o^, Mattock, Pick-Ax," and Hauen, " To Hew, Cut " from whence we shall understand the origin of our English word Hew, in the phrase To Hack and Hew, The Etymo;

loo-ists,

under Heiv, produce the

parallel terms, as the

Saxon Heawian,
Aheawian,

THE
the Danish Hugger,
ance, or Colour of
&:c.

EARTH.
or

661 German Hawen,

Form, appear-

ylheazvian, Heazven, &c., the Belgic Hoiizven, the

The Hew,

Hue,

the

any thing, belongs

to Hezv,

To

Cut, as the

" Hiezv," says Junius, " Species, EffiEtymologists understand. " gies, F'igura. A. S. Heozv, Hizv est Forma vel imago, prscipue

"
in

talis,

quae

fit

cxdendo sculpendove."
or,

Saxon, Hizvan, Formare,

Skinner produces the verb as Lye has it, " Hiwian, Simiilare,

" speciem illusoriam induere, fingere.

Formare."
Festinare,

The two

pre-

ceding terms
" quo
us,

in
i.

Junius are
e.

" Hie,

Properare,"

and
refers
;

" Hie, Fistuca;

pali

Ansatum

et capitibus
in

ferratum instrumentum,

sublicsque alte

solum depanguntur."

He

under Hie, properare,

to the

Saxon Higan, and Hicgan

which,

the

former of which Lye explains by "Tendere, Festinare," and the

latter

by "Niti, conari, moliri,"&c.

the idea of Excitement, attached to the action

we see, belong to of Hovoning up the

Stirring

Ground.

The Hie,
Cry,'

the

Fistuca,

is

the

Exciting

Driving Instrument, to which

in
'

we have

the verb Hier annexed.

Hue,

Hue and
'

must be referred

to this race of words, signi-

fying

The

Cry, to Stir up

Excite

and Rouse the

people.'

The

Etymologists refer us to Spelman, under the Latin Hutesiiim, and

Menage, under the French Hucher ; and Skinner reminds us of This brings the English Hoot, where we have the true form.
us to the terms denoting Noise, under our Element, which will

be explained on another occasion.

The Hoe, Hough, Hock, Hogkle, is person,^ adjacent to that which Hoes up
the

the lower part of the

or Tears up

Houghs

Ground.

The

Etymologists

refer

us,

under Hoe, Poples,

;

Saxon Hog, Hoh, the Belgic Haessen, &c. and " Junius observes, Hinc forte desumpta sunt Hoxing et Huckle" bone.'' Lye explains the Saxon Hoh by " Calx-, Poples, SufSuffrago, to the

" frago;

Ang.
to

Aratrum;

Hough." An which Lye adds,

adjacent word

is

the Saxon

" Inde forsan nostra.

Hoha, An Hough, "Occa

662
neum.

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

" Occa Minor."

We

have likewise

in

Saxon, Ho, Calx, Calca-

"We

see, that the original

meaning of these words, Hon,

Hough, Ground

&:c., is
'

the Calx, the part which actually

Houghs up
Calx,

the
^

Pars quae

Occat Terram,'

just

as

the

Heel,

Hough belongs to Calx, the Stone, against which it strikes. afterwards signified other parts of the Leg, the " Suffrago^' which
Robert Ainsworth explains by " The Joint of the hinder leg of a " beast, called the Hough, sometimes the Pastern," and Poples,

which he explains by " The

Ham

of one's leg behind the knee."

Nathan Bailey explains Hock by "The Small of a Gammon of "Bacon;" and To Hoccle, "To Hamstring or cut the joints
" towards the Hough." The succeeding term in this Lexicoo-rapher is " Hockley in the Hole," which he derives from Hoc,
Dirt, and Leag, Pasture
to
;

where

in

Hoc, Dirt, we are brought

the Spot, supposed in

my

Hypothesis.

We
it

might imagine,

that the
inflexis

Greek

Ov.'Laxo, [Ox.Xu^u,

In

Genua procumbo, Genibus

must be owned,
well decide on

subsido,) belonged to
is

Hockle, and
;

that the coincidence

this

very strong

yet
shall

we cannot
be

point,

till

the Element

KL

diligently

unfolded.

Junius has an article, " Uoxing of Dogs," which he explains by " Expeditatio, vol Genuscissio," and which he derives from Hoh

and Hough.
"

Nathan Bailey has an

the balls

article,

"To Hoze
Feet,"

Dogs,

To

cut off their claws, or

of the

where the

word

relates to the lowest part of the Leg.

In the HvcKLE-bo?ie,

the Hip-bone,
I

we have
in

the highest part of the Leg, &c.

have supposed

another place,

(p. 170,) that the

terms for

Oxus, Osphus, OsKea, the Hip, or Loins, as Iskw, Isk/ow, Ixm^, OcrxBoc,) are derived from the idea of (10-%'?, I'rx'o". l|"f. O^"^?' 0(r$uf,
the lower part, as

connected with the Ground;

though

have

imagined, that the sense of the Base or Foundation supplied the intermediate step, as in the Persian Ov^l AST, "The Buttocks,
" Hips,
Backside,

Fundament."

It

would be

idle

perhaps to

attempt

THE
produced,
spot

EARTH.

663

attempt any distinction between these words, and the terms here

Hock,
a

&c.,

if

they are

ahke referred to the same

I

under a similar idea of the lower part of the person.

future

shall

suggest, on

occasion, another

idea,

from which these

lonus^
(l^i/ua, lymi;,

words may be derived.

Posterior genu
pars,)

The Greek lonua and

yet
it

seems to be connected with

;

Gojiu, (Tow,

Genu,) as the Lexicographers imagine

to our

appears to belong

Element ^G, with the organical addition of the n. The Gonu and Genu might be quasi ''Gmi, where the vowel breathing
lost before '^G,
71.

was
cal

and inserted between the

and the organi-

Pila;

'

flecto,)

The adjacent terms Igde and Igd/zo, {lyht Mortarium, Genus saltationis, ly^i^u, Agito Pistillum Torqueo, belong to the race of words now under discussion, signi;

fying

To

Tear
of

zip

Break

to pieces

Agitate,'
Genus

&c. &c.

In the
in

interpretation

Icviisma,

"

ly^Kri^x,
it

saltationis

qua

" Lumbi agitantur, ut Pistillum,"

might seem,

as

if

the idea of

motion, belonging to the Lumbi, was annexed to the signification of these words.

This idea

will be considered

in

a future

page.

The Saxon Hon,

that Language, under

the Calx, Calcaneum, sometimes appears in

its

genuine form, as " Hos, Calcaneum." This

word likewise

signifies, "

" Caliga, Ccrea;

Rhamnus, vimen, butrus;" and moreover, unde nostra Hose, Hosen^ as Lye justly observes.

relates at once to the Heel, Calcaneum, and " Caliga, Ocrea." Hose and Hosen mean the parts of the Leg,

We

perceive

how Hos

Legs and Thighs. The Etymologists justly refer us to the Saxon Hosa, Caligae, the Belgic and the Danish Hose, Housse, the Welsh Hosan, the French Houseaux, and the Italian Huose; though Skinner has improperly added the French
the Covering for the
Chausse, the Spanish Calcas, Sec.
to Calx, for the

We perceive
Fosa.

how

Caliga belongs

same reason

that
is

Hose belongs

to

Hock.

The
tory

present Italian form for Huose

Let us note the explana-

664
tory

^R. R.
term

\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X,
we
the

Z.

the
The

Latin Ocrea, where

observe another form of

the Hose.
tia
;

Etymologists derive Ocrea from Ocris, Eminenbut perceive,

yet

we cannot

itself

with Occo.

In

Oc in this word connects Barbarous Latin, Hosa is Caliga; and

in

how

Menao-e informs

us, that

modern Greek, Ous/ow,

In

(ODo-tov,)

is

used in the same signification.

French, Bas, the Stockings,

;

and our English means, we know, the Base, or Lower part word Stockings has a similar meaning, and belongs to the Stock,
the Stump, the Base or
Calx,

Inferior

position.

shall

shew, that

the Stone and the Heel, belongs to the Element

the
shall

CL, de;

noting

Ground,

the

SoLum, Soil, Clay, Clod, &c. &c.

and we

same

spot.

now understand, that Calceus, Caliga, belong to the The term Caligo, under a similar form, denoting
is

Darkness, means nothing but that which up, just as the term Dark belongs to
Colo,

Clodded or Clogged
Dust,

Dirt,

&c.

In

we

have the Cultivation of the Solum-

In Scotch,

Hoggers
meaning;

are

" Course Stockings without feet,"

as Dr. Jamieson explains

the word.

In Scotch

too,

Hoeshins bears a

similar

and

this

word Dr. Jamieson has

justly referred to the

Saxon Scin-

Hose, Ocreae, or ShiTi=UosE.

I

shall

take this occasion of recording the terms belonging

in

to our

Menage are adjacent to Houseau, &c. The word Hovspiller signifies " To pull, to tug one To worry, " to pull, to tear, to bite, as some animals do." Here we see,
Element, which

that this term has precisely the metaphorical sense belonging

to

Occare,

To

Tear up

and the Hous should perhaps be conFiller

is

sidered as belonging to this race of words.

Pull, Velio, Pillage,
to Gaspiller,

attached to
it

&c. &c.

The French

Etymologists refer
;

To

squander away, which seems probable

and yet

the Gas in this

word must be considered

appears

as

belonging to Cater.
a

The

Houspiller

however

to

have

turn

of

meaning
tlie

somewhat

different

from the other, and more accorda-nt with

race

THE
race

EARTH.
Menage
derives

665
these

of words
'

before us.

words from
in

Vulsipilare,
paillier

c* est-a-dire, pilos vellere."

In old French, Housseas

means a Servant of the lowest order, " Nerva HovssEpaillier " C est un valet de

Rabelais,
the

'

cuisine," as

Etymologists

tell

us,

expression applied to
their legs for Boots.

who observe, that " Botez de foin" is an beggars, &c. who use Hay wrapped round The
Hovssepaillier then, as they suppose,

" est un

homme

si

miserable, que n' ayant pas

des
bottes

meme du
oblige

foin

"pour

s'en

fairc

au

besoin,

il

est

de

se

" HoussER, ou hotter de Paille."

belongs to
person

Surely the Houssepaillier

idea

Houspiller, and
signifies in

probably under the

of the

who Squanders away,

at

or Pillages his Master's property.

'

Houss^r

French

To Sweep

the

Dust

off a surface

where we are

once brought to the original idea, attached to

these words, of Stirrmg up, or Scratching over a Surface.

Hence

Houssm^ means
succeeding word

"A

Switch" and Housso/r "

is

Whisk."

The

to Houssoir

Houx, th6
it

prickly plant

the HolW,

which may
Pricker

either

mean

that, of

which Brushes are made, as the

French Etymologists suppose, or

Scratcher.
calls

Lexicographer

"

may denote the Hough the The next word to this is Hoyau, which my The Pick- Axe;" and we shall not wonder

to see terms, denoting the Prickly plant

and

the Pick-Axe, adjaa Covering for

cent to each other.

The French Housse denotes

a Horse, which
other kinds.

we call Hovsi?igs; and likewise Coverings of The French Critics must decide, from the peculiar
to

turn of meaning annexed

idea from which
it

the

word, respecting

the

precise

is

derived.
in

From

the Covering for the Legs,

is

the

name

for a

Covering

general might be taken; yet there

another idea, which accords with a different application of the

word.

We

see, that

Housser
all

signifies

"To

sweep the dust

oft'

" a Surface; " and we

acknowledge, that the idea of a Covering or some ornament, which we express by the name of Dress,

is

666
is

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
I

connected with the Dressing up a Surface.

;

shall
it

shew, that
applied to

Dress belongs to Dirt, &c. Dressing Land.

in
It is
'

and we know, that

is

curious too, that

his

we

talk of

Dressing a Horse,.
'

the sense of

Rubbing upon

surface,'

Currying him.'

Le Duchat observes,

that the " Cheval

:

Mousse

tantot signifie un

" cheval couvert d' un Housse et tantot un cheval, qui a une " plaie, qu'on vient de Nettoyer." Here we see again, that the
idea of Cleaning a Surface
is

fully

apparent, which

is

likewise

most aptly expressed by the same term Dress, as in the phrase To Dress a wound.' Le Duchat derives the word, in the

latter
tells

sense, from Housso/V, a Brush, which

us,

is

so called, as
it

he

either from

Houx, the Holly, of which

is

made, or

from the German Auss, dehors; "d'ou aussi," as he adds, "nous " avons fait Houss, qu' on dit a un chien qu' on chasse." In

Languedoc and Gascony they use Horse

hence

for

Houss e;

and from
were
the

Menage

derives

it

from Ursa,

because

Bear-skins

used as Coverings.

Among
in

other things,

Housse
I

signifies

Covering used by
terms
for

Women

Winter;
taken

and

ought to add, that

Coverings are often

from the Rough

;

Coarse

outward garment, used as a defence against cold and that terms Coarse substance, are derived from the Bristling for the Rough

Shaggy appearance,
surface.

as
see,

connected

with the

Scratched

Thus we
the Holly.

how Housse might

shew, that Brush

denote

Fretted the Rough

belong

Bristly Covering,

as
I

connected with Houssoir, the Brush, and

shall

Houx,
to

Bristle, Sec.

each other for the same reason.

The Hough

succeeding
or

word

to

Houx

in

Menage
Hoyau

is

Hoyau,

the

Mattock.

Menage

derives

and

Houe from

Vpupa; though other French Etymologists have seen, that they

belong to the English Hoe, Hew, &c. &c.
in

Adjacent to

Hoyau

some French Dictionaries we have Houage or Houache, a Ship's Furrow; where we are directly brought to the idea of

Hough/w^

THE
HovGuing up a
the Sea
is

EARTH.
We
see,

667
Furrow
is

Surface.

that

a metaphor

taken from an operation belonging to the Ground, and to Plough

guage.

most familiar metaphors in every LanThe next term to Hoyau is Hoyer, which signifies
one of
tlie

" Ouereller, tanser, et quelquefois appeller;

"

where we have the

Irri-

metaphorical sense, annexed to these words, of Stirring up

tating
is

Provoking,

&c.,

with

that

of

Noise,

likewise.

Hoyer

the metaphor of Houer.

from Vocare. HucH^r, " Crier a dessein de

of words, denoting Noise.

Le Duchat derives Hoyer or Huyer The adjacent terms Hue, explained by Voix,
faire

entendre quelque chose

" HuER, Crier confusement," must be referred to the same race

The French Etymologists

derive these

terms from Heus, or the old French word Hus, a cry;

and they

remind us of the English word Huzza.

the English

The
same

Latin Heus, and

race.

Huzza, must be added

of

Huelte, the Owl, belong to these

shall

Huau and words denoting Noise; and we

*

to the

now be reminded

our phrase

Hue and

Cry,'

before

produced.

Among

the parallel terms for

German Hackel^w,
" Hackel^, item
will
'

" Nobis
in

Hack, we have in Skinner the To Hackle, minutim Concidere,

This remind us of our term Haggle, which means 'To Hackle or

utraque dialecto lingua Titubare."

Hack To make a bargain in a Hacking, teasing, vexing, annoying 'manner.' We talk likewise oi Nagging in a similar sense, " What
is,"

" a Nagging fellow he

which belongs

to the

same metaphor of
see, in

Notching, or making Notches or Hacks.

of

We

the

use

Haggle,

the idea of Vexing or Teasing, as

a Vellicating

Twitching
'Hack and
tiie

connected with
expect to
of the

motion

such as

we should

belong to Hack, as derived from

In the phrase

the operation

Occa.

Hafnmer,'

we ha^ea

similar metaphorical
is

meaning, though
jient as

idea of Vexing or Teasing

not so promi-

in

the

use

of

Haggle.

That authentic and popular

Artist,

668
Artist,

^R.
Nathan

R/.-C, D, G, J, K, Q,
Bailey, explains

S,T, X, Z.
"

Haggle by
this is

To

stand hard

"

in buying}''

^"d the next word to

Haggle,
the

"To

Cut

" unhandsomely."
is

We

shall

now

understand, that the

is

Haggler, and same metaphor. The

the

that the

HucKster

Higgler Hacker, by the

Ster
I

is

the termination of contempt, as in

Pun=5'/^r,' &c.,

which

have explained in another place.

The

Huckster from Hocker, (Germ.) Propola, &c., and Higgler from the German Hacke, Propola, and HeuchleVy Adulator, &c. The preceding word to Hocker, A Huckster, in my German Lexicon, is Hocker, A Bunch on the Back, which belongs In my Gerto the idea of the Raised surface by Hacking it up. man Dictionary, the adjacent word to Hocker is Hoch, correEtymologists derive

sponding with High.

but to Stir up
see,

shall

Raise

up

means nothing Hough or Hack up ; and thus we

&:c.

shew, that Hoch,

the

how Hoch, High, Hocker, the HucK5^^r, and the Bunch on Back, remote as they may appear, belong to each other.
preceding article to HucK5^^r, in
Skinner,
is

The

l{\3cvi= Shoul-

dered, Gibbus,

which he justly

refers to this

German word.

The

German HEUCHL^r,
the
idea

the Hypocrite, Deceiver, and afterwards the

Flatterer, belongs to the

same metaphor of the Haggler, under

In

of

Fraud

and Deception.

German, Knicker, or

means " Niggardly, Haggling,". &c., as my LexicoKnicker and Niggard belong to the same grapher explains it. metaphor of Notching Nicking, Sec. and in English, Nick means
Knickerisch,

'

To

Deceive

To

Nick a person
to

To Cheat a person,' &c.

in

The succeeding term

is

Haggle,

N. Bailey's Dictionary,

Haggles, " It Hails. N. C. ;" from whence we shall see, that the Cutting Hail Storm, as we express it, is that which Haggles The Radical Consonant G is lost, we see, in Hail, or Hacks.
but
it is

preserved in
(Belg.)

t|ie parallel

terms, Hcegol, Hcegle, &c. (Sax.)

Haeghhel,

Hagel, (Germ, and Dan.)

derives

produced by the

Etymologists.

Meric Casaubon

Hail

from

Chalaza,

THE EARTH.
(XaXcc^a,)

669
fact, if

which

should imagine to be the

If

the form

HL

only had appeared.

the

Hagle, &c. belongs to Chalaza, (XaXa^a,)

is

an organical addition to the L.

is

The Heckle, Hackel,

or Hatchel, &c. (Hechel, Germ.)

Flax, the Flax

the instrument for dressing

Comb; where we

are brouglit to the original idea

of VelUcating or Teasing a surface.

Tease,

Let us mark, how the term

explains
the

To Torment,
by "

belongs to the same action of Teasing or

Scratching

upon a surface.

Dr. Jamieson

Scotch

Heckle
"

To

dress Flax;" and in the second sense, " Metaph.

To

Tease with questions, to examine severely,"

coincides with the idea of

We

here see,

that

Heckle

Haggle.

Let us mark,
in the

how by

a just

impression the term

Tease was adopted

explanation, though

the writer was himself unconscious of the

coincidence of metaphor in the two terms,

primitive
idea.

when

referred to their

" also to

Nathan Bailey explains Hack by " To Jade, Hew," where we have its metaphorica Imeaning prematerial sense.

ceding

its

The term Heckle,

signifies

as applied to the

operation performed on Flax, seems to refer to two different processes.

As

a verb,

Heckle

"To

Break Flax,
it

To Hack

" or Break to pieces;"

the

and as a substantive,

appears to denote

or

Comb, with which it is Teased or Dressed. Hack, Heck, Hatch, signifies a small door, which belongs to Hack,
Cut, and
is

To

derived

from

the

idea of the

Catching motion,
Catch

annexed to
and

this

race of words, just as Carpo signifies to

means hold of, This idea however

page.

likewise
will

to

Tease
fully

or

Vellicate

a
in

surface.

be

more

explained

future

Nathan Bailey explains Hackle by " The Slough or cast-ofF " skin of a snake;" where Hackle relates to the Hirsute, Rough
Surface or Covering,

same
have

Philologist

Hackled or Teased over, as it were. Tiiis explains Hace by Harsh, Hoarse ; " where we
''

the

Rough Noise, annexed

to

the

action of Notching or

HACKm^

670
once
"

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
Surface.

HACKing up a

In Scotch, Hekkil, Heckle, means at

Hackling Comb," and Cock's Comb, or the Feathers of Teased his Neck, derived from the same idea of their Heckled

State or Appearance.

Dr. Jamieson has produced the following

:

passage from Gavvin Douglas

" Phoebus rede foule his curale oreist can stere, " Oft strekand furth his Hekkil, crawand clere," &c.

Dr. Jamieson observes, that Ruddiman " has mistaken the mean" ing of the word, as here used," when he explains it by a
Cock's Comb.
**

"

It signifies

the feathers on the neck of a cock,

and thus conveys quite a different idea from the Curale Creist, or " Comb, mentioned in the preceding line. A feather from the
" neck of a cock
still

receives this designation, as well as a fishing

" hook dressed with one of these. V. Heckle," which signifies It is not necessary to decide, to fasten by means of a Hook.
whether
it

relates

to the Feathers

on the Neck or the Comb,

as

the same idea prevails.

Let us mark, that the Comb of a Cock

Surface.

belongs, by a similar metaphor, to Comb, the instrument, which

Hackles Rowley, Heckled is

Teases
or

In

the
shall

Poems

attributed

to

applied, as

we

now

understand, with

singular

force

and

propriety

to

Savages

wrapped

up

in

the

Rough Staring, Heckled covering of Beast skins.

" Whanne Scythyannes, salvage as the wolves theie chacde, " Pe^'ncted in Horrowe formes bie nature dyghte, " Heckled yn Beast skyns, slepte uponnc the waste,
"

And

wyili the

morneyne rouzed the wolfe

to fyghte."
-f.

(Engfi/sh Metamorphosis,

1,

&c.)

Hence we
"

find the following article in Lye's

Saxon Dictionary,

Hacela, Hacele, Clamys," which means, we see, the Rough Heckled garment. The preceding term to Hacela, in Lye's Dictionary, is HACcan, To Hack, Hash, " Concidere, secando
" comminuere,'"'
In Saxon

we have

the

simple form likewise,

as

THE
as
is

EARTH.
by
iier

671
votary,

Hi^ccE, Pallium.
used.
"

In Rowley,

the verb to this simple form

as

Hope

is

addressed

oftentimes

appearing,

Hecket

ynne a myste, and wyth thyne eync yblente."

to

Here Hecket seems

be used in the

spirit

of

its

original idea.

person of Hope appears concealed and deformed to the eyes of her votary by the foul black mist, with wliich she is enveloped,
as the person of one,

The

who

is

wrapt up

in the Coarse,

Rough coverits

ing of the Heck.

terms

In

Skinner we have Huke, with

Huycke, signifying
" Palla,

parallel

Huque, (Fr.)

toga,
I

pallium
imagine,

" Belgicis fceminis usitatum," originally denoting, as

the Rough, outside Cloak or Coveri?ig.

The

words, which are in the same page with

Hack

in Skin-

Haggess, Hagger, Haggard, Hag, Haddock, Hackney, and Hack, Sepes which I shall shew, in the course of
ner's Lexicon, are
;

my

belong to the idea conveyed by Hack, To Cut, remote as they may seem from each other in their various
discussion,
all to

senses.

Haggess

is

explained in Skinner, both by "

Tomaculum

Botulus ex carne Porcina incisa," and " Faliscus venter " seu ventriculus fartus " and he derives it from Hog, " vel
;

" seu

" potius," as he adds, "a verbo Teut. Hacken, Conscindere, Disse-

" care."
explains

The Haggess
it is

is

the part

Hacked

or cut into small

pieces, before

dressed.

Mr. Grose,

in his Provincial Glossary,

and Haggis, or Haggass " The entrails of a sheep, minced, with oatmeal, and boiled in " the stomach or Paunch of the animal. Northumb. and Scotl.
Belly,"
''

Hag, Haggus,

by "

The

To

cool one's
in

Haggass,
is

to beat

one soundly."

term

Grose

HKCoenbag, which he explains

The preceding by "Mutton or

" Beef baked or boiled in pie-crust. Cornw. ;" where the idea of the Hacked Meat is, I imagine, still preserved. The Haslet,
in

French

Hastilles or Hatilles, appears to

have the same sense as

it

the

Haggess. The French Etymologists derive

from Haste, Veni.

We

672

*R. R.
see, that the

\- C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.

Haste, Hasta, (Lat.) still means the HACKfr or Cutter. The preceding term to this French word, in the Dictionary of Menage, is Hasterel, or Hastereau, which sometimes signifies Colliim; and it should seem, as some imagine, that Hasterel belongs Yet Duchat observes, that in an to the German Halz, the neck. old French Romance, the term signifies " les parties de la
" poitrine et de " Et ce soht ces
*'
1'

We

estomac

usque vers

la

ceinture

"
;

and he adds,
Rabelais avoit

memes

parties

du pore qu'a Metz,

oxx

on entend encore aujourd' hui sous le nom de Meriue Haste, " ou Hastille aussi est-ce uniquement du foye de cet animal que " sont faits les Hasterets ou Hastereaux, qu' on y mange rot is sur
ete,
:

"

le gril

a la Hate."

It

should seem from hence, that

Haste

is
is

the
the

simpler

form of

all

these

words,

and that

Hastille

diminutive.

The preceding term

to Haslet, in Skinner,

is

HASLE-Nut, which

appears in various Languages, as in the Saxon H^esel, Hasl, the

German

Hasel, the

Danish Hassel, the Belgic Haseler, &c. &c.

it is

On
"

the origin of these words

difficult

to decide.

Martinius

derives
villi

them from Hase, the Hare, " quod nucamenta sint ceu pedum leporinorum," and Skinner from the Latin Casula.
thinks,

Wachter
Hasel
is

that

both these writers

are

wrong, and that

not im-

derived from Hasel, " proprie Galerus, et metaphorice

similis."

" calyx nucis, quia galero

probable.
serves, to

This conjecture

is

The Hasel, Galerus, belongs, as Wachter justly obthe German Hut, which corresponds with the English
to

Hat, and must be referred to terms, denoting an Enclosure.

The succeeding word

WACKney,
to

Hack,

in

Skinner's Dictionary,

is

which he produces the

parallel

terms

in

other Lan-

guages, as the
the Italian

French Hacquenee, the Spanish Hacanea, Haca, Acchinea, Acchenea, Ch'niea, the Welsh Hacnai, " quod
the

" "

illis,"

says

Lexicographer,
significat."

"

Equum

conductitium

Equum Gradarium, nobis He adds, " Fort, omnia a

" Teut.

THE

EARTH.

673

" Teut. Hengsty Equus, vel saltern csetera omnia ab It. Chinea, et " hoc a Schiena, Dorsum, q. d. Cavallo di Schiena, A Backed- Horse, " a Saddle Horse, a Pad Nag." In English we use both Hack

and Hackney
Chinea, the
seen, that

and we must observe, that the n

is

only an
-

organical addition to the

C
is

or K.
entirely

We
He

see, that in the Italian

Menage has justly the French terms Haquen^V, Haquet, Haque, and Egue,
Radical

form

lost.

names
word.

for Horses,

belong to ^qiius.
in deriving the

has not however been

thought so fortunate
say Faca for Haca
Faca?ia,

Spanish ^//aa from this Latin

After having told us, that in the Dialect of Arragon they

;

he adds, that from Faca they have formed

still

and then Facanea, a term

used in Castile.

From

Facana they have formed Fana, and hence, by the addition of the Arabic
still

article,

Alfana.

If

the fact be true, that in Castile they

use Facanea, this derivation cannot be considered as impro-

bable.

Our Etymologists have not always been

referred terms to each other,

least successful,

when they have

gether dissimilar.

which appear

alto-

Evequc.

Still,

Nothing can be more unlike than Bishop and however, both the Al and the Fana are probably
I

of Arabic origin, though

have not been able to ascertain the

source from whence they are derived.

cludes
the article

Monsieur Menage con-

about Haqnenee by producing the celebrated Epigram made on his own derivation of Jlfana. " II me reste,"
says he,

"

"a faire part ici que M. le Chevalier

mes Lecteurs de
a
faite

cette belle

epigramme

de Cailly

sur

nion etymologic

"

<y Alfana.

" Alfana vient d'Eqtius sans doutc, " Mais il faut avouer aussi,
" Qu'en vcnant dc "
II

la

jusqu'icy,
la route."

a bien cliang6 sur

Hack HACKwey Equus, is the animal, Qui solum movendo Occat, who Hacks up Tears up the Ground in Moving by Trotting Galloping,' &c. The
shall

We

now
'

understand, that the

4 Q

Etymo-

674

^R.R.\--C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

Etymologists derive "Eqiius from Mquo " quod, quando quadrigis " jungebantur, JEquabantur, &c. ^ncu, Cedo, quod animal sit

" docile

0%w,

Velio

fi;4uj,

Velox,"

&c.

Our

familiar term

Horse conveys

a similar idea under the form '^RS, corresponding

with Herse, (Fr.)

The Hearse, which

it.

carries the

Dead, has

a similar meaning, and denotes the carriage, which Tears up the

Ground, by dragging over

the Noise from the action

We cannot

in these cases separate

it

itself;

and we might have brought

under the terms, denoting Noise, by Grating on the Ground.

I

shall shew, that Cart

belongs to Crush, Crash, Scratch, Grate,

Grit, Sec. Sec,

which are derived from actions on the CRT, the

appears in the Celtic Dialects,) the Ground.

Great,
the

(as

it

Horse

occurs in the Saxon and Danish Hors, the Belgic Hors, or Ors,

Runic Hross, which the Etymologists have produced, who have likewise given us the German Rosz, the French Roussin,
the Italian Ronzino,
directly

the

Spanish Rozin, which,

if

they do not

belong to

Horse, and the

Element

'^RS,

with

the

breathing before the R, must be referred to the Element RS, with The form RS will be considered in a the breathing after it.
future page.

Skinner derives

Hearse,

which he writes Hears,

and explains by " Pannus Libitinarius, capsee Funerese operimen" est enim Cadaveris " turn," from the German Hidse, Siliqua
;

" quasi exterior Siliqua: " and Junius explains Hearse by " Ce" notaphium, tumulus honorarius " and derives it from the Saxon
;

He observes too, that it means what we call a Pall, ^re, Honor. " Pannus ille, quern defuncti loculo honoris ergo insternunt."
Lye however has justly explained " tractum.'^ The adjacent words
Heath, which assuredly belong to
that the
it

by " Fer'etrum ab Equis

are

Hearse the Earth.

tb

Hearth

and
see,

Thus we

Hearse

is

connected with the Horse, for the same rea-

son as Haquen/^, UAQ,uet, the Dray, belong to the

or

Hackney,
Junius

Hack.

THE
the origin of these words,

EARTH.
I

675
have proposed for
called,

Junius has a glympse of the idea, which

when he produces the Etymology of

is

Gesner,

who

says, that

the HACK?iey

so

because he

moving up and down, such as we hear when Herbs or Flesh are Hacked or Chopped into small parts upon a dresser by two Knives. He reminds
makes
a noise with his feet, alternately
us,

moreover, that

the

Belgic vyord

for the

Horse,

which the

Latins

call Asturco, is

Klepper, which comes from Kleppen, Sonare,

resonare; and that

Kalpis,(KoiX7ri?',') in

Greek,

is

the

Itttto? ^uSia-rtig,

(Equus Gradarius,) according to

belongs our English term Gallop.

Hesychius.

To

these

words

shall

shew, that a race of

'^S*^,

words denoting Noise are attached

&CC.,

to

our Element "^RS,

under the idea of the Noise made by Tearing up or '^K, Disturbiiig the Ground, in passing over it. Perhaps the idea of
the Noise was the original notion annexed to the Element.
effect

The

of the

Horse's

Hoof

in

motion, in

its

Noise and action,

seems to have made a deep impression on the mind in every

country.
" Quadrupedante putreui sonitu quatit ungiila campum."

Though we have no evidence

which was annexed
they belong.
to these

to

decide on the precise notion

;

words, Hackney, &c.

yet

we can

certainly decide on the train of ideas,

We

and on the terms to which cannot doubt, that they belong to Hack, &c.,
on the Ground, by the operation either
Similar ideas
are

as referring to an action

of swift or slow

motion.

presented

to

the

mind, of Noise
terrae,

and

Impression

on

the

Ground

the

Occatio

whether the motion performed be swift or slow.

The name

of the

Hackney might have

been that of the Drawing or Dragging

Animal, and the idea of Drawing or Dragging is alike connected with this action on the Ground. In short, every thing coincides to, shew, that these names are connected with the train of ideas,

which

have unfolded, whatever might be the precise

notion

which

676
which

^R.R.\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X,Z.

they
originally

conveyed.

We

all

acknowledge,

that

HACKney connects itself in form with the verb Hackj and in Welsh the same union is found. The preceding terms to the Welsh "Hacnai, A Hackney Horse," in Mr. Richards' Dictionary,
are Haccio, "

To

slice.

To Hack
The

or cut, to

slit

or shve;"

and

Hac,
still

"

Cut,
is

Notch."

succeeding word to the French

to

Haquenee

Haquet, A Dray, which, according

idea,

my Hypothesis,

and means that which Hacks up the Ground by Dragging upon it. The Latin iEguo, bearing a simiThe term JEQuOf lar sound to Ec^iius, conveys a similar meaning.
conveys the same

"

To

Equal, to lay

flat,
*

and

level,"

Excisamque ^Equavit Solo,

means nothing but

*

To Hack
it,

or Rout up the Ground, for the

purpose of Levelling
the word
;

quasi Occo, Frangendi causa.'

We
I
is

see

how

is

brought to the Spot in the phrase which

moreover,
that

have
again

produced

and we know,

the

term

brought to the Spot, when /^Quor actually signifies the Surface

of the Earth.

what

is

Thus we see, how the word for Justice, as Equity, Equal, may belong to the idea of Breaking up the
its parallels,

Ground.

The term Ox, with

to
''

has been referred by Skinner

Occo, "quia,
trahit,

sc.

hoc animal tum Pedihus turn Aratro, quod

et Proscindit."

Terram Frangit

That

it

belongs to the

idea and the words, attached to Occo,

is

is, I

think, certain;

but

it

If

not so easy to decide on the precise notion conveyed by it. " quod Terram Occat Pedibus," it beit means the animal,

It may however mean the longs to the same idea as E^uus. animal employed in Ploughing, and in this sense it will agree

with the combination Ox^Gang, sometimes called Oskin, from " Ox et Gang, Itio; scl. quantum ab uno Bove Arari potest," as

The Ox might mean the animal, the Etymologists have told us. " quod OccAT," in a metaphorical sense, or the Harrower the
Router

the

Fierce Attacking

Butting

Animal.

It

should

seem,

THE
'

EARTH.
"An
Awe,"" A

677
Ox, Bull, or
Conflict, battle," as

seem, from the Irish Agh, which means at once,

Cow,""

Fear, Astonishment,

Mr. Shaw explains it, though he has placed the words in these different meanings in three distinct articles, as if the metaphorical
sense annexed to

Occo represented

the original idea.

The EtyGer-

mologists have collected the parallel terms to Ox, as the Saxon Oxa,
the Danish, Islandic, and Frisian Oxe, the Belgic OssCyOx, the

man
to

Ochs, Ochse, the

Runic Auxs, and the Goxhxc

OdioJi,

Aiihs, or

Auhsns;

which we should add the Celtic terms, which appear

in

Lhuyd,
and the

under Bos, as T%, Eidion, Udzheon,

Aithre.
b in

Ezhian, Eark, Agh,

to

Some Etymologists

refer these

words

Bos,

b-Os might certainly be only a

this point

labial

sound annexed to the

vowel breathing; but on

till

it is

not easy for us to decide

the
I

Element BS

shall

be fully examined.
in the phrase

have before produced Egg,

'To

Egg

07i,'

and

it

has been referred by the Etymologists to the Saxon Eggian, and

the Runic

Eggia," the Danish "Til Egger," Exstimulo; the French Agacer, Lacessere the Latin Acutus, the Greek Ake,
;

"Ad

(Aki7,

Acies,) and the English

Edge.

The Saxon

Ecaian, "

To

" Egg, Incitare," occurs in the same column of Lye's Dictionary with Ecean, Occare. The French Agacer, "To set the teeth on

must belong to the race of words before us and here the Element is doubled, Ag=Ac, in order to render the term more forcible. We shall now understand, that the word Eager denotes a person in a state of Excitement^
to Allure,"
;

" Edge.

To Induce, Entice,

and belongs

to

Egg, &c.

The Etymologists

refer

us to

the

Saxon Eagor, Ferox, Acer; the French Aigre, the Welsh Egr, the Italian Agro, the Spanish Agrio, the Belgic Egger; and they
again remind us of Ake,
(Axi?,)

and the Latin Acer.

Lye

justly

produces likewise the Saxon Eggian, the Islandic Eggia, Incitare; the Saxon Ecge, and Islandic Egg, Acies with which, as he says,
;

Acies

and Ake^

(Akij,)

correspond.

Skinner, moreover,

produces
the

678

^R. R.

'

- C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.
;

and he adds, " Sic word Mger, Oceanus " etiam nobis appellatur violentus ille ^stus Trentae fluvii." Let us note the explanatory term JEstus, which must be referred
the Danish and Runic
to the race of

words now before

us.

It is

a very expressive term

is

to denote a violent state of Agitation,

and

equally applied to

commotion by Fire or Heat, and Water. Let us likewise note the term Heat, which belongs to the same train of ideas. The words relating to Fire and Water, which are attached to our
the

Element, will be examined in a future page.

Terms, denoting what is Sharp; What Cuts, or Hacks, &c.

Id,

quod OccAT.

Akte. (Gr.) The Sharp Edge The Shore and of Land the Ear of Corn with the Sharp Edge or Point.

Actio, Aciitus, Acer. (Lat.)

Oxus,

Ake,

Ak-Oke, Ako,

Ahs, Ecmr, ATH^r, &c. (Goth. Sax. Greek, &c.) The Sharppointed Ear of Corn.

&c. &c. (Gr.)

Aigu, AiG=Uis^r,&c. &c. (Fr.)

Acido, Ago, AG=\Jzzare. (Ital.)

Akro5. (Greek,)
Extremity.

The Edge

or

&c. &c.

Ax,

Edge, Ecg, &c. &c. (Eng. Sax.) Heck, Ecke. (Old Eng. Germ.)

Hatchet, &c. Jx, &c. Hache, &c. &c. (Eng. Sax.

Fr. &c. &c.)

The Sharp
or Edge.

projecting Point,

Hacke. (German,)

Hatchet^

Mattock, V\ck-Ax, &c. &c. &c.

We now understand,
Excitation or

that

we must

refer to such terms as

^Gean,

Occare, Hack, &c., a race of words, which denote what is Sharpof Sharpened up, &c., and which are derived from the notion
Irritationoi Stirring

upScratching

up^Tearing
up

THE
up

EARTH.
so express
it.

679
Hence we have hcuo,
(O^uf,

Hacking up,
Akjj,

if I

may

Acutus, Acer, Acies, Acumen,

Acus, &c. &c. (Lat.) Oxus, Ak^,

Akoke, Akis, Aicume, Akous, or Akoh, AKone, AKonao,

Acer;
Akukii,

Acies Ferri;

Ax/?,

Cuspis

ferri

kixf^ri,

Cuspis;
;

Axuv, vel AKDvq, Jaculum, ab

Axjji A^tovi?,

Cos;
Src.

Axovaw, Acuo,

Exacuo

Impello, Incito,) Edge,

(EngJ

&c. &c.

with the various terms,

under the Element

Piercing

'^C,

&c., relating to the idea of

what

is

Sharp

Cuttitig, &c.,

which are

to

be found through the whole

compass of Language.
" IVhet

The

Latin

Acuo

is

interpreted by "

To

To

point

To provoke ;" and Acer, by "Sharp,

sour,

"poignant, tart, Eager, Acrimonious, virulent, Courageous, " brisk, strenuous, smart, pert, metalsome, sturdy." I have
given these interpretations, that
the various turns of sense
to

we might be

fully impressed

with

We
"

shall

Stir

up Whet Provoke,"
I

which these words are applied. unequivocally perceive, that Acz^o, " To Sharpen up
is

only the metaphorical application

of Occo.

shall not

attempt to produce the acknowledged deri-

vatives o{ Actio, Acer, as Acidus, Acettim, &c. &c., with the parallel

terms in modern Languages, as Acute, Acid, (Eng.) &c. &c., Aigu, Aigre, Aiguiser, Aiguille, &c. (Fr.) Acido, Acre, Ago, Aguzzare,

cannot however forbear producing some terms directly belonging to this race of words, about which some diffi&c. &c.
&:c.
I

culties

may

exist.

In the Latin Acerbus, the

Ac

is

acknowledged

to be attached to

Acuo; and even

the portion Acer in this

word

might belong
organical

form Acer, the adjective, with the b as an addition to the R. Yet the Erbus might belong to
to the

Herba, as the word appears peculiarly to relate to the 'Unripe' productions of Nature. In German, however, Herb means "Harsh,
" Rough, Sharp;" and to this Erbus might be referred.

The

Acer,

the Maple-tree,

is

so called, say the Etymologists, " quod

sit

" et durum ejus

lignum."

Martinius derives the

Acre German
is

Ahorn, the Maple-Tree, from Acernus.

The Acerra,

the Censer,

680
is

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
sit,

supposed by some to be so called, " quod Acerna

facta."

id ^est,

ex

" Acere

Perhaps

it

receives

its

name from

containing the

Incense, or the Sharp

Pungent Smell.
Aconitum, Herba venenata,)
ei/

The

Ako7iiton,

{Kkovitov,

is

imaseu

gined to have been so denominated, "quod in

cautibus nascitur
;

tuic

aKovaii,

yet perhaps

it is

derived from ^y^owao, (Axomw,

Acuo, Exacuo
a Sharp
fruit,

Impello,
Poison.

Incito,)

under the idea of

its

being

Violent

is

Achium or Acimis, the Stone of any derived by some from Acuo, because, as I imagine, the

Stones in comparison of the fruit are Sharp or

Acinaces, AKivuKi^g, the Persian weapon,
is

Hard

to Bite, &c,
(Ax;)

derived from Ake,

yet Vossius observes,

" In peregrinis Gra?cum quterere etymon

" insanire

est."

find

no Persian word to which

refer this term.

The
vel

Acipetiser,

can readily the Fish, has been derived " ab

I

" Accipiendo,"
*'

" quia se in Aqua Pandat

est,

vel quia

est Acie,

vel Jcumitie

Panso, hoc
that

quia lato est rostro et patente."

is

Vossius thinks,

Acipenser

quasi

Acipesner,

ab Acumine

" Pesfia, hoc est Pennse.

Nam

antiqui,

Festo teste, Pesnse et

this idea
its

" Coesnse pro Penna et Ccena."

The word under

may
Cus-

perhaps be derived from Acus and Pinso,

To
;

peck, from

Sharp

Beak or Nose. The Aich pis,) we must surely refer

the case, the

in
-to

Aichme, or Aicn-chme,
Ake,
(Ax??)

(A<%jtti;,

and

if

that should be

Ak

in

Akme, or AK-kme,

(AKfzri,

Cuspis, Acies,)

must

be referred

to the

same

source.

The Chme

or Kjne

is

Chame,

Kame, and belongs to the Element CM, denoting the Top or The Ai and the j4, however, may have only been the Surface.
representatives

some articular Prefix. The Latin Acumen might be a compound of the Ac and Cumefi, or the Me?i may be only the addition from the analogy of the Language. The origin
of

of the Greek Oxus, (O^vg,) will be acknowledged

lect the

when we

recol-

term Oxina, which actually signifies the Occa, or Harrow,

stilis.)

(0|/m, Crates dentata ferreis

The

THE
The Edge, we
see,

EARTH.

681
the Sharp Extremity^

properly denotes

and afterwards the Extremity or Boundary in general.

Ecg, Ecged, the Islandic Egg, (he Danish

The Ety-

mologists liave recorded the parallel terms to Edge, as the Saxon

Eg, the old Belgic

likewise

Egge;

and

they

have

justly

produced
the

^ke,

(Ax-,?,)

Acies, See.

Junius
H^ij,
17

records

inoreover
a-i^i^oov

terms in Suidas and

Uicecc,

Hesychius,

OfuTjj? rov

Hx?,

oPw

oPex.

In old

English

we have Heck, which

is

occurs in the

Poems

attributed to

Rowley, and
precise

interpreted

by Dean Milles, the Height.

is

The

meaning of the word

that of the

Edge, the Sharp

Projecting Point of Land.

" Stronge ynn faithfiillnesse, he trodde " Overr the waterrs lyke a Godde,
"Till he gayndc the distaunt

Hecke,
dyd
steck."

"

Ynn whose

bankes hys

staft'e

" Thenn the foulke a brydge dydd make " Overr the streme untoe the Hecke."
{Song of Seyncte Warburghe.)

Hence

is

the origin of the

it,

German Ecke, which

"

signifies, as

my

Lexicographer explains
" Spitse,
des

corner,

angle, nook,

Ecke oder
a simi-

Landes, a Point, Cape, Promontory, Fore-land;"

where, in the explanatory words Spitse and Point,

lar

we have

The same Lexicographer " Tlie Point or Tip, (the Sharp End of a explains Spitse by " " thing.) The succeeding term, in Wachter's Glossarium Germanicum, to Ecke, which he explains by " Acies, Cuspis, &c.,
metaphor of the Sharp Extremity.
and refers to the English Edge, &c,, is Ecke, " Angulus, cuspis " ex concursu duarum linearum, Graecis kyKuv, per Epenthesim,
" Latin, ylngulus, Belgic Hoek,"
is

Sec.

shall shew, that

to
this

Angulus

quasi AgguIus, and

that

it

belongs

race

of words.

Wachter, under Ecke, makes a scanty collection of the terms, which he imagines to belong to the idea of the 672ur/-pointed

4 R

object,

682
object, &c.

'^R.

R.

\-C, D,
the

G, J, K, Q,

S, T,

X, Z.
Occa, the

Among

these he enumerates

the Latin

German Egge, bearing

" Disgust,
of the

same meaning, &c. &c. &c.

The
Eck^/,

succeeding word to Ecke, in

distaste, dislike;"
its

my German
which belongs

Dictionary,
to the very

is

same idea

Sharp object, in

metaphorical sense of Teasing

Anmy

noying, Sec, just as Acerbus

means
In the

in

one sense Displeasing, as

succeeding column
of

R. Ainsworth

explains

it.

German Lexicon we have Ege,

the Harrow, the term produced

by Wachter, which points out to us the train of ideas annexed Wachter sees no connection between Ech^/, to these words,
Aversari, and
his

Ecke, though they are adjacent

but

to each other in

Glossary;
justly

he

derives Echeln

from

the

Greek KXyuv.
to

He

however

refers
jiil.

us to the Saxon Eglan, Dolere;

which belongs our term

Wachter produces, among the terms

shall understand,

attached to Ecke, Cuspis, the words Ansa, (Goth.) Mcnir, YjgIc,

and

'Eolan, Spica.

From hence we
Littus, Farina,

why Akte,
once to the

in Greek, (Axrij,

fruges,)

relates

at

Ecke, the Sharp Projecting Shore or Land, and to Corn; or originally, as I conceive, to the Sharp Ahsa, or JEcH-ir, the Ear of Under this idea we shall see how Ak^^ and Ak^, (Axti?, Corn.
Akvi,

Acies,) agree with each other.

to the

Homer

applies

High Advanced part of the Shore the Projecting Point of Land, on which the waves beat with noise and violence; and the Scholiast has justly conceived the word, as the Craggy Spot on the Sea Coast, on which the denoting

Heck,

Akte, (Ajctij,) Head-Land, or

'

waves

break.'
Agyeioi oe
jjt.ey

ict^ov,
y(.ivri<ru

ug ore

tcvf^x

AKTH

t<p

u^"?^'''

"

vorog eX9uv

rifojSXijTi a-KOTTsXu.

(B.

394, &C.)
fluctus ad

<

Argivi

vero altum clamabant,

sicut

quando

Littus

" altutn

cum eum

admoverit Notus ingruens Procurrenti scopulo." " AKTH,

THE
*'

EARTH.
Atto tou
'Treat

683
axirov kyttrQoti,

AKTH,
iO-Ti,

Tra^acQaXaTffioi
^ijO-ffBO-Qou,

tcaci

TrerfwJVf tottoc.
ra.

'*

xa< ve^ntXaaScci

KVf^uTa."

that

the

Aig
yet
I

in Aigialos, (AiyiuXoi,

might SUppose, Littus,) belonged to Akte,

(AiyictXa?,)
is

We

(Ajctij);

imagine, that Aigialos,

a compound,

and only another form of Agchialos, (Ay%/Xof, Mari vicinus, ex I have produced these words Heck, Ecke, Ayyji et AXf, Mare.) and Akte, &c.
the Ejiclosure
;

(Akt^?,)

on a former occasion,
I

(p. 1 14,) as

denoting

though

have there suggested likewise, that

In this opinion
I

Heck
state

may

belong to Edge.
present

finally repose.

on the

occasion, that the

Extremity of Land,

which

in

fact

Heck, &c. means the Sharp is the Bounding Shore, and

such was afterwards the general sense of Heck, &c.

desirous of proceeding, as far as
I"

Yet

am

am

able, in
;

my
I

investigation

on the original idea annexed

I

to

words

and
have

have now, as
the

imagine, advanced
I

to

that

point,

and

decided on

primitive notion.

produced, on a former occasion, other words,

I

as denoting the Enclosure or Boiaid; and

have nothing now to add to the observations with which they were illustrated. Some
of those words will however be again brought under consideration in a future

page of

my Work.
Farina, Fruges,) as relating to Corn,

The term Akte,

have seen, that a

(Axtij,
I

denoted originally, as

imagine, the Prickly Ear of corn.

We

German Lexicographer
Land
and
it

produces Spitze, in his

(Aktij,)

interpretation, as a parallel term to

Ecke, or the Akte,

the Sharp Point of

relates

to the Sharp Pointed Ear of Corn " Spitze

is

curious, that Spitze actually

e'lner

Kornahre.

" the Beard of a Corn Ear," as the same Lexicographer explains

it.

Thus, then, Akte,

and
for the

[Akti^,)

will

bear two senses

similar

to

Spitse,

same reason.

Let us mark the explanatory

terms, the English

the

Ear and

the

German Ahre, which convey

belonging

same metaphorical meaning, whether they are considered as

684

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
If Ear, &c.,
'^R,

belonging to the Elementary form '^R, or to "^Cr. the substantive, belongs to the form of the Element
directly refer
it,

we must
'^Cr,
it

as

we

should readily imagine, to Ear, (the verb,)

;

To

Plough, Aro, &c.

!and

if

it

belongs to the form

would be naturally referred to such terms as Hack, &c. &c. In some Languages, Ear appears under the form '^C, &c. "Cr, &c.,
and in others under that of ^R.
Aaker,
(Belg.)
(Su. G.)

Among

the parallel terms, the

Etymologists produce Ahs^ (Goth.) Aecer, Ahr,

Eare, &c. (Sax.)

Akran, (Moes. G.)

Arista, &c.;

Ahr, (Germ.)
to these
It

Aer, Ader,
the

Ather,

(A5jf,)
'

and

we must add

Scotch Echer, Icker,

Acher-Spyre,' &c.
'^S,

should seem, as

if in

these words the various forms *R,

'RS, &c. were united:

The form
form
'^Cr,

'^R in

some of them seems

letter

to be directly taken

from the

and the

seems to be a record of the Ch, as

in Ahr.

Whatever may be the mode of considering these words,

the idea,

in our arrangement of the proper forms to which they should be

referred
;

which they convey,

is

unequivocally that of
'^Cr,

the Sharp

Pointed object.

"When we consider the form

;

we

cannot but note the same form in Acer

stand, that the

and we

shall

now under-

Summus,) an adjacent word to Akte, {Axtii,) is another term of the same kind, and that it belongs to the idea of the Sharp Edge, or Ake, (Aki?,) the Top or In Scotch, AcuEK-Spyre means " To Sprout or GerExtremity.
Greek Akro5,
{Ky.^og,

" minate," which Dr. Jamieson has Justly referred to Echer, or

Aechir, the Ear of Corn,

and

Spire, the Shaip Point.

This
the

is

all

very just, except

that

Acher,
idea

in

the

compound AcHER-^^r^,
(Ajc^o?,)

conveys the general

Extremity.

of the

Akr-o^,

Sharp

To
Etra

the Greek
in

Kiwer,

(Adr;^,

Pars Spicse acuta,) belong the

Phar=ETB.A,

{^u^er^u,
^s^u,

Pharetra,

Theca Sagittarum,) the

and

Bearer or Holder (from

Fero,) of the Sharp-Pointed object

THE

EARTH.

685

and Eethra, or Eeter, in Owr= Eethra, Oz/r=EETER, (OufijS^a, Urin^ meatus, Ov^^Ttj^, Meatus urinarius, fistula urinaria, ab Perhaps Etheiha, (Edet^a, coma, caesaries, jubar equorum,) Ov^ov.)
has the same meaning of the Pricking
I

Bristly substance.
I

"While

am examining
Athara,
to the
I

the

word Ather,(a6)j^,)

cast

my

eyes on

Athera,
apis,)

or

(Afiij^a, Adcc^Uy

Pultis genus,)

which perhaps originally

(A^^iji/*?,

referred

Bearded Corn

Athr^w^,

which means,
shall shew,

imagine, the Pricking

[AvS^rivri,

Stinging Animal,
to,

Genus

of which

word Anthrene,
I

Crabro,) appears only

be another form.
to the

in

a future page, that

Ath belongs
I

form

Ath, by the organical addition of the /z. (A^fEw, Video, cerno, &c.) which may mean

find likewise Athr(?o,

to Scratch or Search into

any thing; a metaphor, as I have perpetually had occasion to observe, most familiar Athroos, (AS^oog, Confertus, in unum collectus,
coacervatus,) which
'

may convey
;

the idea of

Scratching or Scrap-

ing together, quasi Corradere

I

and Athuro,

(Afiufw,

Ludo, Lusito,)
together or

which,
'

imagine,
Stir

originally

meant

'

To

Scratch

up or about here and there, in an idle playful manner.' Let not the Reader imagine, that my idea on the original sense of these words is remote from their present meaning,
about

To
it

and that

was suggested only by the

spirit

of supporting a fa-

vourite Hypothesis.

Whether
'^T,

these words should be considered

&c., or
I

as belonging to the form

TR,
;

&c., or as

compounds

of these forms;
I

still

the idea, which

have exhibited, supplied, as

conceive, the original sense of the words

and

can prove, that

unequivocally

the terms

Athuro, and Athurma,

I

(a^u^w, A^uf^tta,)

convey the meaning, which

have here unfolded.

These terms

are applied in the very passage, quoted by the ordinary Lexico-

graphers for their illustration, to the precise action supposed in

my
feet.

Hypothesis;

namely,

to

the idle

amusement
with his

of

a boy

Scratching about the Dirt, here

and

there,

hands and

686
ViM
Ai}/

^R. R. \-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T,

X, Z.

fAx\ w? ore Tig ^ujjluQov vxi'i

ouv
TTOirjjrj

a-yx'^ daXoicrci^g,

Oot' bttbi

A0TPMATA
km

vfiTrierjcriv

auTi; <ruve;^UE

Trotriv

%f(r;v

AOTPfiN.

(//.

O. V. 361.)

We
in

cannot but perceive, that in the application of AxHURwa/dr,

(A6i/f|ttaTa,)

we have
(Afifoof)
;

the idea of Scratching or Scraping together, as

ATHR005,

and

in that of

Athurow,

{kQv^uv,)

we have
I

the idea of Scratching about, or of Scattering.

To
gine,
signifies

the

Greek Akro^,

(Axfo?,)

belongs immediately, as
(Ax^oaojua/,

ima-

its

adjacent

term AKKoaomai,

Audio,) which
it,

only "

To

Stand a Tip toe," as we express

as in a
It
is

posture of anxious listening to the discourse of another.

particularly applied,

we know,

to the act of Listening

on solemn

and important occasions, as to the Audience Chamber of Judges

trying causes; to Pupils listening to their Teachers, &c.
( AK^oxTv^tov,

Auditorium; locus in quo judices ad cognoscendam caussam conIn the same column of veniunt, Ax^oxTrn, Auditor, Discipulus.)

my Greek
have

Vocabulary, where AKRoaomai,

(AK^of2xf/.u>v,

(Ak^oxo[/.xi,)

AKRO-Bamon,

Qui

erectus

in

we summos pedum
appears,
is

digitos inceditj)

where we see the very action which

sup-

posed in

my

Hypothesis.

We

cannot but note the term Ear,

Auris, bearing the

same form,

as the

Ear

of Corn; from

whence

we might
Ear,

suppose, that they belonged to each other, and that the

was attached to the idea of the Sharp Pricking object, by the same metaphor which we apply, when we talk of Pricking The term Ear, and its parallels up the Ears Arrige Aures.
Auris,

Auris, Ous, (Ou?,) &c., pass under the

same

variety of forms, "^R,

Ear of Corn; and they seem moreover to I have connect themselves with Hear, Hark, Audio, &c. &c. collected these terms on a former occasion, (p. 109); and I shall produce them in another part of my Work, that the Reader may
'^RS, *S, &c., as the

examine them under various points of view.

On

the whole he
will

THE EARTH.
will discover, that the

687

terms for Hearing, as Audio, &c., are not directly connected with words, denoting Attention, as referred to the

Enclosure, or

Guarded Spot, according to

ideas

my

former conjecture.

Nothing

is

so difficult as to adjust the primitive notion, existing

in words,

when they convey

which the case

different senses of the Element.

which are alike attached In such examples I endeavour

to to

perform
before

all

will

admit, by exhibiting the words

my

Reader, under the various points of view in which they

may
I

be conceived.

have already produced

(p.

657,) the parallel terms to Ax,

Hatchet, Addice, Adze,

Ex,
Acas,
to

as the

Gothic Aquizi, the Saxon Msc,

Hachette, &c. &c.
I

the

French

Hache,

shall

not

attempt

produce

the different

forms in

various

Languages,
are

under which the name of the Ax, as attached to our Element,

is

exhibited;

but

shall

only observe, that

I

they

alike

to

be referred to the race of words, which

I

have here unfolded.

terms
convey-

cannot
this

however
train

forbear

producing
are

certain

ing

of ideas,

which

not

so

generally

known.

In Welsh, Hogi means

"To Whet

or Sharpen, to

" Edge or point," which the Lexicographers in this

have referred to Qriyu. Awch likewise " Siiarpness of a weapon or tool " and
;

make a Sharp Language means " The Edge or

it

denotes, moreover,

" Vigour, liveliness, vehemency." with the meaning of AKme,

(Ajc[^vi,

These senses precisely coincide

Welsh,
likewise,

Acies, Vigor.) In
;

Egalen and Agalen signify

Lexicograpliers refer to

and these terms the the Cornish and Armoric Agolan, Igolen,

Whetstone

and the Greek Akone,

(Axovt;.)
is

my Welsh
On

Dictionary,

The preceding word to Egalen, Eg, An Acre; where we are brought

derived.

in

to

the spot, from which

it is

the opposite side of the page, in Mr. Richards' Dictionary,

we have Egr, " Sour, sharp, tart, biting. Eager, " To open " and this he has justly referred to
;

poignant, Egori,
the

Greek Oigo,
{Oiyu,)

688
(O.yw,)

^R.R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
which,
as

we now

see, relates

to

the

Breaking up, or Opening of the

U^/jy,

Ground; Ehagr,
;

HACKm^ up
or

Hagr,

Eg r^'^/, Hoarseness; Egrjw, Fear, trembling; and Egr, an Acre: where we are brought Adjacent to the term Hagr, we have to the original spot. " To slice, To Hack or Cut," &c., where we see the Haccio, In the adjacent column we find Haeddel, Arm. Haezl, true idea.
D^orme-f/;

Eh EG R,

Swift, &c.

plough Handle
{"E-x^tXyj^

Echetle,

which Mr. Richards has referred the Greek This Greek word Echetle, or Echtle, Stiva.)
;

to

surely belongs to these Celtic

terms, which

seem

to bear

the

same form
terms
in

as

Egal^w, Hackle, &c.

In examining

the

few

Element,
I

Lhuyd's Armoric Vocabulary, which belong to our and are adjacent to Haezl, " The Plow Handle,"
likewise
'

find

Hagr, and

Hegacc, To Egg, or Provoke, from

is

which the French

toss;

Agacer'

directly taken;

Heg^^,
Bread;

To

shake,

Hezr, Hydr, Bold; Hes2,

Wociuet,

Slice of

HESgr^^w,

A
in

Saw;

Harrow; Houch,

Hog.

Surely the Haez,

Haez/, belongs to these terms, HoQwef, &c., and denotes the

Plough Handle, from the general idea of the property of the I find, likewise, Heus, the Boot, which bePlough in Cutting.
longs to Hose, &c.,

Harz,

Hindrance; Harzal,

To

bark like

a dog; where

we have

the

Harsh

Harsh Noise; Hoars, Hoars/w, we have still the Loud Harsh Noise; and Viocan, A HawthornThe HoucH, adjacent to Hoq?<^^ the Harrow, will shew berry. us, that the name for this animal. Hog, and its parallel terms.
Us,
the
(Tf,) s-\5s,

Hard obstacle, and the Laughter, To Laugh; where

or

&c. &c., are derived from the idea of Routing up

Occando Terram. We shall imagine, too, as I conceive, that the Hocan, the Hawthorn-berry, is attached to and the UoQ^uet, the Harrow, under the idea of the Prickly thorn this might lead us to conjecture, that Haw, quasi Hawgh, and its

Ground

ab

parallels

Hedge,

&c., might

mean

the Prickly object, applied as the

Fence.

THE
Fence.
If this

EARTH.
fact,

689
Hedge Hack as

should be the
to the

we

shall then see, that

and Edge belong

of

a Lincolnshire term for

same idea. Skinner produces a Hedge, where we have the very form

Hack, To Cut.
is

have supposed, however, in another place,

I

that the Fence

the original notion; yet in this probably

am

mistaken, though the idea of the Fe}ice

now

only exists in the

Under the form of ^CL, we have in Welsh Archolli, To Wound; Urcholl, A Wound; and Erchyllu, "To look " fierce and gastly Erchyll, Horrible, dreadful, terrible. ' Q. wh. from Erch, and Hyll," says. Mr. Richards. Erch
word.
;

means "Horrible, dreadful, terrible;" and it denotes likewise " The Proper name of a place. The ORcades," saith E. Lh.
ORcades may perhaps be derived from
this

word.

In the same
;

column we have ERcnzuys, Hunting Dogs, Hounds Erchi, or Arch, To ask, To request; Ercwl/, Hercules. 1 have had perpetual occasion
to

observe,
is

that

the

sense

of Asking

for,

or

Searching after any thing,

or Routing up

derived from the idea of Stirring up

the Dirt or Ground, as in Scrutor from Scruta.

'

Hunting Dogs,' we perceive the same idea. We might imagine, that the name of Hercul^^ belongs to Erchyll. The term exists in the Teutonic Dialects, as Herkul, " Unus ex posteris Titanum," says Wachter, who derives it from
In the sense of the

*Her, Exercitus, and KuUe, Caput, Dux, seu Caput Exercitus,' which There is another conjecture of is a very probable conjecture.

Wachter, that Hercules means Clava

Kule, (Scythice,) in Greek Kelon,
*'

Terribilis,

from Keule, Kyle,

(KriXov,)

Clava, and

"Her, TerriGermaniin this

bilis,

vel

Erch, ejusdem

significationis,

quorum

illud

" cum, hoc Brittanicum."

In this derivation of

Her

and Erch,

we see^how
origin
in the
I

the Teutonic and the

Welsh terms agree; and

acquiesce.

Wachter might have seen the form of *RG

in the

Teutonic Dialects, as
'

preceding column of his Glos-

sary

we have HEKoen,

Vastare.'

In

690
In

^R.R.'\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
Spanish,

Hooico means " The Snout, the nose of an ani" mal j" Hocicar^, "To break up the Ground with the Snout;"
and Hoc/wo
signifies "
is

A Bill,

sort of Hatchet with a

hooked point."
'^C

The Hoc=Ic

nothing but the Elementary form

In

doubled, in

order to express more strongly the idea.

Hocino we have the

here see,

form of AxiNE and Oxine,

{olivn],

Occa.)

We
as

ideas of 'Stirring up the Ground,' and of Hack/^, or the

how the Hatchet,

idea,

are connected with each other.

its

The Hog,

we have
to the

seen, with

parallel

terms Us,

(r?,)

and 5-Us, belongs

same

and means the animal which Routs up or Houghs up the Ground.

A
*'

word under the same form Hog, " Ovis Bimus, vel Secundi anni," which is sometimes called Hogget, conveys the same

fundamental idea, with another turn of meaning.

called
its

The Sheep

is

Hog, from the idea of Carping up or over a Surface, or from

biting.

Twitching Vellicating mode of Nipping Tzvitching or said to Nibble, from

Carphig
its

Sheep

is

Catching

mode of
is

biting;

and

in

the

Dialect
is

of

the

North, a

Sheep

called

a Nepper, or Nipper, and

said to

Nep or Nip.
k^vog,)

In Aoniis
see the

we

have the same idea

*

and

in

Ars,

(A^?,

we

form

RS, as

before observed.
in

sembles most the Sheep

in Italian,

The Goose is an animal which reits close mode of biting; and hence,
Italian

we have

the Oca, which directly connects itself with

Dictionaries,

the
'

succeeding word in our

as

"Occ^r^-,
it.

To
The

Harrow, to Grub,"

my

Lexicographer explains

Latin Glossaries give us the terms Aiica;

and

in

Spanish and
represents the

French we have Oca, and Oye, or

lost

Oie,

where the

Elementary

Consonant.

In

the

term "P^c/^Auque,

pied

" A' Oie, Pes AuCiE," " with which corn

" ravin; a

we have

the true form.

Again, in Spanish,
is

Hoz

signifies a " Sickle, a reaping

it

Hook,

cut down; " and

means likewise a " Defile,

narrow pass," where we have the idea of the Hollow; and the verb Hozar means, " To Grub, to turn up the Ground

"as

THE
" as Hogs do with

EARTH.
my
Lexicographer,

691
Mr.NeuDictionary we have
;

their snouts," as

same column of his HoYA, "Hole, cavity, pit," "Hueco, Hollow, empty," &c. and likewise Hvcar, " Hooker, A kind of Dutch-built vessel," and
it.

man, explains

In the

HucHA, " A
Hollozo.
its

large
will

chest,"

Sec,

which,

we

see,

signifies

the

This

remind us of our English word Hutch, and

Fr.) &c., which
I

parallels Hzvcecca, Huche, (Sax.

have before

derived from the idea of the Enclosure, or

Securing and Preserving any thing.

for Preservitig

Hut, for the purpose of That it means the Enclosure.

and that
is it

any thing

is

certain,

is

directly con;

nected with words bearing that meaning

extremely probable

yet

it is

not easy to adjust the precise idea, from which the sense

The Spanish term Hucha seems immediately attached to words which express the Hollow, made by HACKi?ig up the Ground and from this source the sense of yet the Enclosure of the an Enclosure is commonly derived
of the Enclosure was derived.
;
:

Hedge and
Thorny
consists.

its

parallels

seems

to

belong to the idea of the Sharp

HACKing
Still

substance, of which the Fence of the

idea of the Hollow,
as

Hedge

however the

from the

Hacked

up Surface, will sometimes be so involved with that of

it

the Enclosure, from whatever source

shall be unable to separate the

may be

derived, that

we

one frotn the other.

Milton has

applied

Hutch,

as a verb, as relating to metals, deposited in the

" In her own loins

bowels or Hollow of the Earth.

" She

Hutch'd

th' all-worshipt

ore and precious gems."

(Comus.)

Warton

explains the

read Hatched.
Dictionary,
is

word by Hoarded, though he would rather An adjacent word to the Saxon Hzvcecca, in Lye's

the same Work, we have Hus, An House. Among the Celtic terms for Sus, in Lhuyd, I find the Welsh " Hu;^," the Cornish " Hoh, Ho%," and the Armoric Gues, Guesen. Let us
in

the Gothic

Huzd, Thesaurus;

and

opening of

this

mark

692

^R.R/.--C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

mark the Armoric and Latin Gues and Sus, which belong to the English Sow, quasi Sog. The Etymologists properly refer Sow
to the

Saxon Sugu, the Belgic Soegh, Souwe, &c., the German It is agreed, that Us, (Y?,) and 5= Us Sazu, and the Latin Sus.

coincide; and thus

we

see,

how

these forms pass into each other.

that such

Hence we might
and 5=Eco, &c.
observe,
that

conjecture,

belong ultimately to
this

words as A=Ack, &c. each other. I must still

however

may

be,

when

the forms are once

constituted, they

may be

considered as distinct forms, invested

with peculiar veins of meaning appropriate to each.

The term Hog,

a passage in

the Sheep, will remind the learned Reader of

Bochart,

who

observes^

that

Ram
aut

in

Arabic

is

expressed by
*'

"(J^^ Hamal,

aut

^J^j^

Chebs,

^^

Saphi,

aut

si sit

procerior _^.^3=^ Giuchgiuch, et

ii.

f^^f^ Hug=Hug."

{Hieroz.
gine, to

lib.

c.

43.)

our term Sheep,

The Chehs and Saphi belong, I imathe Hamal to the German Hammel,

Weather; and the Hug=Hug probably to the Hog. In Persian, and the word preceding this in Mr. Richardjl)\ IzAR is a Sheep son's Dictionary, under the same form, signifies " Chiding, re-

" buking, reproaching, scolding, T^flz/w^, affronting, reprimanding, " importunity." The succeeding term is the verb ^t^ljl
Azarden,
" tune;"
tionary,

"To
and

Hurt, offend, injure, vex, revile, disturb, imporin

the

same opening of Mr. Richardson's Dicunder the form

;^tijijl

we have

this verb

Jzurden, "

To

" injure, Harrass, disturb, vex, trouble, offend, rebuke, reprove, " reproach, disgust, afflict." Here, as we see, is the precise
metaphorical idea, which
is

annexed

to the

race of words

now

under discussion; and the explanatory term Harrass, we know, Whether the the Harrow, or Herse. is directly taken from
Persian_^IJI Azar belongs to our Element
decide.
'^Z,

or to ZR,

cannot

Caper, the Goat, belongs probably to Carpo;

(A.|, kiyo?,)

and the
the terms

Greek- Aiks, Aigo^,

might be referred

to

now

THE
now under
AiKS,
(A<|,)

EARTH.
its

693
Yet perhaps
Ruo,

discussion,

from
its

mode of Eating.

belongs to

adjacent term Aisso,

;

(Aia-a-u,

cum

impetu

feror,

Ingruo, Irruo

Festino,)
its

from the idea of Agitation, or from

and has been so called Nimble, Hurried motions.

(A/^, atyo/;,) the

A term

under the same form as Aiks, Aigo5,

;ko?,

Goat,

the succeeding word Aiks, Aiko^, (a<|,

motus

violentus,
is

im-

petus fluctus,) seems to decide, that this peculiar idea

to the animal,

annexed

and that

it is

not derived from

its

mode

of Eatijig.
it is

When
is

two ideas might equally

afford the origin of the word,

oftentimes difficult to be decided in our choice.

probably derived from Carpo, from

I

its

Though Caper Carping mode of Feeding,

Caper,

if

may

so express

it;

we know,

that

To

leap about,

Capricious, &c., are taken

from the motions of the Caper.

refer

The
and

Latin

Hjedus might belong to Edo, and be derived from the

in

mode
Varro

which
us,

it

Eats. The Etymologists

This

it

to Fcedus;

tells

that

the Sabines used Fedus for Htxdus, as they

did Fircus for Hircus.

may

indeed be the origin of Hcedus,

and the Sabine form Fedus adds some authority to the conjecture. If Hircus be quasi Fircus, and belongs to the Element FRC, it must be referred to such terms as Ferk, Ferret, and is derived from
its

quality of Butting

Pushing,
to the

or Driving at objects, with

to

its

Head, &c.

Hircw5 however might belong

our Element '^RC,

under the idea of the YiiKsute, or Rough animal.

I

must again recur

to us

Hog, the young Sheep,

This word
is

as

it

will

open

another source of enquiry.

used like-

wise with the same idea in the Scotch Language, as Dr. Jamieson
has properly noted
;

and the terms belonging

it

to our

Element,

which are adjacent to

lowing
:

in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary, are the fol-

Hog, Hoggers, Hogmany, Hogry Mogry,

Hog

Score,
J.

Hog
the

Shouther, Hoy, quasi Hoj.

Hog,

in Scotch,

says Dr.

"

in

" diversion of curling," is, " does not go over the distance

" the name given to the stone, which

Score.
S.
It

seems,"

adds

this

Writer,

694

^R.R.\-.C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
its

Writer, " to be denominated from

laziness,

and hence the

perceive, in

" distance line

is

called the Hog=Score."

We plainly

the combination HoG=Score, that

Score,

Hog

has a similar meaning to

Hacked out, Scratched out Score or Line. The Cut, under the same relation. Hog, Score belongs to Scar To Shog ;" and HoGshoiither means "A game in Scotch, signifies " in which those who amuse themselves justle each other by the
and means the

'^

" Shoulders."

Dr. Jamieson

has

justly

commemorated,
move, shake,
to

under

these words, the Islandic

to

Hagga,

"To

Jog;"

which he might have added the Scotch and English term Hitch, which Dr. Jamieson explains by " A motion by a jerk,"
to

and

which he has justly referred the French

Niti.

HocJier,

and the

Saxon Hicgan,
Twitching

In

Hitch we
;

see the idea of a Vellicating

Catching

motion

and accordingly

we

find,

that

Hitch means likewise that, which Hitches

the

in Scotch,
in,

"A

loop, a knot,"

where we have

or Catches.

In other words too

we

see

same idea of Agitation

as

connected with a

Twitchi?ig

Desultory motion. In French, " Hocher la tete" means, "To Wag " the Head in sign of contempt." Hochet is "A Child's Rattle,"

and HocHE^Queue, "The bird, called A Wag-X.2i\\." Wocers means, in Scotch, "Coarse stockings without feet," which belongs to Hose,
the covering for the lower part of the person, the

Hock,

the part

which Hacks up the Ground. We have likewise Hoeshins, bearino- the same meaning, which Dr. Jamieson properly refers to the
shall Saxon Scin=Hose, Ocrete, or Shin=Hose. The Hogmany consider on another occasion, where I shall shew, that Hog means
I

High, which signifies the Stirred tip or Raised tip part. Dr. Jamieson has properly referred Yiocry Mogry, Slovenly, to the English Hvggek= Mugger, and the Scotch HvDGE=Mudge,
or HuGGRiE^JVfz/^^nV, in a clandestine concealed manner. might record in this place the expressions Hodge-Po^^^, HocusPocus,

We

HvDEKon-Duderon, (Scotch,) Slovenly, &c.

HAsu-Methram,
(Scotch,)

THE
(Scotch,)
*

EARTH.
disorder,

695
turvy;'

In

state

of

topsy
"

HiggledyHuddle,

Pigledy,

Huddle, Hudeln, (German,)

spoil

To
may

bungle,

"

shuffle, hurry,
;

work, do

it

helter

skelter;"

Husle,

&c. &c.

all

which words,

different as they
idea,

appear in sense,

convey the same fundamental

broiled in a

as relating to matters

Emand

state of Disturbance

Confusion Disorder,

&c.,

which would aptly be derived from the idea of Dirt or

Stirred or
It is

Mud

Mixed together

as in a Co7ifused Heap or Mass,

to various

Sec. Sec.

impossible so to adjust a general explanation, as to express

the peculiar

meaning, attached

words, which convey

different portions of the

same

train of ideas.

The Reader, howits

ever, will sufficiently understand the

fundamental idea in

various

applications, and will be duly directed to the

common

origin from

which they are taken. The Muggrie, Mugger, Mudge, unequivocally

Podge means a Mixture of The Podge and Poc, in Pocus, belong a Mud-like Consistency. Paste Pudge, (a Muddy Ditch,) to such terms as Pudding
belong to
that

Mud; and we know,

Puddle, &c., and ultimately, as

In such phrases as
'

shall

shew, to the Pedow,

The

business

is all

Mud Muddy Muddled,'

Hodge,
it.

(UsSov.)

we have

a similar metaphorical application.

if I

the clown,

is

the HoDGE.=Podge figure, terms, in which

I

may

so express

can find no

can so aptly convey

the| idea of this

word

to the

we have the Bump= In vulgar Language we use Stodge or Lump Kind of personage. in a sense similar to l{o\>Gz=Podge, " The Porridge is all of a ** Stodge;" and we talk of a Stodge figure. Squab is used in the sense of Soft Stuff of a Podge or Pudge consistency, if I may so In Squabble, we say and we talk likewise of a Squab figure.
mind of
Reader.
In the word Bump=kin
;

my

have the sense of Embroilment

sion, &c.

Commixture Disorder Confuor

N. Bailey explains Squab by " A'Soft stuffed cushion,

also a thick fat

" or stool;

man

woman;

'

and he interprets
Squabbled,

696

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
when
several lines

Squabbled, in one sense, as used by Printers, "

" are Mixed one with another."

In Squibble Squabble,

we

see an

attempt to express strongly the idea conveyed, similar to that which we see in Hodge^ Podge ; though in one case, words under
the

same Element are

repeated, and in the other, words

under

Hodge, the Clown, belong the names Hodges, HoDson, HvsDson, WoncEkms, HoDokinson, HvTcmnson, HusKisson, &c. &c. In Hodge^/w we have a similar
different

Elements are joined.

To

compound
to Roger.

to

Bumpkin.

Skinner considers

Hodges

as belonging
his

The preceding word

HocKley
in the Hole,

to Hodgekins, in

one of

Voca-

bularies, is

which he derives from the Saxon

In Hoc,

Hoc, Lutum seu coenum profundum.

we

at

once see the

conjecture,

Hodge and
;

this, I trust, will

decide on the truth of

my

respecting the origin of HoDGE=Pofch.

In Hocus Focus

we have an attempt

ing by adding a Latin termination to

sense, as

meanwords conveying the same

to heighten the

Hodge= Podge,
state

in order to give the idea of a

Hodge&c.

Podge

Confused
tongue.

of
if

matters,
it

trickery
all

jargon,

as

perfectly unintelligible, as

were

turned into Latin, an

unknown

Ouatere, and

Skinner derives Hocus Pocus from Hocher^ Pocher, " Digito, extrudere, et quasi Effodere;"
to terms connected with the idea,

where we are brought

have
given

which

of Agitation

Stirring

up

Digging

up.

Skinner

however gives us a very extraordinary reason for this derivation. " Totum enim istiusmodi artificum mysterium in eo consistit, ut
" pilas vel sphaerulas in vasculis seu pyxidibus quassent, et digitis " quam celerrime motis res immissas surripiant." It is unnecessary,
I

conceive, to add,

what some imagine, that Hocus Pocus

is

not

derived from Hoc

stantiation.
I

est corpus, as

alluding to the doctrine of Transub-

cannot forbear producing an odd coincidence in a

it

Persian term, as

appears with the interpretation of Castell,

who

explains

THE

EARTH.
:

697

explains^lj ajl=wHkh bar thus; "Belg. Een Hokes Bokes Speelder, " Qui oUis, s. capsulis ludere novit ad sui admirationem Prse-

"

stigiator, qui

manuum

agili dexteritate facit, ut

res alias

appa-

" reant circumstantium

AJiii.

oculis,

quam

revera sunt."

The term

Hkh is explained by Castell to be the "Olla Apothecaria, in " quasyrupi etconservae custodiuntur;" and by Richardson, simply " A Box." In the same column of this latter Writer's Dictionary,
where Hkh or Hekke
"rubbing.
is

found,

we have

the Arabic

Hekou,

y'i-^

" The Notched end of an arrow," and Hekk, UCL. "Scratching,

Scraping,

erasing.

Boring,

Digging,

piercing;"

where we have the true sense of the Element. The Persian Hekke is probably the Hutch or Hollow of the Chest, Box, &c.

The Scotch Hoy is quasi Hoj, or Hog, just as Hoe belongs to Hough and it is explained by Dr. Jamieson, " To urge on. To " incite;" where we see the sense o^ Stirring up. The next word
;

is

Hoyes, " a term used in public proclamations, calling attention.

It is thrice

"

repeated,

S.

Oyes, E. Fr. Oyez,

Hear

ye.

It

is

also

" used by Skene," adds " improperly, as equivalent

If

Dr.
to

Jamieson,
in the

" although
phrase

perhaps

Hue,

Hue and Cry."

and
find likewise, as

Hoyes belongs to Hue,

it

must be
Fish,

referred to Hoy, &c.,

Sec.
I

the terms denoting Excitement

adjacent terms,

Stirritig up,

"The Hoe

Hoe Mother," denoting

is

the

" Piked Dog-Fish and the Shark;" where Hoe

used in the

sense of the ravenous, or annoying animal, which Hoes

Houghs
Pike
Prick

Hacks Wounds, belongs, we know, to

up
Stick, &:c.
;

or the

which

Hooks

in.

The term

idea annexed
is

to

Piquer

to

and the Shark

derived by the Etymologists

from

a Saxon word, which signifies to Cut, and from the term Search.
It

belongs to Search

Scratch, &c.
Hecket,

In Skinner

we have Hako^,
is

(Eng.) Hacod, (Sax.)

(Belg.)

Hecht, (Germ.) denoting

the Lucius, or Pike; and the

preceding term to this

captare.

Hake,
to

(Eng.)

Haecken, (Belg.)

Rem

These words belong

4 T

each

698
each

*R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
other,

and

the

Fish means
I

the

ravenous

animal,

which

Hooks

up,

or Catches.

shew

in

another place, that the idea

in,
is

of Seizing

Catching, or
Catching
WhTtviock

YiooKing up or

derived from the

action of Hack/V/^ up, or

ViooKwg up

a Surface, with a Vellicating

if
I

Plucking
it.

Scratching

motion,

may
It
is

so express

The

belongs to a

similar idea.
signifies,

sometimes

called in

French Merluche, which

as

the Etymologists

suppose, Maris Lucius, the Sea Pike.

Again, in Scotch

we have
;

the Wos^-Fish, Cuttle-F'ish, where the true form

Cuttle probably belongs to Cut,
for the

appears

and
next

same reason.

The
to

term
"

is

the HosE=iV^^,

which

Dr. Jamieson supposes

be

small net, affixed

to a pole,

resembling a Stocking used in

" rivulets."
should

This may be
that

the

meaning of the term

of Catching,

yet

we
is

remember,

the

idea

or Seizing,

generally connected with the idea of

HACKing

up, or

HooKing up

and thus we
nected with
Dictionary sense
is

see,

how

the Cuttle-Fish and the

Net may be con-

each

other.

The

next

Host, Hoist,

"To
talk,

word in Dr. Jamieson's cough;" and in the second

;

we have " To
shall shew,

Belch up, to bring forth," &c.

where we see

the idea of Stirring up.

We

and

that

Cough Catch,

moreover, of a Hack/^ Cough

and

Cut,
is

belong to each

other for the

*'

same reason.

The

an

interjection

of surprize,

Hosta, " Used as and perhaps of some degree of

next word
expl. See here.

" hesitation.
"
it."

Ang. Husto, Husta, Aberd.

is

See to

This

a word of Excitement to attention, which will be

considered in a future page.

The terms
Dictionary, are
is

adjacent to HoTCH=Potch, in Dr. Jamieson's Scotch

Hotch, "To move the body by sudden jerks, which and he has justly recorded here the another form of Hitch
;

German
" HouD.

Hutsen, the Belgic Hotsen; HoTT^r,

the idea of individual motion;"

"To crowd
to
side,

together,

"conveying

and likewise
*'

"To

To

Wriggle, to

move from

side

whether
walking

THE
" walking or sitting."
refers us to

EARTH.
this latter

699
word
Dr. Jamieson

Under

Hoddin,

"A

term expressive of the Joggling motion

who rides a horse that moves stiffly, and who receives in " his own body the impetus of every movement." In the same page with this latter word we have HocKerty^Cockerty, "To ride on one's
'

" of one

shoulders with a leg on each.

This
to

in

Ang.

is

called Cock.erty=

" Hoy,"

where Hocmerty

relates

the

vvriggling
is

unsteady

motion of the person so sitting; and

Hoy
;

quasi

Hoj or Hock^

bearing the same meaning. The next word is Hockit, "apparently " for HoTCHETT, moved clumsily by jerks " and the next, Hocus,
"

stupid fellow, a fool, a simpleton," which contains a similar

somewhat a different manner. We have moreover Hoddle, "To Waddle " HoDDiE, "A Carrion-Crow;" Hodden Grey, "A term used with *' respect to cloth worn by the peasantry which has the natural
it

idea to Hocus, in

Hocus Pocus, though

is

applied in

" colour of the wool."

The form Hoddle

will

remind us of

Huddle,
motion.

wiiere

we

likewise see the idea of Desultory, unsteady

Dr. Jamieson observes, on the term Hodden, " Perhaps

rustic, clownish,

" from E. Hoiden

from German Heide."

The

term

Hodden, as denoting the vulgar, clownish colour, belongs to the idea of the Hoddin, denoting the Vulgar Clownish Mo//om.

Hoiden,

in

Enghsh, means the vulgar person, only

Unseemly Disorderly Motion
;

as
it

it

is

con-

nected with

and hence

is

applied

to the vulgar,

romping

Girl.

we

are brought at once to the

German Heide the Heath, Ground the Eat-th. To the form

In the

of Hoiden belongs the ancient word for a Dance, which Nathan

Bailey represents by
as he explains
it.

Haydegines,
occurs in the

"A

Country dance or round,"

attributed to

It

Poems

Rowley

and

is

applied to

the dance of Rustics.

In the third Eclogue

a clown says,
"
"
I

(launce

tlie

best

IIeiedeygnks,

And

foile the

wyscst feigucs."

We

700

^R. R.
here see, that

\C, D, G, J,K,Q, S,T, X, Z.

Heiedeygne
is

We

used as a disyllabic, as

it

ought
"
;

to be, corresponding with the

word Hoiden.
still

Chatterton explains

the term

as

"

Country dance

practised in the North

**

and Dean Milles properly adds

" country dance."

in the Glossary,

Romping
place

Among

these terms, denoting Desultory motion,

we must

our phrase Hoity Toity, to which we must add the Scotch " To " HoiT, HoYT, To move in an ambling but crazy manner," says " Dr. Jamieson, " to move with expedition, but stiffly and clum"
sily.

S.

The term
One, to

is

often used to denote the attempt

made

" by

a corpulent person to

move

quickly.
is

Hoit,

A
is

Hobbling
said to be

" motion.
''

whom

this

motion

attributed,
is

at the

Hoit."

We
This

here see that

Hoit

applied, by

way

of

ridicule, tothe

awkward attempt
is

of an animal, naturally slow, to

in

bustle forward.

probably the sense of Hod,

" Hod=
shall

" Mandod,

Shell snail," as

Mr. Grose explains

this

it.

We

when we " Hoddy. learn the preceding word in Mr. Grose's Glossary. "Well, pleasant, in good spirits. I'm pretty Hoddy." The
have
little

doubt respecting the truth of

conjecture,

snail

is

called likewise

be an inversion of

A Dod=Man; and the Man=Dod seems this word. A Dud-Man is a Man made
j

to

of

Duds, or Rags, a Scare-crow

'

and

it

then means "

it;

Hobgoblin,

a Spright," as

N. Bailey explains
I

and afterwards, perhaps,

that

the ugly, disagreeable' animal.

once thought,

Dud=Man

meant the animal or

combination
the same
specific

creature, crawling in the

object,

Dust; yet as the

it

exists, applied to a different

has probably

meaning

in

both cases.

Dud means
in

Rags,

from the loose broken Dust.

The succeeding words

Grose to

Hodmandod, which belong to our Element, are " Hog A Sheep * of a year old. North. Sometimes called Hoggrel,'' which we have just explained " Hog. To Hog, To carry on the back.
;

North.;" where

Hog may

perhaps relate to the unsteady motion

in

THE
in

EARTH.
the

701

such a

position,

as

in

Scotch

UocKerly,

" Hoggets.
is
;

"

Hog Colt;

colts of a

year old. Hampsh.;"

where the term

transferred

from a young sheep to

Boy."

another young animal

HoiT,
the

"An awkward

The

preceding article to

Hoddy

is

HocKEK= Headed, "

Fretful,

passionate.

Kent."

Here we

see

two opposite senses of Pleased and Displeased, from the same Mr. Grose has very happily explained radical idea of Excitement.

Hooker by

Fretful;

where

in the

term Fretful we have the very

derived

same metaphor of

Irritability,

as

from the action of

Fretting or Scratching a Surface.

In Chaucer

we

have the terms

Hoker and HoKER/y, which

Junius explains by Morosus, Contu-

max, &c., and which he has properly enough referred to one of

the terms belonging to this race of words, the French Hocher.

In

Saxon, Hocer and Hocor mean "

shall

Irrisio,

contumelia;"

and

we

now understand
a

the origin of our colloquial word

;

Hoax

To

Hoax

person, Irridendo Perstringere

where, in Perstringere,

To

Graze or Scratch upon a Surface, we have a similar metaphor.

Husce means " Contumelia, contemptus, opprobrium* '* convitium," as Lye explains it; and under another form we have Hucse, Hucx, which he explains by " Ironia, contumelia, " Mid HucsE, Cum Ironia, derisorie, contemptim." The sucIn Saxon,

ceeding word to this Saxon term, in Lye's Dictionary,

is

HvDenian,

"Excutere;"

where we have another of these terms, which

In the phrase "
idea of

denote Jgitation, &c.

To Hoax
Stirring up

on the dogs,"

we have
The

the

same

Exciting

Eoaing

on.

original sense of Hocer will be manifest from the preceding

in

and adjacent words

Lye's Saxon Dictionary, Hoc, Hoce, Hook,

I

Uncus; and Ho.

calx.

shew

in another place, that the

Hook

is

Hough/^ up the Ground, and that the Ho is the part which Hoes Houghs up the Ground. another In the succeeding column we have HoEHxan, Persequi turn of meaning, derived from a similar metaphor. In German, Hoit^
derived from the action of

Hook/^

or

702

*R.R.\--C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
horses turn to

of Excitement. In the phrase " Es will nicht recht Hotten," which my Lexicographer explains by " It will not go or advance rightly," we see
at once the idea of Excited or Quickefied motion.

HoTT^w means " A Cartman's crying to make his the right hand;" where we have likewise the idea

In

German and
as explained

French,
'

Hotte

is

a Basket,

"qu'on attache," says Menage, " sur

the Hollow,

les epaules."

in

may belong to the idea of motion, Hog, Hockerty or it may denote the Hutch,
It
;

which
Hoist,

have before

illustrated.
is

The
words
idea

preceding word to Hoit, in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary,

To

cough

which again confirms

my

opinion, that these

for Noise,

belonging to our Element, are derived from the

of Agitation

Stirring

up, &c.

denoting a Vellicating
"

Tivitching motion, we must add the Scotch

Again,

among

the

terms

HowDER. To move by succussation, S. To Hatch, synon." The next word to this, in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary,, is "To " HowDER. To Hide, conceal;" which means to Agitate or Stir together, so as to bury up and conceal. This will shew us, that my explanation of Hu gger= Mugger is just. The preceding terms are Howdy, " A Midwife " and To Howdy, " To act the part " of a Midwife, to deliver a woman in labour;" where we see,
;

that

Howdy

relates to

an operation, in which a person

in the pains

of labour HowD^r^. of the

relation

Dr. Jamieson does not seem to be aware

these

of

terms.

In
is,

the

same column of

this

Writer's Dictionary, where

we see a term to which it ultimately belongs. We here find How, "A Hoe, an instrument " for Tearing up the surface of the Ground " and the succeeding word is How, Hou^ " a term used to denote the sound made by " the owl." Here we again see another proof, that the idea of
;

Howd

Noise

is

taken from the action of Tearing up or Scratching up the

Ground.

These words have the same

relation to each other, that

the Screech^^Owl has to Scratch.

We

have seen, that Hoddie

is

the

THE
the Carrion-Crow
;

EARTH.
refers us to
is
is

703
Huddy,
to
the " Hooded

and here Dr. Jamieson

where he seems
*'

to think, that the

Huddy Craw
smiths
use

Crow."

The
of

next word
Clay,

is

Hudds, which
the

defined
fixing

be

" a

species

which

for

their

" bellows in their furnaces," &c., where the idea of Dirt.

we

are directly brought to

In the same opening of Dr, Jamieson's Dictionary

see the

following

terms,

belonging to
or

our Element;

Hud, Hudderin,
Hu^rarieHukebatie,

Huddroun,

Huddiim,

Huddone,

Hudge=Mudge,
Huick, Huik, has

Muggrie, before explained, Hud-Pyke,

Huckie-Buckie,
that
*'

Huck,

To

Huke.

Dr. Jamieson

observed,

Hud

is

" a term used by masons, for denoting the trouo-h

for carrying

which corresponds with our English word Hod, a term of the same meaning, which is
their mortar,"

employed

likewise
'

applied

to

the

utensil

containing coals, as the

signify that,

'

Coal

Hod:

Perhaps

Hod and Hud

or Dirt, or Matter of a Dirt kind,

which carries Hud, Hudderin, Huddroun, mean

where we have the same idea as in Hudge-A/wJp-^, The term Hudds, actually signifying &c. &c., before explained.
Slovenly;
Dirt,
will

serve to confirm

my

idea,

that

these words

Hudge,
is

&c, &c. are taken

from actions relating to Dirt.

Huddw
Pistrix.

"

kind of Whale," used by Gawin Douglas:

pistris
;

Virg.

" also

said to be a
;

" water as he goes

"

whale of great length, which Cuts the and we shall now understand, that the
animal,

Sword-Y\s\\
ideas

the Cutting
I

belongs directly to the train of

which
Miser,"

am now
animal.

unfolding.

Hence the V[vT>=Pyke

Pyke
is

is

"

by the same metaphor.

the

Pricking

Sticking

ravenous
to
still

" corn;"

and the next

Huick means article is "To Huck.

Remote
in

"A
To
as

small rick of
take care
these
of,

^" to consider,

regard."

sense

terms

appear to be,

however they

directly belong to each other.

They

704
They
up

*R.R. .-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
both relate to the idea of Stirring up or about
up.

Raising
To
'To

Turning
;

The Huick
belongs

is

the Raised up Heap

and

'

To

HuiK,

consider,'

to

the

same metaphor,
consilia

phrase
Folvere,

Agitate a matter'
up, or

Agitare
Toss,
'

as in the

To

Revolve

"To Tumble
in

To

consider, or

weigh;"

and again,
'

English,

we

say,
is

To Turn

a thing over in one's

mind.'

Folumen, the Folumey

the swelling Roll, which belongs

to

to Volvo,
'

To Consider,
I

just as

Huick, the Rick, belongs

to the

Huick,

To

Consider.'

shall

shew, that Rick belongs

Ridge of Earth,

Routed or Stirred up by ploughing, &c.

referred

Dr. Jamieson has justly

Huick

to

the Saxon

Hogan, or Hogian,
gerere, studere,

which

Lye
;

explains by

" Sollicitus esse,

curam

meditari

where, in

Sollicitus,

which originally referred

the true idea.

to Stirring

up the

Solum, or Ground,
to the

we have

The

succeeding words

Saxon Hoaung, Cura,

" Angl. Hough.''

'

"

in Lye's Dictionary, are ''Hah,

Calx;
forsan

Hoh, Altus

Hoha, Aratrum.

nostra

An Hough
to

Occa

Inde
we

miiK)r," says

Lye, where
learn from

see the

true origin of the

belongs

High Stirred

word Hooan; and we

is

Hoh, which
has
I

up by the Hough,

how Huick
'

been

formed.

The HuKE=6d^

the HucK/^-bone,

which

explained in another place; and

Huckie-Buckie means

down, or

to sit

on the part adjacent to the Huke-6^w?.'

To Squat The word

meanI

Huck means

perhaps, says Dr. Jamieson,

q. to
it

"To

grudge, to hesitate,
the

" as in a bargain,
ing of the word,
unfolding.
I

play the Huckster."

If this be

belongs directly to the ideas which

that

am

shew,

Hack and Haggle. ing HAGGLm^ way

' ;

We

Huckster and Higgler belong to often talk of a person having a Hack'

with him

in

transacting business.'

Huke

and Haik occur together in the same line, as relating to operations and Dr. Jamieson refers the one to Hucken, Incurvari in a ship and the other to Haecken, Unco prehendere. If the words bear this
meaning, they belong
to

Hook, which

shew

in another place to

be

THE EARTH.
be taken from the idea of

105

Hacking up
it.

Vellicating, or Catching

up

a Surface, if I

may
in

thus express

Among
Piggledy

the terms denoting Agitation a

disorderly

Cojifusion,

as of things

thronged together

Huddle,
all

Heap, we have HiggledyIn

and Hustle.

Higgledy we come
it

to the
all

form Haggle, quasi Haggledy, as

a Smash, or
guage.

might have been,

in

Mashed

together, as

we

say in colloquial Lan-

N. Bailey explains Hustle by

talk

"To

shake together;"

and we

of people
state

being

Hustled
In the

together, as thronged

together in a

of Confusion.

same column

of this

Hustle is found, we have Husseling-P^o/>/^, which he explains by "Communicants at a "Sacrament;" from whence it should seem, that HusselingPeople meant 'People all Hustled or thronged together in a great crowd, pressing to receive the Sacrament.' Whatever be the
Lexicographer's

Vocabulary, where

'

origin

of

Husseling-P^'o/*/^,
in Shakspeare,
its

it

should

seem

as

if

the
it. I

word
have

Un-HovsELD,

ought to be referred

to

produced Housel, and " ristia, Panis sacer,

parallel terms

Husel, (Saxon,) " Euchain

seu

Eucharisticus,"

another

place;

and derived

it

with the Etymologists from the Host,

representing the

the con-

secrated wafer

body

of Christ,

w|i6

was the

HosTiA, or Victim.

This

may
;

be right, as in Gothic

we

find

HuNSL, "Victima, Sacrificium " yet I cannot but add, that among other compounds of the Saxon Husel, we have one like that recorded by Nathan Bailey, relating to the action of Going
to or Assembling at the Sacrament, as

HusEL-Gang,
in

wincli

Lye

explains by "Eucharistiag aditio, sive participatio."

We
'

have seen, that Hocher means

French

'

To

Shake or

JVag.'

This

tern)

is

adjacent to other words, in the Dictionary

attention.
to

of Menage, which

demand our

Hoche means

a Notch,

which has been justly referred

the English FIack. and the

4 u

French'

706

^R. R.\--C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T,

X, Z.

French Hacher. Another term in the same column is Hoche=Bos, a species of Flemish Soldiers, mentioned in Froissart, which is
supposed to be a compound of Hocher,
Bois,

To

Shake, and Bos or

of

Wood,

or metaphorically a Spear
it

made

Wood.

If this

be a combination similar in meaning to Shakspeare or Shake=Spear, and JVag^Staff. In the preceding column we have Hoc, as used in the phrase " Cela
be the origin of the term,
will

" m'est Hoc,"

'I

am

sure o{ that.'

One

part of France used

Oc

or

Hoc

instead of Oui; and hence the Dialect, in which this

is

term was used,

jectured,

called
is

"La Langue
Ouj
;

d'Oc."

have conThat,

that Oui

quasi

and

in

Oc

or Hoc,

we

have the true form, as in the Latin Hoc.

called

The game

at cards,

In the same belongs to this term of Assurance. column with Hocher we have Hode, " Lasse, fatigue, recru ;" and The former word has been HoGM^r, " Murmurer tout bas."

Hoc,

referred

to

Odos,
to

(O^o?,

Via,)
in

and

it

belongs

certainly

more
de

particularly

Fatigue

Travelling,

" proprement
is

laisse

" Marcher."

The term Hode, however,

probably attached to

the race of words before us, and to the metaphor of Tiring or

Harassing the frame.

The

very word Tired, corresponding with

the sense of Hode, must be referred to the Element TR, denoting the Soil, and to Tero, Teiro, {Tbi^u, Vexo,) Tear, Tire (old English
for Tear,)

and

lastly to

Terra.

On
"bas.

the term

Wooner, Menage observes,

"

Murmurer
shall

tout

C'est une onomatopee,

forme des hons qu' on entend

Hogjie.'"
I

" sortir de I'estomac de celui qui

produce in

another page a race of words, which denote Noise,

I shall

and which

shew

to

be derived from the idea o^ Agitation, as in HocH^r,

is

&c.

The

n in this word

an organical addition to the G.

or
HoQiiette,

The
as

succeeding

term

is

Hoque,

which denotes,
it

Menage

says,

"T entree d'un

Port."

In this sense

might
be

THE
In another sense,
it

EARTH.

707

be referred to the Heck, Edge, &c., the projecting Land, or Shore.

applied, says Huet, to places distant from " Colline, lieu elevee." the Sea, and denotes This brings us
is

rather to the English High, the

German

Hoch, &c., with another

The next word is UoGuineurs, a nickname for the people of ^rras, which Le Duchat derives from WoGniner, The sense of HoGui?ier, as represented by signifying Facher.' Packer, is precisely that, belonging to the idea expressed by Harturn of meaning.
*

RASs, which

is

derived from the metaphor of the Herse, or Harrow,

'^RS.

under the form '*RT,

Hociuiner

is

quasi Occare.

Perhaps the

HuGUENOf^ may be only another form of HoGUweurs, and denote Harrassing Stirrhig up or Seditious people. the Disturbing The various derivations of this word may shew us, that no

as

conjecture can be considered

remote.

It

has

been derived

from a Spectre called " Le Roi Hugon,"

" fut

condamne au
this

concile

de

from Jean Hus, " qui Constance," from the German

nos, the

Eydgenossen, Foederati,

made by one of
" mutins et
les

from Hue from

Sect,

beginning of a Speech the Swiss Heu Guetiaus, " les

seditieux," or from the Flemish Heghetien, prosignifie Purifier,'' as the Calvinists are

nounced Huguenen, " qui

sometimes called

Puritaitis, Puritans,

&c.
to

The
is

preceding term in

my

Saxon Dictionary

EGEan, Occare,

Ege, the Eye; and we cannot but note, how the Oc, in the Latin Oculus, connects itself with Occ^. Remote as these ideas

may The

appear,

we

shall not

doubt that they belong to each other.

should
all

idea of Seeing, as

we

agree, would be naturally

derived from that of Search; and the notion of Searching into any
thing, as

we

all

know,

is

connected with the metaphor of Routitig

Dirt,

up or

into

any thing,

as

&c.

It

is

acknowledged,

that

Scrutor and Scrutiny

belong to Scruta, quasi Scruta Eruere ; and

Ritnor means, " e Rimis eruere."

Thus we
to

see,

how Ege,

the

Eye, the Seer or Searcher, may belong

EcEaw, Occare,

To

Scratch

708
Scratch or

*R.R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
Rout up the Ground.
In the metaphorical applications

of the Poets, and even in ordinary Language, the qualities of the

Eye
Bore

are perpetually connected^ as every one knows, with

;

such

material operations

and thus the Eyes are said

quasi

Occare, &c. &c.

The

parallel terms

To Pierce to Eye appear

(Span.)

in a great variety

of Languages, as Eag, (Sax.) Ooghe, (Belg.)

Occhio, (Ital.)
Ojo,

^iig,

(Germ.)

Augo, (Goth.)

Oko,

(Sclav.) &c. &c., produced

by the Etymologists, who remind us

{Auyyj,)

likewise of the. Greek Auge,

Eido,

(Et^u,

Video,) and the

Latin Oculus, &c.

significant,
in
I

Whether the
;

Cul in

the

Latin Ociilus be

cannot determine
Occillo,

but the Oculus seems to coincide

'

form with

or Occilo,
Oculus

Occa Comminuo.'
Occulto,

The
eos

Latin

Etymologists
*

derive

from
;

" quia

ciliorum

tegmina

Occulfa?it,"

&c. &c.

and they remind us of Okko^,

(O7rT0/*a<,)

(OKxog,)
CEil, the

Ossos,(Oa-<rog,)

Optomai,

&c. &c.
is lost,

In the French

Radical consonant C, in Oculus,

and the

only

remains, unless
Oculus.
lost
is

we

consider the CEil as belonging to the Ul in

In the English Eye, the

preserves the record of the

to Eye, in
Eix,"

Consonant G, &c. The succeeding word EiGH, EjA, " adverbium hortandi. Grsecis

Junius,

the term of

Excitement, which, as
Stirring up, Routing up,

we

see,

is

derived from the same idea of

&c.
(Oa-a-og,

The Greek
Vaticinor, in

Osso^, Ossomai,

Oculus,

Oa-aof^M,

Juguror^

animo
rumor,

fingo, cogito,

prsevideo,

prospicio,)

must be
(Oa-a-oc,

added

to this race

of words.

We

perceive,
relates

that Ossa,
to

Vox, fama,
I

omen, oraculum,)
derived.

Noise,

which
actions

conceive to be derived from the Noise

(Oa-a-og,)
is

made by

the

from which Osso^,

Screech

and Shriek belong

to Scrutor and Scratch, for the

(Otrcroi^Ki,)

same reason.
its
it

The term

Ossomai,

seems to have retained

original idea of Piercing

Penetrating ; and hence

we

see

applied to the Piercing

Eye of
the

Rage, and likewise

to that

Penetrating view, which

dives into

THE
that this
his

EARTH.
We
all

709
remember,

the knowledge of distant or future events.

word

is

adopted,
fire,

when

the enraged

Agamemnon, with

Eyes flashing

looks furiously upon Calchas.

KaA%o!VTa Tr^uTKTTot KAK'

OS^OMENOSj

7r^o(nii7rt.

The term
events,

is

perpetually applied to the

yx^ uXyex
Svf^u,

Oo-o-ovto

power of Foreseeing future &c. &c. Thes^ enquiries into the

enable
us
to

origin

of

Human

Speech

will

understand that

Curiosa f<xlicitas of expression,

which
with

is

exhibited by the Poet,

exquisite
force

when he adopts
effect,

certain

terms

such

and
and

from the strong and

mind.

faithful impressions of a feeling

a vigorous

We

see, that

the Greek

OSSOMAI, from the

idea of the Penetrati?ig look,

Jlngry

Fierce

has been referred to objects of an

appearance,

and likewise to the notion of Fore-

seeing or Prognosticating the future.

of application,
this term,
it

by a singular felicity Homer has combined these two ideas in his iise of
it

Now

and has applied

to that appearance of the Sea,

look

assumes an Angry and a Menacing

Prophetic of a future
KuCpu,

when

storm.
lq

OTS

-no^ipv^yi

TreXuyog [^syx

kv[a.octi

OSSOMENON
AvTuig,
ovo

Xtyeuv uvsf^uv
rt

Xui'^tyiocx.

JceXevdx,

apx

ttookuXivostui ov^BTepu<re,
xxTx.f2'^y.vui

H^tv Tivx

K}c^t[/,Bvov

sK Aiog oupov.

(^II.

S. V. 16,

&C.)

" Ut veruni

quum

nigrcscit pclagiis

magnum unde

tacita

" Precseiitiem stridulorum vcntorum celeres motiis nullo " EfTectii, ncqiie videlicet provolvitur in lianc vel iilam partem, " Autcfjuani aliquis coitus dcsccndcrit a Jove vcntus."

Whether
easy to decide.

the

Greek
is

Optomai,

(Otttoixxi,

Video,)
to the

be
it

quasi
is

Oiomai, where the p

If the

an organical addition

T,

not

word

Optilos, (OtttiXo^, OcuIus,

apud Dares,)
be

710
be quasi

-^R.R/.- C, J), G,
Otilos,
it

3,

K, Q, S,T, X, Z.

would coincide with the form of the Latin The Greek Oph=Thalmos, (Ofp^aXjWo?, Oculus,) is a comOculus. pound of Opt, denoting Sight, and Thalmos for Thalamos, cava capitis, in quibus oculi Cubiculum, nidus, (QuXctfioq, Though the sunt,) the Bed or Hollow Socket for the Eye.

Lexicographers explain Thalamos, {Qa.Xoci/,o;,) by the " Cava capitis ; " in quibus Oculi sunt;" yet they do not seem to understand, that
the Thalmos, in Oph-Thalmos, belongs to
it.

The term

Eido, (E/Jw,

Video,) and the Latin v=\-Deo, are derived probably from the same
idea of Searching or Routing into.
In Viso, and Visito,

To

Visit,

we seem
phrases as

to
'

have

this idea

more strongly expressed.

In such

To

Visit

with

afflictions,'

we approach

to the violent

sense annexed to this race of words.

as in the parallel

In the adjacent term v=\s,

Greek term

Is, (if,

Robur,)

we have perhaps

the

idea of Force, as arising from Excitemejit and /Agitation, and not as

belonging to the notion of Stability, as I have before conjectured. Let us mark the explanatory term Avcuro, before adopted in the
explanation of Ossomai,
(pT<roy,at,

strongly the idea of Prying

into

Penetratitig Searching
to

Auguror,) which exhibits more

or Routing

things, as the hidden

I

secrets of futurity,

and which must

be referred, as
'

imagine,

such terms as Ago,

Occo, &c.,

To

Increase

Advance,"

If

Aug^o should be derived from the

idea of Stirring up or Raising up,

we

shall then understand,

how

the x\uG, in

Auoeo and KvGuro, conveys

the

same fundamental

meaning.

have given however a different origin of Augeo and I must not omit to observe, Auctor in other parts of my work. that the derivation, which the Etymologists give of Auguro from
I

Avis,

is

very probable,

and that the form Jzv

for

Av

coincides

with that of ^w

in Auceps,

which certainly belongs

to Avis.

We

cannot help observing the accidental coincidence in sound between the Latin Augur and the English Auger, the Borer, Penetrater;

The term Auger

certainly belongs

to the

race

of

words now
before

THE
jiugur, as
I

EARTH.

711
The

before us, and presents to us the very idea, of which the Latin
conceive, contains the metaphorical application.

Etymologists understand, that Auc^r belongs to the Saxon Ecgy Edge, which I have shewn to be attached to Eaean, Occare.

Terms

derived

from

the

idea

of Scratchi?ig,

Fretti?ig,

or

Itch

Iuck^w, Youk and Yuke.

What
the

HACKing upon
as
to

a surface, so
it.

(Eng. Germ. Scotch.)

Scratches

Corrode

Tear

or

Vellicates

it,

skin.

&c. &c.

OucHE.
Etzen,
&c.

(old

Eng.)

The
;

Swell-

Etch

Hatch,

ing Sore, which Vellicates or

Corrodes the

Flesh

after-

(Eng. Germ. &c.)

wards
Edo, Est,

the

Precious

Stone,

Eat, Essen, &c.

&c.

rising or swelling up.

EsTHio, &:c.&c. (Eng. Germ.

Lat. Gr. &c. &c. &c.)

AcHor IcHor. (Greek,) Running Sore.

The The

EsTnes. (Gr.)
is

Garment, what

Ache

kcuos. (Eng.

Gr.)

Worn.

Vellicating pain.

We
'Eat

shall

now

perceive, that

Etch,

To make
in

Scratches

Lines
"

or Furrows

upon Copper, and Eat, as

or Fret

the expression

into a Surface" are nothing but to

Tear up,

Cut up,

upon a

Hack Occare, To Surface, &c. To Eat, as

to pieces.
I

To

applied to Food,
in another

means

to Tear the Fret,

Food

shall
is
;

shew

Volume, that

under the Element

FRT,

derived

from the idea of Scratching or Tearing up the Ground

in old English,

and Fret

and Fressen

in

German,

signify

To

Eat, Devour,

&c. My German Lexicographer explains Fressen by " To Eat " greedily, hungrily, ravenously, To Ravin, Devour," and Fres-

SEND by " Eating,

Etching,

Corrosive,

consuming."

shall

likewise

712
likewise

*R.R.\-.C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
shew,
that
Tire,

which

signifies

in

old

Devour as a Bird does

finally to Terra.

his prey, belongs to Tear

(Tti^u,

English

To
and

Tire, (in the

sense of Fatigue,) Teiro,

Vexo,

affligo,)

Tero, (Lat.)

In Fenus and Adonis,

we

have,

" Even as an empty Eagle, sharp by fast. " Tires with her beak on feather, flesh and bone."
{Malone's Edit.
p. 16.)

The Greek Ado, Eat ravenously, to

(A^w,

Satio,

Expleo,)
it

is

nothing but

To
Tire.

Satiety, as

we have
{Aa-fj,
Aa-<ro[/,cit

in Fressen,

and

In

As^,

Assomai,
;

or

Asaomai,
;

Fastidium,
pro

Nausea;

Molestia animi
Fastidio;
sense,

Sordes
we

Dolor,

Aa-xof/.oii,

Nauseo,
in the

Irascor,)

see this

idea

more strongly; and

all

which these words bear, of Pain and Anger, we see the

metaphorical sense as in Fret.

phorical idea of
*'

We

know, that the meta-

Eat

is

connected WMth Pain

in

Anttoyance,
Exedens,

as in

Eating

Cares,"

and

such words as
Tviotpacyo?,

VuioKooog,

Membra DeTviofSo^oif

pascens.

Membra
Ke<^w;

Fatigans,

Membra

Membra
Tvm and
before

Depascens.

but

The Lexicographers we may wonder, that

It
is

derive

Tuioko^o?

from
to

with such examples

in this

them, they did not refer the

Satio.)

Koros

word

Koreo, (Ko^eu,

true, that Koreo,

(Ksi^u,

(Ko^iu,

Satio,)

To

be Satiated, belongs to Keiro,

it

Tondeo,)

To

Sheer; and so

does to Koreo, (Ko^ew, Verro, Purgo,)

To

Brush;

all

which words,

as

we now

see,

refer to the action of Fretting

upon a surface,

and are attached

to each other, just as Tire

and Tear

Fressen and
f^eXeSuvagf

Fret, are attached to each other.

In the phrase rmoxo^ovi

the

word is applied with singular beauty by Hesiod, though Ruhnkenius (^Epist. Crit. p. 80.) does not consider it to be genuine: He supposes, that no Grammarians would be ridiculous enough to
imagine, that
us, that
it

was derived from

Tvtov

and Kupuv, though he

^(r^mv.

tells

K<f<v is

explained in Hesychius by

We

here see,

that

Keiro {Kiiou,)

means

at

once

To

Sheer,

and to Eat, which

unequi-

THE

EARTH.
(A<r(?,

713

unequivocally decides on the true origin of Koreo, (Ko^eu.) Let us mark the sense, which Ase, (Ao-j;,) bears of Sordes, where

we

Limus, Sordes,) the Dirt of the Ground, the Spot, from which I imagine these terms to be
derived.
I

directly

come

to the As/V,

suppose, that the words for Noise, belonging to our Element,

are

derived from the action of Vellicaling

:

Fretting or Scratching
(a^, Ae/^w, Cano,)

upon a Surface
*

Hence we have Ado, or Aeido,

belonging to Ado,
(aJ'w,)

To make
I

Noise,'

To Eat, Etch,

or

Scratch.

shall

same
Inferi

reason.
I

shew, that Scrietch belongs to Scratch, for the While I am examining Ado, (aL,) in my Greek
cast

Vocabulary,
;

my

eyes

on Ad^^,

(aJ't??,

Orcus, Tartarus,
to the
is

Sepulcrum,)
(Ati>iv,

where we are again brought

Satio);

Ground.

The word Aoen,

Glandula,

Adfatim, Abunde, Largiter,)

probably
(aStjv,

derived from Ado,

Tonsilla,)

(aSu,

and perhaps the Aven,

should

the

Tonsils,

be

referred

to

the

strong action of these parts in ravenous Eat/^.

Tonsilla, are derived from

The

Tonsils,

Tondeo, Tonsum,

for a similar reason.

compound ADE=Fageo, {Ah<pxyiu, Ad Satietatem usque comedo; Vorax sum,) we see Anen, Ado, (A<J'w,) applied to the
In the
original
idea.

My

Lexicographer

derives

Ade
Place,

in

this

com-

pound from Jden,

{A^nv,

Adfatim,) which he considers as a root.

or

The

other

sense of

Ado
is

Adeo,

{aSu,

AfJ'eo;,

Placeo,

gratificor,)

To

Please,

taken

probably from

the
or

Pleasure or

Satisfaction

received

from

plenteous

Eai

/^,

from

being

know, that the explanatory words Satisfied The word Ad^o, Satisfaction and Satisfied belong to each other. (A^Ew, Taedio adficio,) is another form of Ado, (a<L,) To be Saturated, and is not quasi Jedeo, (Ars^eu,) from the privative
with

Food.

We

and Edm5, (hJu?, Suavis.) The word Edw^, {uSug,) itself might be derived from the idea of Pleasant Y.A'iing, or Food but on
yf
;

this

point

it

is

most

difficult

to

decide.

have suggested
another

'

4 X

714
Nothing

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
(p.

another origin
is

125,) in a former page, which

to the
I

is

very probable.

more perplexing

Etymologist than the investi-

gation of terms like these.

a combination,

cannot however help producing

is

where the word

it

brought to the original

H^uyutog, Tata.
I

Spot,

from which
Terrain

conceive

to

be originally derived,
habens,

Bonam
might
Alacris,

seu

bonum Solum
possibly

ex Hhg et
(^Aa-fievog,

here add,

that

Asu-enos^

Gaudens,

Ultroneus, Libens,) belongs to the EESMa/,

V. A^u.

{H<r[/,at,

perf. ind. pass.

V. U^of^at.)

In AsMfl,

(Ao-jUa,

Cantus, ab

AiJio,)

the Noise,
(A7?<L,

we have
A'ti^uv,

the

same form.

The Greek Aedo, Aevou,

Luscinia,) the Nightingale, means the Aeido,

[Aei^uv,)

the

Singer.

The Etymologists produce

Languages, as Etan, (Sax.)

the parallel terms to

Eat

in

other
Essen^

Itan,

(Goth.)
j

Eeten, (Belg.)

(Germ.) te^, (Germ.) Cprrodere

Et, the

the Danish ^^, the Islandic

Greek and Latin Edo,

(E(rSw, Ea-Qiu,

(E^u.)

EsT^o, EsThio, &c.

Edo.

The Greeks Ab e9u,) and

signifies

have likewise
in

Latin

we
to
its

have Est and Esse.

In

German, Ess^

"

Melting-

-house
pieces a

for Metal,"
solid

from the idea annexed,

tq Essen, of

Eat^^

Mass.

Essig likewise denotes Vinegar, from

Hence we have in old English the term Eisel, Vinegar, which, as some commentors think, Shak" Woul't drink up Eisel ? eat a speare means in Hamlet. " crocodile." V.'hatever may be the meaning of the word in
Sharp
Corroding quality.
this

passage, Shakspeare uses Eisel for Vinegar, as Dr.

Farmer

has observed, in one of his Sonnets.

.'^

Like a willing patient,

will

diink

*'

Potions of Eysei.l 'gainst

;

my

strong infection."

and Aetz^w means " To Bait''- In German, Erzen is to Etch " To; make brass cuts iwith Aqua fortis,. To Etch, grave with it,"
as

my

Lexicographer explains

it,

who

likewise interprets

pulver

by " Corrosive or Fretting Water, h^iT^-JVasser,

"

AetzAqua
fortis.

THE
"
fortis,

EARTH.
Among
the
parallel

715
terms to
the

Ercui?ig Water."
the

German Ecke,
Acetum
;

Edge

of any thing,

Wachter produces
;

Essig,

and likewise

Igel, Egel, Securis

Hechel,

Instrumentum
seen in

dentatum; wliere we have the form of

a variety of other words,
Hackle,

Eisel, as

we have

Haggle, &c. &c.

Wachter

moreover records,
curious
to

among these words, Egge, Occa. It is remark, how words, with the same meaning, have
race,

been formed from terms attached to the same

though the
other,

words
Eis,

themselves

do

not

directly

belong to each

as

Acetum, Essig,

Fm-Eoar, or Fin^Aiare; where the Ac, Es, Eg, represent the same race, with the same idea, though
Eisel,

immediately

belonging to the

several

Dialects,
as

in

which

the

words are found. Under the same form,

(E<tSu>,

the

Greek Estho,

Edo,)

we have EsTH^5,

(EaSrig,

Vestimentum,) the Garment,

to each otiier, that PFear^

which have probably the same relation

To Waste away,
or
original idea.
to

has to Wear,
or
p.
is

when

it

denotes Wearirig Apparel,

what we Wear,
(See

Worn..

In the passive Worn,

we

see the

625.)
(Eo-^w.)

The

Latin z;=Estio

is

acknowledged
note,

belong to
the

Estho,

We

cannot but

how

in

t;=Esta,

Goddess of the Earth,

(Eo-r/a,)

and

in

its

corresponding

term Estia,

we

are

brought to the Spot, supposed in

my

Hypothesis.

Latin Esca belongs to Edo, and so perhaps does VEScor, The Es, in Esculentus, Esculent, as the Etymologists suppose.

The

we should naturally refer to Esca, as the Etymologists have done. The Cul might belong to the terms denoting Food Eating, &c.,
under the Element CL, as the Greek Colon,
{KoXov,

Cibus,} the

Hebrew
hence

SdK,

and the Arabic Jj^l ACL, To Eat.

terms have the form
&c.
as

We

perceive

here, that these Eastern

ACL, and from

derived,

Escuhentus,
to

Escvlus,
;

might

be

without

any reference
is

Esca

yet,

we have

seen,
is

the

form

^Sl

familiar to our

Element.

Edo,

To

utter,

supposed to
be

716
be
it

'^R.

R.

\-C,
E
and

J),

G, J, K, Q,
and
so

S, T,

X, Z.
it

derived

from

Do,

perhaps
or

is

yet

may

possibly

belong to Edo,

To Eat,
up
thus
F?-et

Fret a

surface,

under the idea of 'To Scratch

a
similar

up

Rout

up,'

with

sense to Eruo

and

the

phrases

" In

lucem
each

" Edere,' and "

other.

tenebris Eruere,"

would be

parallel to

R. Ainsworth

explains

both

Edo and Eruo

Isol,

by "

To

" bring forth."

In Welsh, Ysu,

anciently written Esu,

"To
latter

Eat,
word,

to devour,

consume;" and

means "Devouring, Con"

" suming."

The
is

phrase produced by Mr. Richards, under this

" Tan Isol,

The Devouring
to
this

fire,

where we see the

In
Isol,

strongest sense annexed

race of

words.

we

appear to have the Escul in Esculm^.

In Irish,

losam mean
Chomla, a

to

File,

The adjacent words to where we see the idea of Fretting

Eat.

Ith^w and Ith^w are Ith=

or Scratching

upon a surface; and limom-radh, " A murmuring, grumbling, " backbiting " where we have at once the Noise, attached to the
;

action

of

Scratching

upon
I

surface,

and the
Under,

metaphorical

application of that idea.

Corn-field, soil.

find likewise Ith,

Is,

Corn, and Ith/V,

We
Low

have moreover
situation of the

where we are

brought to the
(lo-of,

Ground.

The Greek
;

Isos,
if

iEquus,) seems directly to belong to this Celtic word

and

these

terms should be derived from the violent action of Routing

up, so as

'To Lay Low, Level,'

collected,

&c., every thing will coincide.

Wachter has

under the German words Essen, Vesci,

parallel

and As, Cibus, the various

terms relating to Food.

The

succeeding word to As, Cibus, in the Glossary of this Etymologist, " Proprie is As, " Cadaver, morticinium," which he explains by
*'

Cibus, sed fraudulentus, et inescandis feris per insidias objectus.

Inde Mzen, Allicere."

to pieces

We

see in this sense of a Carcase, to

idea,

be Torn

by Wild Beasts, the original

which
have referred to

from which

the action of Eat/w^, expressed by these words,

was derived.
is

The

terra Fressen,

Fre-i,

particularly

applied

THE
applied
to
it

EARTH.
devorare.

717
Wachter
Jnimalibus,

the

Ravenous devouring of Wild Beasts,

Dicitur
In

explains

by " Vorare,
et

de

" lurconibus,
of

famelicis
in

tantum."

the

preceding column
is

Wachter

to that,

which As, Cibus, occurs,

"

"As, Monas,
Illustrious

" As, Deus, verus, et

summus;" and As,

have discussed
in

Homo

divinus, opinione

" Deus."
Being, &c.,
(p.

These words belong

which
I
I

to the idea of

Being

the
;

a former part of

my Work,
and
I

334,

dec.)

have expressed

my

doubts,

on some occasions,

respecting the original idea,

annexed to these words

am

now The
we

inclined to believe, that the idea of the Powerful Being

Being,

was originally derived from Power, as

and
if

it

relates to

actions of Incitement and Violence;

shall

that should be the fact,

to

understand,
Being,

how

As, relating the

Food,

and As,
idea

the
the

Powerful
Tearer
kind.

contain

same

fundamental

of

to pieces

the

Destroyer

Consumer,

or something of that

Wachter has

justly produced under these

words the

parallel

terms for Gods, or Powerful Personages, as Esus, or Hesus, Msar,

Asa, the companions of Odin, Aisoi,

Ata-oi,

deoi utto Tvf^rivuv.

(Hesych.)

The God Esus

Destroyer; and
in

is
it

the Celtic Mars, where

is

we have
as

the sense of the

'^S,

a reduplication of the

Element

as Es=Us,

order to express the idea more

strongly,

we have seen
Italian

in the

Armoric Heg=Acc, ''To Egg or Provoke," and the terms

from
be
in
it,

directly taken

the French AiG=Uis^r,

the

Ag =
is

Azzare,

To

a passion,

kc.

In

Armoric, Heg=Az5

Quarrelsome.

In the next

column of ray Armoric Vocabulary,

I

we have Hoouet, the Harrow. the Hebrew TIV Oz=Uz, " Very
" precious,"
Ferox.)

have before produced

(p.

196,)
tiie

or exceedingly strong," and

ljis.

Syriac Az=Az-05, (A^-^of,). the Arabic Az=Eez,

" Excellent,

and

the

Greek

Aoerocuos,

{Ayt^Mxog,

Superbus,

We

have a similar reduplication to

these

words

in

Ak-Oke,

(Axwxj;,

Mucro, Cuspis.)
I

have

718
I

^R. R. \---C,

D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z.
words,
I

have justly referred on a former occasion various

Strength,
to

denoting

each

other,
is

(p.

191, &c.);

and

have

supposed, that the original idea

It is true,

that of the Base or Foundation.

Streiigth,

that in

most of them the sense of

Stability,

as connected

with Firmness and

Foundation, appears

as of things

Raised on a Base or

to

exist as

the prevailing notion, and that

is

the idea of Excitement or Commotion

tlierefore

not visible
in

and

have

justly

considered

such

words

separate

portion

of

my Work.

Yet
that

cannot
of

but observe, after the maturest

deliberation,

many

these

terms appear

to

have
;

been

originally
I

derived from

actions of Excitement

or Violence

and

suggest this opinion, that the adepts in the various Languages

examined, some of which are placed out of

their enquiries to this point.
to the
t^'j?,

my

reach,

may

direct

Mr. Parkhurst has referred Hesus

K'^'y " To Consume, Destroy. To Hebrew OS, OSS, " be Consumed, Consume, or Waste away." This derivation exhibits precisely the same union of ideas, which is supposed to

exist

between As, Food, what

t\\e

is

Consumed, and As, the Powerful

Being,

Consumer, according to

my

Hypothesis.
in

The Hebrew

term seems directly to connect

itself

idea

with the words,

which

am now

examining.

It

denotes the Moth, the animal,

it

which Frets or Consumes Garments; and

as denoting, says

means

likewise Blight,
In the

Mr. Parkhurst, the " Corrosive Air."

as

Arabic ic Azz, " Rare, excellent, &c.

the idea
prevail;

Corrobatifig," (see p. 195,)

of

Excellence,
in

connected with
\)\

Strength, appears to

and

another Arabic term,

only another form of it, " to Support life. A Prop, Support;" where
Strength,
as

Aza, which is probably we have the sense of "1. Whatever tends

we have
in

the idea of

connected with
to
it,

Stability^

Yet
the

another Arabic

word belonging

which

is

to be found in the

same column of
of Strength
conceive to be
the

Mr. Richardson's Dictionary,

we have

sense
I

connected with the notion of Excitement, which

THE
the original idea of the
in one sense, by

EARTH.
Mr. Richardson explains
power,
value,

719
J( Azz,

word,

" Force,

Strength;"

but

the

preceding senses of the word, according to his arrangement, are " i.Movmg, Removing, Shaking, Agitating. 2. Burning, inflaming,
" kindh'ng, lighting a
4, Exciting, Prompting, " Stimulating, Instigating, Impelling, rendering covetous." I think
fire.

3. Fire, flame.

Hebrew jy OZ, denoting "Strength or Vigour," is that oi Excitement, when we consider the turn of meaning annexed to the word. Though it
perceive, that

we may

the

original

idea of the

denotes
**

"A

Strong Hold or Place;"

yet

it

signifies

likewise

To
so

Hasten, Move, or Remove with Haste and Vigour

called

A Goat,
to

'

on account of

its

Agility

and Vigour;"
(A;|);

which
in

Mr. Parkhurst has justly referred Aix,

another
(Aia-a-u,

and

shew

place,

Ruo.)

how Aix, (A(|,) connects itself On the whole I must observe,

with
that

Aisso,

through

the whole compass of motion

Language, the idea of Excitement ComAgitation, seems principally to have afforded the original

turn of meaning, with which words were impregnated.

In examining the word
tionary,
(jCij]
I

cast

my
"

Mr. Richardson's Diceyes on a Persian term in the same openino-,

\j\

Aza,

in

AzDen,

" needle

To sew together, to Ezoen, To drive the Edge or

shall

prick

or

pierce

with a

point of a knife into

any

" thing."
(^AnBof^cciy

We
Sano,
eXKog,

from hence conclude, that the Greek AKeomai,

medeor, medicor;
h^uv,
nx.

Expio,

Sarcio,

Resarcio, &c.

AKEIi'OAI
to

AIEPPIirOTA,

TROAHMATA,
;

^C.) belongs

Ake,

{Aavii,

Acies ferri,) for the

same reason

and we know,
have suggested

that AKestra, (Akio-t^u, Acus,)

this idea

means a Needle.
(p.

I
I

on a former occasion,
Vaies,
(Tyiiig,

240,) in which

now

acquiesce.
this,

The Greek
I

Sanus,)

may

perhaps belong to

as

before suggested.

If the Irish

Icam and Welsh lAcnau belong

to the

to AKcomai, (AKeof^ai,) they

must be referred

same

idea.

On

the

Welsh terms Assio, Iassu, "To

Solder, or sodder, to join,

" fasten."

720

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
I
I

" fasten," &c.,

supposed, and
I

liave

no evidence

finally to decide;

yet

have

think with probability, that they belong to lachau.

must add, however, that the preceding term to Iassu,\.hQ word I as, means "Heat, Boiling Water. It is also used of violent cold
;

where we seem

to see the idea of

something Sharp or Acute

Painful, &c., as applied to the

I

two extremities of Heat and Cold.

have referred the Irish \clus, " Healing by Herbs," the Biscany

OsAGUiLLE,

Physician, the iEscuL and Ascl, in Escul-^/>/5

and
Iclus,

AscL-Epius, the Greek

Uke^-o^,

(TKtXo?,

Sanus,)

to

each

other, (p. 249,)

which is surely the fact. In the explanation of " Healing by Herbs," the interpretator manifestly supposes,
is

that

it

compound
what
is

of the simple form

Ic,

Cure, and Lus,

"

An Herb

or plant, Leek," as Mr.

Shaw

explains

for a Herb, or

Green, appears under the

The name form GL, GLS,

it.

LS.

In Welsh, the terms for Green are Glas, Lias;

Sec.

in

Irish,

Glasam,

Among
;

the terms for Herba, in Celtic, are the

in the

Glaswelltin, Llys

and

other Dialects

Welsh we have commonly the

form LS, as Lysuan, {Corn.) Luzauan, Lousou, (Armor.) Lus, (Ir.) &c. I must leave the Celtic Scholars to decide, whether these words
Iclus, Osaguille,

and the parts Mscul, Mscl, &c., are not compounds

of Ic, &c.

To

Cure, and

GL, GLS, LS,

denoting Herbs.
is

must
from

remind them, moreover, that the Labial sound

organical addition
to

sometimes an

the

in

these

names

for

Herbs

whence we have the Irish Luiv or Luibh; and I must leave them to consider whether the p in Msculapius has not been derived
from
is

this source.

cannot but think, that the name Ascalaphus

it

a composition of a similar kind with Msculapius, whatever

is

may be. One personage under this namewho watches over Proserpine, and is the
Gorgyra, or Orphne.
I

a mystic character

son

of Acheron

and
to

suspect, that this

has some allusion

the Celtic Mythology, connected with the Cauldron of Cerid-fFen,

to

which Mr. Davies has

lately

directed

the

attention of the
Public,

THE
this point. If

EARTH.
who would do

721
well to examine

Public, (Mythology of the Druids.)

Mr

Davies will burn his Bryant, the most dangerous

all

and deluding of and

guides in the mazes of Mythology, he

letters,

may

perform good service to the cause of

literal translations

by affording plain

of the

Welsh

Bards, with critical observa-

tions

on

difficult

words, confirmed by examples.

the

It is

painful to

see those

valuable materials, which

to us,

Welsh Bards and

the

Druid Ceremonies present

enveloped under the disgusting

jargon of Bryant Mythology.

Hatch,
Engrave.

in

Shakspeare,

is

used for Etch, or Hack,

the

To

Cut or

Ulysses,

praising

speeches

of

Agamemnon and

Nestor, says that they

"were such,"

" As Agamemnon and the hand of Greece " Should hold up high in brass and such again, " As venerable Nestor, IIatch'd in silver, " Should with a bond of air (strong as the axle-tree " On which heaven rides) knit all the Greekish ears " To his experienc'd tongue." (TroUus and Cressida,
;

A.

I.

S.3.)

Dr. Johnson observes, that to "

Hatch

is

a term of art for a par-

" ticular method of Engraving.

has likewise observed, that
*'

HACH^r,
in

"Hatch'd

Mr. Malone Silver" means " whose

Cut."
is

To

white hair and beard make him look like a figure engraved on

" silver."

We

perceive, that the

whole image
material

an allusion

to

an Engraving ; and the Bond of

or

air refers, either

by an intentional
of the

involuntary allusion,

to

the

representation

Breath

as

uttered

by a person

in the act of speaking.

The Poet

had

probably

seen a representation of Nestor in this attitude.

Under the same form as Hatch, we have 'Hatch, Incubare,' and if Skinner's idea should be just, that applied to Fowls Hatch, Incubare, belongs to Hacken, or Hack, " Conscindere " minutim, quoniam sc. aves, cum excludunt ova, rostris suis
;

" Conscindunt, et perrumpunt putamina," both words

belong to
the

4 Y

722
the

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

same notion. Perhaps the Egg, &c. may mean that, on which this process of Hatch/h^ or HACKing is performed.

The term

Itch, as

we

shall

now

understand, belongs to this

Itch, as

race of words, and

means

the Scratching upon a surface.

applied by us at present, expresses a Scratching kind of sensation,

if
I

may
gall,

so express

it.

The

Latin Scabies,

"A
it,

Scab, a scall,

" a

or Fret; the mange, murrain, &c.

Desire,''

Met.
The

tickling, or

" Ircuitig,

as

R. Ainsworth
Scratch, to

explains

belongs,
Scabo

we
is

know,

to

Scabo,

"

To

claw."

Latin

acknowledged
Ground, and
is

to be

derived from the action of Scratchifig up the

justly referred to Skapto,(X>coi7rTu, Fodio.)

Fret, which, as
I

Let us

mark

the term

have observed,

is

particularly

applied to the action of Scratching or Vellicating a surface.

Let

us likewise observe,
for

how

the idea oi Desiring any thing

Longing
the

any thing,
et

a surface, as in
<'

connected with the action of Scratching upon Itch and Scabo, " A Tickling, or Itching Desire,"
is

Scabies

contagia lucri."
I

In the

word

Tickling,

we have
that

same metaphor; and

shall

shew,

in

a future

Work,

Tickle

Teasel. Skinner refers Itch, ("credo olim belongs to Tease " IcK," as he observes,) to Suck; and Meric Casaubon derives it

from the Greek

<'

Kvit^nv,

or Kittuv.
1%^^,

Skinner adds, however,

Serum, sanies."
In

"AUu-

dit

idque

longe

proprius
to

German,

\\jcKen,
tells

orJ-UcKen, means
is

Itch or Fret; and Yuck, as Skinner

us,

a Lincolnshire

word with the same meaning.

the
origin

We

shall

now understand
;

of

the
I

terra

Owch,
its

occurring in Shakspeare

which conveyed, as

imagine, in

original sense, a similar idea to

Itch, and meant the Gall

or

Fretted Sore, Rising on the Skin.

"Your
is

Brooches, pearls, and

"

OwcH,"

is

the line of an old Song, which describes the orna-

ments worn by women; and it Part of Henry IV. A. II. S. 4.)

eruptions

repeated by Falstaff, (Second

allusion
to

with an

the

foul

on

the

skin,

proceeding from a

loathsome disease.

Mr.

THE

EARTH.

723

Mr. Pope has seen only, that Owches mean " Bosses of gold set " with diamonds; " but Dr. Johnson justly observes, "I believe, " that FalstafF gives these splendid names, as we give that of " carbuncle, to something very different from gems and orna" ments;" and Mr. Steevens has confirmed the idea of Dr. Johnson

by quoting the following passage from an Tears "As many Aches in his bones

old play,
as

The Widow's

there are

Owches
the

" in his skin."

eruption

Here,
skin
;

we

see,

Owch
I

unequivocally means

on

the

and

this

conceive to

have been the

original sense of the word.

The

idea of precious stones, and that

of eruptions on the skin, have been perpetually connected.

instance of Carbuficle,

In the

we fully see this fact; and in a passage quoted by Mr. Malone, we have the same familiar combination, " Let him pass for a churle and wear his mistress's favours, viz.
" Rubies and Precious stones on his nose," &c. &c.
desirous -of unfolding
the
secrets
If

we

are

of Language,

we must

be

content to search for information, wherever information can be

obtained
ribaldry
;

nor must
of the

we

disdain to call
writer,

to

our assistance the

with
fidelity

Comic
follies

who

portraits

the

Language

the

and the vices of mankind.

to this

Let us mark the explanatory term Ache, which belongs

race of words, and
is

derived by a metaphorical application from

the same action of Fretting or Fellicatifig a surface.

We

cannot

but observe, from the line

in the old

Play above quoted, that the

like that
I

sound of

ch,

in

Ache, was sometimes

in

of ch in

Owch,

and of tch

in

Itch; which would operate,

deciding
their

fear,

some readers
that of Aik;

opinion,

on the minds of that these words

belonged to each other.

and
idle

The sound of Aitch has now passed into as it may be to introduce the notice of

so trivial and familiar a change, yet a transition of this kind has

become,
barrier,

in the

arrangement of the Etymologist, an insurmountable

all

by which races of words are secluded from

communion
with

724
the

^R. R.

\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T,X, Z.
The Greek Acuos,
(Axo?, Dolor,) belongs

with each other.

to

same metaphor of Scratching upon a surface; and should only We cannot but note be considered as another form of Ache. on this occasion, how the Ach and Ich, in AcHor and IcHor,
(Axi^^,

Manans
relate to
it

capitis

ulcus, sordes capitis, Ix^^, Sanies, tabum,

If

pus,)

the Foul Sore.

the

Clior

in

these words be

significant,

must belong

to Scar, Sore, &c.

Dr. Jamieson pro-

duces

YouK, YuKE, &c.

;

as the Scotch terms, corresponding with

Itch

and

in the preceding article to Tuke,

YuiK, which is used, " blak pimples brak

as

in

the

he exhibits the term following sentence, " Certane

haill

out

over

all his
all his

body, with sa greit

" YuiK, and

is

sic

pane throw out

the
is

lymmis,"&c.. Dr. Jamieson

much embarrassed about

is

that in the Lond. Edit. Ache

meaning of this term. He finds, the word used, and that the Latin
vexatione."
is

translation

" Dolore, et

omnium partium

He imano corre-

gines that " Itchiness cannot well be meant, as there

" spondent term in the Lat.;" and he adds, moreover,

"One would

" almost think, that YuiK were an error of the Press for Yaik, as the " V. is used in this form, signifying to Ache." Our Lexicographer
will

now,

trust,

understand, that these terms Yuke, Yuik, Yaik,

&c. are only different forms of each other, or, if he pleases so to conceive the matter, different senses of the same word, conveying
the

same fundamental
that

idea.

have been led to produce these terms

relating to Sores, adjacent to words which signify to

I

Eat

and

have shewn,

they

contain
the first

the

It

must be owned, that on

same Radical meaning. view no ideas can be more

the intimate
the familiar

remote from each other;

union

yet

between these notions

metaphor of a

Sore Gangrene,

we shall at once see when we remember

&c.,

EAring

into

the

Flesh.
as

R. Ainsworth explains Exedo " an Ulcer or Sore doth."

in the first

sense by "

To Eat,

OZD.

THE

EARTH.

725

OZD. (Heb.) To Cut. m-OZD. (Heb ) Jn Adze.

Hezz. (Ar.j Cutting.

Hykket.
bing.

(Ar.)

Itching,

Rub-

Akk.

(Ar.)

Splitting

Fur-

Huzz=Az.

(Ar.) Piercing.

row.

HK.

(Ar.) Scratching, Scraping,

Akhud.
ting.

(Ar.)

Furrow, Cut-

Boring.

Hebrew, TiV OZD signifies, in " off,'' as Mr. Parkiiurst supposes.

In

its

original idea,

"To

Cut, Cut

It is

used with the formative

Hatchet-/' and "hence,"

M
"

for

"A

Cutthig Instrument,

An Axe,

adds Mr. P.

Edge."

" Jin Adze, a kind of Axe, a Hatchet, and perhaps might here observe, however, that perhaps the y the
this

Gnain, beginning
then the term
the

Hebrew word, may have

the force of
I

G,and
Afflict

will belong to Cut, Gash,

&c. &c.

must leave

Hebrew

Scholars to determine whether n.V IGCh, "

To

IGO, or IGG, "To Labour, To be weary or "Grieve," " fatigued with Labour," belong to this metaphor. The adjacent
word
to this is nj

IGR,

"

To

Shrink or draw back for

fear,

be

" afraid."

have seen the Welsh Egr, Sour, Sharp, &c., and EcR=yn, "Fear, Trembling;" and I must here likewise leave
the
as

We

Hebrew Scholar
I

to

determine the original idea of the word,

have not sufficient materials before

Again,
in

me

to

decide on this

point.

Hebrew,

thinks,

"the Sharp
it

means, as Mr. Parkhurst Biting humour;" which might lead us to

tj^k

ASD

enquire, whether
in

does not belong to this race of words.

"

Again,

Hebrew, yi'IDG means

senses."

To

perceive or feel by the body or

is

" outward

The

idea of Feeling

from the metaphor annexed to Stirri fig up

Exciting Vellicating

naturally

derived

and

726

-^R.

R.\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z.
to
this

and such might be the original notion annexed In one conjugation it means, says Mr. Parkhurst,
"feel, make feel, as

word.

"To
Jud.

cause to
viii.

we

say for putting

to

pain,

16;

" where many of Dr. Kennicott's Codices read fully in Hiph. " yil'l. and where LXX has HXoijo-ei/, Threshed, or, according to

" the Alex. MS.

*'

Kocre^ctvev,

Tore, and the Vulg. Contrivit

and Com-

Here we are brought to the train of ideas Mr. Parkhurst refers to this Hebrew which I am now unfolding. word the Greek Eido, (E<^w,) and its parallels Fideo, Wit,Szc. &c.
minuit,"

&c. &c.

It is certain, that
is

the idea of mental Sensation

I

Perception,
shall
this

&c.

often connected with that of Excitement.

that

shew, in a
idea.

future Volume,
I

Sensation

Sensible,

belong to

cannot

decide

are

directly

whether the Hebrew term and these words connected with each other; but I have already
(e.Jo,,)

suggested, that Eido,

to Stir up or

and

Video, belong to words, signifying

Rout

into
is

any thing; and

Wit
itself

relates to

what

Sharp

Pricking,

we cannot but see how &c., and how it connects

with

Whet, which

unequivocally signifies to Sharpen up.

We

cannot but perceive, likewise,

such terms of Excitement, as

latter of these

how Wit associates itself with Wisp, Whisk, &c. &c., where in the

words we actually see the idea of Stirring up,

Brushing up or over, a Surface. In Arabic there are terms for Sense, Perception, belonging to
our Element, which are unquestionably connected with the metathe action of phor of Excitement Vellication, &c., as referring to
Stirring up a Surface.

In

this

Language, q^>>^ Hess

means

"
'

1.

g. The Sense, Sentiment, Feeling, imagination. 2. Killing, sudden cry of pain upon touching unexpectedly any thing
it.

" burning hot," as Mr. Richardson explains

the Persians,

As adopted by

with an auxiliary

verb,

this

word means,
the

"To
kill.

" perceive, to

comprehend,
to curry

&c.To comb
cattle.

dust

(from a
to

horse,

SiC.)

and dress

To

destroy,

"

To

THE EARTH.
*

727

To

tear

up by the

root.

Hyss. Love, sympathy, compassion.

"

low murmuring sound."

In the sense of Currying Cattle,

and Tearing up by the Roots, we unequivocally see the original

idea of Stirring up a surface.

In the sense of Killing

the most violent action belonging to this metaphor.

the idea of Sound

we have Let us mark

I

annexed

to

this

action,

which

unfold on

another occasion.
Dictionary
ing.
*'

In the preceding column of Mr. Richardson's

we have
2.
'^S,

Scraping,
Piercing.

^ Hezz,
is

Cutting,

making an
4.

incision, notch-

&cc.,

and ^Ij2^
3.

Hl:z=Az,

Diligence

Huzz=Az,
Here the
directly
it

1.

Scraping.

Anger.
in

Anxiety."

Element "Z,
belongs.

&c.

doubled

order to render the word more

to

forcible, as in the

Armoric Heg=Acc,

which probably

" ment,
in the

In Persian, ^J^j^ Hush means Destruction, perdition, Death," &c. intellect, &c.

" Understanding, judg;

and

same column we have the Arabic

it is

(j*-*^

Hawes, "Desire,

"lust,

concupiscence, an inordinate appetite;"

when
refers

adopted as an adjective,

it

and in Persian, " means Libidinous, Bruising,

this

" beating, breaking."

us to

Mr. Richardson, under

Arabic word,

1^

Hazva,

"Air, Atmosphere," &c., which perhaps

should be considered as quasi

is still

Hawas, where
will

the idea oi Agitation

apparent.

The Arabic Scholar

is is

now

understand, that
v^JLi^x

the

expressive term for violent passion or

Love,

Yshk,

" Love of the most passionate kind,"

Excitement.

derived from the idea of

the Arabic ^^yuijx Ashkyn.

An

adjacent term to this

"

The Rut

(of deer or other animals.)

I

Travelling

/d^f,

going a

" good pace, (a horse.)"

shall

shew, that the explanatory term

Rut belongs

to the

of Travelling fast,

same metaphor of Routing up; and the sense annexed to the Arabic word, belongs to its
In Scotch,
In this sense a

other meaning of Rut, denoting a Road.

Eisin,

means "To
S.

desire the male.

To Eassin, Cow is said to

any

" be Eassenin.

Metaph. used
who

to express strong Desire of

refers the

" kind," says Dr. Jamieson,

word,

among

other

derivations.

728

*R.R.\- C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.
Saxon Esne,
I

derivations, to the

Male.

Whether

it

belongs to

the race of words before us

cannot decide.
signifies

In

Arabic,

O^

Hekk

" Scratching,

rubbing.
in

"Scraping, crazing.

Boring, digging,

piercing;"

and

the

same column
" Itching,
Itch, which

of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary we have AXL.llYKket, rubbing ; " where let us note the explanatory term
I

have shewn

to belong

to

this

race

of words.

In the same column I find AXL. HvKKam, " Princes, Lords, " Nobles, governors, judges, magistrates " where perhaps the
;

name

for the Great,

Powerful Man, must be referred to the strong

in

sense of the
Scratching
Jtp

same metaphor
up

the

Sharp

Tearing

violent
find,

action

of

Erazing,
to
it,

&c., as denoting the Sharpy

Strict, Severe

Exactors of their will, &c.

In the succeeding column

that

we have

the parallel terms

where we

Hekem

means "Absolute power, Dominion," Hukume^, "Despotism," &c. We find likewise, that Hykem means "Knowledge, Science," and Hukema, " Wise Men, Philosophers, Doctors, Physicians; where we have a similar idea of the Sharp Scrutinizers Searchers. These words might be explained in Latin, in its original and in its metaphorical sense, by Radere, Eradere, Stringere

sense by Strictim Exigere,

ut

in

Regendo, Decernendo, Scrutando,

In the same column

&c. &c.
it

have chosen the word Stringo, because, as we know,

relates to Scratching over a Surface.

we

have Hekemet, "A Bridle, a halter, an iron ring, or other check " rein for a horse ;" where we see unequivocally the metaphor of
Sharp Constriction.

Hek, denoting "Just, right, true " where we have probably the same idea of Strict; and this will shew the Arabic Scholar why the same word means
In the preceding page
;

find the Arabic

^-Jis*.

"

An Enemy."
sense

This term
Hole

Hukk

denotes

likewise

"

Hollow

" in the middle of the neck, or of a bone,"

original

where we see the

a surface.

of the

made by

Scratching up

The

THE
The term
adjacent
to

EARTH.
words,
fable,

729

these

HYKaket, which denotes

or

" History, heroic romance,

tradition, a relation, narrative,"

into,

means probably a
*

'

Strict Search

Tracing of preceding

events.'

In Arabic,
in the

Oi^ Akk means

The Arabic
;

"Splitting.
.A^Ll

Furrow or
Receipt,
to

" Crack

Ground."

Akhz,

"A

" taking. Seizing, interception, apprehending,"

belongs

the

same

idea

of Strictio Constrictio

and a term

in the preceding

page of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary, the Persian (m-^' AKten, *' To Hang, Suspend. To draw (a sword.) To Lead to a place,"

belongs

still

to the

&c.

and

this

same metaphor of Strijigo, Stringere gladium, sense o^ Lead brings us, we see, more nearly to

Ago, {kyu, Duco,) derived from the same action. That my idea respecting the word Akhz is just, will be manifest from the preceding term 0>jOcLl Ukhiid, or AKmid, " An oblong " Fissure in the Ground, a Furroiu. (A blow) Cutting the skin."
that of

In the same page

we

have^L/^^2A<^! /^/i^/zar, or AvLHTizar,

"Mowing,

" Reaping, Cutting

cally see,

down any

that the idea of

Taking Seizing

thing green;" where

is

we unequivoLatin Capia
py

derived from the

action Strijigendi Superficiem, ut Terram, &c.

The

belongs

to

Carpo,

for

the

same reason.
"

The Hebrew

HK

means, from a similar cause, " compress."

In Arabic,

To

Confine, straiten,

contract,

J U' Asar
I

means "Histories,
&:c.

traditions,

relations,
it

"news, memorable events,"

seem,
belongs
the
sciscitor,

&c.

to

which, as
(la-ropsu,
;

should

Greek Istor^o,
Viso,
lustro,

IsxoR/a,

Inquire,
lo-TOf/a,

Exploro,

memoria

trado, &c.
&:c.);

Cognoscendi studium, Lustratio locorum, Historia,

manifestly see, that the idea annexed to
of Routing into

where we these Greek words is that

or Searchitig
prove by

into

any thing.

That the Arabic

sense
of
the

word
a

is

derived from this metaphor of Scratches and Scars upon

I

Surface,

can

producing the

first

word as recorded by Mr. Richardson, who actually adopts the

4 z
term

730

*R. R.

- C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.
word,
Eser,

term Scar in his explanation, "Signs, marks, Traces, Scars, ves" tiges, ruins, monuments." In the succeeding column we have
another

form

of the

where

it

is

explained

by

"

mark,

sign, character,

impression.

Trace,

remain, vestige,

" ruin.

Knowledge,
in

perception

of any thing,"

&c. &c.

This
is

origin of

History and Story

old
"

will explain to us,

why Story

connected
Painting.

English with the Delineations or Sketches of

dight."

And Storied Windows ricWy

Mr. Warton

observes

on

this
is

passage,
Histories."

that

Storied means
the only
diffi-

" Painted with

Stories, that

After having ascer-

tained the true idea annexed to Istoreo,

culty which remains
as
is

(la-ro^eu,)
it

to discover,

whether
or
to

should be considered

belonging to the Element

the
I

'^S,

ST R,
to

or

to

both.

Under
which

Element SR, the same idea

it

exists as

in the

term,

have found

expedient so often

adopt,

Stir,

and

the explanatory word Scar, &c. &c.

The Welsh
History
in

Lexicographers
that

understand, that

Ystori, denoting

Language,

directly belongs to the

Greek

Istoria, {la-To^ia);

but they do not

seem
same

to be aware, that the

words under a similar form belong to the

idea, as "Tstyr, Consideration, sense,

meaning;

also History;"
wit,

Jstyrio,

"To

consider, to mind," &c.

YsiKyw, "Industry,

"craftiness, subtilty, skill;

stratagem."
*'

We

find

likewise,

as adjacent terms to these, Ystr/,

a Battle, a fight;"

Tstrewi,

"
it

To

Sneeze;" where we have the idea of Commotion, as we see

in the English Stir.

There are various other Welsh words

convey the same train of
ideas.

under the form ''ST

I

R, which

shall

shew, in a future Volume, that the words under the form

as Stir, &c., belong to Terra, &c.

ST R,

Terms

THE

EARTH.
up
the
feet,

731

Terms

signifying

To

Stir

or about
violently

To Urge
or

the

common
the
Street,

Path,
Vil-

forward,

Drive
rectly

Lead, &c.,

gently

To

Place, &c.,
lage, &c.

either di-

Easaw, AcHTa^n.
do an Act.
AcHnatn.
Acuaid.
(Ir.)

(Ir.)

To Make,

expressing the action

of Stirrifig up, and Breaking

To

Chase.

up the Ground, or connected

with words
purpose.
applied to
that

(Ir.)

Field.
^c^.

OSH. (Heb.) Todo,

HGH.
Lat.)

(Heb.)

To

Carry forth

Agoo, Ago, Agito. (Gr.

or away.

To Drive Lead, Stir up. Act Agitate, connected

To
with
in

AsKEo. (Gr.) Colo, Exerceo,

Cultivate,

To

Exercise, Practise

Stirring

up the Ground
business
Agriculture.

any thing.
Axioo, EvcHomai,

the

important

or

Actioji of

Eaeomai. (Gr.)

To

Lead.

Ago, Actiumi. (Gr.) To Break

up, asunder, &c. &c.

Aneo, Ask, Ax, Axian, Ascaim. (Gr. Eng. Sax. Ir.) To Stir up to any purpose To Solicit To

Oigo. (Gr.)

To

Break up or

Beseech, Pray.

open

To Open.

Ocmos. (Gr.)

Furrow.
(Ir.)

Out Aus,
Lead,

Aiceam, Aiaeam.

To

&c. Ek, Ex. (Eng. Germ. Gr. Lat.)

Go
To To

on.

Avs=Ackern.
Aoeiro, (Gr.)

(German,)

To

Acreuo, Eceiro,

plough Out or Up. Viian. (Sax.)

Ejicere.

Stir up, about, or together,

To 0/, Expellere,
To Drive Out

Chase, Drive, &c, &c. &c.

as attached to the

Ex=Ag/7o. (Lat.)
or About.

Aoros, Acer, Acre, or Ground.

Acuia. (Gr.)
Stirred

The

part

much

up, or

Trodden by

To take away. Otheo. (Gr.) To drive away.

OTer. (Fr.)

The

732

^R.R.\--C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
Latin and Greek Ago, {kyui,) with their parallel terms in
Fr.) &c.
&c.,

The

Modern Languages, Act, Ac/r, (Eng,

Surface
of
the

certainly

belong, in one of their applications, to Actions performed on the

Ground,

by means
should
all

of the

Plough

Harrow

OccA, Ege, &c. &c.

We

imagine, a

priori,

that the

word expressing Action

or Labou?- would be

derived from the

Spot, on which the primitive and

most important Operations are

The first sense of Ago, as given by R. Ainsworth, performed. " which accurately expresses is " To Drive gently or forcibly
;

the meaning of the word,

Ago, (Ayu,)
this

is

justly

The Greek explained by Duco, To Lead or Draw and

Stir

To

up or about, &c.

idea o{ Driving Leading or Drazving,

is

perpetually connected
Sec.

with that of Driving or Pushing on the Plough,

a Furrow, &c. &c.
*

in

Drawing
'

shall

shew, that Duco means simply

or

To

Ditch,

or Dike,

To Make

Draw

a Ditch,

Dike,

Furrow,

Hence we have Ducere Fossam, Ducere Sulcos, (in The Greek Elko, (ekxu, Traho,) To Draw, pulvere,) &c. &c. Sulcus, proprie et belongs, we know, to Olkos, {OXxog, Tractus tropice,) the Furrow. The term Ago, (Ayu,) is used, as I imagine, in its original sense, when it is applied to the Furrow, Aoein
'

Trench,' &c.

Ocmofl, {Ayuv
OvQ'
sou

Oyf/.ov.')

OrMON AFEIN

o^9ov Svvx,

ug to
(

tt^iv

ATEX.
v. 2.)

Theocr it. Idyll. X,

" Neque Sulcum rectum Ducere

potes, sicut antea Ducebas."

The Og,
same
Ogmos,

in Oatnos, (py[/,og,) should

probably be referred to the

idea as that
{Oyi^og,

conveyed by

Ago.

The

Scholiast

explains

Sulcus aratro factusj

Linea

a messoribus facta,

quum
nunt
;

scilicet

manipulos vel demessa secundum lineam dispoordine dispositae;

;

Plants

Series,
h
in

Ordo;

Via,)
Tr,v

in the
ot

following manner

Oyy.ov

rriv

auXaxas Tra^a to
KV^iug

Atoi^Qt^voct
btt bv9v

yi^v

Sb

Tot^iv, 01 ^e TOP Ofl%ov, ot Je tdv

^o^toV

tou u^ovt^ou

,TOfA,yi,

Let

THE
with
its

EARTH.
or open the Ground;
original Spot.
(Of^oj,

733
where
Vitium

Let us mark the explanatory word Oigo, (Oiyu, Aperio, patefacio,)

appHcation to Breaking up
is

the word

brought to

its

Let us mark likewise

the explanatory term

Orcho^,

Plantarum Ordo,
the
idea

Ordo,) or ORcnatos, (Plantarum Ordo, seu Series,) which, under

the

form '^RC,

seems

to

belong directly
tells

to

of the

Furrow.
(O^Stviovy)

Another Scholiast

us on this passage, that ORT>inion,

for a

was the ordinary or modern Greek word

tov Oyf^ov
(pijcrf

Furrow;
explana-

AvXaica,

Se,

ro y.oivug Xsyof/.evov
I

OPAINION.

The

tory Latin word

Ordo

have referred to the same Spot, though

different.

under an idea somewhat

This origin, which
I

have attributed to Ago, (Ayw, Duco,)

To

Lead, will explain to us,

why Ago,
dicitur

or

Aonumi, {Ayu, Frango,

signifies to

Rumpo, pro quo

usitatius

Ayvvf/.t,)

Break.

We
and

shall

now

see, that

Ago, (Ayu,) in both senses of Leading

Breaki?ig, belong to each other, and that they are connected

with the idea of Breaking up the Ground.

the Greek Ago, (Ayu,)
to the
is

The

words, to which

adjacent in our Vocabularies, bring us

same

spot, as Aaros, [Ay^og, Ager,) the Field, Acre, &c. &c.,

(Ayviu,

and Aouia,
cinia;

Vicus,

Via, sc.

urbis

Regio, Platea

Viwe

Angiportum,)
is

the Path,

or
;

the

Street.
it

Acora, (Ayo^a,
belongs to some

Forum,)

another adjacent term

and that

idea expressed by
shall

Ago

Aoro^,

or Acuia, {Ayu, Ay^oq, Ayuia,)

it

now,

think, agree;

though

is

not perhaps so easy to

decide on the

precise notion.

AooRa
Place,

might mean simply the

destined
for

Agro5, or peculiar Ground, or

purpose, as

certain

Place

we apply Place in Market=P/^c^; or it may mean 'The much Stirred up or Trodden by the multitude, the Public
Via

Path

the
;

Vicus,

Platea, or the Spot, on which people are

collected.'

Street

know, that Vicus has the double sense of the Trodden Path, that is, the Frequented and the Village
;

We

or Spot

and Forum

in

Latin means at once the Market=Place,

and

734
and the
with

\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. Market=Town. We perceive, ho\w Forum connects

^R. R.
the Furrow.

itself

Foriis,

To

these
Fair,

Furrow,

belong the English

words Forum and Forus, the the French Foir, and the

English Fare,

To

Go, with the German Fahren,

To

Fare, or

Go,

and Fuhren,
Congrego,
peto;

To

Lead, &c.
derive Agora, (Ayo^a,) from Ageiro, (kyu^u,

The Etymologists
Colligo;

Mendicando

corrogo,

circulatorum

more

Vagor,
;

victus, aut alius rei causa.)

The Greek Egeiro,

(Ey(f&i,

Excito,) and Ageiro, {kyu^u,) are only different forms of

each other

and they are derived from the idea of Stirring up the

or Ground.

Agkos,

{ky^oq,)

The word Ageiro,

together, as

{kyei^u,) in

the

sense of Colligo, precisely agrees with the metaphorical expression

of Raking
together,

or Stirring

Turba,

the

Crowd,

belongs to Turbo,

To

T>\sTurb

and

in the sense of Vagor,

we

have the idea of Raking about.

Agur^^j, {kyv^eu,
multitudo

The terms Agur^o, Agur/^, and kyv^i?, Ccetus, Congrego, Colligo in unum
;

unum;

Circulator
{Eyet^u.)

congregata

kyv^rri;.

Qui

congregat

ac

cogit

in to

et

Praestigiator

circumforaneus,) belong
in

Egeiro,
{kyv^Bu,)

This minute difference

{Eysi^u,)

form between Agureo,

these words to be

and Egeiro,

has

made both

considered as Roots, in our ordinary Greek Vocabularies.

term

Agra, [ky^a, Captura, Venatio

is

Piscatio; Res,

The quam
is

capimus aut venamur, proeda.)

likewise considered as a Root;

and Agr^wo,

{ky^evu, Venor, venatu capio, feras, pisces, aves,)

it.

supposed to be derived from

It

is

singular, that these terms

were not understood

to

be related to the adjacent word, under the

same form, Agro5,

kyoeuM,)

(ky^o?.)

The
'

terms

Agra and Agr^o,

up

{ky^x,

may simply mean what AGRt?MO, {ky^Bvca,) may signify

from the idea of Stirring up
have seen, that the
first

belongs to the Agros, [ky^o^); or

To

Stir

Chase Drive,'

Sec,

Ground, or Agro5, (Ay^o?.) sense of Ago is " To Drive gently or

the

We

"forcibly," and one of the passages produced by R. Ainsworth,

under

THE
under
this sense, is

EARTH.
Agra,
(Ay^a, Praeda,)

735
Agerent;" which
Prey,

"Cum

Prcedam ex Agris

brings us to the idea conveyed by

Booty, &c.

Ac

TO, from

Ago,
"

is,

we know,

likewise applied as a term

for Hunting.

Nee

curat Orion leones

timiclos

" Aut

Agitare
in

lyncas."

Robert Ainsworth explains Agito

" Course, or Hunt."
I

one sense by

"To

Chase,

have shewn on a former occasion, that Harrier, the Hunting-Dog, belongs to Harry, " Vexare, Laces" sere," and Hergian, " Vastare, Praedari;" which mean to
Harroiv.
I

have observed, what

is

we

all

acknowledge, that the idea

of Commotion

perpetually connected with that of Stirring up the

Ground, as Pulverem Excitare, Solicitare, " To Stir, or Dig, up " properly the Ground. To Disquiet, to busy, to trouble, to
"disturb," &c.
;

and hence we have Ago, signifying

Disturb, or Disquiet;"

"To

Move,
it

"or

Shake.

To

and hence likewise

has arisen, that

priate terms

Agito

is

one of the strongest and most appro-

to denote

Commotion or Agitation.
appears
in

The genuine
passage
:

sense

of

Agitation, &c.

the

following

" Sed ne lassitudo quidem Soli ininuit Agricolee fructum neque " enim prudentis est adduci tanquam in hominibus nimia corporis " exercitatione, aut oneris alicujus pondere, sic Cultibus et Agita" tionibus
c. 1.)
1

Agrorum
this

fatigationem succedere."

(Columell,

lib.

ii.

cannot quit the form

AGR,

without suggesting, that

words under

form, Agreuo, (Ay^tuu,) &c.,

may

possibly

be

compounds of Agoo, (Ayu,) Ago, and Era, (E^x); and thus Acer and Agro^, (Ay^og,) might have originally related to the Ploughed
up Land;
idea of

and hence we have the union of Ag= ^Ri, AG=itatio.

(Ayu,

The Greek Agoo,

Violence

Aufero,

Rapio, Abigo,) has a similar

and Commotion
xa< qx^uv

familiar phrase

ArEIN

and hence, we know,

is

the

tov^ TroXe/Movi, &c.,

which R, Ainsworth

736
sense

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
explains
.

worth justly
it

by

Agitare and

Diripere.

In

this

precisely coincides with

Harry, Hergian, &c. Vastare,

Praedari.

That the idea of Action, annexed to the Latin Ago, Actus, &c., was derived from the important Action, the Cultivation of
La?id, will be manifest,
I

imagine, from the word Verv-AcTum,

which means, says R. Ainsworth, "Vere AcTum; i.e. Verno " tempore Aratiim; Land, that hath been fallow, and is turned
" in the spring to be sown the next year."

which meant
or Actory as

in latter times

A Pleader

of

The term AcTor, Causes,' and 'A Player,'

we

express

it,

originally denoted the Cultivator of a

Farm. R. Ainsworth gives us, as the second sense of this word, " A bailiff, or comptroller," and refers us to Columella, lib. i. c. 77.
" Ita
fit,

ut et

Actor,

et familia

peccent, et

Acer

sjepius in-

Agere Terram Aratro occurs in the Vocabulary of the Rei Agrarice Scriptores; and we are referred to page 296 of the Work, where we have " Circum- Actvs Aratri. Quin" que aut sex pedum latitudo, qua scilicet Aratrum eat." (Nicolai Hence we have the term Actus, Rigaltii Glossce Jgrimensoria.
phrase
for a

" fametur."

The

measure of Land, or " Mensura longitudinis pedum

It
is

CXX
suffi-

" absque latitudine."

not necessary to adjust with precision

is

the quantity of the measure, which

cient to

here intended:
it

It

is

bring us to the spot, from which

is

is

taken, or
ii.

with
In

which

it

connected.

(See too Columella,

lib.

c.

1,

5.)

Sub=lGO, which our ordinary Vocabularies explain by "To Break, " Ear, or Till. To Dig, or Cast up, Ante Jovem nulli Subige-

"

BANT Arva

coloni.

Scrobem

Subigere,"

we

see

the
is

genuine
that of

sense of Ago.

Among

other senses which Subigo has,

"

To WhetSubigiint in cote secures," which will again shew us, how Igo or Ago Occo and Acwo, may be only different forms The various senses existing in Ago and its of each other.
derivatives, Sub-loo,

AcTor, &c. &c.,

which are acknowledged

to

THE
to be applied to Operations

EARTH.

737

tion

be the

original

on the Ground, whether that applicasense or not, will shew us what various
from each other, are connected with
ideas,
it.

ideas, apparently discordant

this
are,

Spot,

and consequently, what various

senses of

such as these

might have been originally derived from

Let us examine

the various

our ordinary
connected

Ago and Sub-loo, as they are detailed in Lexicons, and we shall be astonished and edified by
at

observing the various applications of the same fundamental idea,

all
if

least
it.

with the action of Stirring up the Ground,

Among the different senses of these words, recorded by R. Ainsworth, we have (Ago,) " Properly, To drive " gently or forcibly. To do or execute any business To talk " of. To mind, observe. To sue, implead, or indite. To Plead. " To move or shake. To live. To personate. To Exercise. "To Count or reckon. To bargain, contract for, &c. &c. " {Sub-lco.) To Bring under, to Subdue, to conquer. To Shove " or thrust. To Break, Ear, or Till. Nequam voc. To Dig, or " cast up. To Rub, or stroke To Whet." Mr. Parkhurst has
not derived from

justly

compared with
signifies

tiie

Greek Ago,

(A^'w,) the

which

"To

bring or carry forth, or

it,

Hebrew njn HGH, away;" and in other

bring forth, or
utter

senses,

as

this

Author explains
voice.

"To

" words, or a

Discourse, Tale.

To

roar,

or

rather

" growl, as a lion over his prey.

To
we

bring forth, or propose any

" thing

in the

mind

for meditation

and contemplation.

jj

IGIG,
idea of

" Intense Meditation, earnest contemplation."

Acitation affords the senses which

The same
Talk
of.

see in this

Hebrew

term.

The Latin Ago means, as we have seen, "

" to observe
;

To

To mind,
rem
is

"

and we

all

know such
talk

phrases as " Agitare

" aliquam sermonibus.

To

or discourse of

yjgitare consilia,

To Consult." The nwn HGINH, which

"

succeeding word to this Hebrew term

once occurs

in

Ezekiel, and

which some
be the

explain by ''Directly, Straight forward."

If this thould

5 A

meaning

738
meaning
or
'

^R.

R.-\ C, D, G, J, K, Q,

S,

T,

X, Z.
'

of the word, the

HG

may belong

to the sense of

Driving'

Leading onward, Forztard,' &c.

Ago, {Ayu, Duco, Ayu, Frango, Rumpo,) which are derived from the same idea of In the same cokimn of the VocaStirring up,' Agitating, &c.

There

are

various

terms,

adjacent

to

'

bulary of Hederic, where this word occurs,

find

Aeon, {Ayuv,
is

Certamen, solennes

ludi,

certamina ludorum,) which

see,

placed as

a Root, but which, as

we

belongs to the idea of Commotion

(Ayu,) &c.

Agitation, Sec, annexed

to

Ago,

One of

the senses

given in my Greek Vocabulary of this word is " Exercitatio ad " certamen;" where in ex-EKcere, belonging to the form of our

Element '^RC, we have a similar union of the and of

the
Stirring up
the Ground, "
(Ao-kew,

ideas of Coiitention

Exercet frequens Tellurem."

In Greek, Askeo,

Colo, Exerceo, percolo, meditor,) has

same idea, and is derived from the same spot, under the form We perceive, that the sense of of our Element "^S, '^K, &c. Meditor coincides with the use of the Hebrew word above produced and we see likewise, that the explanatory term, used by Hederic, Colo, brings us at once to the same idea of Cultivating the
j

j^and.

The

English Ask, in old English, as in our vulgar Lanits

guage, Axe, with

parallel terms Ascian, Axian, &c. 6cc. (Sax.)

{A<nciu,

Eyschen, (Belg.) &c., has been referred to AsKeo,

Exerceo,)

and Ax/00,

{A^tou, Peto, Postulo.)

derived from the

same

idea.

We

These words are all ultimately shall not wonder to find, that

such words as

Ask and

Ax/oo, (a|<ow,) which signify

To

Solicit,

should be derived from the notion of Stirring up the Ground,

when we remember, what

explanatory
I

have frequently observed, that the

metaphorical
Axios,

word

Solicit

has the same

place,
'^S,

meaning.

have suggested in another

that

(A^io-,)

might

perhaps belong to our Element

Distinguished Being, by
as
I

&c. denoting This or That

I

way

of eminence; but

have

now

given,

imagine, the true idea.

We

must add

to these words, signi-

fying

THE
fying

EARTH.
(AtTcu,

739
Peto, Postulo,) the

To

Ask, kc, the Greek Aneo,

Galic Aisc^w,
*

"To

request, crave, search for;"

Aisc, "A
Ascaim,

Re-

quest, petition;"

and Aisc, "Damage, trespass;

"

a reproach,

"chastisement;"
,this

where we have another sense belonging to

race

of words,

Ancuim, To

pray,

beg;

To

" Ask, beg;

Aicim,

To

Pray, beseech, intreat;"

and in Welsh,

Arch, Erchi, Petition; where we have the form ''RC. In the same column of my Welsh Dictionary with Erchi, we have ERCHW'ji-, "Hunting-Dog, Hounds;" where, in these two words,

we

see the

same fundamental
in
in the

idea of Searching out.

I

In the

same

column with Aicim,

Mr. Shaw's Dictionary,

find
;

see

Aiceam,

To

Lead; and

next column, Aiceam,

I

To go
the

on; where
first

we

have the sense of Ago.

likewise, in

of these

columns, Aicnear, Sharp, Keen

where we see the sense of Aco

;

and Aicear, Angry, Cruel,

&c.
&:c.

Severe

Aicid,

Disease,

Sickness,
is

&c.

The ^m,

in these

verbs Aiceam and Aicim,

the

mark

of the Infinitive

Mood; and from such forms have been

in

sometimes derived the Present Tenses of verbs

in other instances the
{EvxoiJ.ai,

Greek
&c.)

while

^M

denotes Am.

In EucHom=a/, Eoeom-ai,

Precor, Opto, Sec, Byeof^on, Duco,

Dux sum,

we

see

unequivocally the

Euch and Eg belonging

to the race of

words

now
the

before us, whatever might have been the original force of

*M.
In the

same column of
I

my

Greek Dictionary with Egeomai,

Pello, &c.);
Elaji,

(Hysofia,,)

perceive Egelazo, (H^iyXa^w, Duco, Ago,

which some derive from Aaein and

(Ayew et
in

EXocv,

Pellere.)
{Hysofzat,)

That the
and
part.

first part.

Eg, belongs to the

Eg

Eoeomai,

to the

Ago, (Ayu,) we shall not doubt; and the second El, may be significant, and belong to the Element '^L, conin
will

Ag

veying the same idea.

{HyriXoc^u},)

and sense of Egel in EcELazo, remind us of Agele, (AyiXri, Armentum, grex,)

forni
&:c.,

The

which probably meant originally the Drove of Oxen, Sheep,

and

740
more
Greek
Nuncio,

^R. R.

\-C, D, G, J, K, Q,
form '^GL,

S,T, X, Z.

and belongs

to the

To
in

Drive, just as

Acmen belongs

directly to

Ago.

word
the

the preceding column of

my

Vocabulary, &c. &c.)

under

same form, Aggello, {AyyBXXUf

(AyyeXoi;,

and Aggelo5,
I

Nuncius,

Nuncius

Dei, Angelus,) conveyed,

To

Sti)-

up Excite Urge or

imagine, a similar notion, and meant

Drive any one to action by com-

mand, exhortation, &c.

the term Angel, the

To

Enjoin

Order.
now
before

Hence we know,

whatever might have been the primitive sense of these words,

Messenger, has been derived.
in the

The words

under the form '^GL,

opening
Agkule,

Vocabulary, as Jggule,
catenap intortum,
guilla,
AyjcvXvi,

or

(^AyyvXTi,

me of my Greek Lorum in modum

An-

Amentum.)

Agel-astes, (AyEXaorij?,

with the Latin Anguilla, or Agguilla, Agkeleuo, {AyKsXeva,

Servo,) Agklos, or Agkulos, ^AyycXo?, Ayy.vXog, Tortuosus,) all convey

the

same

idea
see,

of Forcing

Compressi?ig Constringing
AgcJio,

together.

Thus we

how Ago and

{Ayu,

^go,

Rapio, Ayx^,

Neco, Strangulo, SufFoco, fauces, Constringo,) are only different

forms of each other, conveying similar ideas of a forcible action

upon an object or
idea of Stirring

surface.

The

very term Cojistringo

is

acknow-

ledged to be derived from Stringo and Strix, which relate to the

up or over

Agitating

Brushing
what

over or Velli^
I

eating a

Surface.

We

see

here

likewise,

have before

noted,
as

how
as

the forms ^G, ""GG, or

8zc.

^NG,

pass into each other;

signifies

Agcho, (Ayx^,) Ango,

&c.

The word Sub^loo

to

itself,

we know, "To
(Ayw,)

Force, Constrain-/'

and here again we

each other.

see,

how Ago,

and Accho, {Ayx^,) belong

The

terms under the form ^GCh, 'GG, or ^NCh, '^NG, &c. will

be considered on a future occasion.

We

have seen, that the Celtic Aisc at once means "

;

Re-

" quest, petition

"

and " Damage, trespass

Ait^o,
(Aireo),

reproach, chas-

" tisement."
{AiTtuof^ui,

The Greek

Peto,)

and

Aniaomai,
to

Cri minor,

Accuso,)

have the

same

relation

each
other.

THE EARTH.
other.

741

The Greek Ate, (At;, Injuria,) is only another form of The Latin Peto means at once "To Entreat these words. * humbly, to desire," &c., and " To set upon, to assail, To " make a claim in law," &c. In the same column of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary with Ascaim, "To Ask, beg," we have Asaaim, " To winnow, cleanse;" where we at once see the idea of

Agitation,

annexed

to this race of words.

In the

same column
of the

we have As^w, " To Do, Make," where we

senses annexed to

see one

remind us of other Celtic terms, with the same meaning, as Eas^w, " To make, to do
;

Ago

and

this

will

AcHT, " A Statute, decree, deed ;" Acmam, " To pass an Act of " parliament, to ordain, order, command;" which, we see, coincides with the form

Act, Acrum, (Lat.) EACHDam, "

To

do. Act;

"

and Eachd, or Achd,

"A

Condition."
latter

In the same column of

Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, where this AcHT, "ANail, claw;" where we

Scratcher
Vellicater,

word occurs, we have

idea of the
sour,
tart,

see the original

&c.

Acuiar, Acar, Sharp,

be"
;

longing to Acuo, and Ach, "

A Skirmish

"
;

kcnuam, " To Chase

and AcHuid,
spot.

"A

Field;" where we are brought

to the original

Under the form Each we have the term denoting a Horse, which we might conceive from hence to signify the Doer, the

Labourer;

yet

have attributed to

'Eqiius,

Hack, HxcKuey, on

another occasion, the more original sense, annexed to this race of words, of the animal who Hacks up the Ground by its motion

upon

it.

In Hebrew, ntrv

OSH

means

"To

Do, perform, Act;''

In

which should probably be referred to this race of words.

the

same column with the Celtic Asajn, in Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, is Asard, Debate; and adjacent to Easam we have Easard, "Quarrel

"A
"fall

foul

House;"
water,

and

Eas,

EAsar,
w^e

EAsard,
see

"A
idea

cataract,

of

cascade;"
Agitation

where

the

of Disus,

turbance

Disquiet

Commotion.

This will shew

the

what

endeavour to prove

in a future page, that

name

of

Water.

742

*R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

Water, as Aqua, Sec, is derived from the idea ^of Jgitation. In the succeeding column we have Easc, "Water; Old;" and
'EAsgair,

"

storm, blustering wind, surprise."

Easg, Easga

means

Moon; but whether it be derived from the idea of the " Watery Moon," I cannot decide. Eascara denotes " An adver" sary, enemy;" and I must leave the Arabic Scholars to
the

decide, whether the Arabic Asker, J^Ikc

An

army, from which the

term Lascars

is

derived, belongs to this idea.

will

The words Asard and EAsard

remind us of the English

Danger HAzard, which means a Sharp state of Peril Exciting or UACKing up our feelings. quiet, Stirring up

DisIt
is

not necessary or possible to select that precise notion, with which

HAzard
Danger
with
Piercing

directly connects

itself,

from a train of
all

ideas,

which

belong to the same imagery.

or Peril,

We
is

know, that the idea of

is

or a HAzardous state of things,

connected

the

metaphor of what

HACKm^
'

or

Cutting

Sharp
where

Pointed the
in
is

Acute Edge, &c., as Epi Xurou AKmes,

(Etti ^v^ou axpij?,

'

In acie novaculae,)

To

be in the most imminent

Danger

the most perilous or HAzardous situation;"

AKme,
again

(AKf^ri,)

and Acies belong

to

the
is

words before

us.

The

succeeding word to HAzard, in Skinner,

it

'Hazy Weather.' Here

Perhaps

difficult to

decide what peculiar notion should be se-

lected from a train of congenial ideas.

Hazy

conveys

the

same notion

as Turbid, thick,
tip

which belongs, we know^ to the

I

sense of matter Stirred

shew belongs to Tutf; and in in another place, that R. Ainsworth the first sense of Turbidus is " Muddy, thick, "Foggy." To Hase or Hawze means likewise "Nimio clamore "obtundere;" where we again see the sense of Turbare. Skinner refers Hazy to Hassen, Odisse, and Hase or Hawze to
together in a Disturbed state.

Turbidus Turbo

Has, (Sax.)

Heiser,

&c. (Germ.) Raucus

in

where

we have

the

ame

idea.

The Ard,

HAS=Ard,

is

probably the familiar term

denoting

THE
denoting 'Kind,
Sort,'

EARTH.
The
parallel

743
terms to

as in Bast=Ard.

Hazard
^zarro,

occur in various
(I tal.)

Languages,

as in -^zar, (Span.) ZarUt

;

Azaria, (A^a^/a,
it

imagine, that
to the

is

modern Greek,) &c. derived from As or Az, the j4ce,

and some
as relating

game with Az in
which Azar

of Hazard.

The

sense of certain terms, beginning

us
the

Spanish, will shew

is

metaphorical

idea from
in its

derived, which

my

Lexicographer explains

two first senses by "Unforeseen disaster, an unexpected acci" dent. Unfortunate card or throw at dice," such as Kxada, " A Spade, Azadon, Pick-axe, Azadojiar, To dig or break up

*'

the

Ground with

a Spade or Pick-axe j". and Azar6<?,

"a Trench

" or drain which carries off the overplus of irrigation

waters."
same idea
I

Under the form Hazada, of the Spade; and while

*

for
I

Azada,

we have

still

the

am

examining

this

word

cast

my
Heac&c.,

eyes on the adjacent term HAzatia, "Exploit, Achievement,

roic

deed."

comparison of these terms with

the

each other
It
is

will

shew us whence

idea of Acrioti

is

derived.

knowledged, that HAzatia belongs to HAC^r, "

To Make,"

which we should certainly refer to the race of words now under discussion; and yet Hac^t is allowed to belong to Facio, which
brings
us to the form

FC

and

this

form

will

supply

ample

materials for a separate discussion.

But whatever we may think

to dart," belongs to
is
;
'

of HAC^r, the Spanish Etymologists will grant, that their familiar

term EcH^r, "

To

cast,

to throw,
all
its

Ago, &c.

Its original idea,

'

amidst

various senses,

that of 'Stirring

up

Casting up

or

Throwing up, as the Earth

is

and oftentimes
it.

the idea of Agitation or Commotion

annexed to

In such

phrases

as

"

Echar

Tierra a

alguna cosa,

To

bury an. affair

thing,'

"in oblivion;" we are brought

In Scotch,

literally

'To throw Earth upon any

idea,
i

to its original

In the Spanisli

Auto, we

have another form of Act, Actiuh, &c.

HASARTOMr means "

gamester, one

who

plays

"at

744

^R. R.

\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T,X, Z.

"at games of Hazard" as Dr. Jamieson explains it; and the two preceding articles are Hasard, "An old dotard;" and Hasard, Hasert, "Gray, Hairy;" of which latter word Dr. Jamieson sees

"no

probable origin."

All these words belong

to

each other, and denote the circumstance or object which Excites

the feelings, or Disturbs and An7ioys the

mind with emotions of

apprehension

Disgust, &c. the

Fretting circumstance, and the

Fretting or Fretful Personage.

We
it

might almost use the word

at

Crabbed

in

both cases, and apply

once to the Wazkkdous

or Crabbed state of circumstances, as

and the Crabbed or Has^;^ old

we sometimes express it, man. That the Has in these

I

terms relates to the metaphor, from which

suppose

this

race

of words to be derived, will be manifest from a term in the next

column of Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary, Hash, To

second sense
" injure
it

Slash.
as
to

In the

is

used for

"To

abuse,

maltreat;
;

Hash

" clothes, to abuse them by carelessness

it

to

by

careless reaping," as Dr. J. explains

Hash grain, to it. He explains

Hash by

"A
"

Sloven, one

who

abuses his clothes;" and quotes

its

the following lines as an example of

use.

I canna thole the clash " Of this impertinent auld Hash."

It

is

acknowledged, that Hash, as applied to the Man, belongs

metaphorical application of Hash,

to the

To

slash;
;

and Auld

Hash means the same as HAsard, the old Dotard and thus we perceive how we have brought the Has in Whsard to the terms Hash or Hack, according to my Hypothesis. In the same column of Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary we have WAsn^Methram, "In a state of disorder, topsy turvy "Hasky,
;

"

YiAs4ock, "A term deRank, &c.. Coarse, &c., Dirty, &c." " scriptive of the finest wool of the fleece, being the lock that " grows on the Hals or throat;" HASsof^, " A Beesom. It is

" applied to any thing bushy; a Hassoc^ of hair, a great quantity

"of

THE
" of
it

EARTH.
;

745

Has bears the same meaning, as being only anotiier form of Hash and we here see, how terms, from signifying what is Hashing or Hacking
on the head."
In these words the
to the touch

or to

gusting
is

to

Annoying
in

Harsh Hirs?;^^ Rough,

I

the

mind, afterwards denote what

is

Dis-

and then what

HiRSutus,

Bushy

general.

have
to

shewn,

that

Harsh,

Herse, the Harrow, for the same reason: Hence we have the above terms in Scotch denoting
belong
the

the form '^RS,

the Bushy lock of Wool, and the Bushy Hair

the

Beesom, &c.

In English,

Hassock

is

used for

Rough Bushy the Rough Mat,

on which we kneel.

The word Mat, under

the Element

MT,

is

derived from a similar idea, the Matted object.

In the same opening of Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary

**
'

we have

HAsrard, Irascible
ried;

HAsrerd

HASTerd, Confounded. Fluttered, FlurEarly, Soon Ripe Hat, Was Called Hatch,
; j
;

" Hotch, To Move by jerks; Hatchel, To shake in carrying; " Hait, Hot;" where, in all these terms, however different in sense

same fundamental idea of ExThe llASTard, Irascible, is what we citement and h.GUation. and HAST^r'^, Soon Ripe, is the Hasty, or quick call Hasty;
they
be,
still

may

we have

the

coming production. to the same idea of

*

shall shew, that

Excitemefit;

Haste and Hot belong and with respect to Hat, 'Was

which appears most remote
is

called,'

belonging to
idea,
I

Hight, &c.,

from the

shall shew, that this sense of Calling

derived

from the notion of Exciting or Stirring up a person

to action

*To

Call

upon a person
under Hat,

to do
to the

so and so.'

Dr. Jamieson justly

refers us,

German
in

Heiss^w, which means to

"Bid,

tell,

command;"
Call.

and

Scotch,

Hecht

has a similar

meaning,
is

"To

To

Command."

In old English,

HAsrard

used to express the most violent state of Hostile Excitement

or Fury, which belongs to the

his execrations against the

Hasty
B

Personage.

Skellon pours

Murderers of the Earl of Northum.5

berland.

746

^R.R.\- C, D, G,
them

J,

K, Q, S,T, X, Z.
Hastarrddis
in their

berland, by describing

as " Vilane

"furious tene." (Percy's Reliques of Ancient Poetry, Vol.1, p. 97.) The Glossarist explains Hastarddis thus; " Perhaps Hasty, rash
"fellows, or upstarts, qu.
;

"

where he
is

is

right in the explanatory

term Hasty, though that term

strong a manner.

not applied with

in

us

in

so
his

Dr.

Jamieson,

the

same opening of

Lexicon, in which the above words are found, gives us likewise

Hate, Hait, Haid. Any

" be conceived.
" Hate, Neither one

thing, the smallest

all:

thing that can

Neither Ocht nor
miglit imagine,
particle,

Ne'er a Hate, Nothing at thing nor another."

We

from seeing the term Hate^ denoting the smallest

this

in

place, that

it

belonged

to

Hash, and meant

I

the

minute
Dr. Ja-

cuttings of any thing; yet on this point

cannot decide.

mieson

refers }Fhit,
if

Nought, to the same source;

to the

and, it should

seem, as

Ought and Ocht belonged

same

idea.

Yet here

considerable difficulty occurs.

We

have seen the Greek Oomos, (Oyp?, Sulcus aratro factus

facta,

Linea a messoribus

quum
;

scilicet

manipulos

vel

demessa

secundum lineam disponunt

Ayeiv.)

Plantas

ordine dispositae;

Series,
(Oyf/.ov

Ordo, Via.j the Furrow, &c,, and the phrase

Oamon

Aaein,

On the precise origin of this The Og may belong to Ago, (A'yu,

Asperio,) &c., and the

term

it

is difficult

to decide.

Duco, Frango,) Oigo, (Oiyu,

GM might
G;

belong to the Element

GM,

to

Chamai,

{Xu^cti,

Humi,) &c.

The
{Ayf^ct,

m may

however be only an

organical addition to the

or the form of Ogmos, (Oyp?,)

might
of the

be referred to Agma, Agmos,

derived from

Fragmentum,

Ayy.cg, Fractio,)

Ago,

(Ayu,

Frango,) by the construction

Language.

In this case,

of the Furrow.

Ogmos would mean the Breaking up The succeeding words to Agma, {Ayfia.^ 'in ray
{Ayneiovsg,

Greek mores

Vocabulary, are Jgmeiones,

in inguinibus,)

Bubones, seu tu-

Agme,

(Ayfxyi,

Focus, Hes. Calculus,) AgmeroSy

loose Broken Stones;

(AyfAv^og,

Quietus.)

The Agme may mean

and

THE
it.

EARTH.
out, as

747
we
express

and the Agmeiones, the Tumours, or Breakings

The Agmeros, whatever

(pyf/.og,)

it

The Greek Ogmos,

origin.

may be, I am unable to explain. may afford these conjectures; but

its

they are such as will not admit the decision of our opinion on
In the Latin

Agm^ we have
I

the form "^GM, with the

*,

addition of the n, which

conceive to be organical

As

the following observations relate to Celtic Literature, I shall present

them

to

the attention of the Reader,

that the general

who is interested in the enquiry, under the form of a Note argument may not be interrupted by the minuteness of a particular dis-

cussion.
is

On

the origin of the Celtic

Ogham, the
it

mysterious wTiting of the Druids,

it

not easy to decide.

We might
*GM,

refer

perhaps to the Greek

Ocmw,

(Oy^o,-,) that is, to

a word under the form or Lines.

The

Ogham

bearing the same Elementary meaning of Regular Furroius^ seems to denote the writing formed by Lines, both as referring

which served as guides, and to the Lines or Strokes, made on those principal Lines, by which Strokes the letters were represented. Hence perhaps the letters received the names of Trees, as this mode of writing by certain Lines in a regular order might well remind the writers of a Series or order of
to the principal parallel Lines, or Furroivs,

Trees planted

in Lines, Trenches,

or Furrows.

Hence Ogmos,

Plantx ordine dispositx,) at once signifies Furroivs Lines, and Plants dispose(?in order. To make this resemblance still more complete, we may observe, that the Druids sometimes actually adopted Sprigs or Twigs of Trees, in their mysterious writing. (See
Afr. Davies' Ccliic Researches,
p.

(Oy^to;,

Sulcus aratro factus,

269,

8cc. 8cc.)

The

Ogham

consisted,

"according

to

relation to one principal Line, over or under which which they are drawn." {Grammar of the Irish Language, The Greek Grafo, (r^xipu,) and the Latin Scribo, mean to Grave up or Scrape the p. 4.) Ground ; and Exaro, we know, is at once To Plough and to Write. I have shewn too, that

" OTlaherty, in " and positions,

"they

certain Lines and marks," says General Vallancey,

as they stand in

" and

their situations

are placed, or through

Write means
0< XaAniiioi,)
is

to

Wroote up the

Rakth.

In Hcsychius,

given as the Salaminian word for a Syllable, which

Uggemox, {yyy.jM^, El/^^ai3,, may belong perhaps

with Celtic terms,

to the

Druid

Ogham.
that

My
in

conjecture,

Og:mw,

(Oy^iof,)

is

particularly connected

will receive perhaps considerable force,

when we
is

learn, that the succeeding

the

ordinary
(oyftio;,

Greek Vocabularies
dilfuulties.
as

confessedly of Celtic origin.

word to this This word is

the Gauls.
to us

Ogm/W,
Lucian,

Epith. licrculis ap. Gallos,) a

name
a

for Hercules,

This term contains some

We

all

remember,
us,

that the

among name comes

from

who saw

in

Gaul,

he

informs

representation
at the sight,

of Hercules, called

Ogm/w,

painted as a decrcpid old

man; and wondering

he was informed by

a learned Druid, "that Hercules did not in Gaul, as in Grc'cce, betoken Strength of

" Body, but

Force of Eloquence," as General Vallancey has expressed

it.

{Grammar of

the

Irish

748
Irish

^R.R. .--C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
He
then informs us, that "Keisler,
'\ti

Language, p. 3.)

Antiquit. Celt, derives the

" name Ogmius from " Hence

the Irish

word Ogam, Eloquence."

He

adds, moreover,

"

that the
p. 34.)

"Tartarian Hercules was

the honourable

also called

Ogls.

{Hist, des Tartares. Leyd.

1726.

title

of Ocus-C/za// of the Tartars."

Bochart derives

Ogm/mx

from a Phoenician term signifying a Stranger, '2^ Agemi, or, as he otherwise expresses it, " Barbaros et peregrinos Arabes ita nominant. Nempe vel ex Phcenice Agemion. " Hercules, vel es Africa aut Gadibus ad Gallos se contulerat, post multos labores mari et

"
as

terra exantlatos."

(Chanaan,

lib.

i.

c.

42.)

He

imagines, as

it

seems, that Hercules was

painted as an old man, from being thus exhausted by his Labours.

" Atque

id

ipsum,"
alludes,

he adds,

" Herculis
wS::^'
ideot,

pictura referebat."

The Arabic word,

to

which Bochart

is, I

imagine,

Ac em, which Mr.

fool, rustick,

Richardson explains by

"A

Persian.

A Baris

"

barian,

an
or

rough, unpolished man."

In Celtic too, Oigimh

a Sojourner

Foreigner,

as

General Vallancey observes.

The name

of

Hercules,
,-

it might be, would probably be taken from the idea of the Illustrious Personage which was no doubt applied to the prowess exhibited by this Hero, in his Labours and

whatever

when he

is

described under another point of view, the representation probably arose from
in similar

some confusion

names, which were terms of Honour and respect, referring

ferent qualities, as to Valour

in the present instance;

Age Wisdom
into the

to dif-

Eloquence.

This,

imagine, has taken place

and 'GM, which might denote originally the Prince

Personage
Illustrious for

Man

of Valour, Sec,

was converted

Wisdom or

Eloquence,

Leader
difficult

the Sage, &c.

It

would be

difficult,

however, to arrange widi precision the terms which contain

this equivocal sense, as attached to the

to decide

form * ; and it would be on the true Element to which these words are attached. I

GM

still

more

am

surprised, that

Bochart, in seeking an Arabic origin for the

name

of Hercules in

Ugmw

or

Oom,

Ogam,

did not, instead of Ajem, adopt the most familiar

word
is

in the Arabic

Language,

under a similar form,

Azeem,

xUg

denoting whatever

Great, Illustrious, or Distin-

guislud. Mr. Richardson explains this word by " Great, Large. High in quality or " dignity, much esteemed." This is a term which perpetually occurs. In Greek, z Leader Opinor, appears under the form 'GM, as Egeom/jj, (Hyio/xai, Duco, Dux sum, prseco ;

puto, reor,)
in these

Egemowms,

[Wyii^onvu,

Sum Dux,

Rego,) Egemc/;, {Hyi^m, Dux.)

to

The Eg
Duco,)

words represents the Radical form, and belongs

Ago, (Ayw,)

as I

have before
derived from

observed, whatever

may be

the origin of the

M.

Thus Egeoma;,

(Hyeofiai,
is

To

Lead, might be connected with

is

Ogmw,

(Oy^to;,

Duco, which
I shall
(Txo.:,)

applied,

we know,

to the

shew

in a future

Volume,

that

Furrow Trench, &c. Ducere Sulcum,Fossam, &c. Duco is the verb belonging to Ditch, Dike, Tcikos,
Oomios,
(Oyftio,-,) is

Sulcus,) just as

Dux

&c. &c.

In the

column of

my Greek Vocabulary, preceding that where

found,

we have another Phoenician or Celtic term, Ogka, (Oyx, Onca, Cognomen Minervx. Vox Phcjenicia,) the celebrated name for Minerva. General Vallancey derives this name
from Ogham, the Elements of
that
letters.

{Gram, of the

Irish

Language,

p. 3.)

After observing,

" Ogham is always applied to the Elements of letters," he proceeds in tlie following manner: "Thus Minerva in Egypt was called Ogga, as the Goddess of Wisdom. " Euphorion,

THE
" Euphorion, in Stephen " "toi.ixaf, and Hesychius
*'

EARTH.
is

749
this head.

of Byzantium,
says in so

positive

on

Oyxa,

ama a6k

antiquity do attest, that the

many words, Oyyx, a8x i most ancient name of Minerva was

;

0nBit>:.

All writers of

that

of Ogga, says the

divinity as Pallas, she presided over War the Irish Oig/ie implies a Champion "she is also said to preside over spinning and weaving; hence the Irish word Oig/ie also " means a loom. This is a convincing proof, that the Greeks borrowed the attributes of
:

" " " "

learned

Abbe

Banier, in his Mythology of the Ancients

and, adds the same Author,

this

Selden, Bochart, and Fourmont seem

(^gS"-

much

at a loss

about the derivation of

word
:

Minerva, Pallas, and Athene, among the Greeks, were but one and the same
;

"

this

Deity from the Celts; a practice confirmed by Cornutus the Stoic."

question
is

Wisdom Valour

The

to determine

what idea

Ogga

originally conveyed,

whether that of

Sjtinning, or

any other quality which she was supposed to possess.

The name was

meaning of

certainly derived

from some

one idea;

though, from a confusion in the

similar words, the Goddess,

who

originally

was intended

to

preside over

one certain or particular quality or Art, as Learning Weaving, &c., might be afterwards supposed to preside over another, as War; and the equivoque might exist in these
Celtic terms.

OiGHE,

or

The Goddess Ogga might be afterwards invested Champion, who was originally intended to preside over

with the
the

office

of the

Oighe

or Loom.

Goddess was once invested with these different offices, her various names would be generally derived from one or the other of these offices, according to the taste of her Bochart supposes that she is so called, as being the Goddess of War, from votaries. the Syriac Uy^-Aggah, as he represents it, " Bellum movere;" and he thinks, that the Gates

When

the

at
lib.

Thebes, Ogkaiai,
i.

(o-/x.aixi,

mjy.a.i

Bru>,) are called

I

so

from the Goddess. {Chmiaan,

The c. 16.) The term Ogga may

names of the Gates

consider in another place.

certainly connect itself with terms

;

which
all

relate to

Know-

Ifjge IVeaving,

and War, in the Celtic Dialects

idea of Excitement

Com/notion or

and they are

derived from the

Aditation.

That terms denoting

;

I'P'ar

should be de-

rived from this source,

idea

of Knoiuledge

we

shall readily

understand

and

we

shall not

wonder, that the

very term Spirit

Intelligence

or

Mind, should be derived from the Excitement of

to Courage, Spirit,

Energy and
relates at

Activity.,

such as

we annex

&c.

The
,

once,

we know,

to Excitement of Thought

and of Courage
ardor. Impetus,

and

we
:

shall find,

that various terms, which express Mind, often present the same union of ideas
that

We know,

Mind

Mens, belongs

to

Menos,
;

(M!of,

Animi

quo ad

aliquid agen-

dum,

aut sustinendum ferimur

Animus,

prxsertim Vis Animi, qux Latinis Mens.)

The same union

Animus ; Animi Impetus, et/ftc?, Animus, seu Impetus Animi, and Animus, " The Mind, Courage, Spirit," says R. Ainsworth. Lhuyd represents the Irish terms for Supientia by " Agna, Agnaidlieas,
of ideas occurs in O^om/^a, Cogitatio,

<'

Eligsi."

Mr. Shaw,

in his Galic and Irish Dictionary, explains Eagnaidh by

skill,

"wisdom,"

UiGE
is

by " Knowledge,

ingenuity,

understanding;"

"Prudence, and the pre-

Uige, "A Web, carded wool for spinning." We here sec, that the In Mr. Shaw, Oige is a Web; and terms for Skill and Weaving are connected. Oigh, A Virgin, Maid; Oig, A Chamthe adjacent terms are "Oige, Young; "pion;" where we have the idea of Excitement, 3^% belonging to Youth and Courage.
ceding term

Again,

750

^R.R.\-,-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

Shaw we have Agna, Eagna, Wisdom, prudence; and in the preceding column I find Agh, in four separate articles, denoting "Good fortune;" " An ox, bull, or cow;'' "Fear, astonishment, awe;" Agh, "A conflict,
Again, in Mr.

"battle;"
think, that

and Acai'am,
of Pursuing,
us
the

"To be afraid or astonished;" AoHacfi, "Warlike, brave;" "To plead, pursue, dispute, plea." We shall have little doubt, I In the sense the Ac in all these words has the same radical meaning.
AcHaim,

we

see at once the idea of Acere,

To

Drive, &c. &c.

;

and

this will

shew

fundamental notion annexed to these terms

I have before suggested, that the

namely, that of Excitement

may denote the Aaitatiotiy &c. &c. Driver Pusher Butter. Again, in the same Lexicographer we have " EiGsi, Art, " science, learning " " EiGUi, Science ;" and in the same column we have "EioE,
and
its

Ox

parallels

"

Web."

We
is

sec, that the

n in

Acna
the

is

according to the Greek form, orrA,

Oyy.r,,

an organical addition to the G ; and word might be written O^iGA or One a ;

G or C. Though I must leave the on the precise intermediate idea by which these Celtic terms yet I persuade myself, that I have given the general and are united with each other pervading notion. We see, that Uige signifies Carded Wool,-iS well as a Web; and thus the terms denoting Weaving might be derived from the same idea of Excitement, in
where the n
an organical addition, preceding the
Celtic Scholars to decide
;

the action of Scratching or Teasing a surface.

In Irish,

among

the various forms of the

words belonging to each other, which denote Knoivledge, Mind, &c., we have Ai gun e, cannot avoid noting the term Agna, Eagnai, AicNE, AiGiNE, AiTHNE, &c.

We

AiTHNE,
(a9i,

and being reminded of another name, belonging to

I

Ogga,

the term

Athena,

Minerva.)

That
cally
**

relating to the idea of Excitement

have given a just conception of these Celtic terms, Agna, Eagnai, as Energy Force or Activity of Mind, will be unequivo-

evident

from the

parallel

Welsh word Egni, which Mr. Richards

effort,

explains

by

Force or Endeavour to

do a thing, vehement endeavour, an

strength, vigour.''

In the same opening of Mr. Richards' Dictionary, where this word occurs, we have various terms under the same letters. Eg, which relate to Excitement, &c., as Eigw;,

"The
"

Ocean,"

EuEG^r, "Swift, speedy,

quickly, forthwith"

Egr, "Sour,

sharp,

tart, biting.

Eager, Poinant;" which

belongs to Acer, Aigre, (Lat. and Fr.) Egor,

To

Open, belonging to OiGo, (Oiyw,) which means to Stir up, or Break up the Land. That my Hypothesis is right respecting the sense of these words, and the spot, from which they are derived, will be manifest from another adjacent term, Egr, "An Acre," which decides on the question. We' see in Eigww, and its parallels Ocean, &c., the organical addition of the n to the G, as in Eig/; though in this case a vowel In the Irish word corresponding with Eigni, breathing is inserted between the G and n.

we

and the ; and it is applied to have likewise the vowel breathing between the This word is Eigean, Eigin, which Mr. Shaw the more Violent action of Excitement. The succeeding explains by " Force, violence, compulsion, necessity, a rape, need." word in Mr. Shaw is Eige, Web ; and in the same column we have Eight, Science,

and EiGSi, Art, science, learning.

In the same column

find likewise

Eigha,

File;

where we which action

see unequivocally the Idea of Stirring up or Scratching upon a surface, with

I

conceive

all

these terms of Excitement to be inseparably connected.

The
words

THE
words preceding and following
shout, call
;

EARTH.
JLi

751
To
jar;

this

term are

c cordtim.

and Eiafiam,

cry,

where we have the idea of the Grating cry made by Grating upon a Surface, from which notion, according to my Hypothesis, tlie terms denoting Noise have been derived. The word preceding Agna, in Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, is Achet, Old wine; where we have the sense of Kcr, Sour, sharp, &c. or Acid ; and tlius we see, that AaJiet and Aotiai belong to each other, just as Acidum and Acumen might do. In the same column of Mr. Shaw, we have Aithne, Knowledge, and Aith, Quick, S/iarj) ; where we have the same union of ideas, and likewise Aith'e, Keen; Atiie, Revenge. The Reader cannot but note, how the Celtic Atiie agrees in sense and form with the Greek Ate, (Atd, Noxa, &c.. Ate, Dea hominibus nocens.) If the
Celtic Scholar will examine the Irish and Galic terms under the

form Aith,

as repre-

sented by Mr. Shaw, he will find the idea of Excitement, as the original and fundamental

notion in

all

the various senses to

which

it

is

applied.

The

terms for Youth, as derived

from

tlie

idea of Excitement, will be considered in a future page, in

which

I shall recur to

my

observations on a former occasion, (p. 191.)

In speaking of the Goddess

Ogca,

(Oyya,)

we ought to bring into our account that Oig, the Champion, is connected with OiGH, 'the Young Female the Virgin, Maid;' and we have in Ogga, (C'vy*,) the Martial Maid. Our Romances, we know, exhibit likewise their Martial Maids, as

Bradamente, &c.
of Minerva,

and

this

union of Characters

is

perhaps to be attributed, as in the case

ratlier to the

operation of Language than of Life.

Terms

752

^R.

R. ^ .- C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.

Terms under the form

which
cate

'C, *D,

Voly, Vcsome. (Eng.)

TEalian, Ail. (Eng.) Dolere,

^G, &c., expressing objects,

Stir
tip,

Excite

Velli-

the

Feelings;
of

such as

objects

Terror

ance

Disgust Wonder,

Annoy&c.

Aoast, Acao, Acazojuai. (Eng.

Gr.) Terrified,

To

be alarmed

or Terms expressing 5oJ//y

Paiji or

or amazed at any thing.

Mental Solicitude; as

Agos. (Greek,)

The Shocking
The astonishing

connected with words which

signify to

Hack

up

Cut up,

Wickedness.
Aoios.

(Gr.)

&c. &c., quasi Occando Vellicare,

Sanctity.

&c. &c.

Augustw^. (Lat.)

August. (Eng.)

Hack, Hough, &c. (Eng.)

Cut
up.

To
The
Atao, Azo, &c. (Greek,) To
Injure, Hurt, &c.

Hag Haggard.
Scaring

(Eng.)
object.

Hack

Egean, Egethe. (Saxon,) Occare, Occa.

Hit, Otheo. (Eng. Gr.)

OisTro5

O1ST05,
&c.

los,

Egcho5,
Gad-fly.
Vellicates,

EgE EgESA EGESIfl,EGEs//c,

&c. (Sax.) Timor, Horror,
Terrere, Horribilis.

Usso5. (Greek,)
Dart,

The

What

Pierces, &c.

EGEs=Gr/mfl. (Saxon,)
Venefica.

Larva,

Ache

Ach-o^.

(Eng. Greek,)

Pain, &c.

Hecate.

The Hag,

or Witch,

OXZUS, Olios, ACHTH05, OlKTO^,

HoGA, Oga, Ugga.

Terror.

(Sax. Run.)

O1T05,

AoGm,

&c. (Greek,)

Pain, Grief, &c.

SHALL

THE
J-

EARTH.

753

SHALL

in this

article

consider a race of words, under the form

^C, "D, "G, &c., which

such as objects oi Terror

Annoyance Disgust ironder,k.c.,

;

relate to objects Exciting

our feelings,

and

which express Bodily Pain or Mental Solicitude, in various degrees all which and in various manners words are attached, as
I

imagine, to the metaphor of

it,

so express
cating

or

Agitating or

of Stirring up Tearing up Cutting up

HACKing up

the feelings,

if

may

Velli-

Disturbing the feelings, as originally derived

from, or as intimately connected with terms, which relate to the

action of Stirring up or

Ploughing, &c. &c.

phrases as
this
*

HACKing up the Ground by Harrowing, The term Harrow, we know, in such

the Soul,'
is

To Harrow up
is

a strong example of

metaphorical application; and

we

likewise understand, that

Wonder and It Harrows me with Fear and Wonder^ The terms adjacent to Hack, in our Alphabetical Vocabularies, are Hag HAGard, and HAGoar; and it is impossible, I think, for us to
of Fear, "

the metaphor

equally appropriate to objects of

doubt, that
explains

all

these

words belong
;''

to

each

other.

N. Bailey

Hag, To Torment, to with Terror That has a fierce or wild "look;" " HAG^7r^ Hawk, a wild Hawk, which preyed for "herself before she was taken;" and " HAGG^r, Lean, thin." Adjacent to these terms we have Haggle, which I have shewn to belong to Hackle To Hack, and HAGGess, which the Etymologists understand to be derived from Hack^w, To Cut or Hack.
" Harrass

Hag

by

"A Witch;" "To

" liAcard,

Let us note the explanatory term Harass, which

to

have proved

be taken from the

Harrow, Herse,
I

&c.

where we have
to
this

precisely the

same metaphor, which

all

attribute

race of

words.

Though
HACKing

these terms, denoting objects of Terror,

derived from the metaphor of

Harrow/w^

Scratching Tearing
I

may
pieces

be

to

in

an active sense; yet

seem

to perceive
in

754
in these
this
face,

'^R.

R.

\-C, D,

G, J, K, Q,

S,

T, X, Z.

words the passive as well as the active mode of applying

metaphor.

The Hag,
but
as

the hideous Witch, and the

mean

the horrid object, which

it

Hacks
tlie

Harrows or Harasses
at the

HAGard

a person with terror; the

passive
sense,

seems to convey

same time
face
is

denoting

object,

whose
with

Hacked

Scratched Corrugated In short, Furrows Wrinkles.

'

or
the
'

Deformed,

frightful

if

word Harrow had been

adopted, as the

Harrow-Face,' or
once,

Harrozv-i\i\\ Face,'

we should

have combined

at

under these phrases, the idea of the

;

and the Harrowing or Affrighting countenance in general Harrowed Countenance in particular, from its being Harrowed or
Corrugated with
hideous furrows.

Hence we
of the
old

find

annexed to

the idea of the frightful

Hag

that

woman, whose

countenance

is

frightfully Corrugated or

deformed with Furrows

or the Wrinkles of old age

"
I

saw a Wrinkled

Hag

with age grown double."

and again,
" Bin on us both did

Haggish

jdge steal on."

This,

we know,

is

the received idea, connected with the

Witch or
which,

Hag.

We use the word Scare,

to the Scar,
I

in English, for to Affright;

we know, belongs
Terror, bear, as
I

the Cut, or Scratch.

Now Hag
To Cut, Haggar
shew,

and these terms, which

shall here

produce, denoting objects of

imagine, -the same relation to Hack,

as Scare does to Scar, the

is

Cut or Scratch.

acknowledged

to

belong to the

The English German Hager HAGERkeit,

which

my

Lexicographer explains by Scragginess.

to
Scratch.

shall

that the

word Scraggy belongs

(Belg.)

Under Hag, Skinner

Hegtys, Hagesse, (Sax.)

and Junius produce the

Heckse,

parallel

terms

Hexe, (Germ.)

Hechizera, (Span.) which have

been referred

to Hecate, to Saga, to Ayr;?, Scelesta,

and to Hagger.
turpis;

Lye

produces, under

Hagg,

the

Welsh Hagr, Deformis,

is

and he informs

us, that the Belgic Heckse

written as

if it

came
from

THE
from Hecken,
" bestiarum instar mordicus
see another form of

EARTH.
animalium
et

755
noxiarum

" Mordere, venenatorum

appetere ac inutilare;"

where we

Hack.

The Saxon

ILcgesse has been derived

by So?nner, as Skinner observes,

Egeslic, Terribilis.
It
is

from

another

Saxon word,
which

curious, that Skinner explains

Hag

by

Strix,

in

Latin word

we have
in

the

frightful

object,

drawn from

the very
or, in

metaphor supposed

my

Hypothesis, that of the Furrow,

other words, of the surface

Hacked

or Cut into Lines or Furrows,

it

whatever be the precise idea to which as Robert Ainsworth explains it, "
" unlucky kind of Bird, (a ^r^iy^,)

belongs.

Strix signifies,

channel, furrow, hollow

"gutter, or strake, in rabating of pillars;

Screech owl,

an

A
to

Hag, Fairy, goblin."

Stroke, &c.

We
to

perceive here, that the Latin Strix, Strig/^,

must be referred

our word Strake, Streak, and to

Strix

Strike,

The

Latin

belongs, as

all

acknowledge,

Strigo, for Stringo,

"To

" grasp or hold fast; " trees, to lop or cut;

To To

press

upon;

To

thin the boughs of

touch lightly, brush or graze upon."

different

Let us here observe, how

objects, afford

Elements, denoting the same

I

the

same metaphor:

shall

shew, that Hug, and

a race of words, which are attached to our Element, signifying

Hack Occo, &c., and are Teari?ig up or Scratching up derived from the idea oi Fellicating
*

To

grasp, or Hold fast," belong to

Plucking, Pulling, Snatchiiig or Catching up the Ground,

so express
Capio,
'

if I

may

it,

in

Channels, Furrows, &c., as Carpo, belonging to

signifies

under the Element CP,

'

at

once
&c.

'

To

Vellicate

a surface,' and

To

Pluck

Pull To

Seize,'

We

perceive,

that Stringo in the

same manner
it

signifies

"

To

grasp or Hold

"

fast,

or

Hug

"

and that

belongs to the " Furrow

Channel,"
'

&c., or, in other words, to the surface Fellicated or

Furrows.
<

We
is,

see, moreover, that Stri?igo

'

Hacked into signifies To lop or

means

cut

that

To

Hack.'

Let us again observe, that Stringo

756

^R.

R.-\ C, D,
To

G, J, K, Q,

S,

T,

X, Z.
that

means likewise "

is,

touch lightly, brush or graze upon ;"

;

to Scratch lightly over a surface

'

and that Carpo has the same

in

sense,

Carpere viam,' &c.

the Goblin,
is

Strix,

the sense of the

Screech

Owl and
made by

probably derived from the idea of Grasping

is

or Seizing.

Let

us mark, that Screech

derived from the noise

Scratching.

Hecate, should be referred probably to the Saxon Hegtys, and Hcegesse. Lye explains the latter word by " Larva, lamina, furia, Hecate, Parca^
Latin
(Ejcoitij,)

The Greek and

Ekate,

" Eumenides, Pythonissa."

see, that
is

If this derivation should

be true,

we

Hecate

is

brought back to her true situation, when she

in

placed

by the great Bard

the Dialects

of the Teutonic,

among

those " Secret, black, and midnight Hags,"

It
is

who

preside

over the destinies of mankind.

marvellous to observe,

how

words retain their original

derivation which
original
I

idea.

We

perceive, according to the

have given of the term Hecate, how, in the

and material sense of HouGuing or Hack/;z^ up the

is

Ground, she

the

Goddess of Earth; and how,

in the

metapho-

rical sense, she

becomes a deformed

Hag with

the idea of every

thing Hideous annexed to

her character, the Inhabitant of the

lower regions, and presiding over the dark and horrid mysteries
of Magical Incantations*.

HAGard,

* In the Greek and

Roman Mythology,

she assumes the

name of Hecate,

as the

Power

of Hell She is Goddess of Magic and hichantments and she is represented under a frightful form with three heads. The arch Mystic has described her in the
:

following manner

Tajra^oTT^ti-:

EKATH.

(Orpli. Argonaut, v.

QT*, &c.)

Heyne and

others read

T^iasroxa^Dw,-,

for the sake of the Metre.

;

In the Magic of Orpheus

we have

the burning Caldron or Pit

and Horrid forms, the attendants of

Hecate,

rise

out of Acluron through the flames.

The

THE

EARTH.
is

757

UAGard, a species of Hawk,

justly referred to the French

Hagard, which Skinner explains by " Ferus, Contumax, Agres"tis;" and he adds, " hWudxt Gv. Ay^loq." But he rather supposes, that
it is

quasi "P'agard, a Vagando,'" which

it

is

the idea of
so.

Menage

or that

is

derived from

H^g,

the Hedge, " quia

" non domi sed

foris sc. in

sepibus agitat."

the idea of an Inclosure

from

it from " Bag, Hague, pour signifier un

Huet derives

"
"

homme
il

de

la

Hague, ou un

homme
hardi."

que

la fortresse

dans laquelle

se trouve rend fier et

My

Lexicographer explains

Hagard by " Wild, untamed, fierce. Rugged, wildly " disordered." Hag in this word means the same as Hag does ^rd denotes Nature, as in Drunk-^r^,' &c. in its simple state,
the French
'

From the idea of Fierce, Terrible, Hagard, as applied to the Hawk, means ff'ild or Savage in general. In Shakspeare, as we remember. Haggard,. the wild Hawk, is referred to a loose, Wild, wanton Woman.
" If I do prove her Haggard, " Though that her jesses were my dear heart-strings, " I 'd whistle her off, .i-nd let her down the wind, " To prey at fortune." {Othello, Act III. S.

3.)

"

A Haggard

The Magic

of Orpheus

may be

considered as Druidical

and in the Pit which he digs for

(bO0PON t{k7toij(;o o^v^a Kaura J'avrtxa Boepoz,) we have the Mystic Cildron of the Celtic K,d or Cerid-Wen, and the Pit of Acheron wath the flaming Caldron of the Teutonic Bard. If the relation of the name Hecate
the burning of his Magicallngredients,
to

the Teutonic terms, which

have above produced, had not been so direct,

in Hecate,

should

have conceived, that the

Cat,

was the
in

however, that in general the terms, which

Ceres, Proserpine, &c.,

must observe, Grecian' and Latin Mythology relate to

of the Celts.
I

Ked

must be referred

to a Celtic origin.

In the
is

Cerid we
it.

have the

Ceres
this

of the Latins; and

of Beauty

Prosc>-=Pin/7, Pi:rs<?= I^hon<',

the Celtic

" The Lady

The

Priu-AV'en,

Lady of the World,"

as

Mr. Davics explains

;

Whether
is

be the exact interpretation must be considered on another occasion

yet such

the

relation of these personages to each other.

Celtic terms for a

'Woman,'

Bi/n,

acknowledged to belong to the Bean, &c. &c., from which the Latin Venus is derived,
is

The Wen

&c. &c.

In Druidical Mythology, the term

Hun,

the

Maid
the

or Female,

is

applied alone
title

to Proser=[*\iie;

and hence the Greeks, by translation, have adopted their

have seen.

o( Kore,

(Kojr, Puella, Proserpina,) as others

{Davieson

Druids, p. 4"t5.)

758
"

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q, S,T,X,Z.
Hawk," says Dr. Johnson, "
is

A Haggard

a wild

hawk,

" a hawk unreclaimed, or .irreclaimable;"

**

and Mr. Steevens adds,

This Com-

It is difficult to be reclaimed,

but not irreclaimable."

mentator hkewise
a wanton

notes

its

general sense of f^nid, as applied to

woman. Haggar, we have seen, has been interpreted " Lean, Thin;" which means the Hag, the Hacked appearance.
Strigosus,
see, the

" Lean, lank.

Scraggy, thin," &c.,

has precisely,

we

same meaning from the same metaphor. the explanatory word Scraggy, which belongs to
the

Let us mark
Scratch,

from

Etymologists have given us a notable reason quippe bos, qui in for this sense of Strigosus, " A Strigando. " arando strigat, id est, prae macie interquiescit."

same

idea.

The

We
(l<rxvog,

shall

now understand
itself

the origin of the

Greek Ischwo^,
ima
rei

Macer,) which should have been explained by Strigosus,

connects

how

it

with
i.

Icwios, (ixvo?,

Vestigium,
solo,

i.e.
alii

pars pedis,

Vestigium,
directly
I

e.

Signum, quod pes

Trace,

vel

molli imprimit,) the Mark,

or Scratch upon the Ground;

the
Spot,

where we are
Hypothesis.

brought to

supposed in

my

might here

produce the
to the

Greek Aktin,

{Aktiv,

Radius

solis,)

which perhaps belongs

the

form of these words,

&c.

and

means nothing but

Trace

Lifie Mark Scratch,

In
et

The

explanatory term Radius has the same metaphorical meaning,

belonging to Rado, "

To

Scrape, or Scratch up," &c.

Achna,
rei,)

(A%m, Gluma, Acus, Sordes, Tenuissima

minima pars
;

we have

a similar form to Ichno5,

little
I

(ix^og,)

&c.

where we are at
to Dirt,

once brought to the

Gritty Dirt of the

Ground, or

as in a Scratched State.

shew, that Acho5, (a%o?, Moeror,) beidea annexed to this race of words

longs to the metaphorical

and thus these terms, Acnnos and Achos, bear the same relation
to each other, as

Grit bears to Grate.

Again,

we have another
the explanatory

form, AcHuron,

(A^u^oi/,

Palea, acus, festuca,)

;

for this Gritty stuff

or Dirt, as in a Scratched state

and

let

us

mark

word

THE
word Acus, attached
belong
I

EARTH.
we
the
shall
all

759
allow

to

Acuo, which

may

to

Occo.
in

same column of my Greek Vocabulary, AcHor, (Axc^^, Manans capitis ulcus, sordes, capitis,) which relates to the Foul Ulcer, as belonging to the idea of
have before produced a term
the Scarred Surface. a

Hence we have
likewise, as
is

the appropriate term Scar for

I

Wound

and

we know

have observed, that Elkos,

to Aulax, (AuXa|,)

(EXko?,)

from which Ulcus

derived, belongs

hi-Ulcus, s=Ulcus, the

is

Furrow.

The Greek
(A^^^.)

IcHor, (1%^^, Sanies,)

I

only

another form

of Acuor,

Itch Owch,
surface.

have

shewn, that

belong to a similar idea of the Scratched

see

Fretted
the

We now

how

the

adjacent

words

IcHor, (l%w^,

Sanies,) and \cwios, {ix^o?,) are attached to each other, as they

both signify the 'Locus quasi Sulcatus,'

Ulcus,
'

the former denoting

'

or

'

Caro vulnere Sulcata

;
'

and the other

Terra pede
the

Sulcata.'

The common
Under

Dictionaries supply us with this ordinary

metaphor.

Sulco,
;

R.

Ainsworth produces

phrase
to the

Pedibus Sulcare pruinas

and the next example

forbear

relates
effect,

Furrowed Skin,
" rugis
Sulcare.''

though with another species of

I

" Ctitem

cannot

noting a sense of Sulcus,

to

when
tion

it

signifies "

Stream of light," according

the explana-

of R. Ainsworth.

This confirms
(Axr/i/,)

my
If,

idea
it

respecting

the

origin of the Greek Akt/w,

or at least

shews, that

my

derivation

is

founded on true principles.

our Lexicographer had

instead of a

"Stream

" of Light,"

used a Streak or Ray of

In the
is,
I

Light, he would have preserved the right metaphor.

same
find

column of
Uchus,

my Greek

Vocabulary, where Isknos,

(lo-^foj,)

(icrx'^iy

Robur,) which would lead us to consider, whether

have conjectured in a have expressed the same doubts with respect to
that
I

the sense of Strength be not derived from the idea of Excitement, rather than from
of Stability, as

former page.
Is, (if,

Fibra,) and ^=15.

In the

same column we have

Isko,

(lo-;^;^,

Habeo,)

760

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

Habeo,) &c., which would likewise lead us to consider, whether Catching this term be not derived from the idea of Scratching up
or Snatching up, just as Capio belongs to Carpo.
(l(r;^w,)

The term

Isko,

however,

is

another form of Echo,

us, that this

(E;^w,)

which would

moreover suggest to
notion.

term was derived from the same

of
it,

Hack Harrow,
will

That Hag,

as an object of Terror, belongs to the

metaphor
so express

&c., the Harrowly object,

if I

may

be evident by considering the word

is

Eges//c:, Terribilis,

produced by Skinner, which

the Saxon particle, from

literally

Harrowly.

The

Lie

is

which our word Like and Ly are taken, and Eges belongs to the Occa, in the formation of Adjectives
;

or Harrow.

If

can prove

this, it will

be impossible,

imagine,

to doubt the train of reasoning above unfolded.

In the

same co-

lumn

of Lye's Saxon Dictionary, where Ecean, Occare, occurs, and

likewise

Egethe, Harpica, rastrum, Occa, we have Ege, Timor, Formido, Horror; Egesa, Horror, Terror; EaEsian, Terrere; which become Egsa, Ecsian, Eges//c, the word in Skinner, or Ege-JuH, or EgesJuU, Timore EGEs//ca, Horribilis, Terribilis
;

plenus,

terrore plenus, terribilis,

metuendus
to

and what

is

still

more

decisive, another

word belonging
Larva,

these,

which actually

signifies

Hag, EoES-grima,
is

venefica.

We

perceive
I

EcE-full or Eges/uH, which

precisely the

compound, which

have supposed

by way

of

illustration,

Harrow-/m//.

Let us
Tero and

mark the explanatory word

Terra, for a similar reason.
Arista,

Terror, which belongs to

In the the
first

same column we have Eala,

which

Carduus, festuca;
to

part of

the Eg, belongs

probably

Ecean, Occare, under the idea of the Scratching or

Let us

Pricking object.
either to
I

mark the Latin Arista, which belongs the Elementary form '^R, or '^RS, for the same reason.
(p.

have already produced

682-3,)

^'^^

various forms for the^^m^a,

as Ear, Ahr, Ahsa, Ader, Achir, &c. &c.

In the column of Lye's

Dictionary,

THE
terms,

EARTH.
I

761
In the same column

Dictionary, succeeding that from which

have produced the above

we have

Eher, Ear of Corn, Spica.

where Eher appears, we have Egtha, Hircipes et Tribula, where we see the form "G. The succeeding article is Egthe, Egthere, where Lye refers us to Egethe, Egethere; the former of which he
explains, as
latter

we have

seen, by " Harpica, rastrum,

Occa " and

;

the

Hebrew, laN " or thorn with large and strong

by Occator.
In

ATD,

signifies

"A

Bramble,

prickles,"

as

Mr. Parkhurst

explains

it.

In the
is,

same column of

we have "Eg
all

which means

Stream, Diluvium, Torrens, aquarum inundatio;" the Stream that Harrows Tears up or Sweeps
it.

Lye'js Dictionary,

where the Saxon Mgtha

away

before

We

have likewise Egor, JEquor, which denotes

I

likewise the Sweeping violent body of Water.

shall

shew, that

Aqua

is

attached to this race of words under the idea of violent

Jgitation

Commotion, &c. The verb belonging to Mglo, Arista,

likewise
in
this

appears
explains

column,

Eohian, EoLan, which Lye

swithe, Taedet

by "

Ail.

Dolore me.

Me Egleth
vel
Si

me

" valde, aegre

me

habet

Him Eglde,
Eglian,
here
perceive,

Eglede, Nocuit
in Lye's

ei.

" Gif men innan wyrmas

**

hominibus intus vermes

that

molesti
is

sint."

We

conception.
us.

Ail

quasi Agil. and belongs to the race of words before

Junius produces, under Ail, this Saxon wordj and he reminds us of the Gothic word Aglo, " Afflictiones, Aglu ist. Difficile est.

" AcLuba,
AcLuesthai,
B\u7rTE(r9oci.

Difficulter."
AyXvB<rdai,

He reminds
which
in

us moreover of the Greek

is

Hesychius

explained

by

The

adjacent words to these Gothic terms, in Lye's

Dictionary, are

the Gothic

" Aaiaitei, Impudicitia, protervia;"

In the same column

and the Saxon " AoLac, Miseria, Dolor," &c.

with these latter words we find the Gothic Agis, Timor;

and

Hence it is, that we have the Irish EAGLam, Acian, Timere. " To fear, frighten, deter " and the Greek Askallo, (A(r;t'AXw,
;

5D

Doleo,

762

^R. R.

\-C, D, G, J, K, Q,
the

S, T,

X, Z.
Under
the

Doleo, Moereo, tristor; indignor, segre fero.)

same

form we have the Welsh Agal^w,

see

Whetstone; where we
Lexicographer explains

what belongs

to the

material action, from which the metais

phorical use of these words

derived.

My

Agal^w by " Maen Hogi," which

where, in

literally

means the
'

Wliet- stone

Hogi, "

To Whet

or

Sharpen,

&c.,

belonging to

Acuo, &c. &C.J we see the simpler state Hack.

Ail, Dolor, belongs to the form JEahiaji, so Hail
to belong to the
is

As

the

term

acknowledged

same form, to Hagol, Hagel, &c. &c. I have shewn, that Hagel, Hail, is attached to Haggle, Hack, &c., as denoting 'The Cutting storm,' as we express it. To Hail must be referred our Surnames Hale, Hales, &c. &c., just as the names
Snow, Winter,
Again,
in

Frost, &c. are derived from

Elementary accidents.

Saxon,

Hooa
it,

signifies Terror, metus, cura, that

which

Houghs up
I

Agitates Excites or Disturbs the mind.

esse,

Hence Hoga

means, as Lye explains

" studere, meditari

" Prudens, SoUicitus;" and Hog/j^, which

have before produced, means "Sollicitus

Sapere SentireSpernere.
we

curam gerere, Gemere " where

;

in these various senses

see the original idea of

HouGHm^

up,

Exciting,

Disturbing, either as applied to a person's

own mind,

or to that of others.
the sense of this

The word
as

Sollicito is well
it is

chosen to express

Saxon term,
first

precisely the

from which
ledged, that

have supposed
the

Wocan

to be derived.
is

same metaphor, It is acknowstir

sense

of Solicito

" To

or
it,

dig up;

" properly the Ground," as Robert Ainsworth explains

" Citare."

"Solum
disquiet,
Solicitus

Hence,

in the

second sense,

we have "To
Solicitous;"

" to busy, to trouble, to disturb, to

make

and

means,
that
if

in

one sense, " Careful, thoughtful," &c.

We

perceive,

Hooian had been explained only by "

Sollicitus;

Curam
if

gerere, Studere,

" Meditari," without the term

and

no other clue had

been presented to us

for the discovery of the original idea;

I

how vain
addingj

and

illusive all

our conjectures would have proved.

cannot help

THE EARTH.
nddiiig, as
I

763

Lye's Saxon Dictionary the terms directly adjacent to Hociaji are the Saxon Hoh, " Calx, " Hough," and the Gothic Hoha, " Aratrum, Inde forsan,"
liave before observed, that in

says Lye, " nostra an

Hough, Occa minor."

The

term

in

old

have before suggested, must be referred to this metaphor, either in an active or passive sense, Solicitans ox
I

English, HoKER, as

Solicitus.

Junius observes on the word,

'

Chaucero

est

Morosus,

" contumax, protervus. Peevish, Froward. Item Hokerly, Morose,' " contumaciter, proterve, Peevishly, Frozvardly.
" Slie was as
full

of Hoker and besmaie."

Between the Saxon terms above produced, Eige, Terror, and EiTHE, Traha, we have tiie Gothic Eisarnu, Ferrum, and the
Saxon " Eisega
form of
radicals
Iko)i to

Stefn, Ferrea

Vox."

Whether we consider the

this metal, to

be that of

sow, or

whether we consider the terms

be separate

under the forms ^R and

;

'S, as

denoting

still

these terms are to be referred to a race of words

train of ideas

which

relate to the

here unfolded, whatever

may
the

be the precise notion by which they are connected.

Iron might
de-

mean

the

Haj-d

Harsh operating

metal,

Harrowing up

Feeling.

We

know, that

in the metaphorical use of words,

;

noting the Metal of Iron, this idea prevails

idea might the

and from such an

words themselves have been originally derived. In the example before us, we see Eisega Stefn, Ferrea Vox; and
in

our

own Language, we have 'The /ron-hand

This
is

of Power'

To

rule with a rod of Iron,' &c. &c.

a favourite metaa rod of

phor with the Hebrews:

" Iron.

"Thou

shalt bruise

them with
:

Whose

feet

they hurt in the stocks

the Iron entered

" into his soul," &c. &c. &c.

"Of Iron; Met.

Hard, stout.

Robert Ainsworth explains Ferreus, Unkind, cruel." Ferrum is supposed

to belong to Ferus;

and thus Ison might be referred to the train

of ideas annexed to Eithe, Egethe.

4S produced by

The

parallel terms to Iron,

the

Etymologists, are to

be found in

various

Languages,

764

^R.R/.--C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
Iren,

Languages, as
Iiser,(Be]g.)

hen, Erene,{Sax.) lern, {Dan.) Eise}i,{Germ.)

Eis am s, {Goth.)

/am, (Run.) Haiarn, {Wehh,) the

cannot but Spanish Hierro, and the Latin Ferrum, &c. &c. note, how the ^-Ierro seems to connect Iro/z andf=ERRnm; and

We

Wachter has produced,

Latin ^^s, /Eris.
shall be

as a kindred

term to these words, the

If all these

terms belong to each other,

we

incUned to think, that they denote the Metal, or that

' ;

which

Quod Routed up, or HAKRozved up from the Earth, and the parallel e terra ERuitur, vel Occatur, si ita dicam In Mr. Shaw's Irish Celtic terms seem to favour this idea.
is
'

Dictionary, the preceding term to lARRunra, Iron,

is

Iarraw,

"To

" ask, seek after;" and I ought to add, that in Wachter's Glossary the preceding term to Eisen, Ferrum, is EiscH^n, or

Heisch^,

Petere.

have had perpetual occasion to observe, that

are

terms for Asking, Seeking, &c.

derived

from

the

idea

of

Routing up or

into Dirt, as Solicito, Scrutor.

The

very term

Ask

belongs to Eisch^w.
is

The

preceding word to Eisch^w, in Wachter,

EiscH, Turpis, Foedus; which he justly refers to hiscnos, If such should be the idea (Aio-%0?,) where we have the Dirt itself.
of the Ir in Irou,

we

shall see

how

this brings

us to Ore, Metal,
in

and the Aur and Ar, of Aurz^w and ARgentum, Aivgad, &c. The consideration of the Element
fully unfold this matter.

Celtic

Or,

''R will

more

The
is

preceding term in

my German

Vocabulary to Eisen, &c.

The terms Eis, Ice, &c. seem to denote the Substance which Hacks or Cuts by its Piercing Cutting property of Cold, what Harrows up or Thrills with Cold" Through " Thrilling regions of thick ribbed Ice." The Etymologists have
Eis, glacies, or Ice.

produced the parallel terms to Ice in other Languages, as the

Saxon

Is,

Isa,

the Belgic Eyse, Eys, the

lisk,

Danish

Us, the

German

Eis, the

Runic

&c. &c.

cannot conjecture another source,

from which Ice, &c. can be derived, except the name of Water,

which

THE
which appears attached
IsK, &c., as
ceive,
I

EARTH.
Yet
I

765
seem

to our Radical,

under the forms AQiiUy

to per-

shall

shew
is

in a future page.

that

when
is

Ice

recorded by our Northern writers, the

to
it.
;

idea of Horror

commonly annexed
sc.
esj:

Skinner derives Ice

from

E/(L,

Amh?, " quia

it

perspicua

" and Wachter con-

jectures, that

may belong to lo-oj, ^qualis. The English terms Ugly, and the Scotch Vosumnes,

Horror,

are justly referred by the Etymologists to the race of words de-

noting Terror, before exhibited,

the Saxon

who produce under

these terms
;

Ege and Oga,

Terror, Horror; Egeslic, Terribilis

the

the

Gothic

Ogan, Timere;

Runic Ugga, Uggiir, Uglest ;

the

Islandic TgUibrun, &c. &c.

Ugly
in in

is

quasi Egeslic, or Ogelic, as

;

Skinner has

it.

The Ug,

Ug^ow^, belongs to Oga, &c.

'Whole-Some,' &c. &c.
in

and
to

Some has
Rowley.

the

same

force, as

Ugsomt,

Ugsomeness, and Ugsomelie,

occur

the

Poems

attributed

" Deathe, lynked to dismaie, clothe

Ugsomme

flie.

{Eclogue II.

)f.

55.)

The
idea.

English and French Hioeous and Hid^-^.v belong to the same

The French Etymologists refer Hioeux to Hispidus, where we have the same notion. Some have imagined, that Gastly is quasi Ghostly ,\\\\\ch appears somewhat probable, till we recollect the term Agast, {rom whence we might conjecture, that the Ag is the Radical Though Skinner derives Agast irom A und part, and not ihe Gast.
Gast, spiritus
;

yet he cannot avoid producing the French Jgacer,

as in Agacer les dents,

A'ya^o[x.ui,

and the Greek Agao and Agazomai, Ayuu,

miror.

cum

stupore

Skinner likewise refers

us

to

another term, Gastred, which

he explains by " Perterrefactus,'

Whatever we may think of Agast, Gastred, &c., whether they belong to the Element ""G or GS, we shall instantly agree, that the Greek Acao and AcAzomai,
likewise

and derives

from Gast.

(kyoto),

Demiror,

stupeo;

invideo; Odi,
succenseo,)

Ayui^o[^ai,

Admiror,
Excitement
or

suspicio;

Veneror; Indignor,

express

766

^R. R.

\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z.

ov Irritation of mind.

We shall

now

understand, wliy Ag^zo, (A>&,)

resembles in form the Greek Ago, (Ayw, Duco,

rapio, abigo, Ayw, Frango,)

Accipio,
;

aufero,

To Drive Break,
I

&c.

terms denoting

actions of Violence and Disturbance, which

to be attached
to the

have before shewn

metaphor expressed by Occare, Harrow,

lustratio,

&c. &c.

The Greek

Ago.?, (Ayo;, Veneratio, admiratio

quam veneramur;
scelus
;

puritas;
is

res sacra, purificatio; piaculum,

;

Cubitus,)
it

considered as a Root by the ordinary Lexi-

cographers; but
{Ayctu,) as

should be referred, as

we now
Stirs

see, to

Aaao,
to

denoting that which Excites or

up the mind

Admiration, Reverence.

The Greek
Awe; and

Ago^, (Ayos,) might be translated into English by

the English

word Awe
It is

is

considered by the Etymolo-

gists to be quasi

Aug.

referred

by Junius

to

the

Saxon

Ege or Oga, Metus, before produced, and the Gothic Agis; and by Skinner, to the Teutonic Acht, Observatio, Respectus, and
Achten, ^stimare.
in

All this

is

probably right.
is

have suggested

another place, that Achten

iip

connected with the notion of

;

Stirring

the Ground, Agitating, &c.

this idea.

Banishment, &c., belongs to

and that Acht, Outlawry, The succeeding term to

;

Awe,

or

Aug,

in Junius,

is

AuG^r, the Borer, &c.

where we
of words.

unequivocally see

the

notion

annexed
it

to

this

race

Thus

then,

if

Awe

be quasi Aug,

may

be considered as the meta-

phorical application of the sense annexed to AuG^r.

Scelestus,

Ag^5, (A^?,

frequentius

Evuyrig,)

is

justly referred

to Agos, (A>of,

Scelus); and to this idea belong Aoios, {Ayio?, Sanctus, Sacer;

Purus, Venerandus,)

Aoisteuo, {Ayia-revu, Sanctifico;

{Ayiog,)

Veneror.)

Perhaps with Acios,

of

whose severe acts of Greek Agos, (Ayoj, Cubitus,) means likewise the Elbow, which brings us more nearly to the original sense annexed to this race
of words.
1

we must connect the Hindoo Yog^^^, The devotion we have heard so much.

shall

shew

in another place, that the idea of Breakijig

up

THE
tip

EARTH.
is

767
connected with that

Tearing up or

VelUcating a surface,

of Catchitig upSnatching up in general;

have been derived

purpose,

objects

such as Crooked
I

Bent

bearing a

and that from hence form calculated for that

as

objects,

means, as

suppose, that

which Hacks

Hook,
Vellicates

&c.,

which

Snatches
Ulnse,)

or Catches up.

been

derived

imagine, has Agoj, {kyoq,) the Elbow, and under this idea it belongs, I conceive, to
I

Hence,

Agcho,

(a>/%w, Constringo,
(Ayxia-r^ov,
is

Moerore

afficio,)

Agka/,

(A^^xa;,

AcKistron,

Hamus,) &c.
acknowledged

We
to

here see,

how

the term

Constringo, which

be derived from the action

of Tyinoor

of Scratching upon
Constriction,

a surface, expresses the sense

this

and how
of

again connects

itself

phorical

sense
too,

Mental

Solicitude Grief Anxiety,

with the meta-

&c.

We

itself with or passes into that of '^NG, as Hank, Anxiety, &c., which change will be more fully considered in a future page. The union of

here

see

how

the form '^G,

^GG,

connects

this race of words,

under the forms

'^G,

^NG,

with each other,

as
will

in

Acqs, (Veneratio, Cubitus,) and Agcho, or Ancho, [kyxu,) shew us, how AvGustus, August, and Angustus, or, as it
to the

might have been, AoGustus, belong

same

idea.

means

that,

'quod metu

veneratione,
'

AvGustum
;'

animum

Perstringit

and

Angustum, or AoGustum,
too, that

quod materialiter
" quod

Stri?igit.'

We

know
vqI

AnGustum and ANGustia

sense,
for
that,

are applied likewise in a meta-

phorical

animum mqerore

Striyigit

" Angit."

under one view, various other terms belonging to the form 'C, '^D, '^G, &c. &c., expressing actions afI

might here

collect,

fections

properties accidents, Sec, which Vellicate Vex Plague An7ioy, &c., the
at once view a series of terms

Hack Cut If^ound

Feelings, &c.
;

1
I

have
think

produced some of these words on a former occasion

it

yet

expedient to exhibit them again in this place, that the Reader

may

impregnated

witii

the

same
train.

768
ment

*R.R.\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z.
;

train of ideas

though

do not attempt to adjust

they

in

my

arrange-

the degree of relation, which

xDf this

may

bear to each other.

the following:

Among words

class,

we might enumerate

AggHs, Agow, {Ayy^ig, Dolor, Ayuv, Certamen, solennes ludi, cerPericulum, Discrimen,) Concertatio quaevis; tamina ludorum Agrise, (old Eng. Terrere,) Agcho, (A>%w, Neco, Strangulo; Moerore afficio,) Aoonjp, (Eng.) AcH,(Eng.) Acho5, (A;^oj, Moeror,
;

Dolor, Tristitia,) Ague, (Eng.)

Ac h^/j,

(A%;i;,

Pauper, Mendicus,)

^G^r, (Lat.) Acht/jo^,

OiKTOS,

(A^^o?,

Pondus,Onus; Miseria, Calamitas,)

;

(OiKTOi, Misericordia,

commiseratio; ejulatus

Oiktos,

apud

oratores Excitaiiones Misericordiae,) O\ios, {OtTog,

mitas,)

Ate,(At5},

Damnum, Noxa, ^Erumna,

Ate,

^rumna, calaDea hominibus

nocens,) Axao, (Araw, Lsedo,) At?^s;o, (Atu^w, Terreo,Metu percelloj

Perturbo,) the preceding word to which, in

is

my

Greek Vocabulary,
term
to

Atto, (Attw,
{Aio-a-u,
;

Prosilio,

Subsilio,)

parallel

Aisso,

Aitto,
motion
AiKia,

TTw,

Ruo,) where
,{ktTtx,

we have

the idea of desultory

AiTtciofjt,ai,

Aitia, Aniaomai,

Accusatio,

Accuso,)

AiKizo, {AiKM, Plaga, Am^u, verberibus indigne adficio,)

Aazo, Aasko, (Aa^u, Lsedo, violo, Auo-ku, Laedo, noceo, &c.) AisKzmo,(Ar%ww, Pudorem incutio, vitium offero,) AiscHOi, {Aia-xog, Turpitudo,) the foul outrage; Echtho^, (Ex^og,) Omiim, Ostun,
(Lat.)

Hate, (Eng.) with

its

parallels

Hatan, (Sax.)

Hassen,

(Germ.) Hair, (Fr.)&;c., Ovusso, {oSua-a-u, Irascor,) Ooune, OoDin, vehementissimus dolor j (pSuvTi, Dolor, nSiv, Dolor parturientis
;

Vinculum, funis,) Ooth^o, Outao, {fldeu, Trudo, pello, &c., motu violento, Ovtccu, Vulnero,) with their parallels Hit, &c,, which
brings us to

Hurt, under

the form '^RT.

The

terms denoting An-

noyance, which pass into the sense of Constriction

Cotifinement, &c.,
same

and which appear chiefly under the form '^NK, as Agcho, {Ayx,) or Jncho, To Hank, &c., I shall more particularly consider in the
next Article.
ideas,

The Etymologists
it

refer

Ague

to the

train of

by deriving

from the French Aigu.

If there

be any one
Disorder

THE
Occare,
I

EARTH.
may be
it

769
said
to

Disorder above another, which

Eoean, (Sax.)
the
is

To Harrow
this

up the frame;

is

certainly

Ague.
directly

do not however pretend to adjust, whether

Ague
it

derived from

metaphor; but to shew, that

is

connected

with the same train of ideas.

(phvYj, nSiv,) the
;

In the words Odune, and Oodin,

and so possibly may be Od, Ood and if that should be the case, the terms would be quasi Od=Dutie, Ood=Din ; yet this point is somewhat doubtful.
are significant,

Dun and Din

The

Od, in Odous, Odontos,

[O^oug,

O^ovTog,)

is

not

significant;
sort.

but the

is

an articular prefix, or something of that

to

Dous and Dont belong

words
Speech.

Tooth, Dens,

The

and a great variety of

wide extent of
I

under these

forms,

through

Human
eyes on

In examining some of these terms,

cast

my

Ozo, OsDO,
spiro,)

Od=Oda,

(O^w,

Dor.

oa-^u,

p. u^m^x,

Oleo,

Odorem

which belong

to Ooor,

Ooour, &c. &c.

These words conit. I

vey the same idea of Annoyi?ig, and mean the Disagreeable

Effluvia

Strong
shew,

the
to

Pungent

Effluvia, as

we

express

shall

that Flragro

means

in its first

sense "

To

smell Disagreeable,"-

or
it

"To

smell Sour or Strong

Fragosus,

Fragrat
for

belongs

Rough,

Odor acerbus;" and that the same reason. In the

idea

Epithet
to

Acerbus,

Sharp,
see,

Ooor.
is

Thus we

we have the original how the Od, in Ooium,

annexed

Ooiosus, &c.,

what

Ooious, and Ooor, the Onions smell, convey the same

meaning.

While
I

am

examining Odi,

in the

Etymologicon of Vossius,

cast

my

"

nKtf^ov,"

eyes upon a word in the adjacent column, " Ocitnum, which some think, as he says, to be so called, " ab

" Odoris Acrimonia.

the preceding column

Nempe

utto

tov O^ttv,

quod est Olere."

In

we have Occo, where we

(ilxv;,)

are brought to

the genuine idea; and the adjacent words are Ocrea, and Ocjor, a parallel term to

Ok^,

where we have the part which

5 E

Hatrows

770
'

R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
terrain,'

Harrows up the Ground, and the Harrowing or Hurrying Motion,

quod Occat

'

Motiis Occatorius,'

if I

may

so express

it.

In the same column with Odusso,

lary,
I

(oJ'uo-a-w,)

in ray

Greek Vocabu-

see Oduromai,

{oSu^ofjLon,

Lamentor,) which

may seem

to

belong to these words; though it is probable, I think, that Odur, in Adjacent Orfwr-omai, (O^uf0|Lta/,) is connected with Udor, (rL^.)
to Ecuthos, (ExSoi,

Odium,)

in

our Greek Vocabularies,

EcBis, (Ex'?, Anguis,) and Ecninos, (e%;i/o?, Echinus,) have the material sense of these words PrickingStinging or
the Bough,
Prickly feel or appearance.
If the

we have wh^re we

sense of Echo,

(E%w, Habeo, Cohibeo, Prehendo atque prehensum teneo,) should be derived from the same idea as Agcho, (^Ayx^, Constringo,) as
I

suggest on other occasions

we

shall

then

understand,

how
E;^w,

EcHthos, Ecuis, and EcHmo5, and Echo, (e%^o?, ^xi?, Ex'vog, Prehendo, Prehensum Teneo,) belong directly to each other.

In the same column of

(OiTo?,

my Greek
we have

Vocabulary where Onos,

OisTros,
(Oi<rr^og,

i^rumna,)

is

found,

Mstrus^

Tabanus, Asilusj

Furor,
In the

Insania;

Irritatio

Vehemens,) where

we

are unequivocally brought to the idea of Stirring

up Exciting,
belonging to
Sagitta,

FeUicating, &CC. &CC.

Let us mark the As

in As//5,

a similar idea.

same column
a similar

is

Oisto5,

{Oia-rog,

Jaculum,) where

we have
;

notion of the Vellicating

Pricking instrument, &c.

and

to this

we must

refer the Latin

{ra-a-og,

Hasta, and the Greek Egcho5,

Verutum,

(Ey%oj, Hasta, Ensis,) Ussos,

(lo?.

missile, pilum, telum,) los,

Missile, Sagitta, jaculum.)

los,
it

That
fies

have given the true idea annexed to manifest from the other senses of the word, as
I

{log,)

will

be

not only signi-

A Dart,
still

Arrow, &c., but likewise Poison and Rust; where we

have

the idea of the Vellicating object,

which Tears

Pricks Frets Corrodes.

of

"quod Occaf," that shew in another place,

Twitching a Surface
directly

that the idea

Vellicating Teazing or

THE

EARTH.
it.

771
Hence

directly connects itself with the idea of Snatcliing or Catching, as

Carpo belongs to Capio, and has a similar sense to

we have
to that, in

the

term

in

the preceding

column of

my

Vocabulary,

aucupatoria; Varix Tenax,

;

which

Jos, (lo?,)

appears,

\ksos, (l^o?, Viscus,

Arundo
be-

Parous,)

Birdlime.

Yiscus

longs to Ikso5,
V,

(i|i3?,)

with the addition of the Labial breathing

call

or what the

Grammarians would
Mark.
(i|,

the ^olic

Digamma.

Let us mark the sense of Varix, where we see the idea of the
Streak

or Scratch-\\ke
I

In the

same column of Hederic's

Vocabulary,

find

Iks,

Vermiculus vites j^rrodens,)

we

are unequivocally brought to the idea of Fretting

Scratching
all

where

Corrodi?ig, &c. &c.

Thus we

see, that the

Element continues true

and amidst
the

to its office,
all

and

still

conveys the same fundamental idea, under

it

the various

forms into which

it is

passes,

various purposes to which

applied, without error

and without

confusion.

?^

Terms

m
"

R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

Terms belonging
mentary forms

to the
'^C,

Ele-

"D, &c.

Hitch on, Hug, Hasp, Heck Hatch. (Eng.)

Hasch^. (Germ.)

*NC,
signify
Seize

''ND, &c. &c., which

To

Catch.

Pinch Nip Grieve, Annoy Catch Confine

from the idea of Grubbing

To Constringe Gripe,

Agcho, Agk^j, Agkow, Agko/w^,

hcYiale,

AoKule,

AoGule,

Hold, &c., derived originally

&c. &c., or Ancho, AnKoi,

Ankow,
AnKule,
(Gr.)

AnKoine,

AnKale,
&c. &c.

Vi^ Scratching up, Hack/^ up or Hook/w^ up a Surface, as

if

AnGule,

with a Catching

Uncus,

VuGuis,

Aijoustus^

Tzvitching

Vellicatiiig

mo-

Anxim5, &c. &c. (Lat.)

tion or action.

Hank, Hand, Hang, Hinge,

'

Hook up, quasi Hough up.'

*

To Hack

or

Hent, To
Anxiety,

Seize, (English,)

&c. &c. &c.

Haake, Hake. (Ger.)

Hook.

AiJ Guish,

An Ger,

HACK^n. (Germ.) To Hack, To Hough up, or break up the Ground To Grub up.

HuNG^r, (Eng.) What Hanks

up or
in

Constringes or

Wrings the Mind or Body.

I HAVE shewn,
Frango,
senses,

in

a former page, that Ago, {Ayu, Duco,

usitatius dicitur

Ayco,

Rumpo, pro quo

A^vup,) in

its

two

To Draw and To

Break, refers to the same Operation of

&c., as in the Breaking up the Ground in Drawing the Furrow, we cannot distinguish phrase Acein Ocmon, {Ayav Oyi^Lov,) where

between the two

ideas.

have likewise suggested, that the term

Angor,)

Agcho, (Ay^", Neco, Strangulo, Fauces Constringo ; Constringo,

Coarcto quovis modo, Moerore adficio,
hyxi^'>

To Straiigle,
Bind,

THE
its

EARTH.
&.C.,

773
must be
referred to

Bind, Constringe, Compress, Gripe, Grieve,

adjacent word Ago,

is

(a^:.;,)

and that
idea

this sense of Constringiug

Gripifig,

attached

to

the

of Vellicating

Scratching,
it.

HACKing up
ing

Catching,
up
I

a Surface, as the Ground, with a Tivitching

SnatchI

or

HooKing up motion,
in,

if I

may

so express

have

anticipated one of these words belonging to our Element

'^C,

&c

To Hook
Gripe, as

&c., where

we

see the true

idea.

The term

shall

shew

in a future

Volume, belongs

to Grip, Grave,

Grope, Grub,

To

Scratch up the

Ground
to the

and

in

Grieve, Grief,

we have
Capio,

the metaphorical application of this action.

relates

The Latin

power of Holding, or to Capacity, as we express it by an appropriate term, means, in one of its senses, "To take by force, to Seize;" and this word is
connected,

which commonly

" "
"

To Take To Rob, Pillage or Take away," which means likewise, "To Gather, Pull or Pluck fruit, herbs, &c., To Teaze, or Card wool, flax, &c., To Carp " where we are brought at once to the idea of Velliwe know, with
Carpo,
'
;

eating a Surface.

The word
is

Carptim

is

explained in R. Ains-.

worth under the expression

to

"By

Snatches."

The

Celtic

term,

which these words belong,

Cab^w, which Mr. Shaw

If these

explains

by "

To

Indent, Break Land, to Catch."

belong to each other,

union of ideas, which

we
I

still

see, in

words do not Carpo and Caham, the precise

in

have supposed

my

Hypothesis.
a term

In the of force,

explanatory word Pull,

we

see

little
;

more than

applied to the action of

Drawing

but in Pluck,

we

manifestly
I

perceive

the

idea

of a

Twitching Vellicating motion.

Vellicate,

shall

shew, that Pull and Pluck, Velio,

belong to each other

for

and

to

Peelos, {HniXog,

Lutum,)

Field,

&c. &c., the Ground,

a similar reason.
Tease,

Let us mark, how Teaze,

the

To

Vex, belongs to
Tlic very

To

Vellicate a surface, and to Tzvitch, &c. &c.

in

Vocabulary of Hederic, as explanatory of Agcho, {kyxu,)xhQ term Constringo, or Stringo, is itself con^
nected,

term adopted

774

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q, S,T,X,Z.
train of ideas,

nected with the

I

which

have

now

unfolded, as

have before observed.

R. Ainsworth explains Stringo by "

To

" Grasp or Hold fast; " and in another sense, "

To

touch lightly,

" brush or Graze upon,

Canis

extento Stringit vestigia rostro;"

in its

where we have the idea of Vellicating or Carping a surface,

gentler sense.

The

adjacent

word

to Stringo

is

Striga, "

Ridge
Thus,

" Land, or single Furrow drawn

the

at

length in ploughing," which

Stringo.

Lexicographers justly refer to Strigo, from

see, that

Agcho, (Ay%w, Con^Stringo,) bears the same relation to Ago, (Ayw,) when it is applied to the Furrow, in the phrase Aoein OGmon, (^Ayeiv Oyi^ov,) as Stringo does to Strigo, or Striga.

we

have before suggested, that the original idea of Echo, (E;^^;,) Prehendo, atque Prehensiun appears probably in its sense of
I
'

Teneo, Adhsreo, Conjunctus sum,

(lo-%w,

To Hook

in,

together,' Sec.

In IsKO,

Retineo,) which
(e%u;,)

is

acknowledged

to

be only another

form of Echo,

we seem

to feel this idea

more strongly.

We

see,

how

in

Agcho, (Ay^w,) or Anko, we pass from the

form ^C, ^G, &c. ^GG, ^GC/t, &c. &c., into that of ^NK. After the most mature reflection on the nature of the Element *NK, '^N, &c., I conceive it to be originally derived from the

form of our Element

unfolded.
established,
Still,
it

''C,

^G, &c., under the idea which

have

however,

when

the

form ^N, ^NK, was once

powers.

may be

considered as a distinct Element, and as

its

generating a race of words by

illustrated the

own

have already
;

with the ^G, &c. (page 370) but Agcho, {kyxc^,) Ango, appear, the examples, in which both forms mode adopted by the Greeks of expressing the force

union of the

^N

and the of N by G, &c., (r ante

this

y,

>c,

sonat

v,)

unequivocally exhibit

fact. I shall collect in this article certain terms relating to Holding, and Confining, which are derived from the train of ideas
'

above unfolded, and which may be considered as signifying To * }lQOiL Snatch Catch up --in, &c.. To Constringe Gripe
'

Seize

THE
'

Seize

Pinch Nip, &c.

under the form

EARTH. HrAd Take

'^N,

775
tV'c.

in, Conjine,'

&:c.,

both
great

under the forms ^C, ^G, &c., and \\C, ^NG, ^N, &c. race of words, conveying this train of ideas, we shall
to appear

The

find chiefly

"^NG, &c.

These words signify

;

oftentimes no more than to Hold, Enfold, or Confine, Take In

where

anticipate

one of the terms belonging

to thfs racej

though

we

have perpetual occasion of noting that peculiar sense of Griping, &c., as connected with the idea of Grief Constriction
shall

Pain

Annoyance, which we
article,
I

see in the term

Agcho,

{^yyu,")

Anko.
In the

The

sense of this term will present to us a good example of the

peculiar turn of

meaning annexed
illustrated the

to

many

of these words.

preceding
Sec,

words under the form

"^C,

^G,

Grief Pain, and Annoyance, as connected with the metaphor of Griping Grubbing up Scratching or Vellicaling a surface, as the Ground. We see, in the following
relate to the

which

idea of

examples,

how
in

the

two forms

"^G,

'^GG, or "^NG, are mingled with

each other,

terms denoting Grief

Pain Annoyance Violent

to

Emotion or Excitement of mind, some of which I before produced: Agko, {kyxic,) or Anko; AnKone, {hyx^vyi, SufFocatio;)
Ango, (Lat.) A.ncuish;
HvGcrian, (Goth.)

Huncer;

Ancer,

(Eng.) AGOii,AGOiiia,(Ayuv, Certamen, Molestia, Ayuvix, Certamen, Solicitudo,) AooNjy; AGoris, or Aaoris, {kyy^K;, Dolor;) ANxm,
ANx;V/>',(Lat. Eng.)
In the term Agow, {kym,) Acony, the n
is

an

organical addition
{kyx^vyi^)

after

the
said

'^G;

but in

Aggone, or Annone,

the n

may

be

to

be an organical additipn both

before and after the Radical Consonant.

following collection of words will give us a good idea of the sense of the Element ^G, ^NG, when it signifies 'To Hook
'

The

In

Hold Enfold

f'onfine

'

Hasp, Heck, Hatch, (the Hug Hake, and Belgic HAECKew, explained in Skinner by 'Rem Captare,' and referred by him to Hanker and Hanger; HakoI,

Calch Seize,' &c. &c. Hook, Catch door, j Hitch, (To Hitch o;?,)

the

776
the

*R.R.\-~C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
Pike;

HADVock ;

Hasch^k, (Germ)

To

catch;

Hatch,
HACK/;z_g^

(Eng.) as Eggs, which either refers to the action of Confining or

Covering them, by

the process of Incubation, or of

them, in order to bring out the young, as Junius supposes; Kgos, Ag=Osto5, (Ayoo-TOf, interior pars manus, vola ;) (Ayof, Cubitus ;)

AcKa/, AoKon, Agko/?, AGK=IsTraw, AoKa/^, AoKule, hGoide,

AgkuIos, AgkIos, AgkIcuo, or

ANKm, ANKon, ANKome,

AyKotvTi,

k\iK.istron,

Ai^Kale, AiJKule, Ai^Gule, Ankm/o5, Ank/o^, Ank/^o, (AyKui, Ulnae,

Ayyiuv,

Cubitus, quaelibet curvatura,

AyKuXri,

Uhia,

AyKia-r^ov,

Hamus,

Uncus quilibet,
cubiti,

Uhia,

AyKvXii,

Jaculi

genus, Curvatura

AyyvXvit'Lorum, AyKvXoi,Cvirvus,adUncus, AyxXo; pro AyKvXoi;,

AyKXevu, Servo;)

Aggo^, or Ango5,

(Ayyo;,

Vas quoHbet,) Agkos,

or AiiKos,{AyKog, Vallis,) AGKalpis,or Ai^Kalpis, (AyxaXmf, PrcBcipitium,) Ogkc, or Onk^,

{Oyxog,
(Oyjci?,

Angulus, seu Uncus,) OGKos,or Onkos,

Tumor;
or

Uncus,) AoKura, or ANKwra, (^AyKv^x,) AscHora,

(EyxiXvg,)

(Lat.)

ANCHor, (Eng.) Eccaelus, or ENCHekis,

JnguWla;
Uncus,

An-Agk^,

An-Ank^,

(Avayx^, Necessitas,)

Onux,

(Oi/u|,)

UuGuis, AnGustus, A^Gulus, Anguis, AnguUIu, (Lat.) Hank, HANK^r,

Hang, Hinge, Hand, Hent, (To seize;) And, (the Conjunction Copulative, or of HAHKing;) Hound, Hunt, Handle, (Eng.) Ansa,
Ensw, Egcho5, or Encho5, {Eyxoi, Hasta,) ENT^a, {Evrea,) what Holds him In, Enfolds him. In, On, -a person Holds, or what
(Lat. Eng.

&c.) what

is

Hajiked or Enclosed

In,

or

Hanked On or Attached to any thing; Haunt, To to a place, Ungo, Ann-Oint, what is Put 0 or over any thing;
EGKata, or ENKata, ENTeron,
(ET/xara, Ei/re^a,) Eairails, iNTestinus;

what is be Hanked

SpUAiichnon,
{Avt^ov,

(tvXoiyxvov,

i^-Isco^,)

5;^e/-UNCA,

ANTrjon,

urn,

Antrum,) Eggm5, Agch?, or Eugus, Anch/, (Eyyvg, Ayx', Prope,) which mean HANKe^f to, or adjacent to another, just aS
Ec\iome7ios

may be

said to

mean Hook^^
Conjunctus,

to another;

(EXOMENOS,
Ago5,

ErrrS,

Suid.

Adhserens,

Vicinus;)

(Welsh, Near,) ^Nigh, (Eng.) ^NEiGH-bour,

Wng, ^Next, NGSh, m^

"To

THE
"

EARTH.
To
straiten,
'"IS^icGard,

777
oppress

To

be

close
&:c.

to,

confined by or In

"Squeeze,"
and iNSula, "
lost,

Sec,

says Mr. Parkhurst,

(Eng.) of

a Griping Ard, or Nature;

where the breathing before the N is inserted between the two Consonants, Isle, Is-laiid,
Closed=\ii or ENviro?ied

A Land

with

the Sea,"
'""Nes-os,

&c.,

as

R. Ainsworth

explains

it

luais,

(Celt.)

(n^jo-o?,)

&c. &c. &c.

I

shall

not

attempt to

discuss

on

this

occasion

all

the

words, appearing under

the form ^N, '^NG, &c.,

considered,
I

which,

when

once existing,
separate

may

be

as

before

observed, as a
in

Element, and which

shall fully discuss

a future

Volume.

At present

shall

proceed to
this

make
'^C,

few observations
&c.,

on the race of words, under

serve to confirm

form

'^G,

which

will

my

idea, that

the sense of

HooKm^ up

or in,

Conjining

Gripiiig, &c.,

has

been

derived

from the notion

of

Hack/;z^ up

Gnibbing up

or Vellicating a Surface.
or
or

In the term

Hook, we

see this union of ideas very strongly.

is

The Hook^'^
is

or Curved instrument

that,

which on many occasions

best

calculated for Grubbing up

Plucking up any thing from the

Ground.

We

have seen, that the German UACKen,

To Hack,
that

means likewise

"To How,"

Hough "up,
Grub, or

"Ground;

den

dig, delve, break the

Weinberg,

To

How

up;" and

Hacke means "A Hatchet, Mattock, Ax, Pick=y^ar;" where we see how Hack and the Ax, &c. belong to the idea of Grubbing up the Ground. An adjacent word in my German Dictionary is
Haake, we see,
or

Hake,

"A

Hook, crook, tack. Hasp,

itself

clasp;"
the

which,

directly connects

with

Hacke,

Pick=Ax, &c.

Let us note the explanatory word Mattock,\\h]ch Minshew derives from the Belgic " Met Haeck, cum Unco," " Ridicule," says
Skiimer,

who

refers

it

to

Meor, Muscus, " and Togen,

probably the

part,

verb

" Teon, Trahere

(i.e.)

quod herbas erraticas

is

trahit, distraint, seu

"

divellit."

TheM3//=0cK

Mud=Ax,

the

Ax

wliich

5 f

turns

778

^R.

R.\ C, D,

G, J, K, Q,

S,

T, X, Z.

turns up the

Mud, Muck, or Dirt. In Scotch, a similar combination appears in Mc^=Hack, " A Dung-fork, with two prongs, " shaped like a Hoe," &:c., or Hough, says Dr. Jamieson, who
it

derives

from the Islandic Hiacka, Csedo, &c.

Chip,

In the

same

opening of Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary we have Hag,

To

Cut,
is

Hack,

Crack, &c.*

Another form of Hack

Hew, Heck;
the

As

there are various other terms in the

same opening of Dr. Jamieson's Dictio-

nary, which ought to be explained, but which do not directly belong to the subject of this
Article, I shall insert
a

them in a Note. Hace means, in Scotch, Hoarse ; and Wxcwart, Cougher; where we see how the idea of Noise is connected with that of \\\CKiiig up or Scratching up a Surface, as I suppose in my Hypothesis; " Hacshe, Ache, jiaini"
application of this action.
to feed

where we have the metaphorical have "Hack, a Rack for cattle

In the same opening

we

at;"

and "HAOabag, Coarse table linen,

that

" Refuse

of any kind."

The Hack might mean

it

which

Hooks

in or contains the

Hay

and Dr. Jamieson has derived

from the Saxon

Hegge,

corresponding with our

word Hedge. The Hack however is, I believe, derived from the form, or from the Railing of which it is composed, like regular Hacks or Scratches on a surface, with I shall shew, intervals, as if made by an instrument Scratching or Rating up the Ground. this of Railing of species That the idea that Rack belongs to Rake for the same reason. manifest from the word Grate in is connected with Scratching on the Ground, will be English, which contains this double sense, A Grate, and To Grate ; and from its parallel term Crates, " A Bundle of rods wattled together. A Drag, or Harrow, to break clods. " A Grate of brass or wood." I shall shew, that Rail, in German Riegel, belongs to

Racier, (Fr.) Rake, and Rack, for the

same reason
is

and thus
'

we

see, that

Rail the verb,

and Rail the substantive, belong to each other, as

preceding word to Rail, (Tignum,) in Skinner,

and Grate may do. The " Fcecialium, idem quod vox Raguled,

To

Grate,'

" Ragged,
It
is

(i.e.) Crenis seu incisuris

Exasperatum

"

where we have the precise

word.

idea.

curious to observe,

how we

are led

by the force of impression

to a just explanation

of the primitive idea,

though we are

totally ignorant of the origin of the

Dr. Jaexplains

mieson produces, under by Rails.

is

Hack,

the parallel

Belglc word Hek, which he properly

We perceive,
I
is

that Dr. Jamieson refers

Hack

to

He ugh;

and the conjecture

certainly probable.

have supposed on a former occasion,

(p. 96,) that

Hedge,

with

the Enclosure, separated and derived from the certain spot of EaiTH under some idea, will be Eajth, the from That it is derived secluded from the rest. whether it be derived from yet, Volume this evident, I trust, from the discussions of
its parallel terms,
;

thence under this precise idea,

is

not altogether certain, as I have before suggested.

As

the

Hedge

or Fence

is

often composed of Thorns, the term

derived from the idea of the Rougli Thorn, which

Hacks ^Pierces,

Hedge

might be
it

Pricks, &c., or

might

THE
"

EARTH.
fasten

779
is

the succeeding term to which, in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary,

To Heckle, Hekle.

To

by means

of

Hook,

or

" fibula ;"

might be taken from the idea of that which Confines Hooks in, &c. &c. The Reader must form his own judgment on the evidence before him. Dr. Jamieson derives HAGa-Bag from the German ". Hackk, the last, always used as denoting something

" of inferior quality " E. Huckaback." The

;

or Hui/cke, a

Cloak.

For

it

HucK Hag

and Bag seems to belong to such ; as Big, Bag, Boss, Book, &c., under a similar idea of the Coarse Cloth, Swelling
as
it

were, or Scratched in Rucks

Ridges, &c.

seems to be the

seems originally the same with Rough Rugged Cloth Hack^^,

words

out

Rising up in protuberances, in opposition to what

is

plain level -smooth, &c.; unless

we

should think,

Stickle-Mf*, which certainly

Tlie next

word

is

Bag means Back or Surface, as in the Scotch HzcKi^v^-back, the means the \\xGG\.ed~or Haggli^, Rough, Prickly ^arl. ]A,\G-berty, which means the Hedge Berry.
tliat

In the same opening

we have "Hagg," and " HAGtoof Croche,

is
;

or Crochert, a kind

" of
'

fire-arms anciently used." This instrument

Ital.)

Archibugio, (Fr.

&c. &c.

and

it

sometimes written Harquebus, Arquebuse, has been derived from Jrco Bugio, " Arcus

" but Skinner and Dr. Jamieson have justly referred these words to the Hacck=Bui/se, from Haeck, A Hook, and Buyse, a Tube, as by means of a Flemish Hook or Croche, the Tube or Gun, was fastened to a kind of tripod. In the same
cavatus
;

we have WxGcarbalds, a contemptuous designation, " Vyld Haschhalds " WkGGarbalds, and Hummels." The HASH^aWj and YikGGar-Balds mean the Bold impudent men, who go HackjV/j- about here and there in a riotous manner ; and this idea
opening
is

confirmed by the sense of

idly

Haik,

in the

same opening, which

is

explained by

"To

go

" about

from place
I

Raking about.

a similar meaning, from the idea of find, moreover, llAGGETitdecash, "in a disorderly state, topsy turvy "

to place."

The Rake has

and Cash belongs to Cut. HaggIcs, the Dish, and liAcnian one employed to fell wood, which Dr. Jamieson derives from Hag, Hack, &c.; and we mark in Snash the same term as Snatch, &c. ; llAGcer, to Hail, where we have the simple
at

where we

once see the idea of Hack/;;j- up or about;

We

have likewise

HAGCKRsttash,

Offals,

form of Haggle,

to Hail, which, as I have

horse,"'
a

shewn, means to
as

Hagglk,

or Cut

" An old useless Hedge; UACoart,

supposes

Stack-yard, from

vHaicuks,
to

the the Hedge, and i/=Ard, as Dr. Jamieson belonging to Hauchis, or Hauch, \v\\\c\\ our Author explains
II.A.G1:,

which

is

the same

the English

Haggard ,

Hage,
exerts

llACcart,

by

" "

term used

denote the forcible reiterated respiration of one,

stroke."

who

all

his

strength in giving a

Dr. Jamieson has referred

this

to

Hauch,

Halitus

and Ww.ing, (G. and B.) panting; where we see the true idea of Stirring up Drawing and we cannot but note too, how it associates itself with up with Agitation, &c. blow. is marvellous to observe, how terms with the same radical meaning It Hack the

attach themselves to each other, though they are

employed

in

somewhat

different

manner.

780

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
is

"fibula;" and the next word

connected
with
that

Heckle,

"To

Dress Flax-"

where we see the idea of Scratching

of

over, or

Though

&c. Dr. Jamieson does not refer these words to each other,
latter

Hook/^

Catching Confinino-,
word connects
fly

Teaziiig a surface,

he cannot avoid seeing, that the

Haeck, (Teut.)
point.

itself

with

Hake, (Swed. G.)

is

Cuspis incurvus,

Hooked

The next word

Cock's

Heckle,
S.

"A

for Jngling, dressed

its

" merely with a

"

feather,

from

resemblance of a

comb

for dressing flax."

This word
tiie fish,

intended to

Heckle

or

Hook

may mean the fly which is or it may be so called from

its

manner.

The

next term in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary

is

" Hauchs, of
is
;

a Sock, the

" "
it

three points into which the upper part of a ploughshare

clasps in the

divided, and

by which

it

wood.'

This

is

justly referred to

Hook, &c.
is

and

we

here see,

how

the

Hook

again connects itself with the instrument for turning up the Ground, to which

originally belonged.

The
will

next article in Dr. Jamieson

Hat/g/i, &c.,

Halche,

which

belongs to the Element 'L.

The term
at

ti

auch
means

remind us of our word

ujj,

Hawk, To
Noise.
S.

Spit

up; where we have

In
as

once the action of Stirring

and the Noise attending the action of Stirring up.

Scotch,

Hawgh

"To

Force up
it.

phlegm with a

To Hawk,"
is

Dr. Ja-

mieson most properly explains

Raised Up.
or

In HicK-//p
to this in

we
,-

have the very idea of something

Bailey's Dictionary

The succeeding word

Nathan
"

W\QV.-Well,
the Throat,
is

\\\cv.-Way,

"A

Bird called a Wood-Priifr

or

where we have actually the idea

to this is

of that which

Pech

Hacks.
which

An
this

adjacent

word
takes

Hawse,

which means the

\\k/.el

part in

Hawk/wj;
Lungwort,

place;

and the next word

Raw,

Lichen

Pulmonarius,

which denotes the plant useful

&c.

to
to

the

Hawse,

or Throat, in breathing

expectoration,

But the preceding term

Haivse brings us to the Spot, from which, as

I conceive, all these

terms arc derived, or

This term is Hawk, the Dung-fork, with which they are inseparably connected. where Dr. Jamieson properly refers us to the Muck-Wwt^. We see, in the explanatory term Fork., the idea of what is Crooked, annexed to that of the Instrument, used for Grubbing up the Ground, &c. R. Ainsworth translates Forkedness into Latin by " Curvatura

" more Furca;."

I

shall

shew

in another

Gripe, Grub, sCrape, Sec, just as Crook

Volume, that the word Crooked Croche, &c. does to

Cur-uus belongs
Scratch, &c.,

to

and as

suppose

Hook

docs to

Hack.

It is

curious to mark,

how

the idea of an instrument,

such as

we annex

to a Fork, &c., connects itself with the

Ground.

In Latin they say,

" Of two Furrows Of three Furroivs," in order to express T-wo-Foiked Three-Forked, I shall shew, that Furca and Porca, the Ridge or as Bi -Svhcvs, rn=SuLCLs, &c.
Furrow, are connected with each other for a similar reason.

THE
its

EARTH.
have likewise
Heckle-back, "

781
The

Rough appearance.

We

where the name, says Dr. Jamieson, "is evi" dently borrowed from its resemblance to a Hackle or flax
" comb."

" Stickle-back;"

The HECKLE-back
or IlLCKL/yz^,

is

assuredly the

animal

Heckl^^

the Haggl^^/ or Haggl/^, Rough

Hatch, Heck, denoting
in;'
I

with the

and

Prickly Back.

We perceive,
have, underthe

think, in the terms

a Door,

the idea of something 'Catching

or Hook/?/^ to or

and thus we
conceive to

same form, the following words, which

;

belong to each other

as "

"Door, Hatches of a Ship,

In old

To Hatch or Heckle Flax, Hatch, the To Hatch eggs, and Hatch^^, Securis."

French, Hiiis signifies

"A

Door," and Huisser, a Dooris

Keeper, from whence our term Usher

the Black Rod.

derived

the

Usher
it

of

The term

properly signifies, as the Lexicographers

&:c.

agree, the Door-Keeper of a Court,

whose business

is

to

execute certain offices belonging to

order, &c.
;

it,

as to keep silence

preserve
to Uscire,

and hence
forth,
direct.

it

is

applied to the

Usher

of a school.

The

Etymologists have referred Huis, Uscio, (Fr.

Ital.)

Exire,

To

lasiie

which belong

to

Ex.

This connexion
so

seems plain and

The

Latin OsTium belongs to Osj

to be
in

that these terms for a

to different ideas.
in
I

Door seem

more immediately attached

a former Work, a passage
his

have produced,

Hesychius, which has

raj D.yvytoii

much embarrassed
XByei.
1

Commentators,

Oyy-ocg Adtjvug'

'ttuXocs

This passage abounds with

should be well pleased to

difficulties

yet
in

have observed, that

find

text,

which
the

OcKai might be
the Arabic

Ogkai or Onkai signified Gates. Heck. The form Onk^w would bring

The
us to

Udc
may

Ink,

Gate.

Hitch
motion,
if I

relates at once to

so express

it,

'To

a Catching

Twitching Vellicating
l'"iine

wise signifies

To Hook
one

or Calch,

Hitch about 3' and it like'To Hitch in,' &c. Skinner

vel

has two articles;

for

Hitch, the nautical word, "

"

Unco

782
"

^R. R.\--C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T,

quidvis
arripere
et

X, Z.
he refers
to

Unco

Figere," &c.,

which

richer; and another for

"Hitch,

ut ubi dicimus
derives

Hitch

Buttock,

" et

Hitch Neighbour," which he

;

from Hocher, (Fr.)

and Hicgan,{S?i\.) Moliri

ceeding
Flax,

terms parallel to each other.

to the
idea.
I

word

is

Hitchel, which belongs

to the

The sucHECKLm^ of
Let us mark

where we are brought

genuine

the word Hitch, as applied to the Buttocks.

have produced, on

a former occasion, (p. 170,) a race of words denoting parts adja-

cent to the Buttocks, the Loins, &c., as \\us, IsKis, Oxus, Osphus,

OsKca,

(l|u?,

I<r%(?,

0|uf,

Lumbus,
Sec.

Ocrx^x,

Scrotum,) which

have

supposed to be derived from the idea of the Base, as attached to

the EArTH.

The

\k.sus,

however,

may

be taken from the

same

spot, the

Base or Surface,

in a state of Agitation,

and

may
-

mean
in

that part

of the person which

be observed, moreover, that

Hitches about. It must some of these words are connected

train of
(l|uf,)

form with terms conveying the

unfolding.
;

ideas,

which
Ixos,

am

now

Adjacent to
;

Ixus,

we have

(l^os,

Viscum

Arundo aucupatoria
;

Tenax,)

the v-lscutn, that which

Hitches or Catches

lx=Alos, (l^Xcg, Crebro saltans,) in which

we

see the idea of desultory motion, and which the Lexicographers

l^vg et AXXof^on,) as if signi-

have derived from Ixus and Allomai, (Ex

fying the

Hitching or Agile Loins

the

and

Ix, (l|,

Vermiculus vites
I

arrodens,)

Nibbling x\nimal, which means, as

imagine,
so say, or

the animal which

Hacks

up, or

to

pieces, if

may

Frets a surface in a Hircuing

Catching

manner.

In Nep, Nip,

awdNibble,
Eating.

we unequivocally see The Iskw, {Ux^g,) bears

1

the idea of a Catching

mode

of

a similar form to \skus,

{la-x^;-,)

which, as

have suggested

in other places,

may
I

be derived from

the idea of Vigour and Activity in

IsKnos,
(lo-^i/o?,

Motion.
to

have shewn, that

Macer,

gracilis,)

belongs

the

metaphor of a
the Loins,-

Scratched

Furrowed Surface, just

We
see too,

as Strigosus

belongs to Stringo

and Striga.

that Oxus,{0^vg,

Lumbus,)

has

THE
has the same form as Oxus,
subitus,)

EARTH.
(0|l/,',

783

Acutus, Acris, vehemens, celer,

once denotes Desultory motion, and belongs likewise to the sense of Hack/w^ or Cutting. On the whole
at

which

we

shall imagine, I think,

that these

terms for the Loins, &c.

belong to this train of ideas.

English word Hanch; as another form of these words, assuredly belongs to the idea of Catching or Hank/?^^, whatever

The

may

be the precise turn of meaning annexed to

it.

We
'

know,

that Catch and

Hank

have a similar sense; and

we know

likewise
Catch in

the familiar phrase, in which persons are said to have a

'

their gait.'

Now

this

is

precisely the

sense of the
then,

HiNCKe/i, "

To
be
;

limp, halt,

go lame."
be
part.

Thus
I

German Hanch may be

derived from the idea of motion, as

have supposed the other

words

to

or

it

may
with

derived

Swelling

out

Protuberant
or In:

from the notion of the

sense of Protuberance
is

The
idea

perpetually connected
able to

the

of Cojivexity or Concavity^

Hank On

This may be the sense of Hanch,

Hunch, which belongs to Hank. In the Greek Ogkos or Onko5, (Oyxog, Tumor, Moles, Massa, &c. Uncus,) we have the double sense of Hank and Hunch. The Etymologists produce the parallel terms to Hanch, as Hancke, (Belg.) Hanche, (Fr.)
quasi

Anca,

(Ital.

and Span.)

Adjacent words to ^nca,

in

my

Italian

and Spanish Dictionaries, are Aticueggiare,

"To wag

one's legs,"

where we have the sense of motion; and Ancho, Broad, Wide, &c. &c., where we have the idea of that which Hanks In, or

comprehends a great space,

I

have shewn

Surprize

up

Agitating Exciting Vellicating,

It

former page, that the ideas of IVonder Fear, &c. have been derived from the notion of Stirring
in a

&c.

the

mind with these

kcos,
Azve,
{kyoi^
;

passions or Emotions, "

Harrows me
wonder
sacra,
to

with Fear and JVonder,"

find

&c.

Hence we

shall

not

Veneratio, Admiratio;

Res

quam veneramur;

Puritas
Lustratio,

784

^R.R.\--C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

Lustratio, purificatio;

Piaculum,

scelus

Cubitus,) denoting AdAgo, (A^w, Duco,

perceive,
itself

miration and Veneration under a similar form, as

Rapio,

lS:c.)

and AgcJio, (A^%w, Strangulo.)

(Ayog,) signifies

We

that

when Agos,
material

Cubitus,
in,

it

connects
to

with

the

sense of

Hook/^
Ayeiv,

annexed

Ago Ep'
and
with

Ackuroji
AgcJio,

Acein,
{Ayx^-)

(Ett' AyKu^i^v

In

Ancoris

Stare,)

Ag=Osto5 and AG=OsTfo, {Ayoa-roc, Interior pars manuum, Vola. Horn. //.XL 425. Extrema pars manus; CuIn

bitus,

Ulna; Palma,
;

Ayca-reu,

Immundus sum,
//,
)

sordibus inquinaut aliqui

tus

sum

unde apud Horn.

^.

v.

506.

Ayoa-Tw^?,

veterum legebant, pro

Axoo-riyo-aj,

we have
Cubitus
j

the material and the

metaphorical sense of Ago5, {Ayog,

Piaculum,

Scelus.)

The Ag=Ost we should probably

breathing

consider as the Element '^G, ^S,

&c., doubled in order to convey the idea

may have been

Veneror, &c.)
I

inserted

more strongly, or a vowel between the symbols, which

(Ayia-Tsvu,

represent the Radical consonant.

Sanctifico,
(Ayoa-Tsu.)
is

The term AG=IsTeo,

another

only

form

of

Ag=Ost^o,
signifies

have supposed, that Ag=Osto5,

of

(Ayoo-Toj,)

the

Arms the Hollow HooK^r in, from the

the

Hands

the

Grasper,

Griper, or

action of Grubbing up,

if
I

HACKmg
I

up, or

WooKing up the Ground,

perpetual occasion to

may so express it. remark, how marvellously words

different turn of
is

have had

continue to

be connected with the original spot, from which they are taken,

though they are employed with a

curious, that Ag=Osto5, {Ayoa-Tog,)

meaning.

It is

adopted by Homer, when he

describes the action of Griping the Ground with this part.

"

EAE TAIAN ArOSTfl. (A. v. 425.) In Persian, ^jii*il Agush, Ag^Ush, means " 1. An Embrace. 2. The Bosom. 3. As much as the arms can embrace or con^
ev
Kcvifjo-t

-Tria-uv

"

tain,

an armful, truss, bundle of hay, corn, grass, wood, &c.

as a reaper takes to this
in
is

" 4.

As much

his

hand.

5.

Pitch-Fork

"

full."

The verb

noun

^jsA*i*xil

Agisten, AG=lsT-en,

which

THE EARTH.
whfch Mr. Richardson explains by "

785

To embrace, to be embraced, " contained, comprehended;" and the other senses are, "To Cut, " mince, macerate, Hash, macerate. To Hang or be Hanged."

The
"
1,

succeeding word to this

is (^<_XAiiAA.c(

A.G\suiden, AG=\sH-iden,

To

fear,

dread.

2.

here

the various

ideas

To Embrace. 3. To Cut." We have of Hack or Hash, Hook, Hang, and

Awe,
quasi

Anxiety, and
the

Agos, (a^oj, Veneratio,)

precisely
as

Aug, under

same Radical word,

they are supposed in

my

Hypothesis to be connected with each other.

The term Ag=Ush

^j:.^JLXj\,

appears again in Persian under the form '^NK, as

which

Mr. Richardson represents and explains by " Enk=Isht. Coal. " Eng=Usht. a Finger." No ideas appear more remote from each other, than those of the Finger and a Coal; yet we see, how
they are reconciled under
the original
Excite.

idea

is is

my Hypothesis, which To Hack or Hook up, in,

the Inflammable substance
flame.

supposes, that
&c., Stir up

The

Coal

the
this

substance
{Avdox^,

readily

Excited

into

The

Greek
;

ANTHr=Ax,
and to

Carbo,) belongs to the

Persian

Enk=Ish

idea

we

must perhaps
to the

refer the Scotch iNcle, Fire.

The succeeding word

(Avd^fjvti,

Greek ANTH-r-^A:' is Ai^TH-r-ene, the Wasp, which still means the Exciter
Stinger
lates

Stirrer up,
in a

Crabro, Vespa,)
the Pricker

Annoyer,

quic Ang/^.

Let us mark, how Carbo assimiI

itself

with Crabro;

and

shall

shew

future Volume,
that they

that they belong to each other for the

same reason, and

are ultimately to be referred to such words as Carpo, Carp, Crop.

Grub, Gripe, &c.

or

Antho^,
Crop,

{AvQoq,) is that,

which a person Hands

Ha?id and
the

Hanks

off,

Carps, Crops;

as Karpos, (Kx^Troi, Fructus, Carpus,)

belonging to
Fruit.

Carp,

means

at

once the

That the senses of the Finger and the

Enk=Ish, are
to be

Coal,

the

Persian

referred

to

each

other

under the idea of

Stirring

5 G

786
Stirring

-^R.

R.

'

.- C,D, G,

J,

K, Q,

S, T,

X, Z.
be

up

or

Exciting,

according to

my

Hypothesis, will

unequivocal from
in the succeeding

the

sense

of a word,

belonging to Enkisht,

column of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary.

This

word

is

v^jaJoI

Eng=Ikt^, which our Lexicographer explains

by "To Excite, Rouse, Raise or Stir up;"" and in the same column we have >J<j\ Eng=Iz, " i. Exciting. 2. A Coal." In the same column we have likewise EnKelus, An Eel, and Engule, A Button, which mean the Hank^t^ In izEi^aushiden, To emEaaiden, To Seize, take; and Eacur, a Grape; which brace

bears the same relation to the other terms signifying to

.that

Hank,

&c.,

Grape does to Gripe.

The

EuKelus,

we

see,

belongs to the

Greek and Latin

Egcheliis, or ENcuelus,

and ANGuilla-, AnG^ds, as

Enkisht does
perceive,
in

to

Onux, Onuch-05, (Om^, Owxog,) Unguis.

Fingers, &c.,

We
are

the sense of the Nails

how we

Under the form brought to the idea of Scratching up a surface. of FNG, PNG, &c. we have the sense annexed to Ha7ik, as
Fingers, Fang, &c.
;

but whether they belong to each other must

The term Engikten is be the subject of a future consideration. the appropriate word, joined with Autash, Fire, in order to express
Inflammation, as

^\ ^1
I

Autash Engiz, "Kindling Fire

'" Fuel, Coal,"&c.

shall

shew, that the terms for Fire, under

our Element ^C, &c., as Icn-is, are derived from the same idea;

and

in this very

word

Icn-is,

we

see the organical addition of the

n to the

after the G,

as in

Ehg=/2; before
I

it.

We

see in

AuT=Asn

the

more

familiar form.

must leave the Persian

*

scholars to decide, whether

Aut=Ash
'^S

Eng=Iz, Ag=Ush, should be

considered as the Element

idea

doubled, in order to express the

more strongly; or whether they should be regarded only The same doubt as quasi Autsh, Engz, or Eggz, Agsh, &c.
exists

with respect to Agostos,

(Ayoa-To?,) &c.,

as

have before
as

observed.

The

Latin

Augvstus bears

the

same form

the

Persian

THE

EARTH.
;

787
in a

Persian Engush, Enkisht, &c.

and

have suggested

former

page, that Augustz^^ and Angustus, or AocvsTta, coincide with

each other.

Terms
either

expressing

Diligence,

HuiK. (Scotch,)
of,

To

take care

Care, Attention, Regard, Sec,

directly
taken,

consider, regard, &c.

from

AcHT. (Germ.) Care, &c. Outlawry.

the idea of being Stirred up,

Roused or Excited
gence

to Dili-

Attention, Sec,
all

or be-

Heed To

Hvien.

(Eng. Germ.)

take care of

guard,

re-

longing to terms originally

expressing actions of Excite-

gard, respect.

ment

which terms are

connected
with
to the action

Othe, Aidos. (Germ.) Heed. HuscH. (Germ.) Adv. Hortandi,

Age, Jgedum.
HuTCH^/i, HuTCHE. (German,)
Incitare, Alapa.

ultimately

words referring

of Stirring up the Ground.

Ecean, EGGean. (Sax.) Occare,

Incitare.

Aud/o, Akouo. (Lat. Gr.) To Hear, i. e. to be Excited to

Attention.

To Egg

on

Hoax on, &c.

(Sax.)

HoE, quasi Hough.

Hie, quasi Hig, fonuard. (Eng.)

AuD^o. (Lat.)

To

be

Excited

to bold action.

HiGan,

HiCGan,

TenMens,

Ous, Otos, Ouas, &c.

hxises,

A.VT>es,

Aur/.?,

dere, festinare, Niti, conari.

&c. &c. &c.

Ear.

(Gr. Lat.)

The

Hige, Higge. (Saxon,)

cogitatio, cura, studium.

Hear

Ear, &c. (Eng.)

To
Plough or
Stir

HoGian. (Sax.) Sollicitus esse,

studere, &c.

Ear. (Eng.)

up the Ground.

SHALL

788
J SHALL
to

^R. R.

\-C, D, G, J, K, Q,

S,T, X, Z.

in

this article

consider certain words

&c,,

which
I

relate

to

Mental Diligence
be connected

Study Attention,
may be

and which

conceive

with a Race of words expressing Actions of

the precise process by which they

Excitement, whatever

are attached to those words.

We

have seen,

in

the course of

these discussions, various terms which signify "

^^

To

Stii"
'

up or

Excite to

any action or purpose,"

on

as
j

Egg, Hoax, &c.

latter

To

Egg
'

'on,'

'To

Hoax

the Dogs,'
We

&c.

and the

word has been

applied to the idea of ridiculing or bantering a person, as

'

To

Hoax any

one.'

have seen likewise the term Hie, quasi

HiG, 'To Hie forward,' in Saxon HiGan, Hiaian, Tendere, festinare;

Hicoan, Niti, conari.

have observed moreover, that the

Saxon EcGean, To
Occare;
each other.
it

Egg

on, occurs in the

same page with

'Eaeafi,

and no one can doubt the relation of these words to

In Hie, the Radical consonant has disappeared, as

has in Hoe;
it is

and even

in

the sound

of

though

preserved in the

mode

of writing

Hough it is lost, it. To these words

HiGan, &c. belong the Saxon terms "Hige, Hyge, Mens, animus,

"

cogitatio,

mentis applicatio, studium,

cura;

Hige,

Diligensj,

" studiosus, sedulus;"

where we have the idea oi Excitement or

Diligent exertion in action, Thoughts, Mind, &c.

This union of ideas between Mind or Thought, and Excitement,

perpetually occurs, as
I

have before shewn.

It

appears in the
^^cvvjiau,

Greek

Quy,oi,

Animus, sen Impetus Animi, Vehementia, and

Elatio
is

Cogitatio,

Animus, sensus animi;

in the

animi,

fastus,

Animi

Impetus;

English

Spirit,

which

at

once applied to Mind

and

to Courage; in the Latin

Spirit;'''

Animus, which means

"The Mind

"Courage,
longs to

and

in

Mens,

"Mind Courage,'' which

be-

Mei/oj,

"Animi Ardor,
Hige

Impetus, quo ad aliquid

agendum
Hiht^w,
Sperare

" aut sustinendum ferimur."

Dictionary, where

In the

same column of Lye's Saxon

Spesj

occurs,

we have Hiht,

THE
Sperare
;

EARTH.
adjacent
terms,

789
Himaji,

and

we

find,

as

Augere;
and

HiHT-////, Gaudii plenus;

Hihth,
still

H^/g-/ii,

Altitudo, Exaltatio;

HiH, Altus;
Raised up.
terms, as
I

where we have

the

same

idea of being Excited or

We
shall

shall

now

understand, that

more

fully illustrate in a
is

High belongs to these future page. The pre;

ceding term to Hige, Mens,

attached, as
I

imagine, to

Hige, Familia, communitas which is terms denoting a Dwelling, as House, Hag,

(Germ.) Domus, Mansio,&c. &c. The word preceding Hyge, Mens, is Hyge, Fauces ; which may be derived either from the Agitatioji of
the Jaws, in masticating food, or from the action itself of

Hack/W
and our

or Masticating, &c.
explains
it,

In Scotch,
of, to

Huik

signifies, as

Dr. Jamieson

"To
it

take care

consider, to regard;"

Author

refers

(Su.G.)

In

Hugghen, Observare, considerare; Huga, Hoga, animo habere, meditari Hugen, (Alem.) id; Hogariy
to
;

(A. S.) Curare;

explains the

Hog, Hug, (Su.G.) The Mind, &c. &c. Lye Saxon Hocayi and HoGian by " Sollicitus esse, curam
where
in Sollicitus,

" gerere, studere, meditari;"

Cito,

from Solum and

Fersare Terram,'

we have

the true metaphor.

Again, in Latin, Verso means,

*

we
and

know, " ToStir or turn about," as the Ground,

The adjacent words to Hooian are Hoh, (Sax.) which is quasi Hogh, " Calx. Poples, Suffrage, " Ang. Hough," says Lye; " Hoh, (Sax.) Altus, quasi Hogh, or " High and Hoha, (Goth.) quasi Hogha, Aratrum. Inde forsan nostra, an Hough, Oa-a minor;" where we unequivocally see,
to Consider."

"To Weigh,

as

have before observed, the origin of these terms. The German Acht^w, " To care, esteem, respect, regard,
is

" observe, mind a thing,"

actions of Excite?ne7it, as
I

connected

witii

terms

denoting

before

observed, (p. 125,) whatever

may
in

be the process by which they are united.

relates to the idea of Stirring

one sense,
in

up

Routing Driving,
when
it

The term Acht,

signifies

&c.

the

strongest

sense of such
&c.

actions,

" Outlawry,

proscription,"

My

Lexicographer

explains

AcHisam,

790

-^R.

R.\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.
things,

AcHTsam, among other

the true metaphor.

by

Solicitous,

which may exhibit

Among

the interpretations of the substantive

at

AcHT, we have Heed; and we should

English

once imagine, that the

Heed

is

only another form of the

German
j

term.

The

Etymologists have referred

Hige, Diligens
;

the

Heed to the Saxon Hedan, Cavere German Hut, Custodia, &:c. where we see,
beI

longs to the Enclosed Secured Spot.

occasion, (p. 108,) that

that they have placed a term of Excitement with one, which

have supposed on a former

other J and

I still

retain

Heed, Hedge, and Hut, belong to each the same opinion; yet it is not easy to
connected with

adjust the precise idea, by which they are attached to each other.

Heed
Yet

is

certainly directly
as
is

perhaps
it

denoting the HEDGED-in Spot,

likewise,

Hut, Custodia, and by way of Security.

as

we
is

see, directly

connected with Acht,

which

belongs to an
it

action

of

Excitement, whatever

may be
In the

the process by which

connected with that action.

secondary sense of Hut, &c. the idea of an Enclosure of Security

Defence, &c. only appears
;

yet

still

imagine, that the original

idea related to an action of Excitement,

whatever

it

might

be.

Wachter
sense

explains

Hut

in different articles

by

''

Pileus,'' (to

which

and Hood belong,) "Gustos, Custodia;" and HuT^n, by "Tegere, operire," " Celare, Abscondere," to which Hide,

Hat

the verb and substantive,

more

directly

belongs, " Cavere, Provi-

" dere,"

(to

which Wachter

refers

Heed,) " Munire, Sepire,"

" Custodire," " Observare,

cum

cura attendere."

The

succeeding
de-

word

HuTTE, Tugurium, to which we must noting Dwelling, as Hut, House, I.\ies, Oikos,
is

refer terms
(O^xof,)

&c. &c.,

which
I

have produced in a preceding page, (258.) have suggested on a former occasion, (p. 623,) that terms
1

of Security and Defence are often derived from the idea of some action of Exciteinent or Violence, as that of Driving away. Keeping
off,

&c. &c.

and hence

it

is,

that Dejendo

is

explained in the
first

THE
first

EARTH.
"To
Strike, or

791
Keep
off,

sense by Robert Ainsworth,

out,

or

" away,"

This may possibly be the original sense of Hut^w;

and whatever it might be, the term is certainly surrounded by races of words which denote actions of Excitejnent, as we have
unequivocally seen in the course of our discussion.
In the

same

opening of Wachter's Glossary with Hut,

see Husxew, Tussis,

and Tussire; and I shew in another place, that terms like these with the idea of Noise are derived from the sense of Stirring up as in Hawk up, Hick-/>, &c. &c. annexed to that action The

preceding term to this

is

"Husch,
;

adverb, hortandi, significans

" Age,

Agedum,

cito,

Agedum

"

which V/achter
Alapa
;

refers

to

Hvscuen, Incitare;
Hypothesis.
find

and Husche,

where we
it

directly

possess the term of Excitement, precisely as

I

is

supposed in

my

next to Hutte, in Wachter, Huz, "

Modus

" vocandi suem apud Suevos, sicut Sic abigendi apud Armoricos. " Utraque vox Siietn notat, ilia apud Armcnios, haec apud Celtas."

term of Excitement, or as denoting the animal, the same fundamental idea exists. I have shewn,
"Whether
consider
as a

we

Huz

that the

name

of the animal

is

derived from the action of Stirring

in both cases the

up, or Routing up the

Ground; and thus

in

term

conveys the idea supposed

in the explanatory

my

Hypothesis.

We

see,

moreover,

term Age, AcEdum, a word of the same race;

likewise another of these terms.

and

in Ocyiis

we have

We

have

seen in a former page, that Acere relates to the action of Stirring

up the Ground;
Occo.

and we cannot doubt, that Ocyus belongs

to

to
is

We

are

consider

therefore,

whether

Heed, &c.

derived from the secondary sense, as relating to the Secured Spot,

just as
to
it

Regard belongs
I

to

Guard, or whether

it

does not relate

what
in

conceive to

be the primary sense, such as

we

see

various kindred words.

We

cannot but perceive, that our terms Hush, Hist, with

their parallels produced

by the Etymologists, belong

*

to the

idea

con-

792
to Silence

^R. R.

\-C, D,

G, J, K, Q,
may

S, T,

X, Z.
relating

conveyed by Husch.

Qiiiet Repose,
No
;

Hence we understand, how terms

&c.
is

be derived from the idea of

familiar to us; as
is

Excitemejit.

combination

more

we
Sec.

per-

petually observe, that a person's Attentioti

Roused or Excited to
Quiet,

any
idea
(Axi?,

business
is

and from
and

^tte?ition

to

Silence,

the

passage

direct

inevitable.

of Quiet and Silence

Hence probably we have the annexed to the Greek Ake, Akeow,

Quies,

Aksuv,

Tacitus.)

We

shall

consider

this

opinion
is

however more than probable, when we remember, that Ake

actually a term which

relates to the strongest sense of Stirring

it

up Exciting,
ferri,

&c., and that

ferri.)

belongs to Acuo, &c.

quit
the

(Ajci;,

Acies

German term Husch, I must observe, that in the same column of Wachter we have HuRT^72,Trudere, Impellere; Hurt, Impetus Hursch^w, Incitare, Accelerare; which belong to the form "^RT, as in Hurt, HoRT-or,
cuspis

Before

just as Hit, &c. Otheo, (ndeu, Trudo,) belong to the form '^T, &c.

Here we
It
is

see,

how

the '^RT, &c. and ^T, &c. pass into each other.

curious, that

Martinius should understand

the relation of
{na-ri^u,

Hust^w, Tussis, to a term of violence, Osrizo,

just

Trudo,)
in a

as Tussis belongs to

Tusu and Tundo.

is

shall

shew

future Volume, that Tussis

attached to a great race of words,

conveying the same idea of Stirring about or VelUcating a surface,

as Tease, Touch, Twitch, Tusk, &c. &c.
in its original sense,

My
it

idea

is,

that

Huren,
Strike,

was

precisely that of Defendere,

"To

" to keep
as Hit,

off",

out, or

av^ay;" and that

belongs to such terms

Otheo, Ostizo, &c.

{fiQeu, aa-T^t^u.)

Wachter cannot help

in

perceiving, that Hvieti conveys a sense of Violence or Destruction.

He
is,

observes, that

it

was anciently used " pravo sensu," as

the following passage:

as

"Der
I

sundige

Huotet

des rehten," that

he says, " Peccator observat justum.

Destruendi

Puta, non servandi

" sed

causa."

have conjectured,
to

that

^-Uard,
HERoian,
Vastare,

Ward, Herd,

&c.

belong

Harry,

Harrow,

THE
Vastare, &c.
;

EARTH.

793

and thus we see how every thing tends to the

&:c.

same

point.

To Heed,
cannot but
SlQiu,

we must refer Ot Homai,(o6cf^(xi, Curo); and we perceive, how the Oth and Ooth, in OSof^ut, Curo, and
But the

Trudo, appear to be connected with each other.

Moveor.)

very term OTUotnai relates in one sense to the idea of Excitementy

(Odofjicci,

The Greek Aidos, (aX?, Pudor,

observantia,)

verecundia,
to

reverentia,

veneratio,

belongs

probably

Heed.
(A/J'wf,)

In the same column of

is

my Greek
terms

Vocabulary, where Aido^,

of Exciteme?it,

found,

we have

the

AiduIos, (Ai^vXog,
viget,)

Audax,) Aizeos,

(A<^ijo?,

Juvenis, qui robore juvenili

It is

and

AiTHaloeis,{Ai9Xoiig, Ardens, ab Aidu, Uro.)

marvellous to

observe,

how

words, which
still

may be

said to

have passed into their

some of their applications to the original idea. The terms Awos, and Aioeomai, (AiL;, Aihoi^at,) are applied by Homer, on occasions when men are to be Roused
secondary sense,
refer in

and Excited

to the

most strenuous exertions of Activity and Duty.

Kut

<piXot, ocvepeg sa-re,

AIAXi

Qitrff evi

$uu,u,
va-fiivag'

AXXir,Xovg

T AlAEl'S&E Kara. KpoiTepxg

avopuv
01,^

AIAOMENflN
isvyovTuv

'TrXeove; (root

rje

Trecpajra*"
uXk-/;.

y OUT

KXeog o^vvTdi, ovte Tig

{11.

O.

\.

^6i,

ScC.)

"
*'

amici, viri estote, et Piidorem habete in animo, et aliis alium

Verecundantes observate,
salvi,

per acres

pugnas.
sunt
:

Verecundantiwn

" enim virorum plures

'

quam

occisi

Fugientium vero

neque gloria exurgit, nee ullum auxilium."

We

perceive
to

how

inadequate such terms as Pudor and Verecundia

the sense of the words
this
is,

are

express

now under

discussion;

and the reason of

words

that they refer only to the secondary sense of the

when
'

they ought to have a fundamental meaning, referring to the

primary.

The term

Aido5,

At^ug,

might be interpreted by

'

Diligens

vel Sedula Cura,

observantia, &c.

impensa

in

aliquam rem vel

i)udor,

'

personam, et hinc Cura, observantia, reverentia,

verecun'

5 H

dia,'

794
'

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
&c.
In the sense of
*

dia,'

Diligetts acra, vel observantia,

quam

alius erga alium habet,'

we

pass into the sense of Emulation

Mmiilatio,

that strong
in the

term of Excitement, which might almost

I

be adopted
selected

explanation of this passage.

as
it

have purposely
to us

the term Cura,

I

unequivocally exhibits
to illustrate.

the

union of ideas which

am endeavouring

R. Ains-

vvorth explains Cura by "Care Regard Application Dili" gence " and Curo by " To take care of to look to a business " To Regard, to Attend to to pay Respect and Homage to," &c.
;

We

must not wonder, that

should ultimately refer these terms

to

for Respect

Regard Reverence, &c.

,

words expressing actions

that one of the strongest

performed on the Ground when

we know,

terms in Latin for Religious TForship or Veneration, Colo, " To " worship, to Revere," actually itself signifies " To till the " Ground." It is marvellous to observe, how the same action,

under different views of

it,

leads us to the

same

train of ideas.

Among
ment
'^C,

the words denoting Attention, belonging to our Ele-

^D, &c. &c.

(Ajccjw,)

we must

refer the terms for Hearing, as

Aud/o, Akomo,

with their parallels produced in a former

page (109,) Ous, Ot05, Ouas, OuaT05, (Oyj, flrof, Oua?, OuxToq, Ata, (Ara,) the Doric or Tarentine word for Ota, (nra,) Audes,
AusES, &c. old Latin words, Aod/'w, hzin, (Chald. Heb.)
a modern Greek word, &c. &c.

Audia,

That Aud/o
the

is

by some process

connected with terms, relating to actions of Excitement, will be

manifest from a

word, almost under

of opinion

same form, Aud^o.

Thus we

shall

be

probably,

that

Aude and Audi,

remote as they appear

in sense

from each other, express only

such as

minute differences
in
'

in the

turn of meaning; and that they have

signification,

fact

the

same fundamental
*

we

see

in

Hoc Age,' and

Attention.'

AW Age,'
words
;

(Axx' Aye,)

'Be Excited

to action or

'

In such phrases as " Erige te,"

we almost

see the

two
in

significations of these

and R. Ainsworth explains Erectus,

THE
in

EARTH.
to

795

"Stout, courageous, undaunted;" where we have the sense of Audeo, and in another by " Intent, Earnest,"

one sense by

where we have the idea annexed

&c.

Audio, "

To

mind, attend,"
in

The Arabic

^jOkl

Uzn, the Ear,

lze7i,

signifies

one of

its
;

meanings, as represented by

" Well done, go on,

come on

where we see the sense of Ag^, (Aye,) Under another form, we have (j^liil Kzan, Ears, which means, as represented by some minute variation Y.zan, "Signification, announcing, invitation, the
" signal for

summoning

to prayers

by the Mullah or

priest

from

" the minarets or towers of the mosques;" where

see the idea of Excitmg to any business or action.

we

unequivocally

Hear, Ear, with some of their parallel terms HYRa, Ohr, &c. (Sax. Germ.) we see the form "^R; in others we have the form ^RS, as in Heark, Heark^w, &c. and in some
In the English
;

we

have
&ZC.

the

form ^D, "S, &c.

Hausg^,

(Goth.)

Aud/o,
it

Kvses,

In Aiires,

we should be unable
It is

to decide,

whether

belonged to the form

for

"^R or '^RS, if

such decision were necessary

impossible to doubt,
I

any purposes of distinction.

all

think,

that

these terms belong ultimately to each other: these Elementary forms on

Hence,

we

see

how

some occasions pass

into each

other, without

any

difficulty or confusion;

constitute races of
It
is

words
to

distinct

and how again they and different from each other.

in

impossible not

mark

the coincidence

form between

Ear, the organ, and Ear,

To

Plough;

where we are directly

in

brought to the very Spot and Action supposed

my

hypothesis.
are nothingin its

Thus, then, Ii-Eak and Ear, denoting

phorical sense, just as

Attention,

but Ear, 'To Plough or Stir up the Ground,' used

Solicitus
;

metato

means "Earnest," according

or, as

R. Ainsworth's interpretation
*

he might have

said,

'

At-

tentive,'

from SoUcito,
I

"To

Stir or dig up, properly the

Ground,"
to

as he observes.

have

supposed

with

the Etymologists, that

the Aus, in Avscullo, belongs to Aud/o;

and that the Culto

is

be

796

^R.R. \--C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

be referred to Kluo, (KXvu,) and the Celtic terms Cluinam, Claistam. I have ventured to form a conjecture on the original idea annexed
to these words, but this cannot duly be unfolded
till

the Element

CL
the

shall

be fully examined.

In Galic,

Ogh

is

the Ear, and in

this

same column of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, where

I

word

is

found,

perceive Og,

Youth;

and

suggest in another place,

that the idea ofTouthis derived from the Excited action, belonging
to that period of
life.

In Galic,

EisTam or Eisd^w means " To

which
I

"Hear,
(p.

listen,

be

silent,

Attentive;"
the

have referred,

112,)

to

other

terms in

same column of Mr. Shaw's

Eiseadh,

Dictionary, as

"Eisam, To Trace;
I

Seeking, hunting

" after,

researching."

have frequently

observed, that

terms
derived

conveying the sense of Searching

Seeki?!g, are

commonly
'

from the idea of Routing

as Scrutor

tip

the Dirt, Scratching into Holes, &c.

; '

Rijnis Eruo.' and Rimor means Eruo In the same opening of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, where the above terms occur, I find "Eite, An addition to the Plough-share, ," when worn," and " Eitre, A Trench, Furrow;'' where we are

means

'

Scruta

brought to the Spot supposed in

It
is

my

hypothesis.

marvellous

to observe,

how

the same metaphor accom-

panies the same train of ideas, even

objects;

when we

pass

to

material

and there are some cases in which the metaphor and In the the material operation are blended with each other. phrases Arrectis Auribus, With Pricked up Ears,' as we say, we
'

have

once the metaphor of a person Raised or Roused up to Attention, and the Raised up object, or the object supposed to be
at

in

that state.
is

In

K-niKoaomai,

{hyc^oxo^ut.

Audio, Audio discendi

so

caussa,)

expressed a degree of Attention

is

Raised, as

that
it.

the person

Raised up or Stands on Tiptoe, as

I

we

express

We

cannot doubt,

think, that

AKKoaomai,

{Ax^oxofiui,)

directly

belongs to Akro5,

(Afoaop,*;,
it

Suinmus, cxtremus,) under the idea

appears in AKKO-bamon,
{A^sl3exy.uv,

of Stayiding on Tiptoe, as

Qui

THE
Oui Erectus
in

EARTH.
digitos incedit.)

797
Hence AKRoaowa/,

summos pedum
to
it,

and a term belonging

are applied to Hearing

on

occasions,

where Earnest Attention

is

most necessary

as to Scholars Listen-

ing to their Masters, and to people attending to the decrees of

Magistrates in courts of justice,

kK^oariTx^iGv,

(Ax^oaoj^ut,

Audio, Discendi caussa,

Auditorium;

Locus in
The
as a

quo judices ad cognoscendam

Lexicographers
consider

caussam conveniunt.)
AK^oaoynai,
" Acuttis;"
(AK^ouof^Bc,,)
it,

ordinary

conjectures, derives

where

in

Root; yet Martinius, among other " ab Axr;, vel Akovcj, Auditus sensus est Ak^, (A;c:7, Acies,) and Acutus, he has

brought us to the terms

and the metaphor,

Hearing.
Akti,)
is

to

which
see,

have
the

referred these words, denoting

Thus we

how

the

Ak

in

Akouo, and Ak^, (Akovu,

AKros, (Ak^o,)
;

has the same fundamental

{Aavj,)

idea.

the
as

The Ak, in Ac/>^, or Edge

nothing but the Ak^,

and thus we

see,

how

a term for Attention,

AKroaomai, {AK^ouof^m,) though not directly belonging to the very series of words, conveying that idea, as Akouo, (Axouw,) &c.
is

yet,

by a similar impression of the mind, attached to the same

race of words, under the

subtle,

same fundamental

idea.

Such are the

though sure and well-directed processes, by which

all its parts,

Human

Speech has been generated, uniform in

in all its operations.

and consistent

The Reader
Seairity,
(p.

Caution

Attention,
in

has seen, that the words, denoting Possession

&c. examined on former occasions,

q6, 255,) as Echo, (E;^w,)

Hedge, Heed, Hut, Rvien, Hut,

ultimately belong to

(Germ.) House, (Eng.)

each other.
,

Oiko^, (0;xo?,) &c.

Though,

the secondary sense of these words,

we

see only the idea of the Appropriate Spot, Fenced and Enclosed, for

the purpose of Security; yet

imagine, as

have before stated, that

the original notion, from which they were derived, related to actions

o{ Excitement Violence; and

suppose moreover, that

this

funda-

mental notion

is

indissolubly entangled with the action of Stirri?ig

up

798

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
Szc. &cc.

up the Ground in Harrowhig,

As on former occasions

con-

sidered the terms of Possession, &c. only in their secondary sense,

I

think

it

expedient to reconsider them more particularly in this

place, with relation to their primitive

and more original notion.

it

In examining these kindred terms of Possession, &c.,

would be

an
to

idle

attempt to arrange the various shades of meaning, annexed

each word, from the particular

mode

of applying the funda-

mental notion.

The

violent

action of Stirring or

Routing up
it,

the Ground brings us, under various

Violent actions in
*

modes of conceiving
idea

to

general, or

to the

of 'Routing

by any

process, of Driving about or

away

of Carrying off or away, in the

in the

action of Attacking or Seizing, in order to Possess the property

of others, or in that of Repelling attacks, in order to Secure our

own.'

From

this turn

of meaning

Fundamental notion,

we

at once obtain a

Race of words, denoting Seizing

I

Holding
Stirring

Possessing

Securing, &c.

have shewn

of these ideas of Seizing

Having Holding,

(p.

773,) that the union

&c.,

and of

up a surface, is most strongly visible in the kindred terms Capio and Carpo, however we may conceive or explain the process of To R. Ainsworth explains Capio, by ''To take. their union. " take by force, to Seize. To Hold or Contain. To receive,

"obtain, get, or have;"

to the action of Carping

and Carpo, we know, not only relates

off'

up or

a surface, as "
teaze or card

To

gather, pull,

" or pluck

fruits,

herbs, &c.
rob,

To

wool;"

but

it

means

likewise,

"To

pillage,

or take

away."

The

Celtic

Cabam, to which Carpo and Capio probably belong, means at once " To Break Land," and To Catch; and in an Arabic term, which
perhaps
is

likewise

directly

attached

to

these words,

we have

the sense of Possession, connected with the idea of Excitejnent Mr. Richardson gives us, as the appropriate Agitation, &c.

Arabic term for Hold, the word \,j^ Kubz, which he explains by "Quickness, expedition, Kebiz, Taking, Seizing, CAnure^
" seques-

EARTH. " sequestration. Constipation. Contraction

THE
" Agitation, compulsion, Possession."
full
I

799
(of the

wings, &c.)

have likewise illustrated at

length in

the last article the union of these ideas of Carphig

a surface, and o{ Constringing

Seizing,

Confining, &c. in a great

;

race of words,

as

Agcho, {Ayx^^) &c.

and

have applied the

term Stringo, as singularly adapted

it

to illustrate this union, since

is

acknowledged, that Stringo

Scratch

Furrow,

&c.

belongs to Striga, the Streak, Under the form of our Element 'R, and

^RD, we have
" hostiliter

" spoliare,

Harrow.
tores,

&c.;

Harry, (Eng.) Harrie, (Sax,) " Depopulari, invadere, vastare;" Hergw, "To Harrow, vastare, prsdas Agere;" where we are directly brought to The Saxon Here, Herg, Exercitus, Turma, Praedathe German Herr, the Lord or Master; Herz/5,
seen

(I.at.)&c.;
to

Herd, the Keeper, and Herd, the Flock, all belong each other; and originally denoted the Harrowers or the
&c.
itself

Harrowed, the Drivers or the Driven, &c. Keeper, connects see, how /i=Erd, the w-Ard, &c.; and thus we may conjecture,
annexed
to
this

We

cannot but
p-=Ard,

with

that the original idea

denoting Security, was derived from the same source of Driving away, I must ao-ain repeat
that the secondary

race

of words,

sense only of Security

commonly appears

in

these words, and

some of them may have been derived from

terms, bearing that secondary sense, without ever having participated of the primitive idea. It is impossible however to adjust
those minute
points, or to

separate words

from each other, as

distinguished by these shades of difference.

We

cannot but note

how Heed, Uvien,

its

Sec.

(Germ.) connect

HYroan, Custodire, &c. &c. Thus, again, we see, how the forms '^R, ''RD, '^RT, ^D, ^T, &c. pass into each, without confusion, and how the general relation
parallels

themselves with HErO, and

of

all

these forms

is

distinctly
relation,

visible,

without confounding our

ideas

on the peculiar

by which the words

under each

foim

800

^R.

R.-\ C, D,

G, J, K, Q,
I

S, T,

X, Z.

form are more particularly connected.

have just shewn, that

Heed, Acht, (Germ.) and Hut^w, (Germ.) &c. are surrounded with words expressing actions of Excitement, and among the
terms of Possession, which
occasion
(p. 124,,)
;

produced with Heed, &c. on a former

^stimatio,

as

Eht, ^^ht,

Ehte,
the

Bona,

possessiones

^ht,

Possessio, Hsereditas;
possessionis, &c. &c.,

^Ehte Man, Colonus;

M-HTE-Land, Terra

we have

strong

term of Excitement, 'Eman, Persequi.

directly brought to the Spot, supposed in

In

these Words

we
I

are

my

Hypothesis, whatever

may
'

be the precise idea by which they are connected.

if

have

suggested, that
Exercens,'

JEete- Man had been explained by

'

Vir terram

we

should have seen,

'

why EHTa

signified

"Persequi;"

or, as it

might have been,

Exercere, Exagitare,' &c.

Here we

again

perceive,

how

the

idea of Possession

may

be connected

with that of Excitement, as attached to the action of Stirring up

the Ground,

by another turn of meaning.

to a race of
in

But these Saxon terms Eht, ^ht, &c. bring us

words, which are most important

various Languages.

Such

terms as ^^hte, Ahte, (Habuit,) are acknowledged to "belong to

A.Gan, Possidere, of which the different forms are JEcan, JEcnian, (Sax.)

AiGan, (Goth.) Possidere, &c. &c.

is

To

the form JEoa-ian,

where the n

an

organical addition
to

to the

G, belongs the
is

Saxon /Egn, Proprius,

as

which the English

Own
I

attached,

the

Etymologists understand.

We

cannot,

think,

doubt,

that

Greek Echo, (e%w,) belongs to Acan, &c.j and the Saxon Scholars must surely agree, that Acan, JEaan, Possidere, belong to Ecean, Occare, whatever may be the precise idea by
the

which
Echo,

they are
(J^xt^,)

connected.
the

We

cannot but see likewise, that

in

sense

of " Prehendo,

Prehensum teneo,"
quovis

connects

itself

with Agcho,

(A>%w,

Constringo, coarcto

modo,) which assuredly belongs to AGO,(kyu,) 'To Draw, Drag,

Drive

off,

away,

6cc.

To

Take,

Ravish,

Seize,

Catch,' &c.

{kyu,

THE
{\yu,
Accipio,
aufero,
rapio,

EARTH.
abigo, &c.)
Aytiv,
111

801
In

the

phrase

Ep'
see

AoKurais

AGei?i,

(Ett' Ayxv^aig

Anchoris stare,)

we

how Ago and

Accho, {Ayu, Ay%w,) coincide in one of their modes

of application.

We

have seen too,

how Ago,

(Ayu,) and

Ago,

(Lat.) are actually applied to Stirring

"Eoeaji, (Sax.)

up the Ground, just as

to

and Occo

are.

We

must acknowledge moreover,

Agcho,
(Ay;:*;;^,)

that such terms as

I

Hook, Hug, &c. belong

and

have shewn how these words refer to Hack, under the idea

of HACKi?ig up a surface.
all

Thus

then,

we now

understand, that

these terms EGea}i, (Sax.)

Occo, Hack, AGcuo,(Ayxu,) Hook,

JEGa?i,

Hedge, Oikos, (OiKog,) &c. AcHT, Heed, Hut, Hut^w, &c. Agoo, (Ayu,) Ago, (Lat.) AGitate, Act, &c. &c. all belong to each other, and that they express only different modes of applying the same fundamental idea. In the Latin and Greek Ago, Agoo, {Ayu,) we have
(E;:^^^,)

Hug, (Eng.)

Echo,

&c. (Sax.)

even the sense annexed to Acht^;;, Huik, &c.

Hoc Age AW Age,

'

In the phrases

(Axx'Ays,)

we

see the idea of Excitement to

Attention or
as in

Miiiding one's business,' according to our expression,

Attention.

the
in

German Acmimg,
in

R. Ainsworth explains

Ago
which

one sense by "

"of;"
"

and

the

To Mind, or Observe. To take care next sense we have "To Endeavour,"

to the

directly brings us

meaning of the Saxon lliccan,

words
all

Niti, Conari."

We
other,

shall not

wonder, that these

turns

belong to each

same Radical meaning should be expressed by kindred words, assuming different forms when wc know, that many of these different turns of meaning
that
different

and

of the

appear under the very same form, or under

R. Ainsworth has annexed twenty-one

the

same word.
to
five

different

senses

the

word Ago; and

in

the Vocabulary of Hederic

we have

and

twenty senses annexed to Echo, (Exu,) in its three voices. Thus then, one single term, abundant in its senses, may supply us

with

802

^R. R. \-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T,

X, Z.

with the different meanings which exist in different words, ulti-

mately belonging to that term.

We

hence see, that one such

term, or two such terms, well studied, in the details of a copious

and diligent Lexicographer, might introduce us into the mysteries of an Element, and enable us to see the different turns of meaning, with

which that Element

is

invested, as they appear in the

it

different

though kindred words of which

(Ayu,).

is

composed.

The

Greek and Latin terms Agoo,

Ago and Echo,

(E%w,) are

words admirably adapted for that purpose; and I beseech the Reader to recall to his remembrance the various senses of these
words, by the assistance of an ordinary Lexicon, tolerably copious,

and he

will find

abundant materials of useful meditation.

term unequivocally
;

A German
present
itself,

connects

the

Hedge with
might

words denoting a Divelling, &c.

but here a

difficulty

Wachter explains which perhaps should be stated. Hag, placed in various articles, by " Verbale ab Hag^w, Sepire,
vi originis significat,

" est vox latissimi valoris, et

" Sepimentum,
*'

quantum

potest,

mus,

Mansio," "

et

Locum Septum, qualiscunque

-^g^r,

ille

sit."" Do-

"
*

Nemus," &c.
munitus."

Primo Septus, postea omnis Ager." " Vallum mihtare, Agger palis, et stipitibus
&c.

'^Pagus,"

The

consideration of this

would lead us to think, that the original idea annexed to Acer, and AcG^r, was that of the h-Ao, or Enclosure. We cannot doubt, that O1K05, [OtKog,) House, Hut, &c. connect themselves with the

word Ag, in

Hag.

As

a verb,

" cumdare, Anglosax. Hegian

adds,

Hag^w means " Sepire, Septo cirAngl. To Hedge;" and Wachter

fuit

"Duci

potest ab

Hege, Hegge, Hecke, quod primo

" frutex senticosus, postea Sepes ex fruticibus senticosis, denique

" omnis Sepes."

This idea creates a

before suggested, that

difficulty in

our arrangement.

have

Hedge might

originally denote the Shrub,

which Hacks or Cuts

and that from hence the idea of the Hedge,

the

THE
all

EARTH.
We cannot,
be, that the
I

803
think, doubt, that

the Enclosure, might be derived.

these terms, denoting an Enclosure, belong ultimately by

it

some

process to each other; and

might

names for the Enclo-

sure were derived from the

Pricks,

Hedge, the Shrub, which Hacks or of which Enclosures were commonly made, and not from
I

the general Elementary sense, as

I

have above explained

it.

have

laid

before

the Reader
I

all

the evidence relating to this

subject; and he will see,

think, in a variety of terms denoting

idea, that

an Enclosure, such evidence of the original fundamental

he cannot conceive them

the

to

be derived tlirough the medium of

Hedge,

as the

Shrub which Hacks.

to

We know

however, that

ideas, similar in

some respects

each other,

may be generated
and

by

different processes

from the same fundamental notion;

thus the terms for an Enclosure, though under one

ceiving the matter,
all

mode

of con-

ultimately belonging to each other,

different.

may be

derived from sources

somewhat

The Hedge

therefore,

the Shrub, which

Hacks

or Pricks, might

form certain terms,

denoting an Enclosure; and the others might belong to the more

general train of ideas;
are unable to ascertain
;

but these are minute points, which

as
it

we

is

impossible to define the limits,

is

within which each of these processes

confined.

We

must be
to
con-r

content

to

have discovered the

relatioi^ of all

these words

each other, and the fundament^il

nected,

idea

by which they are

which,

trust,

has been most fully and unequivocally

performed.
I

cannot leave these words of Possession, without again noting

the terms
dere,

^gn, Agen,

Proprius, belonging to TEci^ian, Possi-

from which the English

Own

is

derived.

have endeavoured

page (123,) to explain the process, by which these terms belong to each other, and the explanation is on the whole
in a former

just;

yet perhaps the following

mode

of conceiving the matter

may

804
may

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
assist us in deciding

our opinion.
in

The Etymologists have

articles
;

placed

Against and Again

term
is

two separate

and under

the latter

they have
quasi

produced, as

parallel,

the

German

Gegen, which

form of G'^=Egen in
grapher explains by

G^=Egen, belonging to Agen. Another German, is G'^-Egend, which my LexicoRegion or Tract of Land, Situation;"
Proprius, 'the Property of
;

"A

and which surely means the Agen,

a person;'

'

certain Spot of

Land

appropriate or Peculiar to

a person;' and afterwards,

in

'A
to

certain Spot of

Land
is

or Situation

general.'

Hence
a

is

derived

Against, which
as
'

denotes
Placed

the

relations
'

of one Situation
spot.'

another,

It

over

Against such

The

Latins express
Situation,

Against
as
'

in this

sense by a term, signifying

'

Place,

Regione.

Of

or

From such

a Region;'

the very term, as

we

see,

which

is-

adopted by

my German
sense
of

Lexicographer in his explanation of

G'^sEgend.

From
Again;
in

the

Against we

directly

pass

to

that of

just as the Latin Contra, which R. Ainsworth explains

one sense, as a Preposition, by "Over Against" means, as an adverb, " Mutually, Reciprocally," as the same personage Mutually, reciprocally, explains it, or as he might have said,
'

Again.'

We

cannot but

perceive,

that

the

Tra, in

Contra,

belongs to the same idea oi Situation, as in '\n=Tra,' 'Ex=Tra;' and I have observed on a former occasion, that it is derived from
Terra.
I

In old English,

Owe

signifies

simply

"To

Possess;" and
it

have expressed

my

doubts in a former page (130,) whether

belongs to the Element ^B or ^G, to Habeo or yEgen, &c., though the matter, that it must I now conceive, on maturely weighing

be referred

to the latter.

In Scotch, as

we have

seen,

Awe and

AucHT, &;c. both signify To Ozve, where in the latter Scotch word we have the true form. On the word Ought I have
nothing

THE
nothing to add to
that

EARTH.
I

805
have supposed,

my

former observations.

Egg, Ovum, might belong to these words denoting Possession yet it must probably be referred to the same idea as Hatch, which I conceive to be derived, as some Etymologists do, from
the action of the

Hen

in
1

HACKing or Breaking

the shell, in order to

produce the chicken.

in

have justly supposed, that Hood, Head,

MaidenHEAD, belong to these terms denoting Property (p. 127,) what a Person Holds or Possesses, as peculiar to himself or herself; and that Hood, the Covering for the Head, The term Head belongs to the is that which Holds or Contains.
KnightHooD,
Element c-P, as Heafod, Haubith, (Sax. Goth.) which brings us, we see, to the Latin c-Aput,&ic. The term Hod, as the *Coal=
'

Hod,'

is

another term, signifying that which Holds

Among
'

the

words denoting

Possession, Acquisition,
I

Contains. &c. What

'

a person Holds,' &c. which

produced
Felicity,

in

a former page (126,)

were the Galic terms Adh, Agh,

good Luck,

Ed, signiit;

fying "Gain, profit, advantage," as Mr.

in three other articles gives us the

Shaw

explains

who

same term Ed,

article,

as denoting

"

To make,

receive, to

handle;

Defence,

Protection;

Cattle;"

and again, as a verb, we find in another

'

"Emm. To

To

Catch, Apprehend."
;

Here we have the sense annexed to

Carpo, &c.

and the Celtic Scholars should consider the peculiar

turn of meaning affixed to this verb, from

whence they might

be enabled

to

understand

the original idea, from which these

Galic terms for Property are derived.

3"^

Terms

806

^R. R.

V- C,D, O, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.

Terms
'Eman

of Excitement.

Haste, &c. (Eng. &c.)

Hett^w.
A

(Saxon,)

To
Hat^w. (Sax.) Vocare, Appel-

Persecute.

Hetzen, Hetze. (Germ.)

Chase,
Bull Baiting.

To

lare,

Jubere,

i.

e.

To Urge

or

Enjoin any thing in a Pressing manner.

Hete. (Sax.)

Hate
to

ODitim. (Eng. Lat.)

To Heat,
and

HATian. (Sax.)

Hest. (Old English.) mand.

A Com-

Hate.

Hight. (Old Eng.) Called.

AV^E have
this

seen, that in Saxon,

Ehtaw means Persequi; and

it,

in

Language, Hett^^^, another form of

has the same meaning,

where we have the strongest sense of Stirring up or about In the same column Routing, Sec. under the idea of Annoyance.
of Lye's Dictionary, where the latter

word occurs, we have Hete, Hate, Odium, which belongs, we see, unequivocally to Hettaw. The English Hate and the Latin Ooium, Osum, &c. are different
forms of this word.

"To
Hate,

Heat, be

The Saxon verb HAiian signifies Hot, and to Hate;" and we now see,
belongs to the idea of Excitetnent.
us of Haste, and
refers to
its

at

once

that the

sense of

Heat

The forms
terms
the

Heat, will remind

parallel

Hater, &c, which Skinner

'

the

German Hase,

Hare, another of these terms. In the same column of Skinner, where Hast is, we have To Hatch flax,' where we are brought
to the original idea of Stirring up or Scratching over a surface.

In Gothic, Hatjaw

is

Odisse.

The Etymologists have

as Hasseii,

duly col-

lected the parallel terms to

Hate,

(Gevm.) Hair, (Fr.)

Odium

THE
Odium;
Atuo,
(Atocu,)
;

EARTH.
In Gothic too,

807
we have HATizon,

&c.

and perhaps we should imagine, that the form of the Greek Axuzo, (Atu^w, Terreo,) directly belongs to this Gothic term. Heat and Hot occur in various Languages, as
Indignari, Odisse

Hete, (Sax.)

Hitte,

(Belg.)

Heiss,

Hitze, (Germ.)

&c. &c. &c.,

which the Etymologists have duly noted.

In the same column of Lye's Dictionary, where Hatian and
Hatja?i are found,

we have HATan, HjETan, "Vocare,

Promissus;"

which seem to convey senses very remote from the train of ideas, now under discussion ; yet nothing is more natural than their relation to each other. Hat^w,

" Jubere.

Hete,

appellare

To

Call

Order Promise Assure,

when one person
is

&c. means to Stir up or Excite,

Urge, as

Calls upon.

person to do any thing in

an Urgent

Pressing

Orders or Enjoins another

manner.

The

sense of Promise or Assurance

of an

Urgent

Ardent strongly
'

mode
any
'

of action or expression, in

Earnest or Pressiiig Promising Assuring Confirming

Excited
*

derived from the same notion

thing.
I

In such expressions as

bing,

Promise you;

I '11

give you a good drubfor

it, I

'

You

shall

answer

Promise you;*
is

we

see this sense of Excitement,

The
its

Latin Promitto
threaten.

explained

by R. Ainsworth in one sense by " rem." The words Hatjw and

idea, afterwards signify

"To

Projnisi Ulto-

parallels, derived

from

this

To

Call,

&c. &c in general, without any

intensive

meaning.

The

sense of Callijig must of necessity be

;

frequently connected with the idea o^ Excitement

cases

and

in

many
one

we cannot
in the

distinguish the one from the other.

R. Ainsworth

justly translates
'

'To

Call

up

To

Call

up

Spirits

To

Call
'

up

morning' into Latin by terms of Excitement as

Manes

Ciere,

Cieo

Suscito.'

shall

shew, that the English Call and

Postulo
permitto,

Kaleo, {KaXiu,) belong to Keleuo, {KiXevu, Jubeo, Impero, Hortor,

Invito

ad aliquid agendum
Incito;)

Peto,
if

Censeo,

Remiges Clamore

and

they do not,

we

perceive inKeleuo,

808

^R.R.\--C,D,G,J,K,Q, S,T,X,Z.
itself,

Keleuo, (KeXeuw,)
exist in

the union of those ideas, which

suppose to

Hatan,
words connected with Keleuo,
(KeXeuw,)

In the

we

see

the

notion of Excited action, and of Noise, as Kelaruzo, (KeXa^v^td,

strepitu fluo;

Cum

Murmuro,

strepito,) Keloruein, (KEX^fUEif, Vociferare,

clamare,)

Keles, (KsXijf, Celer,

Equus

desultorius,)

Kello,

[KeXXu,

Appello, Appellor, Pervenio in portum, Moveo, Celeriter curro.)

We
Call,

caimot help noting the same relation between Appello,

To

and Appello,

To

Drive to Land, as between Keleuo and

Kello, (KeXeua,
pello,

KsAe-j^j.)

The Etymologists acknowledge,

Loquor, qu. ad

that Ap-

To

call,

belongs to Pello, which, they say, anciently signified

et Pello, ant. pro

to

Speak,
i.

"Ex Ad

me

Pello;

"

e.

voco."

We

now

see,

that j^ppellere

and Appellare convey

the same idea of Driving or Urging

to Land and Action. In such

et

phrases as

"Necavarus exactor ad diem

horam Appellat," we

The phrase might have " Nee avarus Appellator ad diem et horam Exigit" or even been
have the original sense of the word.
Appellit;

where we

see, that Jppellare , Appellere

I

and Exigere, from

belongs
recollect
Cito,

Ago, have a
this

similar meaning.

shall
;

shew

too, that Voco

to terms of Excitement, as Fexo, Sec.

fact in

and we cannot but

the

words Provoco and Provoke.

to appear, to Cite,
Excite,
;

The
to

Latin

"

To

Call, or

summon

To

Recite, to Rehearse,"

means,

we know, " To
it

to

Stir

up,
Cito,

encourage," as
likewise

R. Ainsworth explains
is

and the term

if
I

we

know,

peculiarly applied to Citing up,

may

so say, Kx-Citifig or

Stirring up

the Ground, as in
the

-5'o//-Cito,

"To

Stir,

or dig up,

" properly

Ground."

Let

us

mark the

different

turns

of

meaning annexed to this metaphor of Stirring up, as the Ground, and particularly the words Recite and Rehearse, where Hearse, in i?^=HEARSE, belongs to the Herse, (Fr.) the Harrow, which
Stirs

up the Earth
the

for the

same reason.
as

have already pro-

duced

term Heark,

Heark^w,

other words,

denoting
Excitement

THE EARTH.
Excitement to attention
;

809
how
the Hearse, in
I

and thus
to

we

see,

re=HEARSE and Hark, belong

shewn, that Herse, the
derived

each other.

have likewise
is

Carriage for

conveying the Dead,

up

from the same idea of

Grating upon the Ground,
see,
I

Stirriyig

upon
ideas.
I

with a Grating Harsh Noise;

coincides. in the

Scratching
same
have

up or

and thus we

how everything
that

train of

Before

leave the words

which

above noted,

must observe,

the terms

Keleuo, Kaleo, (KeXivu, KaXew,)

Call, &c,

belong to such words as sKallo, sKalleuo, (^kuxXu, Fodio,

sarrio,

Sarculo circumcirca

&c.

XKuXXivu, Fodio,) sCale, (Eng.)

Soil.

which signify
(Kovia-ccXo?,

to

Stir

up the Solmn, or

In

Koni=SALos,

Pulvis raotus,)

we have

the

Sal appUed

to its original

purpose.

we must refer the words HiGHT, Called, and Hest, 6^=Hest, a Command. The term HiGHT, we know, is retained in modern Poetry; and we all rememthe terms

To

Hatan, Hatan, Vocare, &c.

ber

it

in

Shakspeare
" This Child of Fancy, that

Armado Hight."

We

know, that Hest

as

is

likewise a term familiar to our ancient

Poets,

" Refusing

her grand

Hests," &c.

(Tempest.)

The

succeeding word to Hest, in Junius, is Hething; which, in Chaucer, means " Ludibrium, Irrisio " where we have the same me;

taphor as in Hoax, Husce, (Sax.)

In the phrase

HiGHTY-Tity
State, at

we

have the

same sound

as in

Hight; and

the

something

in a Stirred

up Raised up Agitated

same meaning of
which

we

express our Surprise.

It
is

phrase.
their

original

process of the

Woity = Toity is another form of this curious to remark, how words continue to preserve meaning, as well by their own force, as by the Associating principle. The word Right, though
still

used

simply for Called,

it

connects

itself

with

the train of

ideas to which

originally belonged, though

by a mode of applias in the passage

cation very different.

Thus

in

modern Poetry,
5 K

of

810

-R. R. \-.-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T,
Hight,
Called,
is
it,

X, Z.
Characters.

of Shakspeare,
sions,
if I

applied on

UicHTY-Tity occa-

may

so express

or to

Hight Y-T^Xy

This

is

extremely curious, and well worthy of our attention.

We

mark, how Hight, Called, coincides in form with High, Height, to which, as we now see, it belongs. Lye, in Junius, has Hight,

Haite, Hat, &c. which he explains by "Vocatus, Nominatus, Promissus;" and which he refers to the Saxon Hatan, the

German

Heizen,

or, as

it

is

now

written,

HeisseUy

the Belgic

Heeten, the Islandic Heita, and the Gothic Haitan. In Scotch, as I have before shewn, Hecht means " To call, name, to

" Promise,

to

Engage.
J

To Offer, Proffer. To Command; Hat,

like other Etymologists,

" Called," &c.

and Dr. Jamieson duly understands the race of

he
In the same column of

words

to

which they belong; though,

sees nothing of the original idea.

my
we

Gerhave,

man

Dictionary, where Heiss^w, "

To

Bid, Call," &c.

I

is,

under the same form, Heiss, Hot; and

see likewise Heisch^w,

To

Ask, which

is

parallel

to Aix^o, {kireca,)

and other words,

I

produced in a former page, which contain, as

cisely the

conceive, preStir

same metaphor as Solicit, from Solum and Cito, To up the Ground, and Heisch, Hoarse-, which, according to
is

hypothesis,

derived

from the idea of Stirring up

In

Scratching

my

upon, or Grating upon a Surface.

To

Chase,'

brought to

Hetz^w means and here we are and Hetze, A Bull or Bear-baiting In the same the form of the German Hitze, Heat.
too,
; '
'

German

column
I

find

Heiter, " Serene,

clear,

fair,"

belonging,

as

imagine, to

^ther, Aither, Aithra,

in

(At^vj^,

Aer,

kS^, Aeris

serenitas,)

which are surely derived from the idea of Excitement

the Air.

or Agitation

The

likewise appears

express

state'

when it is it, in High spirits as we might say.

'

German Heiter applied to a person being, as we in a W\GmY=Tity Ich bin Heiter

sense of the

We

have

seen,

that

in

Saxon

Yimi-Jid means " Gaudii plenus."

Terms

THE

EARTH.

811

Terms
ifig

originally

relating

to

To
&c.

Stir

or Cast up, away,

the idea of Stirring up, Raisup, &c.

Aexo
High, Hoch, Hough, &c. (Eng. Germ. Belg. &c.) what is
Raised up, &c.

Auxo,
To

AuGEo. (Greek,

Lat.)

Raise up. Advance,

Increase.

AucTOR Author.
The Raiser up
from
its

(Lat. Eng.)

liocK=Tide,

Sec. (old

Eng.) the

The

Person

whom any
;

thing takes

High

Tide, the Festival.

Hoist Hausser.

Rise

The Founder, &c.

&c.
in-

(Eng. Fr.)

AvKan

EAca Eke,
To
grow, &c.

To

Raise up.

(Goth. Sax. English,)

crease,

Out, Ex, &c. (Eng. Lat. Gr.)

\v

E have seen, that the term

High belongs
Hie,

signifying to Stir up Raise up, &c. and that

to this race of words,

it

connects

itself

with

the Saxon Hioan, Hioian,

" dere,
or Stir

Contenand ultimately with Hoe, Hough, To Rout up, up the Ground. In Hough and High, though the Radical
festinare,
niti." &c.,
is

To

"Tendere,

Consonant

not heard in the sound,

it is

preserved in the form.

The
in the

Etymologists have

produced the parallel terms to High,

Radical Consonant
is

where we

shall ^see, that the

sometimes

lost

form likewise, as Heah, Hiest, (Sax.)

Hauhs, (Goth.)

Ho,
&cc.

Hoo, Hough, (Belg.)

Hau,(Run.) Hey, (Dan.) Hoch, (Germ.)

Skinner refers these words to the French Haut, formerly written Hault,, which he derives from the Latin ylltus; and Junius records
the

Welsh Ucho, Supra; French Haut originally had

Uchel, Altus.

The

form, which the

it

of Hault, seems to class

with the
Latin

812

'^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
;

Latin Altus

and

if

it

belongs to this Latin term,

If the

it

has no con-

nexion with the words before us.

to Haut,

French Haiisser belongs

relation to

and

if

Haut

is

derived

from Altus, these terms, which

all
it.

appear so similar to High, are excluded from

Haut in his Dictionary, imagining, as it should seem, that the word was of too obvious a derivation to Wachter however refers Haut to these require any illustration.
inserted

Menage has not

Teutonic terms
subject.

yet there are considerable difficulties

on the

The term Hausser appears however to belong to our Element '^S. In Welsh, Uch is " Upper, Higher, above;" and UcHEL, High, &c. The IJchel would seem to belong to the
Greek
Tj/ijXof,

as

the

Welsh Lexicographers
adjacent word in the

imagine,

if

the

simpler state
ferred to

Uch

did not exist, which should

probably be re-

High, &c.
is

An

Welsh Dictionary
;

Vcnenaid, " a sigh, a groan " and in the next column we have Udo, " To howl as a Dog doth," where
of Mr. Richards,

we might

remark, that perhaps these terms belong to the race

of words attached to our Element denoting Noise.

Again,

I I

find

Udd, Lord; which

that
derived,

is

perhaps a different form of Uch.

;

find

likewise another adjacent term, Vcher, the Evening

is
I

but whence

am

unable to explain.

shall not attempt to

in

produce the various forms under which High appears

Gothic

and Saxon, as the Gothic Hauh, UAVGUgan, Exaltare, Glorificare; Hauhitha, Honor, gloria, Altitudo, to which probably belongs the
Gothic term
HAzeitis,
in
;

the

succeeding

column

of Lye's

Dictionary,

Laus
Hoch

the Saxon Hea, Heah,

Heag,

Altus, &c. &c.

Skinner produces,
(Sax.)
Zeit,

under High, the combination

Heah-Tide,
Festus,

(Germ.)

Hoy

Tid, (Dan.)

"Dies

" Nuptice, q. d.

A High

Time."

HEAU-Tide corresponds with

our combination

High Tides, which agrees in sense with. High Days and Holidays. Lye explains Heah-Tid, by " Solenne Tempus

UEAG-Tid. Germ.

Hoch.

Et inde

forsan

nostratium

"Hock,

THE
"
is

EARTH.

813
Hock Tide High Time, or
Tide
are

Hock

Tide,

Festlvam

Solennitatem significans,"

certainly the
as

Hocw-Zeit, or High Tide, the

perceives.

Festival,

Skinner duly

Zeit

and

only

different

forms of each other, as the Etymologists understand.

seen the
relation

Though Lye has justly Hock, &c. in his Saxon

after
or, as
**

between

these words

Dictionary, yet in his Edition of Junius,

enumerating the derivation given by Skinner of Hock Tide,

it

sometimes appears, HocK-Day, he adds, " Mihi magis

deducere, ab
Dies,
q. d.
Isl.

arridet

Hogg, Caedes,
Occisionis

occisio, et

Dag, A.
in

S.

"

Dag,

Csedis et

Dies."

The

Islandic

Hogg

belongs to Hack.
In the

Hock
Poems

Tide perpetually occurs

attributed
:

our

ancient Writers.
allusions to the

to

Rowley, we find

Hock

Tide

Games

" As when two bulks, destynde for HocK</de fyghte."

{Battle of Hastings, N.
I. v. C.i.)

"

The HocKtyde Games,"

says

Dean

Milles,

''

are

alluded

to

" more than once, as affording a variety of diversion. Here bulls " are baited. At v. 348. Mastiff Dogs are set to fight. In the " second poem,
v.

576, Cornish wrestlers

is

and

v.

412, the nappy

" ale at these games

made

the subject of the poet's praise."

story,
is

Dean
" been

Milles

then repeats

the ordinary

from which the

derivation of

Lye

is

taken, that " this festival

instituted
in

known
It
is

to have

originally

commemoration
instituted
it

of Ethelred's
certainly

" slaughter

of the

Danes

all

over England."
to

well

known,

that a Festival

was

commemorate

the

slaughter of the Danes, and that

a Festival, but for

was

called

Hock
all

Tide, or
Festivals

no other reason, than because

might however be called the
In

were so
'

called.

It

The

Festival,'

by way of eminence.

Hock Tide, German, Hock Zeit

is

or
is

particularly applied to the

Marr/^^^-Festival,' and

therefore
Bridal,

explained

in

the

German Lexicons

by

"

Wedding,
Festival

" Marriage

Feast."

When

the

HocKiide

or

of the

Massacre

814

'^R.R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
celebrated,

Massacre of the Danes was

performed on that subject.

plays

were sometimes

Dr. Percy observes, that one instance

occurs of an Historical Play, " which

was perhaps

as early as

any

" mystery on a religious subject ;" and that " This was the old
*'

Coventry Play of HocK-Tuesday, founded on the story of the

Danes, as
it

" Massacre of the

happened on
i.

St. Brice's

Night,

" Nov. 13, 1002."

In Scotch,

(Percy's Reliques, Vol.

p.

141.)
;

Hogmanay means

the last day of the year

and

among

some have thought it "allied " toScand.Ho^^-7}"^, a term applied to Christmas and various other " Festivals of the Church." (Jamieson sub voce.) The Hogmanay,
other derivations of this term,

however, has certainly a curious resemblance to the French cry

used at the same period of the year, during the Fete de Fous,

which was "

"
bis."

Au

qui Menez,

tiri

liri,

mainte du blanc et point du

cry,

The

Beggars,

who made

this

were

called,

as

it

is

said,

" Bachelettes,
writer,

Guisards ;

and

their

chief Rollet

Follet."

The
**

quoted by Dr. Jamieson, under this term, has the following observation: " The resemblance of the above cry to

our

HoGMENAY,

Trololay, Give us your white bread,

and none of

" your grey ; and the name of Guisards, given to our Bacchanals, " are remarkable circumstances ; and our former connexions with
*

France render
taken from

it

not

improbable,- that
this
is

these festivities were

thence;

and

seems to be gon firmed by our

nearly a
translation of Fetes de

"
'

name
Fous.''

of Daft days, which

If the Critic has detailed

the customs of his Country

with precision, there can be no doubt respecting the coincidence

of these cries
tion of
;

and but

little, I

think, that

Hogmane

is

a corrup-

Au
&c.

QUI Menez.

We
*

shall

now
is

understand, that the

'HEY-Day

of the Blood

of

Life,'

and of

Life,

High Day, or when we are in High

the
Festivity.

Festival

period,

of the Frame

vigour and Spirits; and inclined

to mirth

glee and

"At

THE
" The

EARTH.
blood
is

815

" At your age

Hey-Do^

in the

tame,

it's

humble,

" And waits upon the judgment."

(^Hamlet, A. III. S. 4.)

Mr. Steevens
Play,
" The "

produces

the

following

passage

from

an

old

HzY-Day

" Must of your luxury be fed

Up

to a surfeit?"

The
"q.

Interjection
d.

HEY-Day

HiGH'Day,
is

acknowledged by Skinner to be Festum diem (i.e.) Lsetum et Faelicem "

is
!

This interjection

sometimes used to express surprize at merri-

ment somewhat
*

ill-timed,
?
'

and disorderly, as
is,
'

'

HEY-Day !
meaning of

What
all this

is

all this

Noise for

That

What
is

is

the

'Festival
*

merriment, when there

no Festival?'

is

or,

'What
High

Festival or

WEY-Day

are

you celebrating?'
talk of
'

High

used, as it

is in
'

the above phrases,

; '

when we
fully

People being at
of Excitement,

romps

where we see

the

idea

Com-

motion.

The Greek Keios,

et
AiTuf/.tt.,')

(Aerog, Aquila,

Fastigium asdificiorum, quod

means the High soaring animal, and the Height. Perhaps the names of Mountains, belonging to our Element, as
Ida, &c. are derived from this idea.
It is

certain that
in the

we must
Teutonic

seek

for the origin

of

many Phrygian terms

p.

Dialects,

(fi^achieri Prarfat.

23.)

Wachter

derives

Pergamus
signifies

from
In

the

German Bergham
'

or Bergheim,

'Montana Mansio.'
it
j

German, Berg not only means a Mountain, but

likewise,

The Secured
to

Spot' "Tuta

receptacula "

and

to this

sense belong our terms Burgh, Borough;

familiar

which, as

we know,

are

additions

the
to

names of Towns, EdinBvRGH, &c.

Burj/,

These

words

belong

(Eng.)

Bergen, (Germ.) &c.

and they expressed originally the action of digging Hollows in the Ground, and casting up the mould in Heaps, Tumuli, or The Ham, or Heim in the compound Bergs, if I may so say.

Berg-Ham

816

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
to

Berg-Ham belongs
liar

Home,

Ham,. &c.
I

It

is

likewise a fami-

addition
&c.,

to the

names of Towns and

on which

Villages, as Notting-

Ham,

and the

spot,

am

writing these discussions,

in

Harditig-HAM, &c. &c.

Thus, then, the Am,

Perg-Ku-us
Hence we

and Harding=hAM has precisely the same meaning.

see,

how

distant ages

and places become, as

it

were, connected

with each other by the mediation of kindred Languages* which

are found to have been thus spread over the face of the Earth.
I

have shewn, that Home, Ham, &c. belong to names for

(p.

the

Ground, as Humus, &c.

of Language, the

282.) and

shall

prove in a future

Volume, that the Element

PRG

denotes, through a wide compass

we

have

the

same as it does in Burgh, Borough, &c. Hence and in the Sclavonic Greek Purgos, {Uv^yoq)
;

we have such combinations as Peters=BvRGH, &c. In English, the compound Bergham appears as a name, which has
Dialect

been illustrated by a Pedigree from the pen of the unfortunate inventions, &c. interpolations Whatever errors Chatterton.

may

exist in this extraordinary piece;

it

am

unable to conceive

by what process of the understanding

whole of
it is

can be imagined, that the

an absolute Forgery.

In the same column of Hederic's Vocabulary, where Aeto5,

(Aero?,)
is

found,

we have Aza,

(A^a,

Fuligo,)

which brings us

probably to the original Spot, under the idea of the Dirt of the Earth, Erz, &c. &c. In the same and preceding column we

have AeRT^O, AeRT^ZO, AerET/io, (Ae^raw, Ae^T^u, Tollo, Attollo, Elevo, Ae^eSu, Tollo,) where we are directly brought to the idea of
Stirring up or Raising up the

that Tollo belongs to Till

Earth, or Ground. I shall shew, and Tellus, under the same idea. These
Tollo,) are justly referred by

words Aeret/io, &c.

(Aafeflw,

the

Lexicographers to Aeiro,
^R.

(Aei^u, Tollo,)

which belongs

to the

form

These terms

will

shew

us,
I

how
see

the forms 'R, 'RT, ''T, are

in

connected with each other.

the

same column of my Greek

THE

EARTH.

817

Greek Vocabulary with Aeto^, (Aet-o?,) the terms Aesa/, (Spirasse, ab Aew, Spiro,) AESi=maina, (^Aea-if^ocim, ut 6ctX<rcroc, Mare, ventis
agitatum, inquietum; ex Am, et Mxivoi^xi,(aro,) AESi=phroji,
(Aia-Kp^uv,

Ventosus, levis; ex Aw, Flo, et

contains,

(p^riv.)

The Aes

in these

terms

we

see, the

same

idea, as the race of

words now before

of

us; and thus the Radical form of Ao, (Aw, Spiro,) should probably

be conceived to exist in Aeso,

(A5?(rw,)

to

which the sense

a Future time has been accidentally annexed.

The

English Hoise or Hoist,

To

Elevate, has been derived

by some from the French Hausser, and from the Saxon Heahsian, It surely belongs to the French term Elevare, and Heah, Altus.
and
if

that be the fact,

if

we

shall be of opinion, that

Hausser

is

not

attached to Haiit,

Haut be derived from

Altus.

The
is

nautical
derived,

term Hawses, from which the name Hauser Trunnion

has been referred by the Etymologists to Hausser,

Junius,

under

Hoise up
Altus.

the Sail, produces the

;

French

Hisser, the Italian Issare,

and the Belgic Hiisen

and he reminds us of the Danish Hoi,

Skinner,
is

The
I

preceding term to Hoise, in

Hoidenj

which

have referred likewise to the idea of Excitement, and which

express by the colloquial phrase, the

we may

Hoity

Toity Girl.

High in a similar sense, when we talk of a Girl in High Romps. The term Haughty, as it should seem, connects itself with High, as some observe; yet here we are reminded of Haut, In these coincidences we Hautain, Hault, Haultain, and Altus. know not what to decide. The old English word Houlon is derived
use
directly from Hautain, Lofty.
to
It

We

occurs in the Poenis attributed

Rowley:
"

HouTO.N dyd

iinikc llie

Mountaine

bic their miglit."

(English Metamorphosis,

v. g.s.)

Chatterton explains

observes:

Houton by Hollow; on which Dean Milles "Chatterton misinterprets the word Houton: it does

" not mean Hollow, nor could that circumstance be any alleviation " to 5 L

818

^R.R.

\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
but
is

" to the fate of Elstrid and Sabrina;

Hauten

is

explained in

" the Prompt. Parv. by Exalto, and

used in this sense by Peter

"Langtoft;

and Hautain,

in

old

French,

signifies

Proud or

" Lofty. The size and height of the mountain are mentioned as " an exertion of might by the Gods, to add dignity to their
" fate "
;

and with the same

idea, the poet

has chosen the highest

In this sense,
:

hill in

Wales

for the

monument

of the giant.

we

"

may
It

also understand that line in Robert Canning's Epitaph

"
'

HoUTON

are wordes for to

tell

his doe.'

"
I

required Lofty not Hollow, words

to celebrate

his praise."

believe
I

Houton means

here Idly Swelling.

(p.

have suggested on a former occasion

terms Ex, (Lat.)

446,) that Out, with

its

parallel

Eks, (e|,) &c.

may belong
I

to

the

idea of Stirring np or
in that place,

Out

the

Ground
word

though

have produced

and

in

a preceding page (210,) other modes of conI

ceiving the matter.

refer the

to the

same

spot,

under

all

these ideas

and

doubt only, whether

Ex
as

should be referred to

the Ground, under the idea of Stability, or under that of Exciteynent.

This
is
I

perhaps

may be regarded
I

an

idle

minuteness,

which

unworthy of any enquiry.

have frequently
in the

must however observe,

finally

what

remarked, that the idea of Excitement

formation of words, and such
I

seems most prevalent

imagine to be the origin of these terms.

as

In Saxon, \]Tian means,

Ejicere,
list

Lye

explains

it,

"To

Out, Expellere,

Extinguere;"
of words,

,and our Lexicographer then produces a long

pounded of Ut, corresponding with our preposition

other terms.
If the

comOut, and
the term

verb contains

the original

idea,

belongs to an action of Excitement or Violence,

In our phrase
'

'To HousT
'person;'

a person,'

we seem

to have the sense of

and Houst brings

us

to

the

Etymologists produce the parallel terms to

guages, as the Gothic Ut, Uta, the Saxon

To Out a French Or^r. The Out in difFej^ent LanUtan, Ute, Foras,

Utian,

Ut,

THE
Utian,
j^usseji,

EARTH.
Uit,

819
PTt,

Extinguere;

the Belgic

Uyt,

the

German
I

Aus,
shall

the Danish Ud, the Islandic and

Runic

Ut,SiC.

not attempt to produce the different forms in Saxon and Gothic,

under which
various

Out

appears,
of

as

Us, (Gothic,) &c. &c.,

nor the

compounds

Out

in English, to

some of which, Skinner

as

and

Junius

have allotted

distinct

Articles,

OuT-Landish,

OuT-Lazv.
In the

same column, where these words

;

occur,

find

in

Junius, Outragen, Desciscere, Degenerare

as a

term

in

Chaucer,

and Outrage, which we should

the English Out, &c.
to the

directly refer without scruple to

The

Etymologists, however, justly refer us

is

French Outrage, which

sometimes written Oultrage, and

to a different

the Italian Oltraggio, which bring us to the Latin Ultra, a term of

similar

meaning
on

to

Out, though belonging

Element.

When
in

these coincidences take place,

the question.

we

find

some embarrassment
but in old French,

deciding

The French OuTr^ and OuTr^r

exhibit likewise the form and sense of

Out

these

words

are

written

Oultre,

and Oullrer, and

'

belong to
it is

Oultrager, &c.

explained

The Saxon Ux^n by Lye as a " Verbum

tip

not only signifies

Hortantis, Jge,
I

Extra,' but

Agedum, Jgite;"
to

where we have precisely the sense which

Out,

that of Stirring

Exciting,
this

have affixed

Ut

or

Sec.

In

my German

Lexicon, the succeeding article to Aus, Out,

contains a

compound of

word, where

it is

actually applied to
up, break

Stirring up the

Ground; " Axss-Ackern, To plough

and

up the

" Ground."

Here the Aus and the Ack,

;

in the

term AcKern,
be referred

have the same meaning

(Eng.)
the

have shewn, that Hack, Hough,

Sec.

Hack^7z, (Germ.) &c.

spot.

same

Wachter
it

Sec,

are to

to

has given

the original idea of Aus,

when he

explains

in

one of

its

modes

of

application
;

bv

" Funditus, Radicitus.

Inde Avstilgen, Exscindere

Ausrotten,

" Exterminare; Ausjcetten, Eruncare;"

where we

see, that the

Latin

820
Latin
is

'

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
still

Ex

corresponds with Aus.

This sense of Excitement

perpetually visible in the Latin Ex, as in the very explanatory

I

term, which
ment, Excito.

have found

it

expedient so often to repeat, Exaie-

In the words, which are directly adjacent to

Ex

in

our Latin Vocabularies,

We have

its

genuine idea, as

in Y.x-Acerbo,

To
I

Ex-Aspej'ate;

Ex-Actus, Driven

Out;

'Ex-Acuo,
or

To Sharpen;

Ex-Agito,

To

Ex-Agitate, See,

To

Drive

Out

Ab-OvT, &c. &c.

have shewn, that Ago, Aaito, Acuo, and Acerbo, belong to the and metaphorical application of the action expressed by Occo
;

thus

we

see,

how

the

fundamental

idea.

We

Ag, Ac, Ex, and Oc convey the same know moreover, that the Greek Ex, (E^,)
and Ex-Otheo,
;

has the same mode of application in such compounds as Ex-^^o,

(EPxyu, Incite, Impello,)
(E^u9eu, Expello,)

or

Drive on,

away.

Out

where again the

in

To Hit Ag and the Oth

and the

belong to the same race, as

English HousT,&c.

the French OT^r, OsT^r,

"To Out."
that in English,

We
of

all

know

likewise,

Out,
'

as

\Jimost,

Viier.

In

Saxon,

Ut is Uter

another form
is

" Outer,

"Utter, Exterior;" as Lye explains it. To Utter, Eloqui, To Out, to produce or bring any thing Out.' ^Jtrerance or is
OvTrance,
in

old English and in Scotch,

is

a term expressive of

Dr. Jamieson explains Utterawc^ in the most violent action. one sense by " Extremity, as respecting distress, or implying the

"idea of Destruction;"
term Ex,

where

let

us again

mark'the kindred
all

in the explanatory

term Extremity.

We

remember

in

Macbeth,
" Rather than so, come fate into the list, " And champion me to the Utterance."

Dr. Warburton
Oultrance.

observes,

that

Utterance

is

a Scotch

word

for

Here again the form Oult seems

in

to create difficulty.
is

The

succeeding word to Outrance

Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary,

OuT-Red, which means

"To

Disentangle, to extricate.

Rubbish,
" what

THE
" what
is

EARTH.
supposed in

821

cleared out;"

where we have unequivocally the form

Out, and

are brought to the idea,

ToOvT-Red, belongs our name Out-Rede; as probably to OuT-jRoom, To make clear Room, Kvs-Raumen,
(Germ.)
'*

my hypothesis. Ovi-Ram belongs

To Remove,

&c.
I

In Lye's Dictionary,
pellere," &c.

find adjacent to Vrian, "

the term

UTHm/i,

To Out, Ex" Permittere, concedere, dare,

as
it

"dedere;"
*

which means
just
as

"To

Our,"
and

were,

'To
the

afford

an

OvT-let,'

^x=Esti,

Ex-ow,

have

same

meaning from the same idea; (E^ea-n, "Licet. Hinc E^cv, cum " liceat. Tota dictio haec est, Ek-ttoSuv ea-n, via aperta est, obstan" tibus amotis.") I shall shew in a future Volume, that Licet
belongs to Locus,
that Easo,
(Ecco-u,

Room

or Place, to do any thing

in.

suspect,
(Exreov,

Etxu, Sino,

&c. valere jubere,)

est,)

EAreon,

Renunciandum under the same

breaking

est,

valedicendum

belong to Eks,

&:c.

(e;)

idea.

In Shakspeare,

Utis

is

used for a violent

Out

of Mirth
:

An
will

Ovrcry, uproar, "

By

the Mass, here

"

will be old

Utis
.

It

be an excellent stratagem."

(Second

Pari of Heiiry \W Act II. S. 4.) In Chaucer we have Outhees, We here see, how the terms and in barbarous Latin Wi^iesium.
for Noise,

by

Out
I

Utter, &c.

Hoot, &c. connect themselves with the

idea expressed

have supposed on a former occasion

(p.

269,) that Host/5,

which meant originally a Stranger, was derived from the idea of

the Person admitted to the House.
I

must now suggest

to the

Reader, that

it
)

probably belongs to these terms of violence. Hit

Otheo,

(fiflEfc,

To

Drive Out, &c.

If this
is

should be the case,

the

we shall see, down animal.

v^lcit,

that Hostia, the Victim,

Hit

or

Stricken

Let us mark the Ict and

Ic, in z;=IcT/m,

vAcjima,

which must be referred

to Ico, dc.

To

Hostia, belongs

the Host, the Hostie, " the consecrated wafer, representing the

" body of Christ,

the

great Sacrifice or Victim for the sins of

"

Mankind,"

822

^R.R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

" Mankind," as was before observed. The Host^z^^, Orage, &c. may mean the person Driven or Carried off by Violence, as a
Security.

The

sense,

which

have given of Host/^, precisely

coincides with that of Hostz'o, the verb, which actually signifies

"

To

Drive off away

Out," &c.

as in Pacuvius.
i'erociain."

" Nisi coeiceo piotcrvitalcm atque Hosxi'o

As a

substantive, UosToriujn

means " Lignum, quo modius eequa-

" tur;" or, as R.Ainsworth explains it, "The Stritchel, or Strick" less, to Strike the bushel, or other measure of corn, over;"

which means the instrument which Hits or Strikes off over, or Out the abundant corn. Hostzo is explained by " To recom" pense, or requite, to return
repel injury for
like

for

like;"

which means
that
is,
I

to
for

injury

to

give Tit for Tat,

blow

blow, or to give a person a Rowland for his Oliver.

have justly

however seen, on a former occasion (p. 269,) that Hosi/V ultimately belongs to the House, though I did not arrange, as I now In this imagine, the precise mode by which they are connected.
part
of

my

discussion,

have endeavoured to shew, that the

House, &c. the Spot of Security Defence is derived from the same idea as the Latin Defendo, which Robert Ainsworth actually
explains in the
first

sense by

"To

Strike or

Keep

off,

Out

or

" away."

Thus we

see, that the

House, &c. the Hosiis, and the

in sense
all

Host orium, remote

the

as they

seem

from each other, convey

same fundamental

idea,

and are

comprehended
'

in

this

short explanation of the Latin word, as denoting

The
off.

object which

'Keeps
'

off,

Out'

'The person whom you

Keep

Drive

off,

or

Out,' and 'The instrument which Strikes off, or Out.' in endeavouring to I have been much embarrassed (p. 218,) but discover the origin of the English Oath, with its parallels
;

now

finally

imagine, that

it
it

must be referred

to the train

of

ideas here unfolded,

\)y

and that
I

means 'To Drive

Out

or away,'

Cursing, Banning.

have supposed, that ORK05,(OfKcj,) belongs

to

THE
to a similar idea; and
I

EARTH.
in the

823
term Ex=Orcise,

have observed, that

we

see the violent " action of Driving Out

or

away by strong

" adjurations."
there

Let us note the explanatory terms Ex and

Out

adopted,

which convey,

as

imagine,

the

original idea
to this notion

expressed by Oath, &c.

Wachter has brought us

;

under Eid, Juramentum

" quibus " Junius

cum

se

when he says "Graecis Atxi sunt Dir^, devovere quondam cogebantur jurantes, hinc
interpretatur."

Eid Execrationem

In

the

Greek Ate,
seu

Atao,
as

(Ati;,

Damnum,

Atw, Laedo, noceo,

noxam

damnum
The
pre-

infero,)we see the true idea, and they should be considered perhaps
directly belonging to

Oath, Eid, Ath,

is

(Sax.) &c.

ceding word in Wachter

the Saxon Ae, Lex;

Eid, Jus, fas; which he derives from

and he inveighs moreover against another

it

Etymologist,

who

refers
fiat If

" quo pacto ex Jure

" forsan intellexit."
is

Juramentum, by observing, "Bed Juramentum, nee ego intelligo, nee ipse

to Eid,

the original

meaning of Eid, Juramentum,

is

Damnum;
how
is

the sense of Eid, Jus,

that oi Condemnatio.

We
From The

see

Jus, Juris, and Juramentum, belong to each other.

derived,
is

Da?nno
term

we know, our
to
is

vulgar term of swearing.

Curse

acknowledged

belong

to

words

expressing

Violence, as

Ban

to Bannish,

But a term which belongs, as

we

shall all agree, to

the Gothic Aiths, Juramentum, will decide

hypothesis.

on the truth of
AiTHflw,

my

This term by

is

the Gothic verb

which Lye actually

explains
In the

" Eliminare,

ExterAiriian,

" minare."

To

Drive Out.

we have Airtha, Terra;

supposed
in

where

same column with we are brought to

the Spot

m}' hypothesis.

To Out,
not
failed

Ex,&c. belong,
(Eng. Fr.

as

have before observed

signifying Exire;

(p.
I

210,)

Issue, Issir, Uscire,

Ital.)

and

have

to discover,
r,

High and Hois

" Issu^,

To

though darkly, that they are related to Raise up. In Scotch, To Usche means " To
as

To go Out,"

Dr. Jamieson explains

it;

and

the

succeeding

824

^R.

R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q, S,T,X,Z.
in

succeeding word

this

writer's

Dictionary

is

"

To Ushe, To
seem

"clear;" that

is,

'To

clear Out.'

To

Issir,

the French

justly to have referred their term Huis, to

which Usher, originally

vve

denoting the Door-Keeper, belongs.

refer

To Huis

surely must
Oris,

OsTium, and from

this

we

directly pass

to Os,

the

Extremity or OuTside of any thing; the part

Issue or proceed.
In Or-is
I

Out

of which things

we

see the form '^R;

and

this

brings

us to Or-Ior, which

imagine to correspond with ''R-Ear, &c.

where the '^R is doubled. The Or, in OKior, ORigo, ORdior, ORdo, ORder, &c. assuredly belong to each other and here we
;

see,

how we
(p.

pass into the form '^RD, as ORD-zor, Ord-o, &c., and

is

how

the race of words

generated,

which

have before pro-

duced

138.)

In these words
yet
I

we

see only the idea of the Base

or Foiaidation;

shew, that the Or, in ORior, belongs to

(A^ow,)

Oro, (O^w, Excito,) Aroo,

Stir or Raise the

Aro, (Lat.)

Ear, (Eng.)

To
In

Era, (E^a.)*

produced on a former occasion some terms in Hebrew, which appeared to be

more
of

directly connected with these

words Ex, Issue, &c. and which

referred to the idea

It is true, that

Stability, as

of objects Raised or Established on a Base, or Foundation

as of

the

sense of
idea
;

Stabilitt/,

something Set or Fixed upon a Base,

is

is

oftentimes the prevailing

yet that, I
I

now
to

imagine,

but the Secondary notion.

I

In

my

former interpretation,

though

frequently used the terms Raised and Erected,

did not fully understand, that

my

attention

was

be particularly directed to the idea conveyed by these explanatory

I shall
I

words, and that an* action of Excitement supplied the fundamental notion. place under the view of the Hebrew Scholar, gome of the terms, which
produced, with a different vein of illustration
the merits of the question.
'

again

have before

or

Out

in

and I must then leave him to decide on ; Mr. Parkhurst interprets {<!{' IZA, by "To come or go forth almost any manner;" and py IZK, signifies, as he explains it, "To pour,
liquids,

" pour Out,

&c.

To pour Qx;t,

as

melted metals, to fuse, found,

cast, Fundere."
in

We here

see, in Fuse, Fundere, the idea of Disversion, Agitation,

&c.

but

Found,

if it

belongs to Fundare,

we

pass into the idea of the Base or Foundation.

This example of

Fundere and Fundare,

Ex Fundo
will

Super Fundum Ponere,

solubly,

Eruere, vel Super Fundum Spargere, et in Fundo vel shew us how intimately and, in some cases, almost indis-

two

ideas are connected, apparently

most remote from each

otlier

namely, that
of

THE
as

EARTH.
what
is

825
Set

In the collection of words, denoting

Established,
Isiemi,

on a Base or Foundation

(p. 165,)

produced the Greek term

oi Agitation
a

Dispersion,

Base or Foundation.

^The succeeding word,

model
to a particular

&c.,and

that oi Stability and Firmness , as of objects Established

on

" form,
the

fashion, shape,

Mr. Parkhurst, to p^ form ; " and they seem

in

is

1i'

IZR,

"To
with

to belong to each

other, just as Molten, Melt, belong to Mould, which,

we

see, directly connects itself

Mould of the Earth. In the same opening of Mr. Parkhurst's Lexicon we have " To burn," and "lp IKR, " To be bright ; " where we see the idea IZT, nV -rp' IKD, oi Agitation, Uc. pp IKH, "To obey readily and cheerfully;" which Mr. Parkhurst

refers to Eiko,

Ei^a',

"To

yield, obey," as

)=Eak, &c. belong

to each other,

it. I shall shew, that Eiko, (e.xw,) under the idea of the substance (ii&xXy Agitated or

he explains

Let us mark the term Tield, Stirred about, the Soft-Tielding substance, as we express it. which not only agrees with the sense of np* To obey, but witli that of |55{ To pour forth, N. Bailey explains Yielding, by "Which Yields, Brings or Out, as 'To Yield fruit.'
"forth, gives up, submissive, complaisant, pliant."

The

succeeding term to this

Hebrew

word is Vp' IK.H, " To strain, stretch, distend ; " which means To Stretch Out ;' and the next word is \fp> IKZ, " To Awake," &c. where we have the idea of Exciting and Another adjacent term is pJi" ISK, " To Lay, Set, or Spread, as a Stirring up, &c. " snare or toil," as Mr. Parkhurst explains it ; where I formerly thought, that the original
idea
in

was

to be

found

in the explanatory

terms

" Lay,

Set," but I

now

think, that

it

exists

pour Out," we have " To place, set or leave in a certain situation or condition ; " but whether this 3if* IZG, term signifies To Spread, &c. or belongs to the Element ZG, I must leave the Hebrew
p5f
4

the

term Spread.

In the

same column with

IZK,

"To

Scholars to decide.
In Hebrew,

nin HDH,

has justly referred to

idea.

"To send, thrust, dart forth," which Mr. Parkliurst HT IDH, "To cast, cast forth, cast Out," where we see the true
means
the Hand, cither as denoting the

This

latter

word means

T/iroivsab-OvT, &c., or the part thrust

It

Out

member which Casts from the body, as Mr. Parkhurst supposes.

denotes

"A

side, border,

extremity;"

as signifying the Ovi-side, as

we

express

it,

and likewise "

An

Extensive country; " where

its

Mr. Parkhurst

Es-tensive,

original idea of a

from the very explanatory word of Country Stretching Out. The word meanssee

we

moreover, according to the same writer, "

" because made " pillar." The

Standing up or

in the

A trophy or monument of victory, probably shape of a large hand (the emblem of power,) erected on a
is

idea

of the word

that probably

of something

Erected Raised, or

put or hold forward or forth, either " by the voice, or some overt act, to profess, confess openly and freely, wliether as an

Out.

The same word means " To

;

" object of
AfiJw,
*

praise or worship

" to which Mr. Parkhurst refers Udo, Ado, Acido, {rL, bring forth or
I

A^i-,

Cano.)

The Hebrew word means 'To

E\-press or

Out,

Ex-proniere, Ex-pn'mere
a

verbum,

To

To Utteu

any

thing.'
(p.

have seen on
I

former occasion, that

this

Hebrew term belongs to Uut and Utter

212,) yet

have not duly understood the

original

826
IsTemi,
in

R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
(lo-Tjjp,

Colloco, Statuo,) and

applications, conveys
I

it

is

certain, that

no term

many

of

its

more strongly the sense of

Stability.

Yet

could not avoid seeing (p. 187,) that the opposite

sense of Routitig
tliough
I

Out was

sometimes conveyed by these terms,

of explanation
to
this

gave a different turn

sense.

Thus An-lsTemi,
term An-\sTemi,

(^Avktttii^i,) which signifies in one of its senses ' Extruo, TEdjUco," means in another " Everto, subverto." In this
(Avt<rTfif/,t,)

w'e see

most unequivocally the idea

of

original idea,

with which these words are impressed.

send forth,"

have perpetually observed, that the

terms for Noise are derived from the idea of Stirring up a surface.
to

The

preceding term

HTIDH, "To
forth or

which he has justly referred to the Greek Ago, Eceomai, Ayw, " To bring, carry ; " Hyjof*ai, " To lead." In one sense it signifies " Study and intention of mind " and when doubled ;i' jrt HG=IG, it denotes " Intense meditation, earnest contemplation," as in Acitare secum, in
it,
;

" bring

Utter-

n.lH words, or a Voice," as Mr.Parkhurst explains

is

HGH, "To

bring or carry forth or away

;To

Perhaps the Hebrew Hi' IGCA, " To afflict, grieve ; " and its succeeding word in Mr. Parkhurst's Lexicon, J?;)' IGH, "To labour. To be weary or fatigued
animo, &c. &c.

"with labour;"
I

express the

same metaphor,
(p.

Acitare,

"To

trouble, vex,"
Qti''

&c. &C.

considered some

Hebrew words

206,) under the forms ISM, ISB,

^ty> signi-

fying

the

"To Place, Settle," &c.; form Df ZM, /p. 209.) I must leave therefore the Hebrew Scholar to consider whether the form ISM be a compound of IS and SM, or whether the / be not an addition.
and I have shewn, that the same sense appears under
difRculty will sometimes occur under the

The same
means
Isiemi,

form ISK.

In Hebrew, "ID' ISU,

Sijto,

"To
is

found, lay the basis or foundation," which might belong to

'Sto,

&c. or to

(i<7T^^i,)

&c.

The

succeeding term to this

Hebrew word

ID' ISD, ' To smear over," which in our translation is In Hebrew, tOti^' 1ST, occurs in one conjugation, signifying to " Extend, Stretch Out,'' as Mr. Parkhurst explains it ; where in the Ex and Out, adopted in this explanation, we
Lexicon
see the true idea.

Mr. Parkhurst's explained by Pour.

in

n2/ ISH, denoting

Mr.Parkhurst has recorded under tt'N Ash, Fire, the verb of Bcin^, Is, Est, &c. (Eng. Lat.) and we shall now imderstand, how they

In ~|jl{< AGR, belong to each other, under the same fundamental idea of Excitement. " To Gather," we have the Greek Ageiro, (Aytijw,) as Mr. Parkhurst supposes. In the

Chaldee,
ipIN

nnX AChCh,
Hook,

signifying

"To

join, connect, consecrate,"

which

in Arabic

is

AChI, " To bind,

a Brother,

fasten
Sec.

and the English riK

by binding," we perhaps have the Greek Accwo, {Ay^Ui) To these Eastern terms, Mr.Parkhurst refers the Hebrew
In Hebrew, jnN*

&C. "a person Connected or Consociatcd with us."

seize, lay

AChZ

is" To Catch,
<o the

hold on," where

as in Catcht

it

might be considered, whether the word belongs

form

'^C,

&c. or CC,

&c.

THE.
original

EARTH.
in

827
conception,
explain
;

of Excitement or Stirring up, which,

idea;
facio,
;

my

is
it

the

as the

ordinary

Lexicographers

by

" Surgere

Erigo, Excito jacentem, vel moftuura

;

Everto,
when
nor

" subverto

Exstruo, ^^difico

Excito, Exstimulo,"

This term,

we know,
it

is

applied to the strongest idea of Excited action,

Resurrection,
Avaa-Tua-i?.

signifies the
is

We
E
is

cannot help noting,

at once

how Ex can we
the
first

used in these explanatory terms for Ex=citement ;

forbear observing

how Ex

or

applied to

express Stability

and Destruction, Ex-truo, E-verto.

(la-TT^f/,!,)

Thus, then,

sense of the Greek Isrenii,

should not be that of

" Colloco, Statuo," but that of ''Erigo;" and hence

to the

we

shall

be

use of the word in such applications, as in the brought passage of Sophocles, produced by the Lexicographers, O^Sov ovs

ISTHBN, which they

have not provided
word.

justly explain by " Arrigit aures," though they

for this

sense in their general explanation of the

(mOJCw-I

We

have seen, that the Persian

Israden has been

;

explained by

"To

Arise, Rise up, Stand," &c. &c.

and likewise,

that Vsrerden ^Jti^l means

"To

Shave, Erased

To
is

Erase

is

nothing but
plained by

'

To Raise,

Rout, Stir up,' &c.

Though

the Latin
it

"Srd

perpetually relates to Stability, yet in one sense

"To

justly exStand Upright, to be Erect Steterunt Comce;"

where we perceive the more original idea. I have supposed, that in the term IsTemi, (la-TTiy.!, Colloco, Statuo. In Aor. 2. perf.

plusq. perf. Sto, consisto,

Unde Est ;Esse, Natum, ortum

Is,

Esse,)

we may

perceive,

how

the verb of Bei7ig, Est,

Is,

&:c.

and the

Pronouns or Articles of Being, Iste,

suggested from the idea of what
I

is

Placed

Situated,

Hic, &c. have been

&cc.

Yet

have likewise had occasion frequently to observe, how these words expressing Being, are connected with terms o{ Exciteme?U. now see, that both ideas may be true; and it would be idle to

We

discuss, in
vails.

what proportions the Primary or the Secondary idea pre-

In the very term ExisteficeExisto,

"To

Rise, Spriiig," &:c.

the

828
the

'^R.R.

\-C, D, G, J, K,.Q, S,T, X, Z.

we now
Hic
;

preposition Ex, as

see,

equally expresses the idea

annexed

to Est, Iste, Is,

in

and

if

we adopt

the kindred term

Ex-Sto, we have

Ex and

^Sto, terms of the same fundamental

meaning, and under the same Radical, alike belonging to these words of Being. Whether Sisto belongs to the Element ^ST,

quasi '^Sto, will be considered

I

when

the

Element
that
'^D,
if

ST

is

discussed.

shew

in

other

parts

of

my Work
Element
Qui

names

for

Touth

Warriors, &c. belong to our

'^C,

&c. under the idea

of Excitement in Motion

Action, &c.;
'

and

we

explain this race

of words, denoting Being, by

'

Y.'^istunt vel

EX- '"STant,

quasi

Erecti

and

EXcitati,'

we

shall see

how

all

these terms coincide

with each other in the same fundamental idea.

455,) the connexion between words expressing Beiiig and Moving, or Going from
I

have justly seen on a former occasion

(p.

Place to Place

and as
is

then considered verbs of Being under

I

the idea of what

Placed or Situated,

suggested, that the verbs

of Motion might have originally signified "

so say,
'

To

Place,"
is

if I

may

To Go

from Place to
yet
I

Place.'

This

an

extremely

probable idea;

have at the same time expressed

I

my emto

barrassment on the subject, by observing that

" Motion are derived " and
;

was unable

determine "the precise idea from which these terms

I

denoting

suggested

(p.

475,) that they should

I

perhaps be referred to the notion of Excitement, which

fully to illustrate in the course of
at

proposed
arrived

my Work. I am now
and
I

the point of

my

discussion, in which

these words denoting

Motion
culties

may

again be examined;
this

trust, that all

our

diffi-

will vanish in

state of

our Enquiry,

in

which the
pro-

intermediate idea, connecting terms of Excitement and Position,

has been so fully unfolded.

Among

the terms of Motion,

(lijp,

duced the Greek Eimi, (E<p,Eo,) lemi,

{oSbvu, Iter facio, oSog, Via,)

Mitto,) Odcuo, Odos,

Oichomai,

(0<%o|L6a(,

Abeo,) Eeko, Iko,

lKveof/,M,

laneomai, laano, {Hku, Venio, Iku, Venio, Accedo,

Venio,

advenio,

THE EARTH.
advenio,
plico,)

829
adeo, sequor, sup-

Supplico, the
I

obsecro, Uccvu, Convenio,

iKeteuo,
iKetes, (" iKsrevu,
in
Ixvboi/,oci,
Ikstii}i;,

and hence

Supplico," hoc est,

Adeo Supplicandi causa, ut

It,

Supplex,) the Latin

old English

Irer, &c.

Saxon Eode,
shall find
it

Ivit;

the

Yede.
the

In this discussion

necessary to adopt the Latin Ex,

general terms expressing

and the English

notion

Out
all

Issw^, as

idea of Excitement in the action o[ Stirring up,

I

Out, &c.

to

which
I

conceive

these terms ultimately to belong, though

do

not pretend to adjust the precise degree of affinity, which these

explanatory terms
I

may have

to the

words examined.

have suggested, that

the

term Eimi, (E(p, Eo,) might be

quasi Ejmi, but however that

this verb of
Itw,

may
Is,

be,

we

see the true form of

;?, Eta-i, l9i,

Motion

in

Eis, Eisi, Ith/, Ito, &c. (E^p,

It, iT^r, &c.

&c. Eo,) as in the Latin

We
Is,

shall

now

understand, that in Ex^Eis,

(Lat.)

(e|(?,

ab E^s/p, Exeo,) and Ex=Is,

'You

IssM^ or

go Out,' the Ex, Eis, and Ex,

have the

same meaning, just as Issw^ and Out have. In the terms Ies, lEsi, Es, Eto, from lemi, (li?^, Ivig, I^a-i, E;, Eru, Mitto,) which
directly signify
'

To

Cast or

Throw Out,' we

see the idea

more

strongly.
Elufjfjii,

compound Ex-lAsm, (E^ixa-iv, Emittunt, ab Emitto,) 'They Throw Out, or Cause to Issue Out;'
In
the

it is

impossible to distinguish between the senses of

as in

it is

between Issm^ and Out.

(l^u?.

We

shall

now

see

Ex and how the

the

Ias,

Ith,

Irniis,

Rectus, Directus,) Raised up. Upright, Straight express

it,)

Upright, as

we

Straight, Direct,

&c.

has

same

sense as the Ith, in Ith^,

as to
'
'

(idi.)
;
'

The one

signifies

Raised up, so
'

Issz^^

or Stand up or
&c.,

or

Go Out, ab-OvT,

and the other means To Issm? Out To Out, or Ab-OvT,' if I may so say.
TttccOoc,

In EvTHus, and up-AiiHA, (Evdv?, Rectus,

Coram,

Recta,)

we

have the same idea as

Recta
feror.

in Ithw5,

(I(5u?.)

In the verb Ithwo, {i9uu.

Recta pergo; Impetu

it

feror,

Prorumpo, &c.) we have the

'

strongest idea of Excitement, as

relates to

What

is

Raised up or

Routed

830
'

*R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

Routed up to action

what
is

is

Stirred

Up or Out
observe
in

what
how
different

Breaks

Out,

Issues

Out,
it.

forth, on,
It

forward or Right on, Straight forward,'

uniformly

as

we

express

marvellous to

similar

metaphorical expressions are applied

to similar purposes.

Lan-

guages

In the Ith of It Hu-phallos,(l6v(pu},Xoif

Penis Erectus,)
(lo-Tijp);

we have

the

sense *of 1st and ''St

O^Qov
ovq

in

IsT-^;n/,

and ^Sto in such phrases as

ISTHSIN Arrigit
that the verb of
Eo-t-^,

aures, ""Sieterunt comae.

We

now understand,

Being, Eimi, Eis, Ei, Esti, &c. (E(p, Sum,

?, E<,

Esy Est,)

and the verb of Motion, Eimi Eis, Ei, Eis/, (E<p, E<?, E*, Er<, Eo, Is, It,) have the same fundamental idea, just as if we should explain one, as Eis, &c. (<?, Es,) by Existis, or Ex=''STfl5, and
the other Eis,
(<?, Is,)

by Ex=Is, and there

into

is

no other difference
of Position

but that the term '^Sto passes

Stability,

the

sense

or

while

Is,

(Lat.)

relates

faithful to the original idea in

The Ex remains We shall now both applications.

to Motion.

understand,

and Est, he Eats, bear the same In Est, form, as they both convey the same fundamental idea. he Is, we have he Outs, or Stands Out, Ex=Stat ; and in Est,

why

Est, he

Is,

he Eats, we have he Outs, he Scratches or Tears Out, or Thus we see, how the Ex and Ed, in Ex=Ed/Y, convey Ex=Edit.
the same notion.
the idea, which
I

We

shall

now

perhaps be more inclined to receive

suggested on a former occasion, that Edo,

;

"To
its

"

Utter

or put forth

To

set

Out," &c.
fact,

as R. Ainsworth exit

plains

it, is

not derived from

If this

and Do, but that

Edo,

appears in
'

Radical form.
*

should be the

in the senses

To

Eat," and

To

put

forth,' will

have the same fundamental mean-

ing; though, as in other examples, they are distinguished by some

differe'nces of

the different

sound and form from each other, in order to mark But if Edo, Edidi, offices, which they perform.

should be derived from

and Do, the

or

Ex

is

still

employed
This

with

its

true force.

THE

EARTH.

831

This connection between the terms denoting Being, and terms expressing Motion, Excitement, &c. will open to us new modes
of conceiving the same subject.

So intimate

is

the connection
in Latin

between the verb of Motion and the verb of Being, that Iri is directly used, as Esse might have been. Thus
*

Amatum
Esse,'

Iri,'

means

"

To

be about to be loved," as
If
it

'Amatum
Ex-Iri,'

signifies
it

"To

be loved."

had been
sense,
it

'

Amatum

which
the

might have been as

to the

we

should have seen more

fully in

EX

the fundamental idea, as

relates to

what we
in the

call

IssK^ of an event;

and we cannot help observing

explana-

tory term
inserted,

ab-OvT, how the English

to preserve the

Out
'

still

continues to be

and

same

idea.

In English,

we

express

the future time

by the verb of motion,

it

ried,'

&c.

and thus

is

be Goi?ig to be marin various other Languages. The

to conjecture, that possibly

To

Reader perhaps might now be inclined

the termination of the Latin Infinitives,

\nAm, Mon, Aud\AKE,hKi,

;

Ere, Eri, Ire,

Iri, are derived

from the verb of Motion

In

thouoh

on

this point there is

some
it

difficulty.

Ire, Iri, they directly

coincide in form.

In the ancient

mode

of writing, the '^R was

doubled,

in order, as

should seem, to -express the idea more

In such words as the English

strongly, as Aiti-ArZ-Er, &c. &c.

Come,

Become,

the

French Devenir, and

ATrofSaivui,

the see

Latin Evado

Evenio, and the

Greek
itself

&c. &c.

we

how

the verb of
'

Motion connects
'

with the use of the verb of Being,

Comes

it,'

(Unde

" Devenir fou "

'

Est,)
*

'He Becomes Poor'

quis
if I

Est pauper, "Faire

Sit,'

Whence
or

Facere, ut

insanus Evadat vel

Facere, ut quis insanus Ex-Eat,'

might so

say,

Aota-Tot avSoB^

'

AnOBAlNOTSI, Optimi homines EvadtintkTreQn, Evenit.'

tip

serve too, that the idea of Risi?ig

Springing

We

ob-

or Issuing forth

or

Out, &c.

is

indissolubly connected with that of the verb of

Tvu^x'^, Initium

Being, as in nvo^a/, Orior, Sum,

do,

Sum, Existo,

ab A^xn> Origo,

hvunXXu,

Produco, Emitto, Extrudo,

Etiascor,

Existo ^

832

'^R.

R. \-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.

Existo, Orior, ut Sol, &c.

va-Ts^uu

TeXXdj,

Facio, Fio, Orior,

is

MsXtyoi^vsg

vf^voi

a^%a<

Xoyuv

TeXXerat,

which

commonly

translated

by

" Melliti hymni posteriorum sermonum principia Sunt," &c, &c.

I

suppose, that these terms Est,

Out, &c.

are originally derived

from the idea of Stirring up the Ground;

I

and

it

is

impossible,

think, not to mark, that such words as the

Tollo,

Greek

Tello, (jexxu,)

and the Latin

or Ground.

&c. belong to the action of Tilling the Tellus

In one

Greek word we have

at once the sense of the

TleXu,

Verb of Being, and of Stirring up, as Pelo, Pelomai,

neXoy,cci,

vel

Sum, Verto; and no one,

think, can doubt, that Pelo belongs

to Poleo, (UoXeu, Verto, Aro,)

To

Plough.
Is,

have before repre-

sented the original idea, annexed to

Iste, &c.

by a

participle

form
(p.

Is-efis,

IsTE-ens, in order to compare

I

them with Exist-ens

may now represent it, Ex=Sist-etis, Ex= ^Sr-ans, or Ex= ^T-ans, where the Ex and '^ST, or '^T in ^Sto, alike express the primitive force of Is and Iste. We shall now understand in this state of the discussion, that Ex=lT-etis, if I may be permitted so to say, might have been equally employed, in which Ex and It
273,) or, as

would
&c.

still

have expressed the primitive force of

Is,

Is

and Iste,

In other words,

Iste, (Lat.)

It,

(Eng.) &c. &c. mean

'Out or Ovred object the Irum, Ex-lTum, the 'Gone forth or Out object,' if I may so say, the Issued Ovt object,' or the Raised, Standing Out object,' &c. &c. As I before confined
nothing but the
'

my

attention

to

the connection of the Demonstrative part

of

Speech, as connected with Position, (p. 4.54,) I shall only here consider the relation of these words, as connected with Motio?i.

Let us mark the terms Eo, "Thither or

to that place."

and Adeo,

where

in

Eo,

we can hardly

distinguish between the Verb Eo, and

the Demonstrative Pronoun Eo;

found the Verb Adeo with the

we seem to concompound Ad and Eo. The term

and
in Adeo,

Ad-Eo
that

brings us to \d=Eo, which will

unequivocally shew us,

Ad

and Id belong

to each other.

In Id=o, the Id at once

directs

THE
directs us to the

EARTH.

833

Demonstrative Id, and yet Ad leads us to terms of Motion, " lium Ad locum; " where the It and the Ad present
themselves as kindred terms, as in the compound Ad=It.
In the

Us
to

of Us^M^

we have

the

same

idea as in
to

Ad.
place

In

Hue we seem
tiiat

confound the sense

;

of Motion
in the

with

of a

compound Ad=Huc, we again perceive their union. We have seen, that the Oos and Eoos, (n?. Ad, Ewf, Ad,) belong to Ad, Eis, (e*?. Ad,) and we shall now understand, why under the same form as Eoos, (Ewj, iJ^quedum, Oyo- Ad,) we have Eoos, (Ewf, Aurora, Oriens,) uhich means nothing but the spot where the Sun 'Rises z//) or Out, Comes Out.' Surely the English East and its parallels must be referred to Eoos, (Ecog); and the w=Est is only another form of the word with some slight difference, in order to mark the opposite state of the same object or idea. This artifice in Language is that, on which
Demonstrative term

and

its

chief operations are founded,

and which

all

acknowledge
I

in the

example of verbs, as Loving, Loved, &c. &c.

Sec.

have before ob<?,)

served (p. 445,) that the Greek Eks, and Eis, (e|,

should

only be considered as different forms of each other;

and we shall

now

fully

understand the connection between those relations of

To,

Frofn and

which these words express, when we remember,

that Ex-lrus,

Going From,

actually

means

the "Issue or end of a

" business," according to the very words of Robert Ainsworth, or

the point
*

To which things tend.'

Thus, then, Eks and Eis,

(E|,

E(f,) alike relate to

the idea expressed by Issue, the Beginning and the To.

the End, the

From and
the

In the term Event, &c. &c. from

ideas.

Evenio,

we have

same union of
I

We

observe

under the form T'^, which

strative

have shewn to belong to the

I

how To, Demonreferred

The, retains the

to

same idea of motion.

It

iiave

Ek=As

Ek=Ast-os,

(E>ca?,

Procul, Eminus, EKa^Tog, Singukis,

and as Ek=Ast

signifies Is

tlie

Out, Distinguished

object,

5 N

so

834
so
in

^R.R.

\-C, D,

G, J, K, Q,S,T, X, Z.
Away, Away.
it

Ek=As means
Saxon,

Out Out,
To

have shewn, that

as

Oth means
how
I

Us^m^, but

means likewise Out,

(p.

Orn-Byrstan, Erumpere,

Burst Our,

448.)
To,
as

We

see,

these

words

signifying

Ad,

Us-^rw^*,

coincide with the sense of the English Till, under the Element

TL, on which
only

have before expressed

my

doubts.

cannot help

however observing

in this place, that Till, in Scotch, signifies not

To, but Frojn,

though " improperly,"

all

as

Dr. Jamicson ob-

serves.

In the eye of an Etymologist,

the senses d^ a
Till,

word are
coincides
signifies

equally proper.
in

We
Till,

cannot but observe, that

Stir

Ti

form with

'To

up the Ground;'

and

if \fl

Fro w,
the

in its, original sense,

we

perceive

how

it

corresponds with

meanings of Eks and Eis, &c. (e|, E;j,) and for Till differs nothing in its fundamental sense from what reason. E*? rao;, Denique, Ad extremum,) Telos, {TeXoi, Finis, Exitus,
different
*

The End, To

the End.'

In the ordinary arrangements of the

(TeAo?, Finis,

Lexicographer, Telos and Tello,

Exitus, TbXXu, Facio,

Fio, Orior,) are considered as separate Roots, without

to

any relation
they

each

other.
to

We
Till,

shall

now however

understand, that

bclono-

each

other,

as

Exitus does to Exo.

signifying

We
To,

shall see

moreover, that
{TtXog Exitus,)

(Eng. Scotch,)
to Tello,

and

Telos,

may belong

and Ana-Tole, (TeXAw, Orior,

AmToXr, Oriens,^ just as Eis and Eoos, (<;, E^;, Ad,) according to my hypothesis, belong to Eoos, (E^)?. Oriens.) The Scotch Critics
will

now

perceive, that Till, the Verb,

Till,

may

signify "

To

entice,"

and yet belong to

Teal or Till,
" generally,

the

Preposition.

Dr. Jamieson explains

inveigle by flattery;

by

"To

entice, to wheedle, to

To

Teal on, or Teal up."

In Teal up,

we

see the true

idea

Stirring up or Exciting to any purpose, &c. Raising " Thou'lt Till my bride away," we have nearly the In the phrase Robert Ainsworth gives us among the sense of the Latin Tollo.
of

senses

THE
senses of SoUcito, "

EARTH.
"To
Stir

835
we

To

Entice one to do a thing," a term, as

know, originally signifying

" Ground."

or dig

up,

properly the

There

is

an Hebrew term which

I

will unequivocally explain to

us the hypothesis, which

am now

endeavouring to

illustrate,
is

respecting the origin of words of Being, &c. &:c.

This term

nnN ATH, which

hurst,

signifies in the first sense, according to

to,

Mr. Parkspeedily."

"To

come, come

come

near, approach,

come

In this sense,

we

see the idea, which

we might

express by the

kindred Latin words, in the compound, Ad=It, or by the kindred English word

At 'He

\ts,'

if this

term had been a verb.

The

same word nK or nriN, AT or ATH, means Thou, and AT nK means The, where we have 'The Is, (Lat.) It, (Eng.) The Oured
forth object

the

Itm5,' if

may

so say.

But

riN or riDK
is

ATT,
(Lat.)

signifies
It,

"A

sign,

token

Ensign,"
Our

AT

or

&c., that

the I0,

(Eng.) 'Ihe remarkable

the attention
is

object
nt*

the

Ex-Ixww
a
with,

At which
Particle,

fixed'

Again

AT

signifies, as

" With, To, Toward,"

nN3 M-AT,

"

From

From
Ar,

" the, French D'Avec,'\ where (Eng.)

we

see the sense of Ad, (Lat.)

this
in

But there

is

still

another meaning of

Hebrew word,

where we are brought

to the very spot

supposed

my

hypothesis.

As a Noun, nN AT, denotes " A hurst supposes, it "comes before

Coulter,^'

because, as Mr. Park-

the ploughshare in

ploughing."
that

The Hebrew nN AT,

*

the

Coulter,

means probably
tiie

which
term

Routs up or

Our

the Ground.'

T he senses of

parallel

in

Arabic will serve to illustrate this train of ideas. Ihe Arabic f^\ Eti means " Coming, arrival, bringing, leading, comino" unawares, surprising;" and it denotes likewise "Being, Ex-

"isting;"
original

but in
it

another sense,

which

conceive to be the
Erasing,
is,

one,

signifies

" Abolishing,

Ruining,
it
;

Des-

" troying,"^ as

Mr. Richardson explains

In
the preceding

that

Routing or

Rooting

Out.

column

of

Mr. Richardson's
Dictionary

836

^R.

R.V-C,D,G,J,K,Q, S,T,X,Z.

Dictionary we have jj\ Etou, " i. Coming, coming suddenly, " surprising. 2. Producing, bringing forth copiously, shooting " forth buds, producing fruit, bringing forth young;" where we

have the genuine sense of lssui?ig Out.

this

In two other senses of

word we have "The right way, straight path. Any thing " Erect, upright in walking," where we see the sense of Ithm5,
Rectus,) &c. &c.
shall not

(l5u?,
I

pursue to a greater length

my
in

observations on the

origin of the terms oi Being, and of the Particles, with which they

are connected.

All

my

former discussions

the third Section of

the second Chapter remain precisely as they were, respecting the

relation of this great race of

words to each other, except that

in

considering their original idea, another

mode

of conceiving

them

has been applied.

When we
we

again examine that race of words

be enabled to trace relations,

with this clue before us,

shall

which might otherwise appear strange or remote. perceive, that the terms of Being are surrounded on
and are perpetually accompanied by terms
they
are
of^

We
all
;

shall
sides,

Excitement

though

manifestly

attached

likewise,

on various

occasions,

to terms,

which denote Place or Position, as of things Fixed or

rather Raised upon a Base or Foundation.

We

have seen

how

these ideas, apparently so remote, are reconciled with each other;

and how the various parts of Language become uniform and consistent.
I

have

now

unfolded, as

conceive, every thing which

all
I

relates to this subtle enquiry,

with

the precision, which the

nature of the question will admit; and

to

have proceeded, according

possible to advance in the

my

view of the subject, as far as

it

is

discovery and detail of those direct and unequivocal facts, which

fall

within the sphere of our knowledge.

in
all

There

is

in tiiis

enquiry,

as

other researches, a certain point, at which

darkness

commences; when all our attempts to investigate and explain become obscure doubtful and theoretical. We are now arrived

at

THE
at
this

EARTH.
which

837
we
proceed

this

point,

and

at

every step

beyond
mystery

litiiit,

we

shall find ourselves involved in the clouds of

and theory.
I

have observed on

former occasions, that the Interjections

expressing Excitement or emotions of the mind, which are sup-

from the sphere of Language, evidently attach themselves to the familiar terms of Excitement, and likewise
to terms denoting

posed to be removed

Being

or

Demonstrative of persons, things, &c,

ThusHEus! Eja! AT,(Lat.) "But.

" ening.

Admiring,
(Lat.)

In distinguishing. Threatanswering."
Hoida.

Dispraising, objecting and

At=At,
OroTo/,)

"An

interjection of surprise.

How now,"
It is

&C. &C. ATT=ATaf, ATT=ATa/=Ax, Ot-Otoi, {Attutm, ATraT<a|,

&c. &c. &c, are to be referred to terms, which perform

efficient offices in other parts of the

Language

(p.

452)

im-

possible not to see in the combination Eja- Age, that these words
are only different forms of each other; and in

words

in

examining these Greek our Vocabularies of that Language, we cannot but see,

Atto, and Atuzo, {Attu, Prosilio, Atw^w, Terreo, Perturbo,) present to us the same idea of Excitement in the Radical At. Perhaps in At=Uzo, the Element is doubled,
that the adjacent terms

as in

At=At, &c.

in order to express the idea

is

examining these words, our eye

the same form

more strongly. In again drawn to terms under

Aliqua, quajdam,)

Atta,

(Arra, pro

Ktivo.,

Atta,
the

(Arra, Vox, qua juniores Senes compellant, sodes, amabo. Pater,

Lat.

Attce,

Senes.)

Surely

we

shall

be of opinion, after
in all these

observations already made, that the

the

At

words conveys

same fundamental idea of Excitement, whatever may be the precise notion, by which they are connected.
But the term Atta, (Arra,) denoting the Old Man,
whole compass of Language,
as
is

at-

tached to a great race of words, which are to be found through the

the

appropriate
Ottse,

and

familiar
Tot,

name

for

Lather, as Atta, Aley, Attata,

Tat,

Dad,

Tetta,

838

^R.

R.\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.
&c.&c. collected
in

Tetta,(TeTttx,) &:c.
all

a former page (486.) our difficulties commence, and Theory alone prevails.
I

Here
It is

impossible,

think, to doubt, that

Is,

these

terms

belong to
to

the

words denoting Beings

Iste, &c.

which are likewise

be
I

found through the whole compass of Language, and which, as

ment, some of which are applied, as of Stirring up the Groutid.
us,

have now shewn, are perpetually connected with terms of Excite-

we have

seen, to the action

Yet the Theorists on Language inform

and not without some reason, that these words for Father are derived from the infantine sounds At, Atta, Ta, Ta, Da, Da,&c.
(see page

479)

On

this

point of

Theory

am

not only unable

is

to decide, but even to conjecture.

The Reader

in

possession

of

all

the evidence, from which he can form

any opinion on the

the facts
the

subject;

and he must interpose

I

his

own judgment on
ail

before

him.

may

safely

affirm, that

Radical words,

with which these terms for Father can be connected, have passed not only under the eye, but under the discussion of the Reader.

We

have seen

how

they appear to form one continued chain, as

ultimately connected with each other.

We

have seen

too.
Sic.

the form ^C, ''D, &c.

is

attached to those of ^RC,

RC,

how ^R

and

it

is

not pretended, that in the

production of these forms,

I

any such infantine sounds were

efficient.

cannot leave this

subject without adding another fact

to

those already recorded,

respecting the relation of terms of Beijig to terms of E^^citement.

1

observed

in

a former page, that in ihe-same column of Mr. Shaw's

Dictionary, where

Athair,

a Father,
Is
;

is
I

recorded,

was found

like-

wise the verb of Being,

A ta,

and

now

add, that in the

same

column are the following terms of Excitement, Athar, The Air, Ath^c/i, sky; Atha, a Blast of Wind; Ainach, Waves;

Giant;
;

At, Swelling; AxHa/w,

ATachanam,

firebrand

Aiach, Fermenin
th^'

tation

To

prate,

&c.

The At

sense of
tliis

Prating might furnish our Theorists with a conjecture, that

sense

THE
^

EARTH.
or

839

sense of Excitement, Agitation, &c. was attached to the Element

T, &c. from
I

the Idle

Agitated Babble,
be

Ar-ing of

Infants,

if

may

so say, just as Babble, Bubble,

Bob, &c. &c. &c.

may

supposed

to

Huh-Bub, Puff Pop belong to Bab Pap

Papa, &c.
I

must again
and

repeat, that on

these points of Theory

it

am

unable even to form a conjecture, as

of
research
discussion.
I

is

placed beyond the

limits

All

which

concerns
(p.

the

Theory of

Human

Speech, as

have before observed

485,)

may

be exhausted within

the compass of a few sentences or pages.

affinities

The
in

Theory of Language leads us to the discovery of no

actual relation

the

of one v,ord

to

another;

nor have the

unfold at

writers on this

subject, with all their

pretensions to

once the whole scheme of

source,
I

Human

Speech, supplied us from this

fact,

might almost say, with a single Etymological

superficial observers.
I

which

has not been universally understood and acknowledged by the

most ordinary and

The

Touth Warriors, &c. &c.

as expressing

terms, which

produced
1

In a

former page (19.5,^ denoting

now

refer to the idea of Excitement,

the Vigorous

Active
class

powers of such personages.

Aisueter, A\suetes,
( kKruyirv}^,

Among
facile

these terms

we may

Adolescens valde robustus;

decens,
Aizeos,

moderatus;

Pastor; Qui

hue illucve movetur,

Aia-vtiTri^,

Idem,) which some have justly

(A(^;of,

referred to Aisso, (Aro-w, Ruo,)

juvenili viget,)

Juvenis, qui robore

Eith^o^,

(Hi^Eo?,

Adolescens,) Ait^5, (A/ni?, Socius,

their parallels before

qui aniatur libidinose,)

Avoax, Avsim, with

produced, Oser, Osar, &c. (Span, and Ital.)

Auso,

(Aua-u,)

from

which Suidas derives Aijsones,

ToXi/,eo, 01 TTUVTOC

(Avcrovec,

01

ISxa-iXei^,

Tru^ot

to Aua-u to

iTTtToX^uvTi^ Tu>
(AiriTov,)

'7rpo(rTcc'y[/,oiTi,)

Aj-Ax,

yjl,

quasi Aj=As,
Iratnos,

(A<af,)
(lTctf/,0?,

AiETow,

Ires,

(irijf,

Temerarius, yJudax,)
Ardens,)

Temerarius,)

Annaloeis,

(Ai9oiXoen;,

which une-

quivocally belongs to AiTHO,(A/6w,Uro,) AiDulos,{AiSvXoi,) A\Delos,

[AitiTiKo;,

Tenebricosus

conspectu tollens, Extialis,) which in

its

840
its

^R. R.

^ .---

C,D, G,

J,

K, Q,

S,

T,

X, Z.
;

sense of

Exitialis,

belongs to the race of words before us

but
hi
in

in that of Tenebricosus to

A and

AijXo?;

&c. &c.

The DL, TL,

as

these

terms, seem to have the

(ATOicrdotXog,

same meaning,

the

Thai

Atasthalos,

Magnorum damnorum
is

auctor,)

which plainly

belongs to Ate, (Atv,) and the remainder

pound of
belong to
reason;

comAs and Thai, or it is simply Thalos. The TL, DL, Tellus, and To Till To Stir up the Ground, for the same
either Asthalos a

and hence we have the terms of

Perhaps

violence, Deeleo,

(AijXea;,
;

Lasdo,) Deleo,8cc.

Es=J'/i/o5, (Eo-Sao?,

Bonus

Probus

Frugi, Utilis, Strenuus, Fortis,)

may

be likewise a similar com-

The At=Ys means probably the Youth. In Saxon, Hyssa denotes, as Lye explains it, " Hirquitallus, puer pubescens, juve" nisj" and in the same column we have Hyse, or Hise, Mas,
pound.

Masculus
I

Hys, His, the Pronoun of Being.

cannot forbear producing various terms, with which these

Saxon words are surrounded, which convey the train of ideas, now under discussion. We see HYs/a, " To Hiss, Irridere, sub" sannare;" and Hyspan, or Hispan, "Irridere, subsannare, ex" probare
;

"

Hiscan,

Reprobare

Hyst, Turbo;

HYiuian,
to

Grassari, vastare, and Hyrwian, Exprobrare, injuria, afficere;

which Lye

refers

the term

Harrow.
;

The

preceding

word

to

Hyrwian
"

is

Hyrwe, Torriculum, facula

though Lye adds,

"At

" dubitat Somnerus

cum Hyspe," Fornaculum. Qusrendum interea, utrum non sit Occa, Aug. An Harrow." In the same column we have Hyrth//^, " Colonus, Agricola," &c. Hyrt<2, Refocillare, animare.." &;c., where we are brought
annon idem
sit
;

directly

to

the

Earth, and likewise

in

to the idea of Excitement.

itself

We

see

how HYKTun
likewise
to

appears to connect
the

with HEARTen.

We. have
which

same column HYRST^n, Murmurare;

or
to

means

Earth,

Grate

upon

Hyrstzw^-, Frixio, from the noise in Frying; " Lsesus, vulneratus;" where we have an action of Violence.

Earth, and and Hyrt, Hurt,

the

Another

THE

EARTH.

841

Another form of tlie Saxon Hyst is Tst, which Lye explains by " Procella, Turbo, Tempestas;" and in one sense by " Mstus " maris." We now perceive, that the Latin JEstus belongs to the
Saxon YsT.
this
I

see in the opening of Lye's

is

Dictionary, where

Saxon word

found,

Yth, Unda,

fluctus,

which belongs

to

the

same

idea.

The Greek
word, and
is

AiT^^,
the

(A/tjjj,)

denoting the

o ^u[x.evog, is

a Thessalian

title

of an Idyllium in Theocritus.

There

is

a Persian word, which perhaps may belong to it. Mr. Richardson 2. A utensil used in explains i^ Hiz, by " i. An iron slvovel. " baths.
3.

Puer scortum."

In the opening of Mr. Richardson's

Dictionary, where this word occurs, there are various terms, which
belono; to the train of ideas

under discussion, as the Persian

-^wJS

Heij, which signifies ''Tearing up,

Instigation;"
Hij,
!

and the suc-

ceeding word under the same form, which means "Raising (dust); " provoking (to anger.) Making an attack. A battle, a combat.^

" Perturbation, fury, agitation, intoxication.

used

in

crying

" to camels."

and "

The word cxJOHeit, signifies "Low Ground;" Heita, &c. Come hither. Come hither Approach," before
at,

produced; and h^J^UEiT, "Calling out, crying, vociferating, being

" tumultuous, Arriving

Approaching."

This

will

remind us of

our term Heit, used by Carters to their horses, of the French term HurHuAT, as it appears in the well-known proverb, " II
" n'entend ni "

J dia

ni yf

HurHvAT," and
his

of the

German Hotte,

cartman's crying to

make
shall

horses turn to the right hand,"

before produced.

We

be reminded likewise of the Inter-

jections belonging to our Element,

referred to the idea of Excitement.

Heus, &c. which

have before
in

Junius produces Heit

this
is

sense, and reminds us of a passage in Chaucer, where the term

thus

used,

"Heit

Scot,

Heit Brok."

It

is

not necessary to

increase the collection of this species of words, which are every

where

to be found.

S o

Iiave

842
I

^R. R. \.-C,

D, G, J, K, Q, S, T,X, Z.
(p.

have justly seen on a former occasion

its

of

AvGeo and

257,) the relation derivatives, Aucxor, &c. the Greek Aexo, Auxo,

(Ae^w, Av^u, y^ugeo,

accumulo, proveho, promoveo,) to Ex, as

in the

phrase,

'Oiiod Auc^f alius

Ex

se

'

and that these words are

connected with the idea of the Origin, Source

&c.
I

Foundation,
in
is

Base,

have produced a passage from Shakspeare,

in the

which Grounds
are brought
just,

and Authors are used

to the spot
sufficient

same sense, where we

hypothesis.
All this

supposed

in

my

and

is

perhaps

for every

purpose of Etymological accuracy.

Yet

imagine, that this word Avceo, &c. must be classed with

Ex, &c.

among

the terms of Excitement

now under
word
is

discussion

and

that the precise idea

'

annexed

to this
'

that of something,

quod Ex-surgit'

or of something,
is
it.
'

'

a Source or Origin, what

Elevated

Advanced orHiGH^^up,'

Which

is

Raised up, as from

if

the
*

'

The English Raise, we know, is applied in same manner, as To Raise the price Raise one's reputation, AuGERE pretium, famam. To High Higher or Heighten, the price, reputation,' if I may so say. In the phrase produced by my Lexicographer under Aexo, (Ae^u,) we find a word adopted in
so express

may

his translation, belonging to this

metaphor, A^^Xov AESEI, Ex-Tollit.

Robert Ainsworth explains Avctus by "Increased, Heightened,"

&c.; and the explanatory term, which
I

have adopted, Exurgo or

Ex'surgo, he explains in the first sense by "To Rise up," and in another sense by " To Increase.'' It would be idle to accumulate
instances, which illustrate the union of these ideas
;

as

it

is

most
the

evident and acknowledged.

to the notion oi Routing into

have supposed, that AvGuro belongs

see,

any thing; and thus we

how

Aug
it

in these

words conveys the same fundamental

idea,

and how

agrees with the sense of

Ag

in

Ago, Acito.

perceive, that

R. Ainsworth explains Auctor

" Increaseror enlarger. " Primus Pater urbis et

in the first sense

by " Properly an

A Father, founder, or principal person."

Auctor "
;

the person, from

whom the

city

took

THE
took
its

EARTH.
was
first

843
I

Rise;

by

whom

it

Raised or Erected.
Rout,
'

shall

shew, that Raise, Rise, Erect, belong to

To Rout
I

up;'

and such

conceive to be the relation, which

Augeo
258,)

bears to
precisely

Ago, Occo, &c.

On

former occasion

(p.

Augeo, as I now conceive it, in the following words, " To Raise up Promote or Advance any thing, as *' Proceeding from its source or origin. Hence to Raise /id" vance Promote Add to Increase in general." To Augeo we must surely refer the old English word Eke
described the sense of

'

To Eke

out any thing,' and

Sec.

its

parallel terms,

Etymologists, as Eacan,

(Sax.)

produced by the Aukan, Oge, &c., to which

Junius refers the Danish Jager, the Belgic Oecker or Woecker the German Wucher, as it is now written, the Saxon Oker or JVoker
the

Welsh

Occr,

denoting Usury.

The German Wucher, Usury,

and Wuchs, "the Product, Grows," are derived from

" fFachse?i,
tion

we

the verb grow, burnish, increase," in which explanamust note the English M^ax. Here we are brouo-Ju

To

l^Fax,

the form of

WC,

which

will be

more

to particularly considered on

another occasion, when

we examine

the Element BC.

We

cannot

but note the explanatory word Burnish,

its

To

increase,
in

and observe
which words

connection with Burnish,

To

polish,

and Burn,

we do
is

not only see the sense of Increase annexed to the idea of Excitement, but we perceive likewise, that the idea of Excitement
associated with the action oi Scratching u^ow
&.

Surface.

The

verb 'To Eke' supplies us with the particle Eke, Etiam, and its parallel terms Auch, (Germ, &c,), and yet these particles seem to belong to Ac,(Lat.) &c. as I have before suggested (p. 450.)
shall

We

now
I

understand,

how

these words

may

all

belong to each

have shewn, that the terms of Being, and the particles belonging to them, are attached to words of Exciteinent. In Welsh
other; as

OccR,
in

as

we have

seen,

means Usury;
is

Mr. Richardson's Dictionary

and the preceding term Oc, Over against.Also, of, or'

out

844
out
of.

^R.R.

\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
!

Och, O Alas OcHrt/, and Och/, " To groan bemoan, sigh;"

Tlie adjacent words are

Och, A Groan, which belong to

;

and AcHo^, (A%o?,) as the Welsh Lexicographers justly suppose we have likewise Ochr, " A side, the Edged rim of a thing."
OcHr/, "
to

To make

a sharp rim or Edge,'' which belong,

we

see,

Edge, Acuo, &c. In the next leaf of Mr. Richards' Dictionary to that, in which the above words occur, we have Og, A Harrow. Let us mark the term Usury, which belongs, we know, to Uxor,
IJsus, in

the ancient Language, Oi xor, Oisus,

is

To

Use, &c.

The
idea

sense of Use, Practice, Employ, &c.

of Stirring up or about, &c. &c.
in

derived from the

same

The term Uxor

corresponds

one of

its

turns of meaning with Versare or Versari, and Exerceo,

signify to Stir up the Ground.

which,

we know,
Uxor
in

R. Ainsworth

explains

one sense by "

To

be Conversajtt, and Vsus by

" Use, Exercise, Practice." " practice," &c.

He

explains Exerceo

by "

To

Use, to
as Use,

In old English, Ure

means

the

same

and they seem

'

to belong to each other.

In Scotch, Ure

means

Practice, toil," in
it.

one sense, and " Soil"

in another, as Dr. Ja-

mieson explains
Augere,
ditio,

In the same page of Lye's Saxon Dictionary, where

is,

Auk^w,

we have Auhjow,
;

Tiirbare, Turbari;

and kxsH]odus, Se-

where the idea of Excitement or Commotion is directly expressed. An adjacent word to Eac^w, To Eke, Augere, which, we see, is derived from is EAcnian, Concipere, Parturire
Tumultus
;

the sense of Increasing, as connected with the idea of

Bringing

Oux,' &c.

We

perceive, that the first n in

EAcn-ian

is

an organi-

cal

addition to the C.

Perhaps the English Tean and the Saxon

be derived from Eacnian, by the loss of the C. The next word to Ecan, To Eke, Augere, in Lye, is Ece, ^Eternus; and if they directly belong to each other, the sense of Eternal
Eatiian,

may

mio^ht be derived from the idea of that,

which
is

is

Increasing Adsay.

vancing, or

still

Proceeding forward, what

Eked Our, as we

In

THE
In Scotch,

EARTH.
and hence they have

845

UiGH

is

a verb;

" HiGHT, Height," which means, says Dr.

"To Hicht, Jamieson, "To Raise

are
said
to

"Higher, To Heighten. " HicHTED, when the price

to the

Thus
is

provisions

be
us

Raised;" and he justly

refers

Saxon Hihtan, which he explains byAuGERE.

in

An

adjacent
is

word

Lye's

Dictionary

to

the

Saxon HiHTa/z,

Augere,

Hiht/j, Height, Altitude.

In

Hicht we
up,

see directly the sense

of Augeo, Auxi, &c.

Again, in Scotch,
act

we have Heis, Heeze,

Heys,
are

Heisie,

"The

of lifting

Aid,

furtherance,"

Heys and How, " A Sea

cheer."

The

preceding terms to these

Hek

for

Hack, corresponding with our English word Hack,

to

and Hekk//, a Hack//>2^, where we are brought, according

hypothesis, to the original idea of Stirriyig up a Surface.

my

We
the

can but note the explanatory word Aid, and remember

parallel

term Ease;

and we may then ask, whether these

to the

words likewise should not be referred

'

same

idea of
I

'

Raising

up. Stirring

up or

oft,

so as to remove incumbrances.'

have given

a different notion respecting the original turn of meaning,

to these

annexed

words, which

is
I

extremely probable;
perceive the sense

yet

must again

and again repeat, that

prevalent, as
talk of
I

of Excitement

more

advance

in

the consideration of Language.

his

We

'Eas/w^ a person of
off or

burden;
is

'

and,

I
'

think,

we

perceive,

that the general idea of the term

that of

Lifting up or off

it

'Taking
" hold up

away any incumbrance;' or

in other words, that

coincides with the idea annexed to the Latin Levo,

"

To

lift

or
to
it.

To Ease
is

one of a thing, to lighten, to disburden,

" Alleviate, to deliver, or rid, out of," as R. Ainsworth explains

The term
'

applied to Relief from a burden

when we
;

talk of

an

"EASEinent, "

Privy, or house

of office,"

says N. Bailey, and

House /"Ease;'

and

in the

Law
a

term Easew<?/

which the

same authentic Lexicographer explains by "

" iieighbour has
of another,
as

service,

which one

way through

his

Ground,
" a Sink,"

840

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
Sink," &c. In the sense of a Privy and Sink,
is

"a
*

we seem

to

perceive the idea of something which

the burden of

to

'

Carry off or Take off

Dirt^ Filth,' where we come still nearer to the In a former page (234,) I- prooriginal meaning of the word. duced two quotations^ for the word Ease, which brought us to the Spot, from whence it was derived and it is curious to
;

observe,

how words

attach themselves to

their original source.

The
to
I

Saxon-

in the

Eath, Facilis, seems to revert compound EATUmed or EATumod,

to the
it

same

spot,

when
Mood.

signifies

"Humilis,"

which our name Edtnede belongs.

shall

The Med

signifies

shew, that the explanatory term Rid belongs to Rout for

;

the

same reason

and that the genuine idea of the word appears,

when we

talk of ^Ridding iiway Rubbish.'

The

Latin Ocior,Ocium,

or Orior, Oriiim, &c., the French Aise, &;c. belong to

Ease

and

perhaps the Reader will be more inclined to

my

idea,

when he

remembers, that
to the
I

this origin gives us the

same fundamental sense

same form Oc
have justly, as from whence

in Ocior, &c.
I

and Occo.
232,) which belong to each
(p.
is

imagine, on a former occasion

Sec.

collected the

words denoting Ease,

it

other;

will appear, that the original idea

not

manifest in the ordinary use of this race of words, but that they

commonly
fixed

relate to the sense of Quiet

Still

and Repose, as
I

in a certain

Spot or Base.
is

however
exists

think,

that the

primitive

notion

that of Excitement, whatever

-,

may

be the precise process,

by which the secondary sense

words, attached to this race,

though perhaps some of the

considered as derived wholly

may be
must

from that secondary sense.

leave

however the adepts

in

each

Language

to arrange the peculiar

I

mode, by which one sense has

passed into another.

Persian term for
to the Arabic
Qiiiet,

have before observed (p. 235,) that the Asa L^I " Pacifying, Soothing," is adjacent

y^l Uss,
has
the

"A

Foundation, basis;"

yet the

same
as

Arabic

term

sense of Excitement

when qwI

Ess,

Mr.

THE
" sheep by crying
a preceding article,
*'

EARTH.
it,

847

Mr. Richardson then represents

Is,
is

means " Driving or checking Is;" and a term, under the same form in
Us,

the Arabic " ^^1 As, (or Is,)

in

Drivhig of Sheep.

word used sound which frightens and renders

" Serpents submissive."

a word under the

In the article before this

we have

still

same form, the Persian qwI As, which means,

Pointed
is
;

among
" (like

other things, "Hairy, bearded (like ears of corn.)

fish

bones)

"

where we have the idea of what

;

Acute,

or has a sharp point or Edge, &c.

"

slap,

box on the

ear,"

and likewise " Us, a blow, where we have the strong sense of .rthe Persian

citement or Violent action.

tX^jJI

The preceding article is AziNE, which means " i. A Hammer, mallet

2.

or beetle of

" wood or iron.

**

small

file.

3.

beating, stamping, pulsa-

tion, pulse."

Here we are brought

(aIivyj.)

to the sense

and form of

the

Greek Axine,

In the preceding

column of Mr. Richard-

son's Dictionary

we

find dv^J' hzire,

"

"hammer," and
I

the

Arabic Az=:Iz,

A mattock, beetle, smith's "A thunderine;, crashingwe

see, as

"creaking, rumbling, harsh or dreadful noise;" where

imagine, the genuine sense of the Element, as denoting Excitetoo, that

it

ment of action, &c., and we find

the terms denoting

is

here doubled, in

order to express this idea of Excitement more strongly.

Among
I

what

is

Laid Ouiet Composed,

i^qualis,
I
la-ou,

&:c.

have

produced the Greek

to

Isos, Isoo, (itroj,

i^quo,)" relating

what

is

Plane, Level, Smooth, &c. which

conceive to be taken

as the Latin JEqui and JE(^iio arc, from the idea of an action of

Violence, in Levelling the surface of the Ground, by

'

'

Throwing

or

Casting

down

off away, any incumbrance from

term Level, which
'

its surface,'

&c.

We

see, that the

is

derived from the idea of

Stirring or Raising up,

a Levando,'

though

it

sense what

is

Smooth
as

Cahn

denotes in one

in opposition to a state of Excitement

and

Violence,

"

A Man

of a Level temper," expresses under

idea of

another sense the strongest

formidable

Jlolence,
*

'

To

Level

8 is
'

^K.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S/r,X,Z.
it

Level zW before

The Levelling
have produced

Principle,' &c. &c., as

have

before observed.

in a

former page (228,) various

words, wliich in their ordinary use relate simply to the idea of the
Base, as the Bottom and the Top, as Ach, (Welsh,) a
(Gal.)
]

Stem

Ac,

Son; Uios,

(T<o?,

Filius,)

UAs,(Gal,) Upon, &c.

adjust,

and

must leave the Celtic Scholars to

annexed
to

whether the original

Risitig up,
if

idea

some of
I

these words,

was not that of

as from a Base.

must leave them likewise to

decide,

such

should be the primary idea of some words belonging to this class,

whether other terms were not solely derived from the secondary
notion.
process,
idea.

The secondary notion, existing in such words by this may then be considered as their original and genuine

These however are minute points of dicussion, which on many occasions we shall never be able to arrange with accuracy and
precision.
quiries

must be contented therefore to contract our enwithin those limits, in" which intelligible facts may be

We

discovered and detailed.

We

shall oftentimes be

enabled to trace
the general

and to

ascertain, with sufficient clearness

and

fidelity,
all

affinity existing in a race of

words; though
if

our diligence and

to

acuteness might be in vain exhausted,

we should attempt

adjust and describe those peculiar relations, by which the various

terms of this kindred series are connected with each other.

Etymologist, as well as
the

The
best

Philosopher,

will

sometimes

perform his duty, when he stops short

in the career of his research;

and bounds his enquiries within that sphere, which is destined the exercise of Human knowledge in the discovery of truth.

for

Terms

THE EARTH.

849

Terms denoting
of Excitement

Fire

Air

and

Water, derived from the idea

Heat, Hot, Heiss, Aitho, (Eng. Germ. Gr.)

Ign/V,

&,c.

Agitation, &c.
and Air.

Agnee, Ogein, &c. Esh, Yog, Atish, &c. &c. (Lat.

Hindoo, Sclavon. Heb. Gips.
Pers. &c.) Fire.

Terms

for Fire

JEsTus. (Lat.)

Any

species

of

AiTHER

^THER,

AtHAR, &C.

Agitation, Commotion,

&c.,

(Gr. Lat. Irish, &c.) Air.

Heat,

the

swelling

of

the

waves of the Sea, &c.

himos, Ajmosphere, &c. (Gr. Eng. &c.) Air, Wind.

vV E may
Fire

and Water, would be derived from the idea of Agitation and Commotion ; and such, I conceive, is the origin of the terms
j^ir

well imagine, that the words denoting the Elements of

which belong to our Radical ^C, denoting these Elements.

have seen the terms
Hete,
(Aido),)

We
Aitho,

Heat and Hot,

Heiss,

with their parallel words

Hitte, (Belg.)

Haste,

&c. (Sax.)

(Germ.)

&c. &c., which are produced by the Etymologists.

The

Latin JEstus supplies us with the senses of Fire and Water, as

connected
application

with Jgitation,
of these
ideas.

and likewise with the

metaphorical
explained

The term IEstus

the

is

by

R. Ainsworth in " scorching Heat;

" furnace; " tion,

the following manner; " Properly,

Any

burning,

Hot

weather;
of a

Hot
(2.)
it

steam of an oven or

the burning

fever.

Any

boisterous

moor

as the boiling of the Sea,

when

ebbs and flows,

;

" rises in

surges

and waves

the tide or eddy

signification
is

a torrent or

" stream.

The

metaphorical

taken sometimes
" from

5 P

850
"from

^R.
the

R/.-C, D, G, J, K,Q, S,T, X,

as
Ulceris
latter;

Z.

former;

^stus,
as

Cic.

An

inflammation:
i.

" Sometimes from the

" fluctuationem,

Explica

^stum meum,
distemper of

e.

my

doubt.

Plin.

Met.

Any

the

" mind, and the sway of unruly passions; as (3.) Anger, " (4.) Love, (5.) Ambition." I have produced the whole of this
explanation, that the Reader

may be

thoroughly aware to what

a variety of purposes the idea of Jjgitation

that he

may
all

be applied

and

may

not

wonder

to see a

Race of words, impregnated with

these various notions,

when he

finds

them

comprehended under
Fire,

the same term.

Among the words relating to

we have
to

which belong
:

to our Radical '^C, &c.,

reckon the following

Latin

^^ Esh,
Sclavonic

(Heb.)

KntTN*

EsHTA, (Chald.)

the

loms,

the

Ogein, the Croatian Ogayn, the Dalmatian Ogany, the Polish Ogien, the Bohemian Ohen, the Lusatian Wogen, the Turkish Oth, the Irish Idh, the Gipsey Yog, the Hindoo Agnee, the
Persian kzer,jCi\ and ^J^\ Atish, or Autash, &c. &c. &c. Lhuyd has collected the terms, from the Sclavonic Ogein, to
In the terms which the Irish Idh, under Ignis, in his Appendix. have the n after the G, as in lonis, we perceive an organic addition of the n to the

observe, and of

G, which we have had perpetual occasion to which we have seen a variety of examples in a

great race of words, under the form '^NG, or '^GG, though in these cases the organical n precedes the "G, ^C, &c., as Agcho, or

Ancho, (Ay^w, Strangulo, kyxo^cch Angor,) &c. &c.

In Agchone,

Anchone,

(A^^oi'ij,

SufFocatio,)
I

we have

the

organical n

both

before and after the C, &c.

have shewn, that from hence have

arisen the Persian Eng=Iz, jA-Jul

"Exciting. A Coal;" c:^>i^(

Enk

Isht,

"A

Coal;"

Eng=Usht,

"A

Finger,"

i.e.

the

Scratcher,

where we have both forms '^NG, and "Z,

Autash,

Eng-Iz, Kindling Fire. Fuel, Coal, &c. the Scotch lnole, Fire, and the Greek ANT/ir=Ax, (Ai/%a|, Carbo,) where we have likewise both forms ^NT and '^X. The Latin Ignw has been derived

from

THE
from
Ingenis,

EARTH.
hoc
est, Gigtiitur,"

851

"quia ex eo

nihil Gefiitur,

from

Auym^i " quia perpetuo generator alius ex alio." Some however have referred us to the Greek Auge, (Au^ij,) as a parallel term, which is a very probable conjecture; though
Nascor and
I

have supposed on a former occasion, that Auge,

(Auy??,)

belongs

to the Eye, Eage, (Sax.) &c. under

somewhat of a

different turn

of meaning, though with the same fundamental idea.

Martiiiius

reminds

us,

under Ign?V, of the Greek

is

lGNM^,(l>'i'ua, 4'tJ%7,)the

Mind,

Soul,&c., which
as
I
I

derived from the

same notion of Excitement,

have already shewn, with respect to the Saxon Hige, Mens.

have before produced the Tuscan terms Akse Verse, Averte

;

Ignem
Fire,

where we have two words brought together, which conthe

idea. in

vey fundamentally
of t'=ERTo, which

same and Arse, Averte; where

I

The term z;=Erse denotes Arse we have the simpler form

In Norfolk, &c. Earth/;?^

have sliewn to be derived from the idea of

'EAKTiiing, or Stirring up the

Earth.

means Ploughing. In the Greek Aitho, and Aithm^^o,

Fulgeo,
Ai9u(ra-u,

(A(5w,

Uro,

Accendo,

Splendeo, Suscito, Moveo, Quatio, Jacio, Extendo,

Prorumpo,')

we

see directly the idea of Excitement

Agitation, &c.
sometimes ex-

In the same page of

the Air

my Greek
1

Vocabulary

find terms relating to

Breath,

which

imagine

to be originally taken
is

from the

same
(Ai9^ct,

idea,

though the gentler state of the Air

pressed by these terms, as Aitho, {AiSu, Respiro, Expiro,)

Aeris Serenitas, Suda tempestas,)

Anara,
in

Aimer,
&c.
In

(Ai9tj^,)

to which,

we know,
modern
fully.

belongs

the Latin

^Ether, with the derivatives

Arnreo,

Languages,

Ether,

Ethereal,

{^Ad^eu,

Conturbo tempestate,

procella,)

we

see the idea of Agitation

more
word

In the preceding leaf of

my

Vocabulary,

find a

under the same form, Ath/to,

is

(A^^ew,

Video, cerno, intueor,) wiiich

derived from the idea of Stirring up

Dirt, just as Scrutor, belonging

or Routing into any thing,

to Scrula, conveys
tiie

as

same
sense.

852
sense.

^R. R.

'

.- C,D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.
(aS^oo?,

The term Athroos,

(aS^oo?,)

Confertus,) seems to belong to

is

Athr^o,
in

under the idea of what

Stirred up or together,

a heap.

In these words, under the form '^TR, a difficulty

occurs, whether they

If

may

not be attached to the Element

first

TR.

they should, the vowel breathing preceding the be organical or intensive,

or the

consonant

may

Elementary

form

may

be a compound of the '^T and

TR.
belongs

All the terms

to

under the

form '^TR, above produced, seem related

the

each other; and surely

AiTH

in

AixH^r,

{AtSr;^,)

to the

Aith

in

Aitho,
for the

[Atdu.)

In other

Languages we have the same form "^TR

Air, Sky, &c., as in the Irish

Athar Aedhar,
;

and the Arabic

Asir.

In the same column of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary with the

I

former word,

find

Atha, Arnach, Waves

where

unequivocally see our Radical '^T, &c. denoting

Atha we The Agitation.

in

Arabic J\ Asir means " The Sky, jEther," says Mr. Richardson,

who
**

gives us as the

first

sense of the word, ''Signing, impressed,

stamped, imprinted on the Ground, (a footstep,)" where

we

are

brought to the spot supposed in

terms in Arabic, &c., where

my

hypothesis.

must observe

however, that this sense of the word brings us to various other

we seem

to

have the form TR,

SR, &c.

Among
AiTHOw,

the senses belonging to Aitho, (AiGu,) &c. and

is

its

kindred terms,

that of

'

Black

a colour produced by Burning,' as

rutilus.)

{AtGocv,

ardens,

Niger seu

Hence Aimiops,

(AiQio^j) is the

person with the Sun-Burnt complexion.

this,

An

adja-

cent word to
for the

Anauia,

{AiQvicc,)

denotes " Mergus, Fulica,"

same reason, that Fulica belongs to Fuligo. The Greek Aazo, (A^w, Calidum halitum efflo, exhalo, Au^u, I.tedo, Violo,) under two difierent ideas. Disturba?ice relates to Agitation

The AucH

in

AucHmo5,

(Avxi^og,

Siccitas

ex Mstu vehementi,)
to
this

conveys the same idea of Heat,

An
(Auw,

adjacent term
Sicco,

in

my

Greek Vocabulary

is

Auo,

Arefacio, Accendo,
Avu,

THE
belong to
quaai
this

EARTH.
Heat and Noise;
its

853
which may
'^V,

kvu, Clamo,) relating at once to

race of words, and have

it

Radical form in the

"^B,

future Auso, (Avo-w,) unless

is

attached to the Element

In the same column I see likewise Auch^o, {Axjx'^u, Avo. Glorior,) AucH^n, (Au^^r"! Cervix,) which must be referred to the same train of ideas of being Stirred up Raised up Swelling up

High.

Among the terms of Jgitation Stirring up, we must class

Wind;
as

the following words, relating to the

Flatus, &c.)
(AuTftr,

Asinma,

(A(rdi/.K,

Armos,

(Ath*o?,

Flatus, &c.)

ATmosphere, Auime,
(Autij,

Halitus,) &c.

Under the form Aux we have Aute,

word we see the true form ^T.

Clamor,) the term for Noise, which the Lexicographers derive from
A{ju,

Clamo
for

and

in this

In the

term

burning, Ard^o,

we have
''S.

the form "^RD;

in

Uro, the

form

''R;

and

in

Uss/, that of

The

terms Ardeo, Ardor,

modern Languages, present to us fully the Assus might belong to these words deaction of Excitement.
with their
()arallels in

noting Fire, under the sense of Jgitation; yet

ferent idea to
it

have given a difit

in another place,

from the Scratched

Corrugated Parched
is

and supposed

to be derived

or Scorched up

form,

produced by the action of Roasting.

This distinction however

perhaps too minute, as

we cannot

well separate the kindred ideas of the Scratched and the Agitated
surface

from each other.

Thus we
and
see,

see,
in

ultimately belong to each other;

to the

how Ardeo and Aridus Adidas, A^eo, we come

In Aza, (a^,

form ^R; and we

how

these words directly bring us

to the

Ground and

its

Grit, Ar^^,

and Aviena.

Fuligo, sordes

ex ignis

flammis

adhsrentes,)
;

simply the idea of Dirt, as in the term Ash^^

ceive likewise,

we seem to see and yet we per-

Burning.
Sicco,

these words are connected with the action of In Azo, Azaino, Azaleos, {k'^oi, Sicco, arefacio, A^uim,

how

aH^uXios,

Aridus,)

we

see the idea of a Dry, Gritty state, or

of

Dry

Dirt.

Under the

same form

with

Azo,

(A^w,

Sicco,)
relating,

854
relating, as
colo,)

^R.
I

R.V-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
we have
Azo, {A^a, Veneror,
that these words,

imagine, to Grit, Dirt,

To

Venerate; and
in

we now understand,
sense,
directly

remote as they seem

belong to each other.

The

two-fold meaning of the explanatory word Colo,

To

Cultivate

the Ground, and

To

Venerate, will shew us the relation of the

two senses of Azo,

*

(A^w,)

To

Stir

up the

Grit, or Dirt,

and 'To

be in a Gritty state;'

and

this is precisely the

relation

which
ERen,

Aro, (Lat.) bears

Ercti,

to A-Reo.

Terram

colerc;

Wachter has seen, Ear, (Eng.) &c. 8cc.

to

that the

German

&c.,
to

and

Honorare, Venerari,

belong

each
is

other,

and

Aro, &c.
Azaleos,

In Azoleo, (A^wXew, Irascor,) the

other words
(A^aXEOf.)
;

Az

surely significant, as in the

as

and here

In Azoleo,

we have [K^uKbu,) we
'

the same form

see unequivocally the idea of

is

Excitement;

and perhaps the Zol

significant likewise, as in

Zeloo, (ZeXow, iEmulor, Sector,)

I shall

To

be Zealous or Jealous,' which

shew

to belong to the idea of S'tirring

up the Solum,

as in

Skallo, {%)cocXku, Fodio, sarculo circumcirca sarrio, findo;

Scrutor.)
the

We

perceive,

how

these Greek words approach to each other, in

their senses o^ Sector and Scrutor;

Zelos,(Xci[^ui{^fiXog,

and

in the

compound Chamai-

Humilis, Humilia TEmulans,)

is

we

see, that

sense of Zeal, which

(as

precisely that of
its

Grubbing

into

any thing,
find

we

express

it,) is

brought to

original spot.

In the same
I

column of

my Greek

Vocabulary, in which Azo,

&cc.)

(A^<w,) is,

Azo/, (A^oi, Servi,

Servas,

which

may

either belong to the

race of words denoting Youth, produced on a former occasion;

it

or

may be
*

directly attached to Azo, (A^w, Veneror, Colo,) as de'

noting either the persons,

persons,
qui Colunt terram.'

qui Colunt magistros

suos,'

or the

We

cannot decide on these points

without knowing the precise idea annexed to the word. In AisTHO,

(A/o-flw,

Exspiro,)
(Aio-Sw,

we have

the

same

sense, as in

AiTHO, (A(M; but AiSTHO,

Audio,) in the sense of Aud/o,

(Ai<r6uvo[^ai,

brings us to AisTVLanornai, AisTuesomai,

Sentio, proprie

sensu

THE

EARTH.
we
;

855
see the idea of

sensu corporis, Audio, Mente percipio,) where

Excitement, either in Bodily or Mental perception

and

this

is

another proof of the truth of

my

hypothesis, with respect to the

origin of the race of words produced in a former page (787,) as

Aud/o,

&:c.
I

In the

same and the succeeding column of

Aisalon, {ki(raXm,
/^salo,

my Greek
Accipitris
(Aia-ti^ou,
{Aio-TTjp,

Vocabulary,
Parca;

find Ais, AiD-05, (A/?, A^fJo?, Orcus, Pluto,) Aisa, (A/o-a,

Fatum,
titio,)

Insania,)
(A/o-uXof,

genus,) Aism/o5,

Iniquus, nefarius, &c.)

Aisimoo,
Aisxer,

Consumo,) Aisumnao,
Torris, Aisros,
incertus, qui,
potest,)
(A/o-o-w,

(Ata-vfj-vau,

Rego, Impero,)

(Aia-rog,

De quo

nihil sciri potest, obscurus,

est,

quod de medio sublatus

{aio-tou,

ideo conspici
aboleo,)

nusquam
Aisso,
robustus,)

AisToo,

Memoriam
{Aio-veTTi^,

alicujus

Ruo,)

Aisueter,

Adolescens

valde

Aischos, [Aktxo?, Turpitudo.)

where the Ais

in

in all these

words has

probably the same fundamental idea of Excitement

less

with

more or

of an Intensive signification

The man

Madness Consuming or Destroying Uprooting the memory,

senses of Fate

an action of Violence, &c. Death The Hawk The bold had

&:c.,

convev

this idea in the strongest

{Aia-Toq, Aia-TocAj,)

manner. The terms

Is

Ais^o^,

and Ais^oo, and

have been derived from the privative

particle,

Isemi,

{la-ifii,

Scio,)

where the

has

still

the

same

idea as in the
Scio,)

other terms for Perception.

In the Ep-lsiamai,

{ETna-Tcxf,,^,

can hardly discern, whether the sense of Diligence and Knowledge inclines most to the metaphor of Excitement or Stability;
that
'

we

is,

whether
'

it

signifies
rei.'

'

Erectus

sum ad aliquam rem

'

facien-

dam,' or

Listo alicui
'

In the English

Vnder-Sta/id;' and

the

German

Wer-Stehen,'

we have
Stability.

the metaphor annexed to the

Action of Standing, as with

Terms

856

R. R.

\-C, D,

G, J, K, Q,

S, T,

X, Z.

Terms denoting
Agitation, &c.

PFater, derived

Eng.) Wet;
a river.

the current of

from the idea of Exciteme?it,

Ogen, Okeano5, OcEAmcs, &c.

Greek, Latin, &c.) The

Ocean.
JEsTvs. (Lat.) Water in a state
of Agitation.
IcHTHz^^, Iasg, /=Ish, &c. (Gr.

AguA, UisGE, Easc, &c. &c.

(Lat. Irish, &c.) Water.

Eng. &c.) Belonging Aqua, &c.

Ir.

to the

zy-AsH, w/i-Et, Udw5,

w-Ater,
Lat.

Asc, Esc, Isc, &c. &c. (Celt.)

Udor, &c. &c. (Eng.

Eng. Gr. &c.)
Ooze. (Eng.)

The names

of Rivers.
(Sax. and Lat.)

Egor ^guoR. The Sea.

Ugro5,

Osiers, &c. (Eng.) Belonging

&c.
(Greek,
to the Ooze.
ir^^#s^^^^W

Eager,

We

shall agree, that the

name

iov

Water would be likewise natu-

rally derived

from the idea of Commotion

Agitation, &c.
in

Among

the terms, attached to our Element, which denote Water, or the

objects

and accidents belonging

to

it,

we may

class the following

words:

Aqua,

(Lat.) with

its

parallels

modern Languages,
Asc,

AcQUA,
Esc,

(Ital.) &c.,

UisGE, OicHE, Easc, Eascong, (Irish,)

Isc,

Osc, Use, &c. (Celt.)

names of Rivers;

Okean-05,

(Xlxeavoj,)

Ogen,

{Oyriv, SiKiuvoq,

Hesych.)

AiGEiN, EiGioN, (Irish

or

and Welsh,)the Ocean;

the current of a River;

\]GVios,{ry^og,)

Hyger,

Eager, (Eng.)

Egor, (Sax.) ^quor, (Lat.) the Sea

IcHTm^5,

{ix^vi;,)

Iasg, (Irish,) Fish, the inhabitant of the

Water

Yth,

(Sax.)

Unda;

Ooze, (Eng.)

iEsxz/j, (Lat.)

Eddy, v=Est Udor,

THE
Udor,
(Scl.

EARTH.
Ouod^, (Russ.)

857
w-Ato,
i;=Oda,

(Tdw^,)

z/=Ater

w=AssER, (Germ.) w=Ater;

Vd-us, (Lat.)
Pol.)

(Goth.) w=AsH,

w=Et

and Dal.)

w^Oda, (Boh. and

v=hz, (Hungar.) JVhey

'

or w/i=lG,(Eng. Serum,) hw=JEG, wh=lsGY, (Sax. Eng.) &c. &c.

I

shall produce

my

remarks on these words in the order, which

for

conceive most

expedient

the illustration

of

the

subject.

The

Etymologists,

among

other conjectures, derive

sen

Aqua from

Ayu, " quod in perpetuo y^ctu,

motu
sit

sit,

vel

quod Agatiir

" (unde Kyuyoi ^uxl Hesych.) vel quod

" etiam est bibo,"
to a kindred

potabilis.

Nam

Ayco

The Etymologists

word; and thus

we see, brought us Ago and AgUA are only different

have,
is

forms of each other, and alike relate to AGitation or Commotion.

From

the Irish Uisge, denoting Water,

Life,

derived

Usque Baugh,
Uisge

'The Waterof
Beatha by

Aqua

Vitce,

Brandy.' Mr.

Shaw

interprets

"Aqua

Fita, Whisky.'"

Let us note the word k;/i=Isky,

which

is

nothing but Uisge, The Water, by water of distinction.

is

In Irish, Beatha
BioTog,)

Life

which belongs to Bios, Biot-os,

[Biog,

and Fita; so

that Usque
Fitce.

Baugh, or Uisge Beatha, precisely

The term Eager, denoting the current of a River, bears the same form and sense as Eager, Acer, (Lat.) the adjective. In the Poems attributed to Rowley we have Hyger, and Hygra.
corresponds with

Aqua

" As Severnes
" As when the

Hyger

lyghethc banckes of sonde."

of the Severne roars."

{MUa,

i.

626.);

Hygra

{Battle of Hastings,

P.H.

691.)

The Saxon Egor,

signifying in Latin /Equor, as

Lye explains

it,

occurs in the succeeding column of Lye's Saxon Dictionary, to

lEoean, Occare, and Egg/a^z, Excitare
it
;

to

which unquestionably

belongs.

We

shall

hence understand the original idea annexed

to the Latin

tEquor, which surely belongs to these terms of Excitement, though it appears to relate only to the notion of a Plain
Surface.

Nothing

is

so

difficult,

as

to

discover the primitive

sense,

9.

858
sense,

^R. R. \-.C,

D, G, J, K, Q, S/r,X, Z.
however may be
to

when two
This

ideas,

belonging to the same spot, alike apply to

unravelled
thus.

the

word.

difficulty

We

cannot doubt, that the Latin /I^quor belongs to the Saxon

;

Egor
I

and that Egor has nothing

do with the idea of the

Plain surface, but with that of Excitement.

have supposed, and justly too, that ^.quo belongs to the

its

Surface of the Ground; and that

sense,
**

true

meaning appears

in the
flat

which R. Ainsworth gives

it,

of

"To

Equal, or lay
as
I

and level."

The

original turn of

meaning however,
'

have

suggested on another occasion, would have been more accurately

represented,
'

if it

had been explained by

as
to lay

To Rout
flat

tip

a surface,

To

up-Root any thing, so

it

with the Ground;'

see,

and hence to be Level

Equal or Level Equal in general.

Thus we

that

^quo

and ^/QUor were alike derived from

the

the idea of Excitement, and connected with the action of Routing

up the Ground
idea of a Plain

though the Latins oftentimes annexed

Surface, because
to

to

it

Level
is

tEquo took

this

turn of

meaning.

It

curious

observe,

how words

still

recur, or

rather adhere, to the source from which they are taken, though by

a secondary process,

from the
sense;
idea;

^quor, the Sea, I Ground; and we find accordingly,

suppose to be taken
that
it

reverts to this

and R. Ainsworth considers it to be the more original " ^Equor, Any plain, or level superficies, and by a synec.
Earth.
(2.)

" (1.) The

observe,

The

Sea."

It

is

curious

likewise

to

how terms

pass into meanings directly opposite to that,

from which they were taken.

bears a similar meaning.

Thus Mquabilis
as

Mquable, express
;

a sense precisely opposite to the notion of Exciteme7it

and Level
applied to

Yet Level,

we know,

is

the most violent action of Routing up, so as to

Lay Low or Level

with the Ground, as 'The Levelling Principle

and
*

is

derived moreover from the idea of

'

Lifting up

Levandi,' as

The Levellers;' Stirring Raising up or

ICHTHM5,

have before suggested.

THE
IcHTHus,
AQ^ita,

EARTH.
is

859
and the English Fish
I

{ix^ugt Piscis,)

the Fish,

the animal living in the

&c. or Water.

The Latin

Piscis

belong,

we

see,

to each other;

and they should,

{Ix^u;.)

imagine, be
in p-lsc\s
if I

referred to the

Greek Ichthm5,
before
the

The p and/,
labial

and f-lsH, should only be considered as a

breathing,

may

so express
refer

it,

''C,

-^S,

&c.

The Etymologists
in

properly

us

to the parallel

terms for Fish

;

other Lan-

guages, where we have the form PS, FS as the Gothic Fisks, the Saxon Fisc, the German Fisch, the Belgic Fisch, the Runic and

Danish Fisk, the Islandic

from the Latin
as quasi
Pascis,

Fiskiir,

the French Poisson, the Italian

all

Pesce, the Spanish Pescado,

and the Welsh Pysg;

which they

derive
Piscis,

Piscis.

Various origins are produced of

Peciis

quia Pascit homines

the
Celtic

Pio,

(n<w,)

&c.

&c. &c.

Lhuyd produces

terms for

Piscis,

as

Pysg, Pysgodyn, (\Ye\sh,)~Pysg, plur. Pyzgaz, (Cornish,)

(Armoric,) and lasg, (Irish.)
In the Irish Iasg, or Iasc, as

Pesk,
it is

sometimes written, we have the form of the Greek Ichth?/^,

(ix^u;.)

Our

familiar

name

Fisher,

we know, belongs
is

to Fish,
I

and so does

Fisk, &c.

In Sanscrit, Matse

a Fish; and

imagine, that the

inm-AxsE represents the other Labials /> and /in Piscis and Fish. The first incarnation of Veeshnu is called the " Matse, Avater." Let us mark the term Veeshno, who is sometimes represented under the name Bisher, the God of the Sea; where we cannot help observing, that the Poseidon, {Uocni^cov,) or Posdon of the Greeks,
only another form of the Sanscrit terms, and that the !?=Eesh, />=Os, in these words belongs to the race of words denoting IValer.
is

We
MT,
I

shall find

a great

race of words
is

under the form BS, PS, Whet, &c.,

all

&c. &c., denoting Water, what

derived, as

imagine, from the

&:c.

w/i-Et,
In
is

w-Ater, how these labial consonants have arisen. Saxon, Yth, as we have seen, is " Unda, fluctus," which
'^S.

form

We

see in the

of

adjacent to Ysx, " Procella, turbo, tempestas."

In

tlie

same
page

860

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
I

page with Yst, in Lye's Dictionary, YRsian, " Irasci, fremere;" which

find

Yrth, Earth, and

belongs to
the

certainly

Earth

or Dirt, Excited or Stirred up by the Harrow, or Herse,

I

&c. &c.

have supposed on a former occasion, that Hithe,

vessels,

from the Saxon Hyih, in the sense of a Station for

as

Queens Hithe,
our Element
'^T,

Spot, adjacent to

LambETK, belongs to It may mean the &c. denoting An Enclosure. In the following passage the Yth, or Water.
corrupte,

Lamb-HnuE,

the Saxon terms Hyth, Tst, and Tth, which I have here exhibited, are introduced, " Sio an Hyth byth simle smyltu sefter eallum

" tham YsTUM and tham Ythum urra geswinca. Hie unicus " Partus est semper serenus post omnes turbines et omnes tern" pestates nostrorum laborum."
is

must add

likewise, that

Hyth

sometimes used for Tth, Unda, fluctus, as Lye observes under I have produced in another place the terms adjacent to Hyth.

Hyth, denoting Commotion Agitation, &c., as HYTHiaw, Grassari, On the whole, we shall be disposed, I think, to imagine, Vastare. that Hyth, the port, is derived from Yth, the Water. Let us now turn our eyes to the Celtic Dialects, where the name for Water appears most conspicuous, as belonging to the Shaw explains Uisg, or Uisge, by "Water, Radical ^C, &c. ' a River; " and we may accordingly expect to find our Radical
"^C
'^S,

'^G, &c.,

used for Rivers, and for the names of Places

I shall

near Water or Rivers.

tion of the as the fact

not attempt to

make an enumerato our Radical,

names of Rivers and Places belonging

is

universally acknowledged, though our Antiquarians

this fact

have not been aware of the extent, to which

applied.

may be

We

may

well imagine, that the Critics in Greek and

Latin literature have been almost or totally unconscious of the application of this Radical for Water in the names of Places,

which are the objects of

tions of

their enquiry.

The following

observa-

Lhuyd and Baxter

will be sufficient to explain this fact,

as

THE
as
it

EARTH.

861

more particularly belongs to our own country, and may give us a glympse of its importance in investigating the names of " As for the names of Rivers," says Places in other regions,
Lhuyd, "we often
find, that

when

a Country

is

new

peopled, the

" new-commers take the appellatives of the old Inhabitants for " proper names. And hence it is, that our ancestors at their " first coming (whenever that was) called so many Rivers in " England by the names of Asc, Esc, Isc, Osc, and Use, which the " English afterwards partly retained (especially in the North)

Ax, as Axley, Axholm ; Ex, whence " Ex7}wuth, Exeter; Ox, whence Oxford for OusKford; and Ux, " as in Uxbridge, &c. This, I say, proceeded from our ignopartly

" and

varied

into

" ranee of the Language

of our Predecessors, the

GiJydhelian

" Britains, amongst whom the word signified nothing but Water, " as it doth yet in the Highlands, and in Ireland." (^Appendix to
Baxter's Glossarium.)

He

then illustrates
is

the

same idea with

respect to the Avon, which

the appellative term for a river.

We

may

observe, that this circumstance not only takes place with

respect to new-comers, but

wise,

among

the ancient Inhabitants like-

when these terms change their forms. Through the wTiole compass of Language,
as
in

the proper

names
of

of Rivers are perpetually taken from the general appellative names,

with some differences in form;

the .ordinary process

idea, has

Languages, the same Radical, containing a certain

plied

sup-

under various forms various turns of meaning, belonging to

original

that

notion.

Sometimes
;

the fact has

been sufficiently
it

palpable to excite the notice of the Enquirers, and sometimes

has been totally obscured

because the observers were destitute of

in

the clue, which has been afforded by the principle unfolded

these discussions.
If in the

present instance, for example, Lhuyd,

Isc,

instead of talking about Jsc, Esc,

Osc, Use, Av,

had adopted

the phraseology of

my

hypothesis, and had told us, that the

names
of

862
cognate

^R. R. \---C,

D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z.
its

of Rivers perpetually appeared under the Radical ^S, "C, and

letters,

without any regard to the vowels

the

fact,

which

he really means, and which he would have been ready to grant;

we

at once see,

subject,

how this hypothesis would have generalised the and how the eyes of the observer would have been
fact,

opened, with respect to the extent of the

of illustrating.

which he

is
:

desirous

Baxter makes the following observation

atque haec veterum Brigantum etiam Pannoniis sive Boiis Uiis.

" Isca,

" hoc est Aqua;

sermone Uisc
Uisc proprio
Jquct.

"

erat, et hodiernis

" positum intellectu, Tractus quidam est sive

Agmen

Certe

" verbum Uisco sive Guisco Ostidamniis est Adigere, et Britannis

*'

nostris

Induere.

Erant

\scje,

in

Britannia

pene

innumerae.

"

Apud

Belgas etiam flumen Esch vel Asch

est,

quod pro Isca

" venit. Quin et flumen Axona, quod in Beigica Secunda est " ^modo dictum Aisjie^ dici videtur tanquam Asc Avon vel Asc

"

aiin,

quod Tractus
p. 14,0.)

est Amnis."

{Glossarium Antiqiiitatum Bri-

tannicarum,

Unquestionable

as

the

derivation
still

of

Oxford

is

from

Ok,

Water,

the

Isis,

and Ford;
is

however some have imagined,

for Oxen.'
(Boug,
It is

that Oxford or Oxenford that

'The Ford

curious,

Bosphorusy

from Bous and Poros,

for a reason

Uo^oi,)

means the

Passage of the Ox,

discover.

which no one has been able to

Various causes for this name, drawn from Mythology,

I

have been produced, which

shall not

attempt to record.
I

shall

only exhibit another derivation, which

must leave

to the judg-

ment of my Reader.

We

know, that the name of Bosphoriis was

given to a narrow strait of water, which

generally chosen as the place of passage.
that the Bos

we may imagine was

I

suppose therefore,

mBosphoros

is

a mistaken translation of the equivocal

is

Radical

'^X, &:c.,

which under various forms

used to denote

Isc,

Use, Ux, &c. &c. JVaier, and the animal called an Oxj
the mistake will be precisely of the

and thus
quarians

same

sort, as that

of the Anti-

THE
Sec.

EARTH.
The
Radical '^X, ^S,
Ochs, (Germ.) &c.

863
^K
'^,

quarians in their derivation of Oxford.

&c. supplies the

name

for the

animal Bos in the Teutonic and

the Celtic Dialects, as in Oxa, (Sax.)

(Celt.) produced on a former occasion,

Yx, Ag,

and which

suppose to be

derived from the same idea of Excitement, under the metaphor of

the animal, which Drives forward
Violence.

Pushes Butts
nxsavo?,)
iie

\vith Force

and

Bochart derives Ogen,

{P-yyiv,

and Oceano^,

(Xlxeai/o?,)

from the Hebrew

explains

jin

ChUG, which
by

represents by Og, and

Sac.
lib.
i.

by

Maris Ambitus.
SIksuvo^

(Geograph.
Avi^, Qa,'kKiT<ra,

c,

36.)

Hesychius explains
where, in
its

km

Trora^o?

VTre^fiByedyjg,

double sense oi Air and Water,

we
the

see the

common

idea of Agitation.

\Vc perceive moreover, that the sense of

OKtis, (iKvq, Celer,)
is

Ok
this

in Oceajios, {nuBavo?,)
is

same;

and

so evident, that

some

of the Etymologists have referred these

Celtic terms

words
cide,

to each other.
see,

we

Aigein and Eigion coinwith the simpler form Ogen, {Oyvjv) and we see in
;

The

the

term Ocean, from Ocean-os,

[iiKsavos,)

how by

a secondary

process

we

are brought back to the original state of the word.

Let us mark

the explanatory term

Thalassa, (0aAacr<ra,)

which

might be derived from Thai

If the ^S or

for Sal, Salt,

and ^S or Assa, Water.

it

Assa does not signify Water,

is

a Celtic addition
Sal,

from the construction of the Language

unquestionably
denotes
Salt.

to

Thai or
Galic

which
Irish

In

Mr. Shaw's

and

Dictionary, Sail and Saileas signifj' "

The 6a /^- Water,

the Sea."
it

The Greek
and
in the

Thalassa,

{QexXaa-a-cc,)

belongs directly, as

sliould

seem, to Saileas.

In these Dialects, Salann and

Saillte is

Salt;
in tiie

Welsh and Armoric we have Halen,Holen, where

Sal, Salt, means simply Solum,
Soil,

Hal, Hoi,

we

perceive the intermediate step between Sal and Als

or Dirt.

or Al, {AXs, AXof.)

The

adjacent words to Salann, Salt, in Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, are

rust,

Sal, Dross,

and

Salach,

Unclean

Salaigham,

To

Defile,
pollute.

864
pollute.
(OxXxo-a-x,)

^R.R.

\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
whole perhaps

On

the

we

shall imagine, as Thalassa,

seems

to

belong directly to Saileas, and that no part of

In the same opening of Mr. Richards' Dic'-the Ocean," occurs,

the word denotes Water, but that the term signifies only Salt, as in
the simpler form Sail.
tionary,

where the Welsh word Eigion,

we

Ehegvr, "Swift, speedy, quickly, forthwith." We have " likewise Egr, "Sour, sharp, tart, biting, Eager, poinant;
have

which belong
to
this
is

to Aigre, (Fr.)
;

Acer, (Lat.)

The

preceding term

Egop/,

To

Egr, An Acre open where we

;

and in the same column we have

plainly

perceive, from

what

idea the

sense of Opening

is

derived, and that

in

we

are brought to the spot

and the action supposed

graphers have justly

my

hypothesis.
us,

The Welsh

Lexico-

reminded
I

under Ecor, of the Greek

have before referred to the same idea. Again, we have in the same column Egni, " Force, or Endeavour " *' to do a thing. Vehement endeavour, an effort, strength, vigour;

OiGO, (O/yw,) which

where we unequivocally see likewise the

nexed to these words, which
I

idea of Excitement an-

have produced on another occasion.

Let us note
71

in

some of

these terms the organical addition of the

for Fire

to the

and thus the names

and Water have assumed

(pyviv,)

similar forms, as in Ign/^,

1 shall

Ogein, &c., and Ogen,

&c. &c.

now examine

those terms, denoting Water, which

may

afford us

some difficulty; as in many cases they appear remote from the more simple form exhibited by our Radical. These terms If we considered are Water and its parallels, Udor, (T(Lf,) &c.
only the Greek Udor, (T^u^,) and remembered, that the familiar Celtic

name
in

for

Water appears under the form DR, as Dwr, (Welsh,)

Dour, Dur, (Cornish and Arm.)

we should imagine,
Articular or

that the

Udor, (rSu^,) belonged to these terms, and that the

Dor was a

prepositive

vowel of some

sort,

Organical.

We

cannot however but perceive the connexion o(Udor with Water;

and when we remember the terms Wash and

JVhet,

where we see
the

THE
the simpler form of Water,

EARTH.
we
the

865

plainly perceive, that IVdsh, Wliet,

and

f^'at

in

Water, and therefore

Ud

in

Udor, represent a
significant.

Radical part, and that the Ter and

Thus, then, the Greek Udor,

terra,

Dor is probably not (T(5'wf,) may be considered

as a

Saxon

where the

Ud

is

significant
&;c.,

and Radical; as the Ash, Et, are

in zt;=AsH, zvh=YjT,

&c.
\Jvei,

and as the

Ud

is

in the Latin

\]d-us,

the

Greek Uo-of,

&c. &c.

(x^o?, iog, Tdu,)

&c.

We
as its

see other

additions besides r to the Radical

t,

Consonant ^D,

Cognate
T^voi/,

and likewise

n, as llDat-os,

Uoateo, Uon-on, {y^xrog, tSxtiu,

Tumor terr.e,
in

Tuber,) &c. &c.

is

The preceding term

to

Uoor,

(T^u^,)

my

Greek Vocabulary,
the

Udo,

(tSu, Celebro, cano, dico,)

where

we have
to Noise.

same

idea of Excitement and Commotion, as referring

Cano.)
in that

To Udo, (tJ'^,) belong Ado, Aeido, &c. &c. (aSu, AstSu, To the Greek Udor, (tSu^,) directly belongs another term Language, Odv RO?nai, (p^u^o[/.oii, Fleo.) The Etymologists
the parallel terms for Water, as Water, (Sax.)

produce

Wasser,

(Germ.)
(Ruthen,)

Wato, (Goth.)

Watn, (Swed.)

Vand, (Dan.)

Wuode,

Voda, Woda, (Scl. and Pol.);

&:c.

for Wash,
;

as

Wascan,
Saxon

Wacsan, (Sax.) Waschen, (Germ.)

Wcet,
or,

&c.

for Wet, as the

the
it

Swedish Wat, &c.

is

The form

of the Sclavonic Voda,

as

written in Russian, under the form of our English

B,
in

Boda,

will

remind us of the Phrygian term

(Bs^u.)

for Water, preserved

Orpheus, Bedu,
Ktzi

BEAT

nf/.(poiuv

KxruXuf^iTui

otyXccov v^u^.

(Frag. 19.)
fi-^D, or
is

We

here see,

how

the forms -"D,

w- ^D, v-^D,
form

BD,

pass into each

other;

and

when
is

the

BD

constituted,

another great race of words

to be

found, which will require

a distinct discussion in a separate and an ample Volume.

Whether

the two forms have passed into each other, and by what process
this has

been
a

examine

how

they

now enquire. I shall however few terms under the form w- ""D, Sec, and shall shew, are related to each other, whether we conceive them as
effected,
I

shall not

5 K

belonging

866

'^R.

R.V-C,D,G,J,K,Q, S,T,X,Z.
That Whet, and
are derived from the idea of Excitement

belonging to the Element "D, &c. or BD, &c.

its parallels

WAX^r, &c.

Stirring up, &c., will receive confirmation

from remembering the

*

verb

'

To Whet,' which

actually signifies

To

Stir

up

Excite,'
connects
{kiQri^)\

&c.

We

cannot but perceive,

how

the term

w-Eather

itself in

form and meaning with

w-A.'ver

and with Aither,

which
I

latter

word

the Etymologists

have produced as

parallel.

suppose, that these terms are derived from the idea of Agita-

and accordingly the German Wetter means in one sense " Boisterous., stormy, windy, tempestuous, and violent <' Weather." Hence we shall not wonder to find, under the
lion

Commotion;
as

same form

the Boisterous

Weather, the name for the " Though the Etymologists animal.

Vervex, Aries,"
see

no

relation

between Weather, the Element, and the Animal, yet they derive the Animal from the same idea from Wederen, (Belg.) Witherian,

(Sax.)

"quod

sit

animal mirifice refractarium."

to this

The German

Wider, Against, which belongs

I

find in the

same column of

my

Saxon and Belgic verb, German Lexicon with Wetter,

the violent Weather, or Storm, and Widder, the

animal;
action

from whence we

shall learn, that

it

Ram; the Violent Wider relates to an

means the Violent and Strong " Das ist diesem gerade Zm=Wider, That is directly opposition, *' To Wider belong Wieder, or diametrically Opposed to this."
of Violence, and that

'

Again,' and Weder,

'

Neither,' originally applied to the Violence

of a

Recurring action, and of Refusal.' Even our familiar preposition With belongs to these terms, denoting actions of ExciteThe original sense of With Violence, Opposition, &c. jnent

appears
'

in

such examples as

To

'WiTB=Sta}id,' and

'

To

be

angry With.'

Lye

justly gives us, as the first sense of the

Saxon

With, " Contra, In, Adversus With gecynde, Contra naturam " The EtyIrsian With, Irasci, indignari, excandescere in."

mologists acknowledge, that the

Law

term

WuHER-Nam,

the

Vetitum

THE
Vetitum
Captio.

EARTH.
from
Wither^ Contra
et

867
iVam,

Namlum,

is

derived

The
Wave,
(Sax.)

parallel terms,

which the Etymologists have produced to

(Fr.)

in other

Languages, are Vague,

Waeg, (Belg.) Wceg,

Be-Wegen, (Germ.) "Movere, Agitare " Unda enim nihil est nisi Aqua mota," says Skinner. We here see, that if the words produced by the Etymologists are parallel
Wasser=Wogen,

to

Wave, Wave must be considered as belonging

to the

Element
''B

'^G or

VG.

must observe, however, that the Element

words denoting Water ;
and
this

supof
is

plies a great race of

mode

change, from the G, &c. to the Labial at the end of words,

not very familiar.

However

this

may
'^B,

be,

we may

observe in

general, that the Elements '^G and

as denoting

Water, must

be considered as

distinct
is

from each other.

The German term

Be=WEGen,
annexed
form

as

it

explained by
is

my

Lexicographer, precisely

represents the sense, which

to this race of

words; "To

supposed in

my

hypothesis to be
Stir,

Move,

Shake;

To

" Move, Incite, Excite, Actuate, Stir up, Induce one to." Vague,
the

Waves, brings us

to Vague,

(Fr.)

The which we
Vacillo,

express by

Vague, Unsteady,
Sec.

Vagus, (Lat.) Vagabond;

(Lat.) Vacillate, Waggle,

to

The German Be=WEGe

brings us
in the

Wag, Wagon,
latter

or Wain,

Wage

War,

Wager

where

two

venture.

words we have the Excitement of Hardihood and AdFrom the Wager of Adventure, deposited or laid

down, we pass
with
its parallel
'

in the phrase

Wages, the Laid down or Stipulated Hire, terms Gager, (Fr.) En-GAoer, Eji^Gage; where, To En=GAGE in a perilous enterprize,' we again
to

revert to the original

into the form

idea of Excited action.

see,

Hence we

pass

Gager j and thus we

how by
term

the most natural

process

terms
totally

may

be generated, which belong to each other,

in

though

unlike

form.

The

Weigh, with

its

parallels,

belong to Be=\WEGen, as the Etymologists understand

and

868
and
it

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
alike refers to the

Motion of the Scales, and of the mind,

in deliberating.

The term Wash

express
Jf'atery,

or

Washes

is

used

as

a substantive,
it

to
is

Fen or Boggy Land.

lavando
vel

Junius says, that

;

applied in Norfolk to " Terra quaedam plana ct plerumque arida,

" cui

nomen

a
it

alluendo ductum

"

but Lye

has

justly referred

to the Islandic Vos, Vcesa, "

Locus

palustris et

" humidus."
plainly the
Isc,

In

the
for

term Ooze,

and Oozy Ground, we see

sound,
as

words

Water, under the more simple form, as in

the labial
in

Use, &c. without

t(7=AsH,

v=Os,

Hence has been derived the name for the fertile, originally applied, as habitable spots in ^gypt, called Oas^^; imagine, to the Oozy Ground, or Ground attached to or conI
vnJEsA, &c.
nected

with Water.

Our

great Bard

has

brought us

to

this

derivation

by
I

applying the word Ooze to the Ohsis Ground of

so say,

>Egypt,

if

may

when

it

has been Watered by the inunda-

tion of the Nile,

" The higher

" The nioie "
"
it

Niliis swells,

promises

as

it

ebbs, the seedsman

Upon

the slime and

Ooze

scatters his grain,

And

shortly

comes

to harvest."

{Jutotiy and Cleopatra.)

Bochart has given to the term Oasis an Arabic origin; in which, The Etymologists have derived as 1 imagine, he is mistaken.

OzE
these
Asis,

or OzEY,

Squamma, Solum Squammosum. To terms Ooze, &c. we should probably directly refer the Greek
from
Ost,

and

Asios,

(Ao-i?,
I

Coenum, sordes, limus,

referred Asis to the

Aa-tog,

Limosus.)

On

a former occasion,
merely-,
further,

Ground,
it

as denoting Dirt'

yet

think

we

perceive, that

has advanced a step

and has passed into the idea o^ Watery Ground, as in Ooze. This appears, I think, in the combination Asio en Leimo?u, (A<riu IV xeifiuvh) in the OozY meadow, or Leimon, which belongs to the
Limits,

or sLime.

The

quarter of the

Globe Asia, means the

Fertile

THE
Fertile

EARTH.
sandy Desert.

869

Land

as

if

well supplied with Asis,{A(ng,) Moist

Watered
is

Soil, in opposite to the dry,

The succeeding word

Oisua, Oisos,
(Oia-ua,

to

Oze, Ozey Ground,

in

Skinner,

Ozier; which he refers to the French Osier, Ozier, and the Greek
Onrvq,

Salix.)

These words surely mean the

Soil.

production

belonging to the

Oozy
is

The preceding word

{Oiarov,
I

to Oisos, (Oroj,

Vimen,

Salix,)

Oiso,

Funis nauticus,
trust, to

retinaculum;

Funis,)
I

which we

shall imagine,

have

denoted

originally the

Rope made of the

flexible

Ozier.

We

cannot doubt,
(O/o-o;);

think, that Irea, {ina, Salix,) belongs to Oisos,

and

this brings us to the tf=lTH, z;=Ithy,

{ireoi,)
is

and w=\cKer.
which

An

adjacent term to Itea,

rotae,

Itus, (irvg, Circumferentia et

rel

curvatura

omnis

extremitas

rotunda,

umbo,)

meant originally the

and

flexible
I

Irea, (irea,) or Withy, split

and bent

into a circular curve.

its

have supposed, that the Flexible Ozier parallels belong to the terms for JVater, by the process
I

above stated; as
tree,

think, that the Oz/Vr

which belongs to the

means unequivocally the Oozy Ground; and if tiiat be the

process cannot,
I

case, tlie other part of the

I

think, be doubted.

am

confirmed in this idea by the

'

once means
perceived

Pasture

German word W'eide, which at Ground,' and a Withy. If however I had

of Flexibility, as in
the

only the idea

I

w=Ithy, and

Ilea, lius, {irea, Itv?,)

should have thought, that this idea was

taken from the

l^Fater,

having the property of easily yielding to

impressions, as in fy^oq,

Humidus;

Flexibilis, or
Flexibilis

from the more

general sense oi Excited motion; as objects which easily

Move
it.

here

and there are more

" Inconstant,

Flexible.

Hence

means
explains

in

one sense
1

Wavering," as R. Ainsworth

have

sometimes thought, that the Ash may be derived from the idea of its Flexibility. The Yielding property of JVater, or of IVatery

is

Slimy

Muddy Matter, Sojt Tielding Weak;

brings us at once to the idea of what

and hence we have the term now adopted

Weak,

870

^R.

R/.-C, D, G, J, K,Q, S,T, X, Z.

Weak, and Wax, Cera. The succeeding article in Junius to Weak, " Mollis, tactui cedens," is Weaky, Humidus, Madidus. The Etymologists have justly referred w-EAKto Eiko, (E^^tw, Cedo,)
which
Image,
signifies likewise 'Similis

sum;' where we see

{Eixu,

the idea of

soft Plastick matter, of

is

which the Eiko,

{Eiki;,

Imago,

Effigies,) the

Temere,) we have the Mud Stirred up in a state of confusion. The same idea appears in Muddy state,' and in the Latin the phrases To be in a Muddled
formed.
In Eike,
frustra

'

term Turbate.

The Wick

or

Week

of a Candle
is

is

the Soft sub-

stance, of which this part of a

candle

made;

and a Week,
on,
if I

Septimana,

is

nothing but a period which

Wags

may

so

say, or keeps
Vic^^.

these

or periods per Let us mark the Latin Wices Changes, which belongs to the same Thus Weak Wick or words and
Moving on by Recurring changes
to idea.

Week
which

are derived from the

same fundamental
the Soft

idea, as

Septimana.
easily

The two former mean

Yielding
If
I

Week,

substance,

means what
served, that

Wags is Stirred or gives way; and the latter Wags or Proceeds onwards. The term Week and
had not obshould have

Vices precisely correspond with each other.

Weak

connects

itself

with

Wick and Wax, which

materials,
I

seem

to

relate particularly

to

Plastic

imagined, that
the Excited

Violent
are,

Weak

was derived from the more general idea of

by which things
less

action,

powerful are

subdued

or

rendered

Weak.

The

opposite

ideas of Strength

and Debility

same term, with some slight change in its form, by the operation of what Grammarians To Conquer To be call an Active and a Passive signification, as Conquered, To Subdue To be Subdued, Sub^lco, Sub= Actus,

we know, annexed

to the

'

'

Vici,

V ictus.'
and

We

perceive, in the verb "

To Weak^,"

an active

sense;

this

might have conveyed the same idea as Via.

is

We

see too, that Vici

a term belonging to this race of words,

In vulgar English

as denoting actions of Violence.

we have

term

THE
term
action
for

EARTH.
similar

871

Beating, under a
Violence.

form

Wack,
;

relating to an

of

In

German, Weich^ means

macerate
"

"To

soften,

" Weaken, mollify,

sense of

to soak, steep,

where, from the

explanatory terms Soak and Steep,

we

should imagine, that this

Weich^ was related to Water; yet, in the phrase Weight, Weight. MdiVePVay! Clear the Way Away! Avoid! &c. we seem to see the sense of Excitement, as belonging to the more
!

general idea.

It

is

impossible

oftentimes

to

distinguish

the

peculiar notion annexed to a word,

ing, existing in the

when

different turns of
it.

mean-

Element, are equally applicable to

We

have seen, that w/t=IsKY means the Isk, &c. Water, by

way of distinction, the Strong Water; so Whey or wh=lG might mean the thin Watering fluid, in a depreciating sense. In Scotch,

Whig means "A

Dr. Jamieson.

and sour liquid of the lacteous kind," says From this word our party term Whig is commonly
thin
;

supposed to be derived
terians
liquid.

as denoting the poorer sort of Presby-

in

Scotland,

who were

obliged to drink this species of~

Others however
it

wliich

is difficult

have adopted different derivations, on to decide. Whig might belong to the terms
&c.,

denoting

Motion,

Wag,

and mean

by the action of Curdling

perpetually annexed.
*

with

produced which the idea of Commotion is

the

liquid

Tiie term succeeding

Wigg

or

Whig, "the
is

thin

serous liquid," in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary,

Wiggle

which Dr. Jamieson explains by

to

"To

Wriggle;^' and he refers us

Waigle, "To Waddle, to Waggle" Let us mark these terms Waddle, Wiggle, Waggle, &c., and remember VACiLLor Boggle, We cannot but note, how Boggle belongs to Bog as
;

yacillor.

To

Vacillate,

Wave

and we

with Vagus and Vague, the cannot but perceive likewise, how they all belong
itself

connects

to each other.

The term

in the preceding
is

con's Dictionary to Waigle,

column of Dr. JamieWaggle, "A Bog, or marsh;"

these terms are connected.

where we unequivocally

see,

how

There

872
There

-^R.R.^.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
is

another term,

Whig, which

Dr. Jamieson explains in

one place by " A Species of fine wheaten bread," and in another by " A small oblong roll, baked with butter and currants." He

German IVagghe, " Panis triticeus;" from which, and his first explanation, we might be led to think, that the Whig meant the JVheaten bread. The German " Wecke, " Wigs, round Wigs; Ein Butter^WECKen, Roll Butter," bears
refers this

term

to the

the

same form with Weck^w, the term of Excitement, Er^WzcKen,

Raise up, Excite," &c., as
shall

"

To aWAKen; To
it.

explains
is

Hence we
its

imagine, that

my Lexicographer the Whig or Wecke

should

so called from

Raisedicp

Swelling or Roll form. We

for

at

once say, that Wig, the covering

the

Head, meant the

SxveUing out

Bushy

figure, if

we

did

not recollect Periwig, and

remember the parallel terms Perruque, (Fr. ) Parucke^ (Germ.) This word has great difficulties; and it has been derived by the Etymologists from various sources, as the Hebrew jno Perah, which
is

explained by

Capilli verticis,'

the

Gree^iUxvixyi

Uvooiy^o;, &cc.

The
is

latter derivation is

that of Wach-ter,

who
is

rejects

the idea of

another Etymologist, by

whom

the

word

written Baruke, and

supposed to be derived from Bar, Caput, and Huke, Peplum.

produces, however, the article of Somner, preserved also in

He
Lye.

" Hic^. Paruca;

Vocab. Dewes.
i-

"

Non

liquet,"

(inquit

Somnerus,) "

fortasse, Perruqua,

e.

Galericulus."

The
in

doubtful

term HiCiE

is

perhaps confirmed by our English term

to

Whig

where we seem

see

the

Ucke and Uque,

Par=\JcviE, these the

P^rr=UQUE, which would lead us

are compounds, and that

to conceive, that

words

Par or Perry might denote

Head or

Top.

The Whig might mean

the Raised up object, and belong

to terms of the

same meaning, which we have so often observed. The Saxon Wicie occurs in the same column of Lye with Hexta,
Altissimus

and we see how wHig may convey the same idea. The Element BR supplies a great race of words, denoting the
;

Top

THE EARTH.
Top, or Head
&c. &c.
Part, as

873
Braawe, (Sax.)
Etymologist,

Brozv, with

its

parallels

Let us mark the name of

this celebrated

Wachter, which belongs to our race of words denoting Excitement; as Wacht, The Watch; WECKe?i, To ^Wake, &c. We have seen the term Wheat^m, above adopted, which belongs
likewise,

by a process removed only two steps backward,

to the
its

same
rallels

idea.

The Etymologists
(Sax.)
Weiss,
I

justly refer

Wheat, and

pa-

Hwat,

JVeitz,

(Germ.) &c. &c., to White, (Eng.)

to the colour of

Hwity (Sax.)

(German,) which belongs

WAT^r; and
&c. &c.
totally

have shewn, that WAT^r,

are attached to the idea of Excitement, as

Wash, Wet, &c. &c. we see it in Weck^w,

Such

is

the process, by which words, containing ideas

In the next column of

removed from each other, may have been originally derived

from the same fundamental notion.

my

German
is, I

Dictionary to that, in which

Wach^,To Wake, Watch,

Wacks^w,
it

see

WACKsen, "To Wax,

or

burnish, grow," &c., and

"

To Wax,

sear something, do

over with

Wax."

We

cannot but imagine, that these words, under a similar form, have
a similar fundamental idea
;

and hence
suppose,

my

former conjecture will

be confirmed,
Raising up.

in

which
is
I

that

Wacks^w,

"To Wax,

" burnish, grow," &c,,

derived from the idea of Stirring up or

Wax,

as

have shewn,

is

nothing but the Soft

object
easily

Yielding substance, derived from the

Stirred or

idea of an

Moved.

We
English

shall

now

understand, that the Latin

its
;

Uter, and the

(Ou^a^,

Udder, with

parallels

Outhar, &c.

Uber,

Mamma

proprie belluarum

Ubertas, feracitas,
Water, Udor,
it

pars agri
(y^u^,)

maxime

foecunda,) belong to the forms

as denot-

ing substances, Szvelling

stances.
'

out with moisture, or

Waterjv subSoil,

We

hence

see

how

denotes

the Fertile

as

Abounding with or
IJber

Prolific

from moisture.'

The

explanatory
other.

terms

and Ubertas have the same relation

,5

to each

We

874

^R. R.

\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.
-,

We are
OuDa^,

brought likewise to the original spot in an adjacent term,

(Ou<5a$-,

Solum, Pavimentum

Humus,

terra.)

We

shall

not wonder, that Ovoas and Ovruar, (Ou^a?, Ov9u^,) are connected

with each other, when

tory

we

recollect the relation of the explana-

word Humus

to

Humidus.

aquarium,)
In \JD?wn,
to

we have
(r^vov.

the

Udrw, (T(5f/, same form as in Outhar,

In

Hydria, vas
{Ovdx^,) &c.

Tumor

terrae,)

which

is

acknowledged to belong
conveys

UDor,

(rSu^,)

we have
(Aa-Kog,

likewise

the Swelling-out substance.

;

The Greek

Asko^,

Uter, pellis

follis,

culeus,)

a similar idea of Rising or Sivelling up, as Moist substances, and

belongs to the form

so,

&c. &c.

have shewn on a former

occasion, that an adjacent

word

to h&Kos, (A<rxoj,)
is

under a similar

form, AsK^o,

(Ao-xew,

Colo, Exerceo,)

derived from the idea of

j

Land in Cultivation and thus we perceive, how they both convey the same fundamental idea. I have suggested on a former occasion, (p. 387,) that there is some diffiStirring up or Raising up the

culty respecting these words

I

and

am

still

of the
I

same opinion.

cannot doubt respecting the origin which

;

have attributed to

Uter
I

and

have before observed, that

Uter and Uter5 belong

So
far,
is

to each other, under the idea of the Swelling-out form.

think,

we cannot doubt

>

and yet Uterm5

surely connected

with the Greek Ustera,

to another

(Ta-Te^o;,

Matrix, Uter,) which brings us

;

Greek word, Ustero^, (To-te^oj)

itself

and

this does not

seem

directly to attach

to the race of words,

which

am now

discussing.
(p.

have

likewise suggested on

former occasion,

386,) that a word under the same form, the adjective Uter, is a compound of two parts, corresponding with such terms as
Eter-os, (Ete^o?.)

This perhaps

is

not precisely the case, as

it

is

compound consisting
I

of three parts, and directly corresponding

its

with our term Whether, and

parallels

Hwather, (Sax.) Cwathar^

which

have shewn to be a

triple
is

compound, consisting of Who,

Qui, &c. and Eith-Er, which

the

same double combination, as

in

THE
in Et=Er-05, (Ersfof.)
I

EARTH.
Water;

875

shall not

proceed to a greater length in

as the

my

examination of the Race of Words, denoting

I

observations which

have already made will sufficiently unfold every

thing which more directly belongs to the objects of the present

Volume.

As we

pass into the Consonant forms w-'^D, w^'^T,

b~^D, &c. &c., we entangle ourselves with a great race of words, which will constitute a future theme of ample and important discussion.
different
*

It is

marvellous to observe the process, by which the

;

Elementary Characters pass into each other

in these enquiries,

and

as

we advance forward
fully to

we

shall be enabled

more

understand and admire the secret workings of that constill

trouling principle, which

to separate these
varieties of

continues to multiply, to mark and

all

changing forms, as they pass through

their

symbol

of sound and of meaning.'

W^^jw?

Terms

876

^R.

R.\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z.

Terms
the

denoting Noise, as in-

separably
idea

connected
of

with
in

Hrutan. (Sax.) Stertere, To ^RouT. (EngHsl>'>'' ^o make

Noise,
Earth.

Exxitement,

and ^^r, (o. ^p

I'^d"'-

^^

Stirring up

or Grating upon as

surface,

the

Ground,
the form

HRUKja, (Goth.) Crocitare.

Hirsp. (Scotch,)

Earth, &c., under ^RS, &c.

Herse,

To

Jar.

Hirst, Hirsill. (Scotch,) The Harsh Grating of Mill-stones

against each other.

Harke, &c. (French, Germ.) The Harrow.

Yii'R.suius,

Hruxle. (Sax.)

Strepitus,

Hirtz^5,

Erto, &c.
or

HRisTLaw. (Sax.) Crepere.

(Lat.)

What

is

Rough

Hurtle.
Noise.
"^

(English,)

Clashing

Harsh. (Eng.)

Rattle,
(Eng.)

^Rustle,

&c.

&c.

Hoarse, Has, Heisch,

(Eng. Sax. Germ. &c.)

&c.

^Racler. (French,)

To

"Rake,

Ereugo, Ructo. (Gr.

Lat.)

Scrape, &c. &c. &c.

SHALL

in this Article

produce the terms belonging to the forms

&c., which denote

of our Element '^RC,

Noise.

^RD, &c. ^C, ^D, &c.

is,

My

hypothesis

that these terms are either derived from

or inseparably connected with the idea of Scratching or Grating

upon a Surface,
Grating Noise,
is

as

the

Earth

by which action the Harsh,

see,

produced.

We

that
;

the
I

term Grate at
shall

once expresses the Action and the Noise

a future
&CC.

and

Volume, that
ultimately

it

belongs

to

Graze

Scratch

shew

in

Scrietch,

&c,, and

to

terms for the Ground, Great, &c.

I

We

cannot but note the explanatory term Harsh, which

have

been

THE

EARTH.
is

877
I

been obliged to anticipate, and which

connected, as
in

imagine,

with such terms as HiKTiiSyUiRsutus, produced

a former article,
I
I

Herse, Harke,&c., the Harrow, Sec. produce various terms which have been before noted, though
and ultimately
to the

shall shall

omit others relating to the same idea; as their true force will sometimes be best seen by a comparison with those words, to which
they are more immediately related, and which
I

have sufficiently
I

discussed on former occasions in their due places.

lected in a preceding Article,

have col-

(page 627,) the race of words under

the form
to

"RD, 'RT,

'^RS, &c., denoting

;

what

any of the senses

to

which race the

Noise,
is

Rough terms under the same

is

Harsh

or

form, denoting the

Harsh The English Hoarse

more particularly belong.

the

Harsh

Rough

Noise.

The

Etymologists have justly produced, as

parallel, the

Saxon Has, the

Danish Hass, the Islandic Hoas, the German Heiser or Heisch,

the Belgic Haersch, which they imagine to be formed from the sound, " Videntur a sono ficta; asperitate enim sua Raucedinem

" exprimunt."

Lye,

in his Edition of Junius, has the

term Hace,
the Belgic

Raucus, as used by Chaucer;

in

which he

refers

to

Heesch, the Saxon Hase, and the Islandic Has.

the Lexicon

This term Hace,

of

Junius, precedes

Hack, Hatch, or Hash;

where we see combined the idea of Noise, and that of Tearing up, or Cutting up any Surface. An adjacent word to the Saxon

Has

is

Haszve,

Lividus;

and

in

another sense, " Aridus, sive

Latin

" potius, Ariditate Asper."

The
is

Asper belongs

to

the

same race of words

ka-TTo^ov

and

it

justly explained in one sense

by

Robert Ainsworth, "Harsh, Grating."

pro
is

Some

derive Asper from

kyovov,

"sterile,
;

vel

non seminatum."
this
;

In
is

Wvsien
"

Cough

and the preceding word to

German, Husche,

Box,

cuff, or

blow on the ear "

with the more

where we have the idea of

of

Noise

connected

violent action

Excitement.

Let us remember the terms Hiss and Hit, which belong to each
other

878

R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
Husky
is

Other for the same reason.

a colloquial

word bearing
connect

a similar meaning to Hoarse, Has, Hace, &c.

We

Hack

with the action of Coughing, when

Dr. Jamieson produces, as
signifying
I

we

talk of a ViACKing Cough.

have before observed, Hace, Hais, as

Hoarse, and Hvscnart,

this writer's

Cougher.

column of

Dictionary

" or Cleft," &c., which belongs,

we we see,

In the succeeding have Hack, " A Chop, Crack

to

Hack, To Cut; and we

cannot but note,

the Noise.
'!

how

Chop, Crack, relate at once to the Cut and

find likewise "

Hack,

Muck-HACK,
Hough.

Dung-fork
in

with two prongs, shaped like a Hoe," or

Here we are

brought to the very action of HhCKing up the Dirt, supposed

my

The Mmc^=Hack, or two-Pronged fork, brings us likewise directly to the Hook, which I have before referred to the same action. In the combination HooK-L^n^, which means " Land plowed and sowed every year; called also Ope Land,"
hypothesis.

we

are again brought to the spot

from whence

this

term and
is

its

parallels

are

derived.

HooK-Law^^, or Ope-Land,

the

Land

Hooked^ or Hacked up, Opened or Plowed up every

opposition to Fallow land.

year, in

A
is

word adjacent

to

Husche, &c.,

in the

German
;

Vocabularies,

Hurt/^, " Active, Speedy, Quickly," &c. where we have the form ^RT, with the due meaning of Excitement, or Agitation of
Motion, belonging to this race of words.
Tussis, where
that the

In
I

Saxon,

Hraca

is

we have

the form '^RC

in

words, which appear

breathing

must here observe, English under the Element

;

and

RT,

&c., without a

before

R, are often
will

written
us,

in

Saxon with an

before the R,

which

shew

that the

words under the

the column

form RT, without the breathing before R,

it.

belong to our Element '^RT with the breathing before

in

Thus,

where Hraca occurs, we have Hracod, Raked, and in another place we have Ragged, Hrad, Rode, &c. &c. Hrutaw, To Rout, Stertere, Ronchisare. In Rout we perceive at
;

once

THE

EARTH.

879
In

once the action of Stirring up the Ground, and the Noise.

Ereugo, {E^evyu, Riicto, vel evolvo, quasi Erudando efFundo,) ^RucTO, to 'Ev.vcTate, we see the idea of the Rough Noise; and I have shewn in a former page (601,) how it belongs to the action
of
Stirri?ig

up the Ground.
I

In Votnis and

Vomo

this

relation

is

manifest, as

before observed;

but in the Ex=ERama,{EPeocef/,x,

Vomitus,) from E.v-F,Rao, (e^s^xu, Evacuo,

expromo,) which

is

acknowledged to be derived from Ex and Era,

the Ground,

(e|, E^a, Terra,)

I

we

directly

see the very

metaphor which

have

supposed.

We

see too in Er^o, (E^aw,) the

hence we perceive, how the forms ^R,

other.
In the

Er of '^RG, RG.

Er^-m^o;

and

pass into each

same opening of Lye's Gothic and Saxon Dictionary, where HRXJTati is, we have Hrys^w, Movere, Quatere, and the Gothic Hrukjaw, Cantare, Crocitare ; Hruth, ^stus. Commotio; Hruxle, Strepitus. Let us mark the Croc
in Crocitare,

which
In the

belongs to Scratch, Grate, &c., and to Great, the Ground,

same

leaf of Lye's Dictionary

;

we have Hroc,
let

the '^Rook,

Comix,

Graculus, the Noisy bird

where
Crocito.

us note the Grac in Graculus,

In

belonging to the Croc in

HRisTLa;z, (Sax.)

the

same column we have

;

To
;

""Rustle, Crepere, Strepere

Hrisj^w, (Goth.)

Quatere, concutere

Hrisel, Hrisl, &c. (Sax.) Radius textorius,

HRiscia?!, Vibrare,
at

which means the Rattling Shuttle;

Stridere
;

Vacillare,

Hris, Frondes

where we have

once the idea of

Commotion and Noise; Hriseht, Setotus, which means the Hirsute object; HRisT^</a, Astridulus; Hrist//w^, Difficultas Spirandi, where we find the sense of Noise in Stirring up or Drawing up the Breath; and HRiTH/a,-Febricitare, which relates
to the Agitation or Irritated state of the

frame

in

the paroxysms

same column we have Hrioh, Asper, concitatus, which Lye justly refers to Hreog, Rough; Hreoh, Rough. This will again shew us, how the forms ""R, ^RG, RG, pass into each other, Hr, ViReog, or /jReog, Rough. In the same column
of a Fever.
In the

with

880
with Hreoh,

^R.R.\-.C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

we have HREOU-full ; and in the next Hreozv, Razu, and Hreowian, To Rue ; where in Rue and Raw we see how the form R*^ has arisen. In the same leaf we have Hreran, To Rear, Agitare,
Commovere, which is nothing but the Element '^R doubled to express the idea more strongly HR=ER=aM; and in '^Re-Ar we have In the same column we have Hrere, Rear, still another form. Rere, Crudus, Incoctus, which means what is done in an" Agiand Htere Mus Rough Rude manner Confused tated

Rere Mouse, Vespertilio, the

we
see,

Hurrying or Flitting about Bat, as

express

it,

and Hreth, Trux, Asper, Ssevus;

where we have
thus

the form '^RT, which brings us to

Wrath, Rage; and

we
all

how by

the most simple and natural process words have been

in

fornied,

remote

form and meaning to each other, though

ultimately connected under the same fundamental idea.

I

have already produced the Scotch Hirst, Hurst, the Harsh

I

spot, if

may

so say, the 'Locus HiRsutus,' the Rough,

Rugged

Spot; as likewise the adjacent terms in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary,

Hirst, Hirsp, Hirsill, Hirsle.

grating
place,

Dr. Jamieson explains Hirst

object

by 'The Hinge of a Door,' which means the

noise.

making a Harsh
the

In

the second

sense

we have Mihi-HiRST,
Rudd.
to

"on which

the cribs or crabs (as they call them) ly, within

" which the mill-stone

Hirsts or Hirsills,"

" This
A. S. or

" learned writer," says Dr. Jamieson, " properly refers

" Hyrr, Cardo.

This he derives from HYRsxa;?,

To Rub

make

" a noise. But there is no evidence that the v. signifies To rub. " Its only senses are to murmur, and to fry or make a noise, as
" things do

when

fried.

To

A. S. Hyrr,

we may add

Hearre,

Isl.

" Hior, Teut.

Harre, Herre, id."

The Saxon Hyrr

Hirrio, Szc. &c.

belongs to

the form ^R, and to the Latin

Cardo, and

Let us mark

remember the English Card,

same

To

Card wool, which

belongs, for the

reason, to Crates, Grate, Scratch, &c. &c.

for the sense of

Mr. Ruddiman had probably authority

Hirst^w,
to

THE
to

EARTH.

881

Rub, or Grate upon a surface, which, according to my hypothesis, is probably the original Dr. Jamieson explains idea. " HiRsiLL or HiRSLE, in its second sense, by " To Graze, Rub on
;

where we have the genuine notion. In the first sense he explains it by "To move, or slide down, or forward, with a Rustling noise, " as of things rolled on ice, or on Rough Ground;" where let us mark the term Rustle, and remember Rattle, Ruttle, in which

we have

the form of the Element,

when

a vowel breathing

is

acquired between the two Consonants of the Radical, and lost

before the
first.

Ruddiman

justly refers the

word
I

to

Hyrst^w,

and to HRiSTL-aw, Crepere; where,

forms -^RS

in the latter,

and

RS

pass

into

each other.

we see how the am unwilling to

inclined to refer

record the conjecture of Dr. Jamieson,

this

who

is

not contented with

indisputable derivation, but seems

rather

the word to the

gredi, q.
is

German and
ire,

Belgic Aersel-en, Aarzel-en, retro-

culum versus

from Aers, podex.

Our Lexicographer
is

moved

to propose this conjecture, because a person

hill,

said to

HiRsiLL down a " down, he, to

"when

instead of attempting to walk or run

prevent giddiness,

moves

downward

sitting."

Here HiRs/// means To Grate or Rub Roughly or Harsh/)/ against the Ground, in his motion downward. " To Hirs/>" Dr. J. explains by " To
the
Jar, to

be in a state of discord

"

Harsh
and

Rough Noise;
its

where we have again

and

this

Rasp

parallel

terms.

word he refers to the English The word Rasp is only another

form of HiRSP, as in similar instances above produced of the form

^RS and RS passing

addition to the S.

into each other.

The p

is

only an organical

Lye explains the Saxon HvRSTan by Murmurare and Frigere, where we alike see the idea of Scratching or Fretting upon a surface, so as to

produce Noise
the

and by a metaphorical application

of a
surface from such

we have
action.

likewise

Corrugation
to this

an
is

The succeeding word

term in Lye's Dictiojiary

5 T

Wykst itig.

882
Hyrst/^,
the

^R.R.

\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
Frying or Parching, where we have
adopted the word Scorch for

Frixio, Frixura, a

same

idea of a Corrugated or Scratched Surface from the similar

I

effects

of a Scorching Heat.

iiave

the purpose of observing, that this

Scratched or Corrugated Surface.
I

term

is

derived

from the

have used the word Fretted

to express

on

this occasion, because

it

is

the appropriate term

Scratching up a Surface, as
*

'To

Fret channels on the Cheeks'

it

To Fret

a grave

;*

as used by Shakspeare, and because

belongs
latter

to Frigere, Frixio, Frixura,

and the Latin Frico,

in

which

word the idea of Scratching over a Surface is fully manifest. I have adopted the word Corrugated, as here we have the Ruga,
the Furrowed Ground, under the form

RG.

In the

same column

of Lye's Saxon Dictionary where

''

these

words occur, we have

directly brought to
is

Hyrth-//^,

q. d.

EoRTHling, EAKTH-ling," says Lye, " Colonus,

^'

agricola, terricola, arator;"

where we are

the spot supposed in

my

hypothesis.

The succeeding word

HYRiling-beri, which he explains by " Agricolarum burgus sive " vicus. Hodie Irtlingborough, (vulgo jirtleborough,) in agro
""
I

Northantoniensi."

Perhaps the town

in

Norfolk, near which

is

am

writing

these observations, Attleborough,

derived from

a similar source.

In the same column " Refocillare, animare,

we have Hyrt,
Hurt,

Hurt. Lsesus. Hyrtab,

;

confortare; "

Hyrsian, ConcuvYQre

Hyrst,

Ornamentum.
Stirred

In

Hyrt,
&c
,

and HYRsian, Concurrere, we

to

have the more violent action belonging

up,
together,

our Element, of objects

or against

or Struck

together

each

other, &c.

Hyrst, the ornament, may have the same meaning

work; or
it

as Fretted in the ornamental work, called Fretted

may

belong to the more general idea of Dressing or cultivating the Earth. I shall shew, that Dress belongs to Dirt; and we know,
that Dress equally applies
^'

-to

Cultivating the Ground,

("And

the

Lord God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden
"
to

THE
" to Dress
it,

EARTH.
To
till

883

and

to

keep
Colo

it,")

and to the ornament of Garments.

or husband Ground,"
Refocillare,

We

know

too, that

means "

and "

To

deck, trim or adorn."

The Saxon Hyrt^w,

animare, confortare, belongs to the idea of 5'//rn^ up or Exciting,

in a metaphorical sense.

word,

we

shall then

^To Heart^w' should belong to this understand the origin of Heart. The Hart,
If

the animal, means the Stirrer up

I

the Pusher, &c.

;

with his horns.

have conjectured, that the Latin h=ORTor belongs to the same

idea of Stirring up or Exciting to action

directly

and

in

Ii-Ortus

we

are
the
that

brought to the Earth.

h=\JKsciien,
Incitare,
(p.

have already produced

;

German
as

792)

and thus we

see,

these terms for Exciting to action should be considered probably,

more
1

directly belonging to each other.

have before had occasion to explain the term Hurtle, as at

(p,

once expressing the ideas o^ Agitation and of A^ow,

it is

632); and
the
air,"

again necessary to produce

it

in this

place.

In the passage

of Shakspeare,

"The

Noise of Battle
"

Mr. Steevens has observed, that

"

Hurtled in To Hurtle is to
have shewn, that
the

Clash, or

move with Violence and belongs to Hurdle; and

as
Crates,

Noise."
that

Hurtle
idea

Hurdle conveys

same

which R. Ainsworth explains by

"A

bundle of rods,

" wattled together.

" of

A Dray or Harrow
We
here see,

to break clods.

A Grate

how Hurtle and Hurdle connect themselves with the Herse or Harrow ; and we moreover understand, that Hurdle and Hurtle belong to each other, just as
wood or
brass."

the explanatory
'

word Grate, the substantive,

as

is

connected with
the idea

To

Grate,'

the verb, which directly expresses

of the

Rough
surface.

Noise,

attached to the

action of Scratching upon a

The terms

Grate, Crates, Crash, Crush, Scratch

must be

referred to each other, and to the action of Stirring up the Grit or

Dirt of the Creat or Ground.

which

is

Let us mark the term Wattle, annexed to the same spot, nearly under the same idea,
whatever

884

^R.

R/ - C,D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.

whatever be the Element, to which we should think fit to refer it. The term Hurdle might remind us of Hustle and Huddle,
before produced;

and
is

have observed, that Huddle, denoting

Scotch, Hussill/w^ signifies,

Jgitation and Noise,

justly applied by Milton in his expression,

"

The Huddling Brooke

it,

In

as

Dr. Jamieson explains the

"A
in

Rattling or clashing Noise;"

and
"

next

word

to

this,

our

Author's

Dictionary,

is

To

" Hustle.

To

emit such a sound as an infant does,

cat,

when highly

" pleased, or a

when

said to pur."

Dr. Jamieson seems not

but he refers the

to understand, that they belong to each other;

former to the Saxon Hristlww^, Strepitus; the Gothic Hrista, Rista, Quatere, and the English Rustle ; and the latter to the
Islandic Huisla, " In

as

aurem susurrare." In Saxon and in Gothic, have before observed, Husel and Hunsa Hunsle mean
;

" Eucharistia, panis sacer, seu Eucharistibus " " Victima, Sacri" ficium," to which belong our old words Housel'd, l7n=HousELD,
relating to the receiving of the Sacrament.
If these

words belong which are

to the Latin HosTza, under the idea of the Sacrificed or Destroyed

Victim, they

must be

referred to the terms of Violence,

Yet Uvs^i^-Gang means " Eucharistiae attached to our Element. " aditio, seu participatio," which might lead us to suppose, that
these terms belong to Hustle, under the idea of the
to perform Religious ceremonies, or Mass, as
in Mass,
it is

Crowd going
;

called

where,
or

we have
I

unequivocally the idea of the Mass

H^ap

Crowd

of people.
cast

While

am examining

these words in Lye's

Dictionary,

my

eyes on Husel-Box, which he explains by

" Eucharistica patina;" from whence the Commentators will be

confirmed in their idea, that the Pax or Pix, which Bardolph stole, was the Pixis or Box, " in which the Consecrated Host was used
*'

to

be kept," as Theobald observes.

Terms

THE

EARTH.

885

Terms denoting Noise

the form
'^S.

under

Husky Heisch,

&c. (English,

German.) Hustle. (Scotch,)

or clashing noise.

Rattling

Hiss, Hiscean, &c. (Eng. Sax.)

Hisco. (Lat.)

Relating to the

Hustle

Huddle.

(Eng.)

An
and

Cracked, Hacked surface, and

to Noise.

action

of commotion

Noise.

His?idus. (Lat.)
Fretted or

The Hacked Rough surface.

Huzza

Juck,

Juckz^w. (Eng.

Germ.)

A Noise.
To
Itch,

HusHTi^^n. (Pers,)

To

Hiss, &c.

JucKZ^w. (Germ.)

To

wh-lsK, wh-lsp. (English,)

To

Scratch or Fret upon a surface,

sweep over a surface. wh-lzz, wh=lsT, wh-EESE,

wh-lSPER, wh-\sTLE. (Eng.)

luzo, Iacho, Echeo. (Gr.)

To

Make
Hoste

a Noise.

Hush Hist. (Eng.

HrcK-M/>

lAcnam. (Celt.)
&c.)

Heit,
by

To
&c.

Yell, &c.

(German,
to
their

Eng.) The cry of Excitement,

Yex, Yux, &c.

used
horses.

carters

Hawk. (Eng. &c.) The Noise made by the action of Stirring up or

Drawing up

the

Hoot, Ado, Aeido, Udo. (Eng. and Gr.) To make a Noise.

breath

phlegm.
A
Cough.

Hue and

Cry.'

HusTEN. (Germ.)

Heus. (Lat.) Ho! &c.

Among
"

other terms, which are produced in the opening of Lye's

I

Dictionary, where Hyrtan, Refocillare, appears,

find

"Hvs/aw,

To

Hiss, Irridere, subsannare;"

where we perceive the Saxon

to the

and English terms, denoting Noise, belonging

form of the

Element

886
Element
term to
llYKzvian,

'^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
'^S,

&c. without the

r.

shall

now examine more

form.
I

parti-

cularly the words, which appear under this

this
is

An
find

adjacent
likewise

WYSpati or Yiispan,

Irridere.

Exprobrare, injuria afficere,

vexare;

on which Lye

observes,
is

"Hinc

vet,

Ang.

To

Harrow,''
but

and the preceding term

Lye observes on this word, " At dubitat Somnerus annon idem sit cum Hyspe," Fornaculum. " Quaerendum interea utrum non sit, Occa, Ang. An Harrow." The sense of the Furnace or the Torch, if the word has this
Hyrwe, Torriculum, facula;
meaning,
" grieve,
is

taken from the idea of Fire, as in a state o^ Excitement.

has the double sense of

The Latin Uro

tease,

"To

Burn," and

"To
as

vex."

The
is

Etymologists

produce

the

parallel

terms

to

Hiss,

Hisceafi, Ahiscean,

Hischen, (Belg.)

&c. &c.

Adjacent to

Hiss

Lye exHit, where we see at once the action and the noise. plains the Saxon Ahiscean hy Irridere, and Hiscan by " Reprobare,
" exprobrare."
tio,

have already seen the term Hosce, Subsannarecorded by Skinner, and its parallels Husce, " Contumelia,
English Hoax,

We

" contemptus, opprobrium, convicium," and the

To

jeer

and

have shewn, that they are derived from the same

metaphor of Scratching
Perstringere.

or

Vellicating a

suface, as in the Latin

same column of Lye's Saxon Dictionary with Husce, we have iHxiMSirian, Murmurare, and HRYWs/a, Deflere; where we again see terms belonging to our Element, denoting Noise, Hrysc, Irruptio, invasio repentina, impetus
In the
;

HvRsian, i. q. HnYsan, " Movere, quatere." The term between these latter words is Hrysel, " Arvina, adeps, lardum," &c.

The

idea of the Greasy substances

is

derived from the

Muddy,
is

Greasy Dirt of the

equally attached.

Ground,

to

which the idea of Agitation

The

explanatory word Greasy or Grease con-

nects itself with Grate, Grit, &cc. by conceiving the

under different points of view.

same object In the Latin Hisco we have

at

THE
at once the Fretted

EARTH.
surface,

887
R. Ainsto speak.

Hacked
To

and the Noise.

worth explains Hisco, "

'

Gape, to open the Mouth,

To

Mutter;

ToChark, chap or open."

Sec.
is

Let us mark, that Chark

belongs to Scratch,

In the Terrceque Dehiscunt,

we

are brought

to the primitive spot.

bularies to

Hisco

The succeeding word in our Latin VocaHispidus, "Rough, bristly, shaggy, prickly j"
is

and hence we
to the

shall learn, that this sense of Rougluiess

attached

Rough

Broken Fretted Corrugated

we have
(^OyyCiJii Hvshtiden. "
lips.

surface,

according

to

my

Hypothesis.

In Persian

To

Whistle, Hiss,

" or make any noise with the

To preserve, keep any thing."

is

We
an "

shall see

whence
term
in

this

latter

sense

derived,

by considering
Persian

adjacent

Mr. Richardson's

Dictionary, the

HisH or Hush
tion,

(ji^, which means " Understanding,

"

Care, attenThere are

and which brings us to the sense of the Saxon HiGE, and ,^^,JCiiJi Hishten, "To roll round or involve;" where
study
;

we

directly

come

to the idea of Stirring up or about.

various terms in the

same opening of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary

which
turbed

are manifestly connected with the idea of Excited

Violent

Dis-

action.

The

three preceding terms to the Persian

HisH are the Arabic Hes=Is q^aaw^ " Broken

"

Whisper,
the

Muttering."

Hes=Hesit
leaves.

into large pieces.

i^^^

" Muttering,

" whispering; the

" &c.,

armour, Noise of a man, &c. moving himself .in the night,

rattling of a necklace or other jewels, of

"

especially

when

lying

" or of any water.

among Hes=Has
is

The
"A

winding of a stream,
Butcher," where

(j,*Lgwjj5

we

have the sense of

Hack=Hack "

Expeditious,"

&c. Tiie

suc-

ceeding term to Hish

the Arabic ^jijb Hesi.sh, "Driving the

" leaves off trees with a stick, In the preceding column

&c. Light,

nimble, chearful, brisk."

we have
active,

the Arabic

" Rapid, (River.)

"

Swift,

Moving. Sedition,

tumult, intestine

brisk." war,"

^y^ Hu^=Huz.
i-Ji-Ji
jjjJb

Hez=Hez/7,

Hez-Iz "Mak"ing-

888
"
*'

^R.

R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q, S,T,X,Z.

" ing camels brisk and travel fast (by singing to them)

Sound.

The whispering or murmur of the winds, especially through The rolling sound of thunder." In Welsh, Hwttio trees.

means
this,

"To

Hiss out, to explode j"

is

and the preceding term to

in

Mr. Richards' Dictionary,

fie,

Hwt.

" Away, come out

" there, get thee gone; "

fie!"

Hwswi.

House-wife, a thrifty

same column we have woman; Hwsmon. A HusbandIn the

" man, also a good Husband, or

*'

thrifty

man."

" Hwstr. Morose,

We
should
the

forward, that will not be intreated, inexorable."

imagine, that the

Hwsmon was

the House-Man, and

Hwswi

woman

belonging to the House.

Yet perhaps these words are

is

attached to

Hwstr, Morose, which

not directly connected with

the House, but belongs to the terms of Excitement, under the idea

conveyed by Harsh.
Hv/S7non,

Thus, then, the terms

Hwswr

and the

may mean
affairs.

the Sharp
the

Severe
which
"

people in the

management

of their
*'

In

same column we have " Hwrdd, An

I

assault, onset or attack," &c.,

I

have before produced.

interj.)

In the preceding column

'also.

find
to.

Hwde.

(an

Here, take

it;

Come on

then, go

have terms of Excitement,

I

have shewn to

Hog, &c,, which mean the Hovaner or Router up, and Hvsiing,
;

Hwck.

Hwdwg, A Bugbear;"

where we

Sow

or

"

To Whisper,

to

speak softly, to mutter

discussion.

"

which brings us

to

the words

now under

Let us mark the explanatory term WHisp^r, and remember other terms for Noise, under kindred forms, Whizz, Whist,

Whistle, Wheese, &c. &c.

the Saxon Hwisprian, the

The
Belgic

Etymologists refer Wnisp^r to

and German

JVisperen,

&c.

Whizz to Hiss, Whist to Zz7fo, (Ital.) Hzvister, (Dan.) Susurro; Whistle to the Saxon Wistlan, &c., the German fVispele)i,&cc., and Wheese to Hweosan, (Sax.) Difficulter respirare ; Expumare,
Hwesa, (Swed.)
Sibilare
;

Hwith, Hwitha, (Sax.) Aura

all

which
ficta."

words are supposed to be formed from the sound " a sono

From

THE
From Whistle we

EARTH.
where we
see

889
how
Dr. Jamieson in

are brought to Fistula,

these forms connect themselves with each other.

his Scotch Dictionary explains

Whish,Whush, by

"A

Rushing or
and

"Whizzing

sound; " and 'To Whish' by

"To Hush," Wecannot

Hush, &c.
;

but perceive,

how

these terms belong to Hist,

all

we

see, that

they are

connected with the idea of Excitemejit,

whether we suppose Hush, &c. to be the gentle Noise, by which Attention is demanded, or whether we suppose, that some of the
terms for Attention signified
as
I
'

Be Roused or Excited
of

to Attention,'

before suggested.
or Attention

The game

Silence

sliould be

Whist is the game in which observed. The succeeding \\'ord

in Dr. Jamieson's

Whisht, "Hush, be silent," Whistle, *' Change of money "

to
J

Dictionary,

is

where our Author

Wechseln.

refers us to

the Scotch Quhissel, under which he properly produces, as parallel, the Belgic Wisseln, and the

German
by

My German

Lexi-

cographer

explains JVechsel
see,

" Vicissitude, Alteration," .&c.

where we

how

among

others,

belongs to Vices, of which relation Junius, has been aware, who produces Wissil, " Scotis
it

" Mutare, emere," the

same term
to the

as the

Whistle

in

Dr. Jamieson.

We

now

see,

how

the word Whistle, denoting at once Noise

and Change, brings us

motion,

common

idea of Agitation

Comto

&c.

The same fundamental

terms for Agitation
in

sense

still

continues

operate, and to produce without error these varieties of

ing.

mean-

The

Noise,

&c.,

under the Element

seen however,

FSL, must be considered

the Scotch HvssiLitig,
pleased Children, &c.

another work.

We have

under the form ''DL, ^SL, &c., the terms Huddle, Hustle, (Eng.)

Rattling Noise

Hustle, the Noise of

same page of Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary, where Hustle is, we have Husto, Husta, or Hosta, " used as an expression of " suprise, and perhaps of some degree of hesitation: Heck!
In the

Husto, quo Habbie,' says Dr. Jamieson have a similar terra, Huzzh, " To lull a
'

"

-,

where, in Heck,

we

child, S, pron. with so

5 u

" strong

890
" strong a " writing."
is

^R.R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

" HvTHerin, A slight

sibillation,

that

it

cannot

properly be expressed in

shower, or wetting mist," which

derived from the idea of the Noise.

The

next word isHvTHerin,

a calf, a

"

Beast between the state of a

cow and

young

heifer;

which Dr. Jamieson has justly referred to Hudder/w, "Slovenly. " It is generally applied to a woman, who is lusty and flabby in
" her person, or wears her cloath^ loosely and aukvvardly."

The

idea o{ Jgitation and Co7ifusion brings us at once to the 'Disorderly

appearance The Rough

Coarse

figure.'

In the same page of

is,

we have Hut, "a Fat, over-grown person;" Hut, the Cottage; Hut, a Basket; Huttit, Hated, &c.; Huttis ///, Some kind of Disease; Huttock, a Cowl in all which, Hut has the same radical meaning, and is derived originally from the same action. The Hut,
Dr. Jamieson's
Dictionary,

where Hutherhi

the Cottage, has been already explained

and

in the

sense of the

Basket we have the secondary idea of the Enclosure.

the

Huttock

is

Enclosure of the dress, as in Hood.

or
tip

have shewn, that

Hated
Stirred

Huttit belongs to or about, if I may

the metaphor of one person being

so say, Routed or persecuted by

another.

We
is

shall

not wonder, that

Huttw

///,

" some kind of

" Disease,"
fused

Disorderly
word

found

among terms denoting Jgitation, or a Costate of things, when we recollect, that an

is

appropriate

for Disease

the very term Disorder.

find

moreover, in the same page of Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary, Hushion,

Hushel, Hush, and
'

To

Hush.'

The term Hushion

it
I

has been ex-

plained by a Cushion; but our Author supposes

as Hoeshinsy

to be the in

same

"Stockings without feet;"

which

shew

another

place to be the

same

as Hose, originally denoting the covering for

the

Hock, the

part adjacent to that,

which Houghs up the Ground.

" HvsHel, "

is

An Auld
;

Hushel," means any vessel or machine that

worn out " and Hush means " The Lump, a fish." That these words are somehow connected with the idea of .Agitation or

a Disorderly state of things, as referring perhaps to the condition

and

THE

EARTH.
actually
*

891
object, will be manifest

and appearance of a worn-out or misshapen

Agitation Commotion, &c.

from the term Hush, used as a verb, which

"

denotes
'

Dr. Jamieson explains

rush
in, to

To Hush

by

To

rush,

To Hush

in.

To

make

one's

way with

force

Let us mark the explanatory Haste, which is and let us note moreover another only another form of Hush
;

" and Haste."

explanatory word Rush, which

is

attached to the form RS, and

I

which

shall

shew

to

belong to Rout, &c.

have often found

it

expedient to interrupt the regular course of

explanation of certain terms,

my

Enquiry by the

not expressing the train of ideas

me, when such terms appeared to connect themselves more particularly in form with those words, which it
immediately before

was

necessary

for

me

to

produce

in

the

illustration

of the

subject directly under discusjgion.

fully understand,

The Reader

will

hence more

how
in

various significations

same fundamental idea may furnish the of words, which on the first view appear to
the

have no relation

sense to each other.

-I have supposed, that these terms for Noise, as are connected with the action of Stirring up

Scratching up or over
about,' &cc.;

Whizz,

&c.,

a surface;

and we accordingly

find,

under a similar form, the

word Whisk, Scopula, 'To Whisk over

a Surface.

where we

actually see a term which relates to the action of Sweeping over

The word Whisp, which

Junius explains in one sense

by " Straminis manipulus

*'

leviter contortus

ad aliquid abstergento the

is

dum," comprehends two notions belonging

it

same

train

of ideas, as
is,

denotes the substance, which

or about.
is

Contortum

what
is

WisKED round

and likewise
petual.

what

used

Wound round or about in its form, 'Ad Abstergendum,' or to Whisk

in a

over a Surface.

The terms denoting Twisting Rolling or Winding about,

derived from the notion of Stirring or Turning up
surface, as in
6cc.

This union of kindred ideas

word

per-

are

commonly

about,

any

Torqueo, Volvo^ &c.

&:c.

We

shall

now

892
now
called a "

R. R/.--C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T,
understand, that the exhalation from
JVill of the

X, Z.

Wisp," means the

there.

Whisps nimbly about, here and

the

damp Ground, which is object which Whisks or Lye has placed Wisk,
says,

Scopula, in a separate article to that, in which Junius produces

phrase

*Wisk away' which,

see, that these

as he

means

in

Scotch,

" Repente se alio proripere atque ex oculis

hominum amoliri;"

though we now
tive

two senses represent the substanto

and the verb belonging

however justly
term

same idea. Dr. Jamieson explains Wisk by " To Hurry away, as if one
the

" quickly swept off any thing

to

with a besom."
is

The succeeding
JVyndis, which, as

Wisk,
tells

in Lye's Junius,
is

Wysnand

Junius

us,

Scotch phrase, corresponding with Chaublastes."

cer's expression7"

Whisking

Lye however imagines,

that

Junius
it

is

wrong
to

in his

idea about

Wysnand, and

supposes, that

signifies

"Aridus, Marcescens," from the Anglo-Saxon ^^05w,

Marcescere;
Visna, Sec.
;

which belong the Swedish Wisna, the Islandic and, as he might have added, the English Wizen,

These ideas cannot be separated.

The

term of Excitemetit, which

expresses the action of Stirring up a Surface, so as to

a Rough, Corrugated, or Wrinkled state, as

make
it,

it

in

we

express

brings
per-

us directly to the Wrinkled or

ceive,

Withered

form.

Thus we

how Wither is attached to the term of Commotion, Weather, though not for the reason which the Etymologists
give us, " ut
" florescendi
ilia

proprie dicantur To Wither, quae post exactam

tempestatem

pauUatim

flaccescunt

atque

elan-

" guescunt.

The term Whease, which

as

have just produced, conveys the

idea of the Noise, which accompanies the action of Stirri?ig up, or,

we

express
is

it,

Throat,

that

Drawing up the breath. The WuEAsafid, the In the term which makes a Wheas/^ Noise.
of

HiCK=M/)

we have
Stirred

likewise the Noise, with the idea annexed of

somewhat

up

or

of

Twitching

Catching Hack/^

motion.

THE
motion, upward.

EARTH.
which
1

893
have sup-

This

is

precisely the sense,

to

posed to be originally affixed

these words.

The preceding
;

term to
'

this in Junius

is

Hichell, Hamus, Pecten

which means

The Carder the Teaser

Twitcher,

or Scratcher of Flax.'

The
it,

Lexicographers refer Hick-z^/>, Hick, Hicket, as Junius has

to

the English Yex, the Saxon ge-Ocsung, the French Hoquet, the
Islandic Hixte, the Danish Hicke, the Belgic Hick, Hickse, Hiickup,

the

Barbarous Latin Hoqueta,

the

Welsh

Ig,

Singultus

and

they produce, moreover, the Saxon Geoxa, and the

Gixen.

German Gaxen,
a sono ficta;"
;

Skinner observes on these terms,

"Omnia

and Junius produces the French Hocher, Quatere

In Skinner, the succeeding

where we see

the idea of Agitation belonging to this race of words.

expresses

it,

is

Hickock, Hicket, as he Hick-wa//, or Hick-w^^, "Vireo, Lynx, Picus,

to

word

" Picumnus, Picus avis;" which he derives from Hicgaw, "Moliri, " Niti, Perscrutari, quia sc. rostro, magna vi impacto arbores et " parietes pertundit." Here HicKswa// means the Hacker

Fretter or Pricker
articles

upon a Surface.
Doctius

Junius and Skinner have other

under

Yex and Yux,

Hxcciiis

bearing the same meaning as

is

Hick

in in

HiCK-Up.

a quaint
if

mode

of expressing
the accident

a Latin form a Drunken man, as

to conceal

which had befallen him.

The term

Hicc/m.s denotes the person,

who
but
is

has the H\cK-up; and Doctius or Doccius has no meaning,

used as having a similar sound with Hiccius, and a Latin

termination.
this

The
in

Doctius

however,
with

though intended
ma}'
still

to

have
to

coincidence

sound

Hiccius,

allude

Doctus, under the idea of the JVisdom or Learning, which persons

in this situation often
is

assume.

The

English term

Hawk,
it.

Screare,

another form of these words, denoting Sound, with the idea of

Stirring or Raising up the phlegm, as

we
:

express

The EtyAnhelitum
Hochio.

mologists refer us to the

Efflare;

German Hauchen,

Inhalare,

the Danish

Harck^^, Screo

and the

Welsh

Mr.

894
Hawk,

^R. R.\--C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T,

X, Z.
or

Mr. Richards explains Hoch by "

the Bird,
'^V.
is

A Hawking

Humming."
the person

contracted from Havock, and belongs to the

or Pedlar might
I

Element

The Hawker
word

mean

who Hawks

or Cries things about; but

in another place.

have given other con-

jectures on this

In German, Iuch, Iuchhe, Heisa, correspond with our word

Huzza and JucKzew, the verb, means "To Huzza, cry Huzza." The succeeding term to Iuch is lucH-^r^, " An acre of Plough" Land " where we are brought to the spot supposed in my hypothesis. The next word is Ivcuten, " A JufF, a Russia-Hide;" or Covering, where we have either the idea of the Sutface Top I have shewn, that Hide means the Suror the Rough Surface.
;
;

face

Top

or Covering, belonging to Hide, the portion of Land,

the

Surface
I

of

Land.

We

are not

only brought to the spot,

from which

have supposed Iuch to be derived in the adjacent

IvcR- Art; but we have another adjacent term, which indisputably

connects the idea of the Noise expressed by lucKzen with that of Scratching or Fretting upon a Surface. Juck^w signifies " To Itch

" or Fret."

have shewn, that Itch

is

only another form of the

German word.

Yuck,

the same meaning.

Skinner observes, has Again, in German, lAUCHzen means " To

in Lincolnshire, as

" shout, rejoice, exult, triumph, cry Huzza with clapping your " hands," as my Lexicographer explains it. The preceding word
to this brings us likewise to the idea supposed in

my

hypothesis.

The
*

preceding term

is

lATen, which means

see, the

"To weed

lAT-Haue,
to a cry of

" the Grubbing- Ax ;" where, we

or Gruh up.'

word means To 'Scratch

Noise, and

'To Yox the Dogs,' relates Encouragement, where we have at once the idea of
In English,
that of Excitement.

In Greek, luzo, a Shrill

cry.

{ivtu,

acutum clamo,

strideo, cano,)

means

The

adjacent word Iugks, (luy|, Motacilla, avicula

lllecebrae quasvis,)

veneficis in

usu, lUecebrse amoris;

the

Wagtail,

THE EARTH.
tail,
it

895
Excitement of

belongs to this race of words, as denoting Agitation, both as

to

relates

the

Tail-wagging

bird,

and

to the

passion.
H%to,

In Greek too, Iacho and Ech^o, (la%w, Vociferor, clamo,

Sono, resono,) denote Noise;

and to the

latter

word,

we

know, Echo belongs, (Ux"' Echo, Sonus reciprocus, vox repercussa,) to which terms of Noise we must add Ado, Aeido, Udo,
(aJw,
AsiSu,

Cano,

carmine celebro,
title

X^u,

celebro,

cano,

dico.)

lAcchus, the Mystic

of Bacchus, belongs to Iacho,

(la;^^w,)

as

some understand
derived

though various other conjectures have been

the
origin

formed respecting
from
the

of this

term.

These words are

Iachaw, " To
succeeding

Celtic

Iack,

Yell, scream;

" Yell, scream," as Mr. Shaw explains them.

The
we

word

to

Iach,

in

Mr. Shaw's Dictionary,

is

lACH=^ar, "

The

" Bottom, foundation, lower part, nether;" where

to the Ground, the Spot, from which, as
I

are brought

suppose, these terms

were originally derived.

"

In the

same column we have " Iagh,

I

An

Island," which means, as

conceive, Land.

In the pre-

ceding column

we have
is

/.

Low.

An

Island;

where the radical

form C, G, &c.

lost.

In the same column of

(lux^,)
is,
I

my Greek

Vocabulary, where Iacho,

find

Iatt=Atai,

(larraTa;, Interjectio lamentantis,

(loiTTocTona^,

Heu

!)
!

and again,

Iatt=Atai=Ax,

Interjectio,

Heu

Eheu

ab eod.); and

we might now

conjecture, that these terms,

with the various Interjections belonging to our Element, At=At,

(Lat.)

Heus! Heigh-Ho.'

are attached to the race

Aachee, (Fr.) Ach, (Germ.) &c. &c., of words denoting Noise. I have introInterjections with

duced on former occasions these

(y'"g
^^"-y

terms signiactions of

That

and with those, which express

shall

Excitement
spirit

We

of these

now understand, from the tenour and discussions, how the race of words, called Interthemselves
to terms

jections,

ideas.

may The

alike attach

conveying these

consideration

however of such words would soon

involve

896
mark

^R.

R/

.-C, D, G, J, K, Q,
Theory
;

S, T,

X, Z.
to

involve us in the mists of

those, in

and we must be contented

exists,

which the Consonant form

Language.

and which seem

unequivocally to belong to other terms, performing regular and

efficient

parts in
it

When
is

the

Consonant has disap-

peared,

is

in

vain to enquire about the origin of such terms.

just, that the Interjections

In

many

cases the ordinary opinion

mere vowel sounds, which are not to be referred to any terms within the pale of Language. The Etymologists have supposed,, that Ho! in Gee=Ho! belongs to the German Hotte, "A Cartare

" man's crying, to make his horses turn to the right;"

appears in the Consonant form, and which,
I

which

think,

we Cannot
a substan-

help referring to the terms expressing Noise and Excited actions.

Le Duchat
tive

says, that the

French Aachee, "Detresse,"

!

is

formed from the interjection Ah

its

and he produces the follow-

ing quotation as authority for

"
il

use.

a d'ouyr

telles

novelles."

In

Noise and Excitement.

or be

The verb Urged forward, "Es will nicht

Heit
is

"Or jugez quelle Aachee Hotte we have the idea of Hotten means To Advance
recht

Hotten,

It

will not

" go or advance rightly."

the same meaning, as
I

a term used by Chaucer, with

have before observed,

" Heit,"

says

" Junius, " Chaucero est particula vel interjectio,qua utunturequos

"

in carro jugatos minaciter propellentes."

*' Depe was the way, for which the cart still stode " This carter smote and cryde as he were wode,
*' Heit Scot, Heit Brok, what spare you for the nones? " Tlie fend you fetch, qth he, body and bones."

have before produced Hest, 6^-Hest, a Command, which the

Etymologists have justly referred to the German Heissen," To bid, " tell, command To Call a body or thing," the Belgic Heiten,

the

Saxon Haten,

Vocare.

have shewn, that

these

words
;

have been derived from the idea of Exciting persons to action

I

and

may

add, that in this case the notion of Excitement cannot be

separated from the office of the Voice in Calling.

We

have seen,
that

THE
that

EARTH.
the terms
relating
to

897
to

Heissen occurs among

Excitement,
or

Heiss, Hot, and Heisch^w,

To Ask
Hij

and

Noise, Heisch

Heiser, Hoarse, as
I
;

have before observed.

^^j<$>
is

have shewn too, that

a term used " in crying to

" Camels " and that the same word signifies " Raising (dust,) " provoking (to Anger). Making an attack. A Battle, a com" bat. Perturbation, fury, agitation, intoxication." A word under

the

same form means

in

Persian,

"Tearing

up, Instigation;"

where we have the genuine sense of the Element. Again, in Arabic, cx^Ji Heita, Heiti, Heitu and Bite means "Come
" hither, approach;" " Ground."
" ing near."

and the same word Heit

in

signifies

"Low

Again,

Arabic,

\a^ Heit means

" CalliHg out,

at,

" Crying, vociferating, being tumultuous.

In
the

Arriving
this
is

approach-

preceding

column of Mr. Richardson's

tumult.

Dictionary

we have yi*^^ Heish, " Motion, commotion,

and the term before

(j**^ Heis, " Treading down, trampling upon, beating to pieces. A plough, " any instrument for cultivating the ground. Heisi, Cheer up

" Loquacious, verbose;"

" Be of good courage

every thing, which

success to you

can confirm

my

word we have hypothesis. In the same

In this

"

opening of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary we have the Arabic

Heya,

U*

Ho

Holla

Persian

/^

Hark you ! Heh, a^ " Ha Ha Ha "the Hei, "Ho! Hark you Have a care! Holla!
! 1 !
!

"Softly! Touch it not! A Tumult, a crowd, a multitude; " 4jJt> He, The Sound of the breath;" the Arabic Hykh, " Used in making camels kneel; Hujekh, A camel braying, when

^^

ordered to kneel

cXa.*

Heid, Crying to camels,"

tiL*

Under

this

word Mr. Richardson refers us to Had, " Moving, disturbing. Hadd, Sound, " murmuring of the sea."
In French,

which he explains by
or

especially the roaring

Huet

is

to

Hoot

after a person;

and

Hue

is

"A

" term used by carmen, &c. to their horses, when they chuse to
.5

" have

898
'

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

have them go forward, or rather turn to the right." The French likewise say, Hur=Huat, " II n' entend ni aDia, ni a Hur=Huat,
"

He

does not

know
is

his right

hand from

his left."

In

Hue
*'

the

radical consonant

lost;

but in the adjacent word Hucaer,

To

" Hallow, to call or shout to,"

and Huch^^ "

Huntsman's or

" Postboy's Horn,

"

the Consonant appears.

In old French,
refer to

Huz

and Hut//2 denote Noise, which the Etymologists

or Hutesium.
In

Huesium
derives

French,

Hoyer means

" Quereller, tanser, et

it,

" quelquefois appeller," as Le Duchat explains

it

who

from Vocare.

That Hoyer, denoting

in

Noise,

is

connected with
the

the idea of Scratching up the Ground, will be manifest from

Menage, which is Hoyau, the Hoe or Hough. In the French word we see, that the Radical Consonant is lost, as in the English Hoe; but in the mode of writing the
word preceding
it

same word Hough,

it

is

preserved.

The

succeeding word in
to

Menage
to

to

Hoyer

is

Huau, the Owl, which probably belongs

Hoyer, denoting Noise.

Scratch.

The word
Hibou,

Screech, in Sreech-Owl, belongs

difficulty

In the
is

French term however a

occurs.
to

The Huau
Element

interpreted

where Hibou belongs

In

the

'^B;

and the Huau

to find a

may

be quasi Huav.

Huette we
the

might think
Radical 'T;

proof,

that these words belonged to our

but the Huette might be formed from

Huau by

construction of the Language.

The French Etymologists

derive

HucHERfrom an

old

word Hus, a Cry; and they remind us of the

Latin Heus, and the English Huzza.

Skinner and Junius have the word Buzz, which the former explains by " Obstrepere, Murmurare, vox procul dubio a sono
"ficta;"

and

in

another article he produces

is

Hase

or

Hauze,
"
;

which, as he says,

"

Nimio clamore obtundere,

perterrefacere

where he
Heischer,

justly reminds us of the

Saxon Has, the German Heiser,

"Raucus,

vel Heischen, Postulare, Flagitare, vel Interject. vel a Teut. Hase, Stultus."

" minatoria

Haw,

The

succeeding

word

THE
word
to

EARTH.
Hy,
or Hie,
;

899

Huzz,
'

in Skinner, is

explains by
is lost;

Festinare, Properare."

which he Hie on, &c. Here the Radical Consonant

In Hie

but Skinner justly refers us to the Saxon Hica/i, Contendere,

is

Festinare, where the Consonant

found.
it

we have

the
is

Cry of Excitement.

To

Hie, or
I

High, as

might be written,

To Egg

a person on.

have before shewn, that Egg, EcGian,

(Sax.) must be referred to the idea of Excitement, as connected

with Stirring up the Ground, in

tlie

Saxon Eoean,

Occare.

take

every occasion of bringing the Reader back again to the primitive

or prevailing idea.

Let us mark the explanatory term adopted above, the English

Hoot, which must be

refers

referred to this race of words.

Skinner

Hoot
utr.

to

the French Huer,

Huyer, Exclamare, with the

of the

remark, "

a sono fictum."

Lye reminds us
as

Welsh
before

Hwhw,
The
in

Bubulare.

We
in

shall

now understand,

we have
term to
is

seen, that

Hue,

Hue and
we
to

Cry, belongs to this race of words.

this

Etymologists have justly referred us under

In Hue, as
see, the

Hoot

and Huer.

Radical consonant

Hack, and in Hue, Shape Form Colour, &c., which I have shewn likewise to belong to Hack. Junius reminds us, under " Hue and Cry," of the barbarous Latin word HvTesium, where the true form appears, as in Hoot. The term Utis occurs in Shakspeare, and means Breaking Our

Hew, which belongs

lost, as

into Noise or Uproar. In the Second Part of Henry IV. (A. II. S. 4.) one of the Drawers at the Tavern in East-Cheap says to the
other, " Sirrah, here will be the Prince,

and Master Poins anon " and they will put on two of our jerkins, and aprons and " Sir John must not know of it Bardolph hath brought word " to which the other replies, " By the Mass, here will be old Utis
;
:

"

It will

be an excellent stratagem."

contented with the observation of

13

The Commentators are here Pope, who observes, that Utis

"
festival.

" an old word yet in use in some counties, signifying a merry

900
"
"
festival,

^R.

R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
S.

from the French Huit, Octo, ab A.

Skinner."

Eahta, Octavae

festi alicujus.

Mr. Steevens properly observes, that

" Old, in this place, does not mean ancient, but was formerly " a co!nmon augmentative in colloquial Language. Old IJris
" signifies
Festivity in a great

degree."

In

Chaucer we

find

(See Mr. Tyrwhitt's Note on OuTHEEs, another form of Utis. Perhaps in Ut=Is, HuT=Es-/wm, &c., the Chaucer, ver. 2014.)

Element ^T,
strongly.

'^S,

&c.

is

doubled in order to express the idea more

shall here close

my

observations on the race of words,

which are found under the forms '^RS, ^S, &c. denoting Noise
Sound, Sec, as
duced,
will
I

trust, that the terms,

which

have already prothe

force

be fully

sufficient

to

illustrate

of

my

arrangement, and to establish the principles of my hypothesis. jjroceed to consider the form of our Element RC I shall now

and the Reader

sion,

will perpetually

find, in

this part of

my

discus-

terms denoting Sound, connected with the same train

of

ideas.

Some of these I have already produced; but they will be best seen, when they are examined among the words, with which they are inseparably blended. The writer finds himself frequently embarrassed in the choice of his arrangement, when he

endeavours to balance the degrees of advantage, which might be derived from the exhibition of certain terms in different portions
of his work.
I

have laboured to adopt that species of arrange-

ment, which may form the strongest impression on the mind of my Reader, by the different modes of collection and separation,

with

all

the diligence which

have been able to exert.

Amidst all the views, under which the Mechanism of Language may pass before our eyes, we shall still contemplate the same
proofs of that exquisite process, by which
all its

operations are

so faithfully and efficiently accomplished, proceeding on the

same

principles.

THE
principles,

EARTH.
We
shall

90r
behold the
while

and directed

to similar purposes.

various

races

of words

under the same Element,

they

assume innumerable forms, and perform innumerable offices, all preserving, in distinct and marked characters, their general relation,

and

their peculiar affinities, without error

and without conthose

fusion.

We may
its

there

trace clearly
'

and

unequivocally

strong conections,' and those

various
parts

nice dependencies,' by which the

whole and

are

discovered to be indissolubly

united with each other, arranged in the most

consummate
a

order,

uniformity and regularity.

sive facts,

In considering the plain and impressuccessful

which

we

are enabled to ascertain by

enquiry into the

secrets of

Language, we

shall alone perceive

those mysterious workings of the

Human

mind, which

we have

in

vain endeavoured to learn amidst the unprofitable researches of

As we involve ourselves in the toils of our own reason, the faculties become lost and bewildered and we continue to wander in the labyrinth, which we have raised
Metaphysical refinement.
;

around
pursuit.
sitions

us,

without a clue to guide, and almost without an object of

We

seem

to

'

bend our eyes on vacancy,' and

all

our disqui-

appear to be wasted in a vain and

is

fruitless enquiry,

where

there

no beginning and no end, where no

might be ultimately
alone,
referred.

facts

have been

proposed, on which our reasoning could be originally established,

or to which of
it

It

is

in the treasures

Language

that the great

deposited, which relate to

knowledge are the operations of the Human mind in

materials of

forming and propagating ideas.

The

metaphysical deductions,

which are derived from the study of Language, 'duly and diligently pursued, are founded on the evidence of examples, which

accompany the reasoner

directly conduct

at

every step of

iiis

progress, and which

him
and

to the object of his research.

When we
all

cast
their

our eyes over a series of words, fully unfolded, under

secret bearings
relations to each

other,

we

are directly ad-

mitted

902

'^R.R.\~-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
movements have been imat once

mitted into the inmost recesses of the Understanding, and discover

the hidden springs, from which
pressed.
its

In this series of words

we

contemplate a con-

tinued series or chain of ideas, with a clear and distinct view of

the various links, of which
it

is

composed and

as they are regularly

generated through the successive stages of their progress, from

their original source to their final
artifices

perfect completion.
series

In the

of

Human

Speech we are presented with a

of facts,

which may be

distinctly traced

minutely

detailed,

and unequifidelity;

vocally exhibited.

Hence, and hence only, can the workings of

clearness precision and

Intellect be described with

and

when we have

successfully unfolded the various parts, of which

the great Machinery of

probably have at last

Language has been formed, we shall then discovered all, which can ever be known or

taught on the Mechanism of Mind.

CHAP.

903

CHAP.

IV.

R'^. C,

D, G, &c., or RC, RD, RG, &c.

Terms, expresaing the idea of Stirring up

Breaking up ScratchRus,

ing up

over
up.

or about,

a surface;

as coruiected with an action

performed on the Ground, or Earth, (Eng.) aRETz, (Heb.)

{Lat.) &c., with various degrees of force and violence, as Rout,

Root

Rake, Raze, Rado, ^c. &c. &c.

Routes, Roads, &c. &c.
into

To

these are at-

tached terms denoting Furrows, Tracks, &c., as Rug.^, (Lat.)

Ruts, Ridges,
the surface

From

the

idea of

Broken up, or Scratched up,

is

Ruts, Ridges, we
(^c.

have terms denoting what

Rough, Rugged, Ragged,

Rouxing up the Ground is ayinexed the idea of Commotion Agitation Tumult Violence, &c.; and hence we have such terms as Root, Rush, Rash, ^c. Hence too, we find
To
the action

of

Race of words, which

signify

by

metaphorical application to
the feelings or frame, as
action

Rout

Stir up. Agitate

Vellicate, &c.

Ir-RiTATE, Rage, &c. &c.

With terms, which express the

or of

of Scratching and Grating upon a Surface,

Routing
denoting the

Raking up
Grating,

the Ground, &c. are connected words,

Rough

Noise; and hence we have such zvords as Rado,

Rattle, Rustle, (Eng.) RACier, (Fr.) Terms, which are derived from the action of Routing out a surface, in order to Clear off or Rid away any incumbrajices inequalities, &c., so as to make it Level, Straight, or to reduce it to a Fit Proper Right direction or state; to make it Fit
(Lat.)

RuDo, RuGio,

Proper

904

Proper and
&c. &c.
well

Ready

for any purpose, as Rid, Right, Ready,

to

Hence terms relating

a Right

Regulated
From

state of things, in

Proper Arranged, Laws Morals, &c, &c., as

into the

Right, Regulate, &c. {E7ig.) Rectus, Rego, Regula, (Lat.)

&c. ^c.
the form

RGL, R^L, we pass

form RL;

and hence a Race of words has been generated under the form RL, as Rule, from Re^uLa, &c. &c. To the form RG, or

RgN

is

directly

attached the

form

RN;

atid

hence
as

has

been

derived a Race of words under the form

RN,

Runco, (Lat.)

Ru^&ANE,

{PuKOivr;,)

^C. &C.

Words

THE

EARTH.

905

RC, RD, &c.

RosTH^w, RvGchos, Ris, ROSTELLWW, RUSSEL, &C.

(Lat. Gr. Lat.

Germ. &c. &c.)

Words expressing
Stirring

the

idea
tip

of

up Breaking
tip

The

Snout, that which Routs

Scratching

over

or about

a surface, as connected with

an action performed on the Earth, jRetz, &c. (Heb.)

Rus, (Lat.) &c. &c. Terms derived from or connected with such words, conveying
the idea of Co7nmotion
tation

up the Dirt. Rootle, or tyRooTLE. (Eng.) To Rout up the Dirt. Route, hRvT>an, Rudo, Rug/o, Regko, Rustle, Rattle,
RACL^r, &c. &c. (Eng. Sax. Lat. Gr. Eng. Fr. &c.) To

Agi Violence Tumult

tip,

make a Noise. RuGLo. (Welsh,) To Shovel up Dirt, To make a Rattling

Noise.

Noise, Sec.

Rush, liK^osan, Ruo, Rutz^w.

Rout, Root
Reut^,
Belg. &c.)

wRoet^,
RoEDe?i,

(Eng. Sax. Lat.)

Reiss^w,

Rash, Rout, Riot, Rage,

RoiST^rer,

&c. &c. (Eng. Sax. German,

Rogue.

(Eng.)

&c. &c.

Rake, Raze, RAS^r, Rado, &c.

(Eng. Fr. Lat. &c.)

Regmo, Rasso, &c. &c. (Gr.)

To
(Latin,)

Break,

Dash

to pieces.

RvTriwi

RuTELLz^m.

gRis, RixA. (Gr. Lat.) Contention.

Instruments for Stirring up

the Dirt, as a Mattock.

&c. &c. &c.

In

this

portion of

my Work
I

shall exhibit a series

in

of facts,

which

will illustrate, as

trust,

the most impressive and unethe

quivocal

manner, the

principles

of

System, which
parts of

have

undertaken to establish.

Through other
5 Y
,

my

discussion
I iTi'iy

906
I

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
to

may hope

have conciliated the attention and conviction of

my

Reader

in the great

and leading points of

arisen

my
in

argument, whatever
his

difficulties

may have sometimes

mind, from the

relation

consideration of particular words, in their

to each other.
will,
I

more immediate
if

On

the present occasion, however, these difficulties

think, be considerably diminished,

not altogether cleared

of Races
of words

and removed.
these

Even
in

in to

the examination

which ultimately belong

Races
a distinctive

each other,
distinct

we

shall find,

that each of

assuming a

form will exhibit likewise

a
different

peculiarity,

and may

afford

degree of

evidence, especially to those,

who have

not yet divested their minds

In the

of the received conceptions on the subject of Etymology.

Race of words, which

which they assume,
retentive form,

am now

about to examine, the form,

will, if I

do not deceive myself, appear at

once to the eye and the mind of the Reader, as a compact and
if I

may

so express myself, under which he might

conceive or expect to be included a series of terms, ultimately belong-

ing to each other.

He will moreover manifestly see some strong

train

impressive words, unquestionably attached to each other, which

relate to

Commotion, tec, as connected with an action oi Violence or Commotion, &c. perjormed on the Ground. Though he will perViolence

the

same

of ideas, and which express Actions of

ceive,

that a great variety of senses is to be found under this

all

Race of words, and that

senses

our sagacity and diligence must

yet he will not

be oftentimes exerted in order to discover the connexion of these

with the fundamental notion

in

fail

to

observe

general

whole

Race, in

same vein of meaning pervading the distinct and unequivocal the most marked
the

characters.
I

shall consider, in the present Chapter, that

which belongs to the form of the Element R.

Race of Words,
C, D, G, &c., or

RC, RD, RG, &c. when there

is

no vowel breathing before the

R
but

THE
but

EARTH.
and
is
I

907
inserted between that

when

a vowel succeeds the R,

letter

and the second consonant C, D, G, &c.,

necessary
in

have found

it

frequently

the

preceding

part

of

my Work
how they

to

introduce

words, under this form,

RC, RD, RG, &c. with no

sliew,

vowel breathing before the R;

and to

are

connected with words, which belong to the form ^RC, '^RD, ^RG, &c. when the vowel breathing precedes the R. This change from

one form to the other

once
see, that

is

most simple and obvious.

exists

We

shall at

when a vowel breathing

and C, &c., the process
is

between the two

Consonants

nothing but the loss or

the addition of the vowel breathing before the R.

Thus

it

will

be instantly understood,

how ERUTHro5, ORYza, Ereugo,

(E^vd^o;,

or

eRvTHros, oRvza, ^Reugo,

O^u^a,

E^evyu,)

Red, Rice,

acknowledged, that the following terms are immediately connected together by the
it is

RucTo, have passed

into each other;

and

same process; as Wrotan, (Sax.) and Rout Hreac, (Sax.) and Rick; Hristlaw, Hruxl^, (Sax.) and Rustle; HRUG,(Sax.) and Rough Hreosaw, (Sax.) and Rush; RRJEcati, (Sax.) and Reach; Hracod, (Sax.) and Ragged, &c. &c. &c. My hypothesis is, that
;
;

the Races of words under these

two forms '^RC, '^RD, &c., RC,

RD,

without the vowel breathing before the R, should be considered as ultimately belonging to each other and
&c.
;

with and

that they are remotely or directly connected with terms under the

same Elementary

characters, denoting the Ground, with the actions

it;

and operations performed on

as

Earth, Erde, Aretz,

I

&c.,

Harrow, Herse, Harcke,

cussed, and

&c. &c., which

have already dis-

Rake, Rout,
I

Root tip,

&c. &c., which form the

subject of the succeeding Enquiry.

Though

conceive, that

the words under the Elementary

breathin*>-

Character '^RC, &c., RC, &c., with or without the vowel

before the R, are
all

ultimately to be referred to each other; that

is.

908
is,

^R.R.\- C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z.
we have
yet
still

though there are obvious points of union, at which, as

seen, the races under both forms pass into each other;

we may

consider the Race under the form

RC, &c. with no vowel

when it is once constituted, as generating by its own powers, if I may so express it, a distinct class of words, conveying a peculiar train of ideas, by which they may
breathing before the R,

be distinguished from the words under the form '^RC, where a

vowel breathing precedes the ^R.

find

it

necessary to antici-

pate a few terms belonging to the form

RC, without a vowel

breathing before the R, from which the Reader will be enabled to

perceive the general turn of meaning, which pervades in various

degrees the Race of words under that form.

have found

it

neces-

sary to anticipate these terms, because there are no synonimous

words

in our

Language, which so aptly express the peculiar

;

train

of ideas, conveyed by that Race

and we

shall at

once

see,

strongly those terms express the idea of Stirring up

Agitation, as connected with

Excitement

how

an action referred to the Ground or

Earth, (Eng.) aRetz, &c. (Heb.) Rus, (Lat.) &c. &c. The terms Rout, Rake, Raze, Root up, belong, we see, to the form RC, &c. and they bring us directly to the action of Stirring up the surface of the Ground, Earth, aRetz By such an action, we know, are formed Furrows Tracks, &c. and hence
; ;

we have Ruts, Ridges, Routes Roads, &c. &c. From the idea of a surface so Rout^^ or Root^^ up in Ruts, Ridges, &c. we pass into the idea of that, which is Rough, Rugged, Ragged or Broken, Rude, &c. &c. The action of Rout/w^ tip the Ground brings us to a race of words, which express Commotion jjgitation and hence we have Riot, Tumult Violence, &c. &c.

Rush, Rash, &c.

idea of

Race of words, which convey the Disturbing, Annoying, Aggrieving, as /r-RiTATE, Rack,
;

as likewise to a

&c. &c.

The

Noise, accompanying the action, which

we

express

by

THE
by
'

EARTH.
the Ground,'

909
or
to

To Rout up
;

Rake up

Scratch

and

Grate
J^oise

upon a surface, has produced a race of words, denoting and hence we have Rado, Rudo, Rugio, in general

Rattle, Rustle, (Eng.) &c.; Racler, (Fr.) &c. &c. These few words will give the Reader a very sufficient idea of the peculiar turn of meaning annexed to the Element RC, &c.
(Lat.) &c.;

when

a vowel breathing does not precede the R.

We

have seen

indeed the same train of ideas expressed under the form of the Element ''RC, &c. with the breathing before the R; but under
the form
ideas
is

RC, &c. without

a breathing before the R, this train of

;

perpetually prominent and conspicuous

and

it

presents

itself to

our view in the most distinct and unequivocal characters, through a wide compass of Human Speech.

Rout, the

verb,

is

peculiarly applied, as

action of Stirring up the

Ground or Earth

we know, as 'To Rout

to

the

up, or

'Rout

in the Dirt:

The Etymologists have

curiously separated

the terms belonging to this word.

Junius produces Route, as

denoting a TVbw, 'Stertere;' and Skinner,

the

Rout
in

or Root, bearing
its

same meaning.

The

latter exhibits

Rout,

metaphorical

sense,

"To Rout

an army," which he has referred

to the
to

French

Route and the Italian Rotta;

Ruptura, from Rumpo.
lection or

and Route he conceives

be quasi

Rout, Turba, the confused Heap^ColHeaps,

Multitude of People, belongs to the metaphor of Rout/p-

up

the

Dirt in

confused

Skinner and Junius, have put the

separate article
;

Our two Etymologists, substantive Rout, Turba, in a

Sec.
it

and they record the various words to which

may

be referred, as the Belgic Rot, the

German

Rotte,

the bar;

barous Latin word Rutta, the

Welsh Rhawd, Rhawter, Turma

the Greek Rojhos,

the Danish Roode, Manipulus militum;

(poSog,

Tumultus,
over, "

vel Fragor.)

Lye

likewise records the

Vovttu);

modern Greek

word Routa and Routta,

Mihi videtur

(Poura,

and he observes, more-

summam

sapere antiquitatem.

Nam

Hiberni
" habent

910

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
eodem
significatu."

" habent Ruta

All

these words belong

to

each other, and receive their force from the action of Ixovrijig up
the Dirt.

Turba and Turma are attached to the Turf, or Ground, for the

same reason
derived

and

it

is

acknowledged, that Ttunultus, Tumult,

the

is

from

Tumulus,

Heap

of Dirt.
all

We

perceive, that
;

Tumulus, Tumultus, Turma, Turba,

it

belong to each other

and
the
as

will be

shewn

in a future

Volume, that they are attached to the

Element

TM, TF,
to

denoting the

Turf or Ground.
'

Rout,

substantive, bears the

same

relation to the verb

To Rout,'

Turba does

Turbo.

My German

Lexicographer

explains

RoTTE by
Rout,
a
is
'

"A

Rout, Crowd, Crew,

is

Clutter,

Club, Gang, Set."

it

in

English,

used with this sense,

when

is

applied to
it

Crowd

or Clutter' of people

met together

for the purpose, as

supposed, of some amusement or diversion.

is

In

German, the

word

Troop of Soldiers, or a Gang of The adjacent word to Rotte in the German Conspirators. Lexicons is Rotz, Nasi Mucus, which brings us directly to the In Hebrew, tyj'i RGS, signifies, says idea of Filth or Dirt. Mr. Parkhurst, " To meet together, assemble in a tumultuous and as a substantive, "A Confused Assembly or *' manner;" * Multitude."
chiefly

applied to a

Root,
article
;

as a verb,
refers

*To
it

Root,'

is

placed by Skinner in a separate

instar

and he

to the

Saxon Wrotan, Versare Rostro

Reissen,

suum

the Belgic Roeden, Roden, Extirpare;

Vrueten, IFroeteti,
'

Terrara

Suffoderej
Russeln,

the

German

Reuten,

Ans-Rotten/
Rostellum,

Extirpare;

Terram

Rostro

fodere,

from

imagines moreover, that Wrotan and Roden may be derived from the Latin Rotare ; and he adds, " Felicissime alludit " Gr. OpvTTu, Fodio." see in the Greek Orutto, (O^uttw,

Rostrum.

He

We

Fodio,) and

WROTan,

the form of the Element

^RS with

the
is

breathing before the R, as likewise the original idea.

Rota

that

THE
that,

EARTH.
in
affinity

911
moving or rolHng
in a separate artithis

which Roots or Routs up the Ground,

and he appears to see no
to

along.
cle;

Root, Radix, Skinner likewise places

between
the

substantive,
to

and the verb

Root

up.

He

refers

substantive
;

the

Danish Roed, Radix; the German Kraut, &c. Herba

and Junius

and Lye produce as

the Islandic Root.

parallel the

Runic Rotar, the Swedish Rot,

Though

these Lexicographers explain

to understand, that these

Root
the

by Radix, they do not seem

form

words are

only different forms of each other.

is

In Greek,
that

we know,
The

Riza,

(P'^a.)

substantive, belongs to

Root *To Rout

We

shall agree,

Root, Radix, the

Latin
is

up,out,'&c.

Etymologists have seen however, that Rad/x

connected with

Rado

and Rado, "

To

Scrape, Scratch," &c., as

we

shall like-

wise at once agree, means 'To

The

Latin Kvirum,
is

"

Rout up any Surface.' An instrument wherewith

spot supposed in
is

Sand,

or

" such-like

digged out," directly means 'The RouT^rup of

at once
to the

Dirt,'

and brings us
R\j Tabulum,
''

my

hypothesis.

coal

Rake,"
fully

another of these terms.

The

Etymologists have justly referred these words to Ruo, Ruitmw,

and

RuTz^w,

where we

see

the idea of Commotion

Dis-

The compound e-KvTus, under the form RT, signifies precisely the same as Rovied out up, &c. In ^Ruo we have the form '^R, or R' but in Rutz/5, part, a Ruo, "Thrown down. Digged up," we have the form RT. In the same Index of R. Ainsworth, where Rutz/5 is, we
turbance, &:c. expressed

by Rout, &c.

find recorded the ancient

words Rvrellum,

RvTabri,

pi. Rastri,

from Varro, and

"A little Mattock,'' &c., RuTicba, "A Tumult, trouble,

or disorder."
to Turbo.

The Tub
is

or Tab in these Latin words belongs

Ruo

explained by Robert Ainsworth in the second

to
is

sense,

"To

Rush,
violence

run headlong, to Break out with violence."

the original idea of the term
;

Break with

and Rush,
its

we

see,

belongs to this race of words.

Ruo

is

used in

pri-

mitive

912

^R.

R.\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X,
the following passage,

Z.
is

mitive sense in

where

it

applied

to

Breaking

tvith violence the clods of the

Ground
{Georg.
I.
>'.

" Quid dicam, jacto qui semine cominus arva " Insequitur, cumii/osqtte RuiT 7nale pinguis arencc.

104-5.)

an adjacent word to RuTrw, belonging to our Element, which directly signifies the Ground Land, &c., as Rus, " The " Country, a place without the city. A Country House or Farm,

There

is

" where husbandry

is

exercised."

times passes into R.

Rusticus, Riistick,

Hence
"

are

Rurw we see how S somederived, as we know, the terms

In

Rustique, (Fr.) Rural, &c. &:c. &c.

Varro de-

rives

Rus from
derive

Rursiun,

Quod

in agris quotquot annis

;

Rursum

" facienda eadem, ut Rursus capias fructus

appellata

Rura."

Some

Rus from

A^ou^a.

The

old Glossarists justly interpret

Rus by "
Dictionary

Villa,

Terra, Ager."

In Mr. Shaw's Galic and Irish

garrison, a Village, an

"

artificial
is

we have " Rath, A Fortress, mount or burrow, a prince's

In Persian, clj

Seat."

The

Seat

nothing but his Land, Grounds, Farm, &c.

Prince's

''

Mea Rura
; j

" videbis."

Rag

is

"A

Villa,

Summer-House

and Uwij Rusta,

"A

Market-town, a Village," &c.

(^\Ji*,^j

RusTAY, " A Riistick life;" and (^Uw^ Rustai, "A Village, a "Market-Town." Mr. Richardson produces likewise, as Arabic and Persian, O'Ljj Rustak, "A Village, a Market-town, an en" campment of tents or huts."

We

shall all agree, that the idea of Action

from the principal action of Rout/^ up Stirring tip, or Cultivating the Rus or Land. Hence we have the Greek Rezo, (Pe^w,
Facio,) and the Latin Res.

would be derived

Under

the forms '^RC, -"RD, &:c. with t;=ORK, Ergo, Erdo,

(e^(L',

the breathing before the R,

Facio.)

we have

On

the first view zt;-ORK, &c. and Rezo, (Pe^w,)

seem

very remote, but the term

wRight
is

brings the forms into contact

with each

other.

The

original

sense

of Res appears

in

Res
press

Rustics, which,

we know,

the appropriate combination to ex-

THE
press

EARTH.
'

913
Re
Rustica,' &c.
'

what

relates to Agriculture, as

Varro de

In Mr. Shaw's Galic Dictionary, Raod, Rod, and Rud, mean

*

Thing.*

We

shall

now
re

understand,
f*iv

Demulceo manu,
(Pe^w,)

Xeipt

how Kata=Ri:zo, Kure^s^ev,) may belong

(Kara^E^w,
to

Rezo,

from the fundamental idea of some process performed

on a Surface.

We must

not wonder, that Rezo, in this compound,

denoting a gentle action on a surface, should belong to terms,

which denote the most violent action, as the explanatory Greek

%vord
*'

to KxTcc^ePev,
at

wliicli

the

Scholiast on

Homer

has applied,

KaTi|/;|e,"

once contains both ideas,

&c.
to

Kutki^ijxu,

Mulceo:-^

JEquo; Contundo,

The succeeding word

Vocabulary,
is

Rezo,

(Pe^w,

Facio,) in

my Greek
;

Retho5,

(Pedo?,

Membrum,

quaevis pars corporis

Facies,) which

my

Lexicographer places as a Rootj but

we now
and

perceive, that these vvords belong to each other, just as Facio does
to Facies,

and as Make

in

English

is

at once the verb of Action

a substantive, denoting the

Make

or Shape.

Hence, as
&:c.

imagine,
'

has been derived our ancient word Rudde,

*

&c. for

Shape,

Complexion
&c.

'

Ruddy,

commonly supposed to belong to Red, Junius has connected Rudde, Shape, Complexion,
though
it is

with Red, by a very dexterous explanation:

" Chaucero est illud

" qualitatum naturalium, praecipue tamen sanguinis temperamen*'

turn,

quod barbaris nuncupatur Complexio, Anglis Complexion.

" Horatio Epodon

XVH.

videtur dici Verecundus color.

"

Our
with
their

ancient Poets have certainly perpetually combined

Rudde

Red, from the same idea probably, which has possessed

commentators, that these words belonged to each other.
passage produced by Junius from Chaucer, the
is

In the

said to

be "Like Scarlet
as
5.) "

in

graine;"

Rudde of SirTopas and we frequently find

such

expressions,

vol. l\\. p.

a passage in

Rudd-AW, (Reliques of yhicient Poetry, Har Rode was Red," quoted by Dean Milles on Rowley. In this passage, however, Rode is applied
5 z
to

914

'^R.

R/ -C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.
is

to a white colour, as the general characteristic of a Complexion,

though the face

thus that
tlie

described at the same time to be lied.

It is

lamenting Damsel pourtrays the person of her de-

parted lover:
" Blacke hys cryne as the wyntere nighte, " VVhyte hys Rode as the soiiimer siiowe, " Rodde hys face as tlie mornynge lyghte, " Cale he Hes ynne the grave belowe."

In

old

English
it

we have Rood, Rude, &c.

denotes, as
I

as a

name

for the

Cross, because

conceive, the Image of Christ on

the Cross.

Junius has justly referred this word Rood, KooA-tree^

Sic. to

HooD-beam,

the Runic Roda, Simulachrum

and Dr. Ja-

mieson, in his Scotch Dictionary (sub voce Rude), has adopted this
idea.

that

The Commentators on Shakspeare have duly understood, the ancient form of swearing By the Rood, (" An Early

"

stirrer

By

the

Rood,")

refers to the Cross, or to

" the Image of

" Christ on

the

Cross."

{Second

Part

of

Henry IV,)

The

KooD-Loft meant the place the Saints were exhibited.

Eeliques of Anc. Poet.
p.

in the Church,

where the Images of

vol.
I,

(See Old Plays,

In Welsh,

p.

52, and

298.)

Rhith means, " An

"outward form,
it.

figure or shape;

an appearance, colour or pre-

" tence; the seed of living creatures," as Mr. Richards explains

In Mr. Shaw's Galic and Irish Dictionary

we have Riochd,
term
is

RiucHD,

"The

Shape,

or

likeness."

The

succeeding

Yiiocnuaidh, "

Plague, contagion, pestilence," which belongs to

an action of Violence

to Rout, &c.
have been derived, as we can

The names
I

for various Colours

readily imagine, from the various Colours of Dirt

shall

Mould

Soil.

shew, that the very term Colour belongs to

Soil,

Solum, Colo,

Under our Element RD we have the word Red, which must be referred to the same spot. Red occurs in various Languages, as in the Saxon Red, Read, &:c,, the Belgic Rood, the Danish Rod, the Runic Raudur, the German Roth, the French Rouge, the
&c.
Italian

THE EARTH.
Italian

915
the

Rosso, the

Welsh Rhudd,

&c.,
refer

which
to

Etymologists

produce,
(Efu^fo,-.)

and which they justly

the

Greek Eruthro^,
the
tlie

In

Red or ERuxHro^ means the Colour of Hebrew, we know, D1K ADM signifies Red, and

Earth.
Ground.

To

the Runic Raudiir Lye has justly referred the Saxon Rhoder, " Firmamentum." The English Ruddy, with its parallel term

Ruduy (Sax.)

and Ruddle, Rubrica;

Rudul, (Island.)
In

RotheL
actually

(Germ.)
see the

Rutilus, (hat.) belong to

Red.

Ruddle we
Russetine,

Red

Dirt.

In the term Russet

the
*

we

see

that species of
Dirt.

Dingy Red, which again brings us

is

to the colour of
in

In

German, Roth

Red, and Rothel, Red Oker ; and

is

the same Language the Russetine

called

Rothlicher Apfel,' and

RussLiNG.

The term

is

adjacent in

my German

Lexicon

to

Russel, a Snout, the Rout^t up of Dirt, and Russ, Soot; where we are directly brought to the sense of Dirt, and an action connected with
it.

Under Russm^,

in the

Vocabulary of Robert Ains-

we have Lutea RussAque; where Luteus and Russus are placed as nearly synonimous to each other; and Luteus, we know, at once relates to Dirt, and to a Colour. The Etymologists, under
worth,

Russet, refer us
Russus, (Lat.)
(PoucTiof,

to Roux, Rousset, (Fr.) Rossetto,

from Rosso,

(Ital.)

and
Roja.

to

the

Greek
Pota,

Rousios,

from

Roa, or Roia,
Roia,

Puniceus, a Pox, vel

Malum Puniceum,) where

belongs, as

(Po;a,) is quasi

The name Rousseau

&cc.,

we

likewise

know,

to

these words Roussir,

Man.
is

The

succeeding word in

my

and means the RED-Haired French Vocabulary to Rouss/r

Route, the Road, which brings us to the spot supposed in my hypothesis. The Rose, Rodow, (PoSou, Rosa,) Ike. &c. belongs to
the idea of Red.
others to Peu

Some Etymologists refer Rosa andO^u, "quod ingentem odoris fluxum

is

to

Ros ; and

emittat."

Rust, which might signify the substance of a D/W-like colour and nature, or
it

The

succeeding word in Skinner to Russetine

may mean

that,

'quod Kouit Superficiem'

which Scratches
Fiets

916
Frets

^R. R.

.-C, D, G, J, K, Q,
the Surface of
as in

S, T,

X;Z.

or Corrodes
;

various Languages

Danish and German Rost,

the English Rest, or the
Pcua-iog,

any thing. Rust occurs in the Saxon Rust, the Belgic Roest, the Rubigo, &c., which some derive from
Rastotte, {Pao-ruvvi,) or
et Latinis

Greek

from Rosso,

Russeus, Rubens, "

quomodo

Rubigo est a Ruber.

" Cymraeis denique Rubigo dicitur Rhivd vel Rhydni a Rhudd, " Ruber."

Lye reminds us
(E^uO^og,)

of the

Greek Erus/6^,
(Ev^u?,

{E^wtfivt

RubigOj) 'ERVTuros,
all to

Euros,

Caries,)

which are

be ultimately referred to the Dirt of the Earth.

The EtyIf the

mologists might have recorded likewise the Latin JErugo.

first

JEr in Mrugo, or Mr-Rtigo, be derived from Ms, Mris, the Rugo might belong to Rust. Rusty, or Restie Bacon, " Porcus
*

Rancidus,"

We

by the Etymologists from Rust. have seen the term for Noise, Rout or Root,
is

derived

Stertere;

and we here unequivocally see, that of RouTzw^or RooTm^ up a Surface.

the Saxon Hrutan, Stertere
as he says, are
;

it

is

attached to the action

it

Skinner has referred

;

to

the Belgic Roteleii, Grunnire

which,

"Omnia a sono ficta;" and which he refers to He adds moreover, that as the Belgic Rotel Rottle and Rattle. and the German Rtissel signify Rostrum, they may be derived
from the Latin Rostellum,
shall
i.te.

" Vocem Rostello emittere."

We

now

understand, that Rosrrum, Rostellum, Rotel, Russel, &c.,

were originally applied to the Snouts of animals, as being the Rootle or Ruttle, To part, which Routs up the Ground.
'

Rootle up the Ground,' is used for Rout in familiar Language. The Latin Rostrum is only another form of Ras prum. Nothing, we should imagine, could be more obvious than this
'

truth

yet the Etymologists only compare these words together for the purpose of deriving them from a different origin. " Rostrum
J

" dicitur a Rodendo, ut a Radendo

Rastrum."
forms

We

perceive, that

RoDo and Rado

are only different

of each other.

The
rived

terms of Noise, Rout, Rottle, Rattle, Rustle, &c. are de-

THE
rived from the Noise

EARTH.
RovTing up the

917
Dirt,

made

in the action of

&c.

Junius, under Route, " Stertere," produces the Belgic term Rottelen, or Reuteln, " inconditum ac varie streperum sonum
'

" gutture aut naribus edere

(PoSof,

and he records likewise RothoSy

(PuSuvec,

Strepitus,)

and RoTHones,

Nares,) the nostrils

(VuGuv^)

to

which Lye adds the Islandic Hriota.

the same idea as RosTrum.

Rothow,

belongs to

In Greek, Regko, (ViyKu, Sterto,)

means
(Lat.)

"To Route,
is

Stertere;" and RoGCYios,{i?oyxo?,) Ronchusy

the substantive expressing this noise.

We

here see,

how

the Element

RG,

&c. has passed into the form

RN.

The Ety-

mologists justly acknowledge, that Runco, Runcino, &c.

To

IVeed,

where we

once come to the Ground, belong to these words, and to RuGCH05, (Pvyxo?, Rostrum, Rictus.) Let us mark the exat

planatory term Rict5, belonging likewise to this race of words.

While

am examining Vocabulary, I cast my

I

the

word Rugcho^,

{Pvyx?}) hi

my Greek

eyes on Rocho, (Puxu, Dentibus fremo,)

another term denoting Noise, which belongs to this race of words. From Rugchos, (Pyy%o?,) or Ru?icho, we are brought to the form

RN

and hence we have Roncho, Runco, Averrunco, Runcina, &c. though in RuKaw^, {Y>vkuvt Runcina,) we have again the form RC.
;

We
I

see in Rictw5 and Ringo,

(P/f,

how

the forms are connected

and

again, in Ris and Rin,

P/i/,

P/vof,

Nasus,) we have both forms.

to

shall consider the words,

which belong

our Element RC, &c.,

article

and which have passed

into the

my Work.
guages
;

Latin RosTrw directly appears in other Lanas RosTRo, (Ital. Span. &c.) An adjacent word in the

The

form RN, in a separate

of

Italian Dictionaries to this

term
;

is

Rosta, "

Fan,

Un

eventail

" pour chasser

les

mouches

"

where we sec the idea of the

its

Router

or Driver away, in
in

more gentle

sense.

The
is

suc-

ceeding word

my
and

Spanish Dictionary to Rostro

in

''Rout, Defeat;"

the

same column
I

of

Rota, Mr. Neuman's

up, to

Dictionary with this latter word,

find Roz^r, "

To Stub

" clear

918

^R.

R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q, S,T,X,Z.

" clear the Ground of brambles and bushes," and Roznar, " To " bray, to cry like an ass;" where we have the idea of Noise,

under the form RZ, with the organical addition of the n

the Z.

after

To
the
Spot.

the form of Russel, Rotel, the

Router

up,

we must

refer

Welsh Ruglo, where we

Mr. Richards explains

are directly brought to the original

Rhuglo by " To Rub." Also, " To Shovel Dirt or Mire together." The preceding term is Rughl Groen, "A jingling Rattle, a Rattle made with stones put in " a dryed, undressed skin " where we have the idea of Noise, as connected with the word Ruglo, which relates, we see, to Stirring The word before this is Rhugl, " Handy, ready, up the Dirt. " dextrous. Also, Rife, common " where we naturally find the
; }

idea of

what

is

Dextrous and Commofi applied

to so

Comfuon and
In the next

Familiar an action, as that of Digging up the Ground.

column of Mr. Richards' Dictionary I find " Rhuso, To leap or skip, " or start back, to be hindered, stopt, or stayed " and Ruthro,
;

"

To

Assault or Attack,

To Rush upon

"

where we have the

sense of Commotion

Agitation, &c., as

attached to this race of

same form RSL, and the same fundamental meaning, we must refer the Welsh Rhistyllio, "To Curry
words.
the

To

a Horse,"

and the Galic Risteal, "a sort of Plough," &c.

>

with the Sirnames Rastle, Rastal, Ruggle, &c.

Under

the

form of Rattle, &c. we have the French Racl^/",

"To

Scrape,

To

shave, or

Raze

off," Sec,

which those, who write on the Theory

of Languages, have produced as one of the original words, formed

on the

principle of Onomatopceia *.

In

* The Author of the Mechanisme du Langage,

'

(vol. II.
1'

p. 327,)

has told us, that

L' Articulation rude

suivi,

par laquelle

1'

organe frole

air,

c'

est-a-dirc le pousse d'

un

" mouvement

mais par soubresaults, forme seule un clef on germe radical servant a

" nommcr

THE
In the term

EARTH.
with the breathing before the

919

HARCELer, which belongs to Herse, HARAss^r, we

to the "^RC,
'^R, as

have the

added

in

**
.

"

ruineuses, rompues, qui ont In order to illustrate this idea, our &c. Author has collected eighty-four words in Greek, Latin and French, beginning with
la

nommer
des

classe

des

choses

rapides,

roides, rudcs,

int'galitts ou des

rugosites," &c.

an

R, which belong
to

to

different

Elements,

RC, RM,

&c., without any observation

annexed

each of these words, on the mode, by which they are connected.

Among

these words, about fifty terms are found, which will be introduced in their due places
in the present discussion.

The
-,

previous remarks and the collection do not occupy four

pages of a

duodecimo volume

and

this

is all

the knowledge,

which our great Theorist on

the formation of Languages has imparted to us, on the origin of the words beginning with

an R, through the whole compass of

been perpetually
a School-boy.

said

Human Speech. Yet even this, such as it is, has by the most humble of our Philologues in the Vocabularies of
tells

R. Ainsworth

us, that

"

is

"

Noise, Indignation,

or Violence."

Though

the

writers,

used by Poets in describing Motion, who have advanced this idea

had no reason whatever on such evidence for adopting it as a general principle yet the Reader will understand, that I can have no in the mechanism of Language objection to such a Theory, and that I have in fact demonstrated the truth of the position.
;

pies, containing

have proved, or endeavoured to prove, by a most numerous and arranged series of exam' probably all the Radical luords in a great variety of Languages, in a

laborious and patient investigation, that according to the phraseology of

my
;

System, the

Elementary forms *R, 'RC,

exhibit a

RC,

&c., or ''R, *Rf, Re, belong to each other

Agitation

Race of words, which express

to the action of Stirring up

Commotion, &c.
;

and that they

have added more-

over, that the

Race of words under these forms

its

relates either

Eauth, and
and

surface

remotely or directly to the and that they derive their chief force

universality in

Language from

this

important operation.

Nothing however can exceed our astonishment, that Theorists are to be found, who have ventured on the evidence of about eighty words, containing the letter R, which are used to express Rapid motion Rough objects, &c. to establish a general principle for the

solution of

all

other words, containing this letter, amidst that infinite variety of different
If I

and discordant senses, which these words are acknowledged to convey.

permitted to declare
observe, that
I

might be

my

opinion plainly and freely on this occasion,

a

should certainly

have ever considered the exhibition of such

Theory,

as the

consummation

of Literary inanity

folly

and presumption, when delivered

in an

assuming tone of invention

if some precious and infallible secret were about to be imparted to mankind which all the mysteries of Language would be at once unravelled and unfolded to the by all these pretensions, however lofty and imposing they may be, have produced Yet view. nothing; and the discovery has commenced and terminated at the same point. Our

and research, as

it

Theorists have profited nothing by the principle, which they have promulgated, as

still

continuea

920
in RACLer,

^R. R.
it is

\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T,X, Z.
RC, with
the breathing after

attached to the form

the R.

We
to

here see,

how

the form
I
;

belong
I

each other.

While

haRcEier and RACL^r may examine HARceler, To Harass,

;

cast

my

eyes on Hard/, Bold

HARGtieux, Quarrelsome

where

we

see, that the

Harc, Hard, and Harg, contain the same fundasee likewise HARD<?r,
;

mental

idea.
;

To
a

swap, which belongs to

Hardi
that

and Haras, a Stud which means the

Hard^5,

Herd

Hard^^,

Attire,

clothes,

Hoard

of things.

have supposed,
is

Hoard,
as
I

the collection, belongs to

Herd, the Flock, which

derived,

have shewn, from the Violent action of Driving

it

away.
remote,

Thus

is,

that

words with forms and meanings, most

may

belong ultimately to each other.

We

have seen, that Junius has two articles of Rout, Turba,

Stertere.

and Route,
Articles;

Lye produces

the term

Rout

"Rout. Rozvt. G. Dougl. Refer ad " Hinc To Make a Rout, Turbas excitare " where we have
;

two other Rawt, Mugire.

in

the

idea of Noise;
Via,
is

and Rout, Via,

iter,

proprie

militum."
it;

the Path or Ground,

Routed

tip in

passing over

Rout, where
'

we are directly brought to the Spot, supposed in my hypothesis. Road is only another form of Rout, Via; and To Ride is To pass upon the Road.' The term preceding Rout, in the Lexicon
'

of Junius,

is

Roust, produced by Lye, which he explains

by

" Rugire,

continues in their hands to be illustrated only by the same evidence of the same eighty or
ninety examples, by which
it

was suggested.

They do

not propose any clue, nor in fact

do they pretend to have discovered or even conceived any clue, under the guidance of

which they can advance a single step in the great Labyrinth of Language ; and so scanty are their sources of knowledge for forming any judgment whatever of this vast and
complex
edifice, that they

have no reason to believe, that they are arrived even to a prospect

it

of the avenues, by which

gists, the wTiters

may

possibly be approached.

Of

the

whole

tribe of

Etymolo-

on the Theory of Language seem to be the

least

provided with material^

of knowledge, and least gifted with powers of investigation for the advancement of their
art;

and of

all

others, the author of T/ie Alechanism of Language appears to be the

inefficient.

most

unfurnished

unable and

THE
" Rugire,
cl^mare,

EARTH.

921

where we have another word denoting Noise. Let us mafk the explanatory term Rug/o, where we have a different form of the same race of words. Lye refers
vociferare;"
us,

under Roust, to Roisr, which Junius interprets by " Grassari,

" violentcr agere, and Roister, Grassator;"

and he considers

them

as belonging

to

the French

lluslre.

Lye

records, under
is

RoisT, the term H/;//Reister, Clamosus, which

compounded,

as he says, of Hlut, " Clarus, Sonorus," and Reisler, corresponding

with Roister, Grassator; the French Reistre, Miles equo movens

the

Runic

Hrisler,

Concussor;

Hraustur, Robustus,

which he

compares with the Greek

Rosis, (Pu<rtg, Corroboratio.)

we
it

see, is to

make

RoisT^r^r

is still

used

Rout Riot, or Disturbance. The term as The Kicker up of a Row,' as we express

'

To

Roist,

Let

us

mark the term Row, which

it

is

either quasi

Rout,
or

Riot, &c., or

must be referred

to the

form ^R.

Mr. Grose

explains the use of

Row,
in

as a Northern term,

by "

To Rake,

" Stir about, as ashes

refers us to the

an oven."
Reistre,

Skinner, under Roister,

the English Rush, Riistle,
the

French Rustre,

and the German Reiter, Eques.

Violence or Commotion, as

Among

terms

denoting

belonging to our Element,

we might

here produce Reise, recorded by Junius, as a term in Chaucer for

**

Abigere, Fugare."
" As " To
I

trowe,

have you told iiiow

all

Reise

a fende,

loke he nere so

Row."

Junius has brought, as parallel terms, the Saxon Hra:s, Impetus,

and

likewise

Rese, an

old

French

word

for

Une excursion

militaire.

In the

same page of Junius we have Res, Rees, Furor,

Furere
;

which Lye

refers to Rese,

the Swedish Rasa, Furere, and

the English

Rage.
which

In Spanish,
latter

Rota

is

"A

Rour, Defeat.

" Course;"
In
tlic

sense agrees

with

Rout
I

Road,
find

&c.

same column of

my

Spanish Dictionary

Rozar,

6 a

"To

922
"
"

^R.R.\.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
Stub up, to clear the Ground of brambles
nibble the grass,
applied
to
cattle.

To To
off.

^d

bushes.

To

Scrape,

or

Pare
it.

"

To Graze, to

touch slightly," as Mr.

Neuman

explains

We are here

brought to the very spot and the action of Stirring or

the Surface of the Ground, in
sense.
its

RovT-ing up or over violent and more gentle

contains, the

more

senses

of

Rout Rodo Rado,

we

We

see, that the

Spanish
(Lat.)

Rozar
Raser, and
to this

&c. &c.

all

of which, as

perceive, belong to each other,

are derived from the

same Spot.

The succeeding word

is

Spanish term,
**

in

Mr. Neuman's Dictionary,

Roznar, "To Crack

hard things, and grind them with the teeth.

To
"

Bray, like an

" assj" where we have the idea of Noise, annexed

to the

Element.
Ass,"

Rozno, in Spanish, from the Noise made by that animal.

Hence
it

is,

that

signifies

little

The

preceding w^ord to Roister, in Skinner,

he explains by " Profligatissimus, Nebulo,"&c.

"in legibus nostris

Violence

is

Rogue, which

;'' "Erro, Mendicus and he records the derivation from the French Rogue, " Arrogans, Irapudens, q. d. A Bold or Sturdy Beggar."

Rogue
Router

belongs

to

this

race

of words,

denoting

and

Disturbance; and denotes the audacious, annoying Roisterer or

about, one
'

who makes
in

depredations on the property or

peace of others,

Qui

alium Grassatur.'

The

Latin Grassor

has a similar relation to Gradior, as

Rout about
Vagari
(PaKoc,)
;

here and there, and to

Rogue and Roister have to Ride, Route, &c. The Ety-

mologists have produced likewise, under Rogue, the French Koder,

tjie

Saxon fVregan, Accusare, and the Greek Rak>5,

to

which are ultimately to be referred

'

our Element
pieces, &c..

RK,

or '^RK, signifying

Annoy Dnturb,'

To Rout up
;

Tear up

to

To

&c.

Junius records,

moreover,

the

Hebrew

y"l

RG, Malus, pravus to which Skinner has probably referred, when he produces the Hebrew Rong, as parallel to Rogue. The Hebrew yn RG, or R^iG, " To Break, Break oti, Break in
or

RG,

" pieces,

THE
Mr. Parkhurst produces

EARTH.

923
Wrong,
Ran,

" pieces, Rend, Destroy," exhibits the full sense of the Element.
as derivatives to this word, " Ring,

" Wrangle, Wring, Wrench, Range, Rend, Renty Old Eng.

" Seize. Also Rough, Ruffle, Rugged, " Rhwygo, To Rend, Eng. Rag, Ragged."
the exception of
discussion.
'

Rogue.

Qu.

Welsh

All these terms, with

Ruffle,'
n,

belong to the race of words

of these terms, Ring, &c.,

now under
is

The

in

some

only an
the
first

organical addition to the sound of G.

Letter,
it

Where

the

is

must be considered

as representing the

vowel breathing

before the ''RG.

Riot
serve,

is

only another form of Rout.

It is

marvellous to ob-

how words
Row;'

retain their original idea in the phraseology, with

which they are connected.

*

Thus we
in

talk of

'

Kicki?ig

up a Riot,

or a

\vhere

we

are at once brought to the original spot,

as

under the same

*

idea,

the

phrase

'

To

Kick up a Dust,'

Pulverem Excitare.'

The Etymologists
Some
;

refer us,

under Riot, to

the French Riote, the Italian Riotto, and even to the Belgic Ravotten,

and the French Ravoder.

derive
this

of the

French Etymologists

Riote from the Latin Rixa and we shaH hence see, that Latin term must be added to the race of words now before

us.

The

Italian

form of

this

word, Rissa, has reminded Martinius

of the

where we see the form '^RS, as in Ereth/^o, (E^9;^w, Irrito.) Let us mark the explanatory term Irrito, which we shall acknowledge belongs to these words, either

Greek

Eris, (E^/?,)

under the form of the Element ^RT, with the breathing before R,
or

RT, with
it

the breathing after

it.

If

we

take the ancient

mode
to the

of writing

Inrito, to be the true one, then

Rito belongs
in

form RT, with no breathing before the R, as

Martinius cannot help seeing, that
it

Rixa, &c.

has some affinity to the

German
by
"

Anreizen, or Reiz^w, which

Intice, allure, incite,
till

my

Lexicographer explains
set,

"To
or

wheedle or tempt,

egg, spur,
to anger,

toll

on

Zum

Zorn Reizen, To provoke one

"Stir

924
family.

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
it,"

" Stir him up to

"

&c.

wliich,

we

see, is
lias

word of the same

to

Another German term, ^Eissen,

Tear, pluck, draw
;

a similar meaning,

To

pull,

"

where we are brought

the

original action, without a metaphor, of Stirring up

Tearifig up or
"To
draw,
it;

Routing up
" chaulk,

a Surface.

Reiss^;/ signifies likewise,

as

skitch, design,"

my

author explains

where we

likewise manifestly see the idea of Scratching up or over a Surface.

My

Lexicographer explains "Sich

in

los

Reissen,

To

get Rid, Rush

"out;" where
longing to the

Rush and Rid we see two other terms behave already I words now under discussion.
and the Etymologists have referred
to

compared Rush with Ruo;

us,

under

this

English
the

word,

the

Belgic

Ruyschen,
the

and

Rtisselen,

Strepitare;

German

Rauschen,
Roizos,
:

Saxon Ras,
Arasso,

Impetus;
Resso,
less,

Hreosan, Ruere;
Allido,
P^jco-w,

the Greek

{Voi^oi;,)

(Apua-a-tAj,

Rumpo,) &c.

which

all,

more or
its

remotely belong to each other.

Rush,

Juncus, with

parallel

terms Resc, Rise, Mrisc, has been referred by Junius to

Ruyschen, &c., from the Noise

will

be considered

in a future

made by them in motion, which Rid means to Clear a surpage.

face of

out

off

any incumbrance as of Dirt, rubbish, &c. To Rout and is connected with a variety of terms, or azvay ;
be
fully illustrated
in the course of these discussions.

which
In

will

German we have another form of Reissen, with a minute difference of meaning, the term Rnzen, which means "To get a
" chap to your skin, get a Scratch, hurt, bruise. Scratch or fret " your skin " where again we unequivocally see the idea, which
;

lam

illustrating.
is

In

Saxon, Reosan means

"To

Rush, Ruere;'"

which

REOTrf,

another form of Hreosan ; and an adjacent term is " Crepitare, Strepere," which Lye justly refers to

Wreota??.

The word between

these terms
;

brings us

to

tiie

action, from wlience they are taken

Reost, "

A Rest.

Lignum,

" cui iuseritur Vomer.

Item ipse Vozner."

The

THE

EARTH.

925

" Inticing, Inticement," &c, is particularly applied to the Charms of Beauty, " Reizmigen der
" Schonheit, Charms, tempting or attracting Beauty;"

The German term Reizww^,

and thus

we see, how ideas most remote from operations on the Ground may be derived from that Spot. Let us note the explanatory words Toll or Till, To entice, which belongs to the same metaphor of 'Stirring up the Ground,' or
pudica mulier, or Rigg/j/i,
is
'

Tillitig the Tellus.'

Rig, Im-

term applied

to a
;

from the idea " bless her when she

"
sion "

of Desultory Disorderly
is

Wanton Woman,

motion

" Holy

Priests

Riggish."

[Ant. and CI.)

In the phrase
In the expres-

To Run your Rigs," we

He
Rig
is

see the original idea.

played Reaks," produced by Skinner,

derived by this

we have

a similar

notion.

Lexicographer from Ride;

and

the

latter

phrase

he

derives

from Rex, (Lat.) or Rice, (Sax.)

egit."

Iinperium, and explains by "

Regem

Rut,

in

French Ruit,

" Pruritus ad Venerem, seu Catulitio Cervorum," has been derived

by some from
from
If the

this

German word
to

Reizen, Incitare, which, as they

Irrilo.
it

have seen, belongs

^vcitus.

the

Latin

Menage
is

derives
to

Rut

In these coincidences,
it

difficult

decide.
to the

term conveys the idea of Noise,

Noise,

must be referred
from
the

words denoting

which are

derived

action

of

Routing up a surface. In Skinner, Rut occurs between the terms Rustle and Ruttle, or Rottle. The force of the Element RT is fully visible in the Sanscrit Language, where it
signifies
'

To

Stir

up

To Rout Rake up,*&c.

is

Ruttee,

in the

Hindoo Mythology,
to Excite to love the

the

Wife of Munmoden, and her

office is
is

hearts of men, as her husband's office

to

inflame those of
ture, p. 20.)

In

women. (Kindersley's Specimens of Hindoo Literathe same Mythology, Rudra, or Mahadeo, is the
vol. II. p.

Destroying Deity, {Maurice's Essays,

'

89,) which

means

The Router
is

up.'

We

shall understand, that the original idea of

the Element

unequivocally visible in this Language,

when we
learn.

926
learn,

-R.RA-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
that

the

persons,

who
'

cultivate

the

Lands,

are

called

Ryots.
In Scotch,

RuTouR

is

Spoiler,

an Oppressor," as Dr. Ja-

mieson explains it; where we see the precise sense of the Hindoo RuDRA Dr. Jamieson has justly referred us, under this Scotch
word, to Roister,

"A

vagabond, a free-booter, a plunderer;"

duly
as

under which term our Lexicographer has

corresponding

produced
old
)

the

terms in other

Languages,
;

the

French

word Rustre,

Ruffian, &c. &c.

I

Bolster, (old

Eng

explained

by Junius, Grassator, which

Grassari, RoisT^r^r, &c.
;

have before produced with Roist,

the French Routier, and the Barbarous

;

Latin word

Riistarii, Rutarii, Rotarii

the Irish Rualhar, Pillage,

&c. &c.

Dr. Jamieson here records the terms denoting Horseas Renter,

men

or Troopers,

(Germ.) Ryttere, (Dan.)

Rider;

and he

refers us, moreover, to the

word Ryot,

'

To

destroy.

To

ravage.'
travel

The Rider, and

on the Road, as

its
I

parallels Renter, &c.,

mean

persons,

who

have before observed, with an idea

oftentimes annexed to them, which belongs to the general sense

of the Element of
'

Rout/w^ up or about
to Ryot,
in

Pillaging

Plundering,'

&c.
is

The preceding term

Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary,

"Riot,

Festivity, indecent mirth ;" but

under neither of these

words are we reminded of the English Riot, nor are they referred The succeeding word is Ryot, which, says our to each other.
author, Mr. Macpherson views " as perhaps an error for

" q. crowd, army.

<

Or

it

may

signify destruction, E.

Rowt, Rout, from

the V."

The
It

succeeding terms to Royster, in Dr. Jamieson's

Dictionary, are "

To Royt. To go

from place to place without

idly.

" any
'

proper business, to go about

Royt,

reproachful

term.

may

perhaps denote an Unsettled fellow."

Koytyt,

with the same idea as

In the

Ryot"

Rok, perhaps a crowd, a throng."

same

leaf of this Dictionary

we have

" Rome-RAKARis,"
streets of

which does not mean " Those who search the

Rome
" for

THE
"for
relics,"

EARTH.
but
those

927
who go
Rome,
as Dr. Jamie-

as

Lord Hailes supposes;

(Scotch,) or Rambli?ig to

RAKingRAiKing,
"

son has rightly seen,

who

refers us to the Scotcli

at large."
is

Raik, Rake, &c.,

corresponding
"

To

range, to

wander, to rove

The

Welsh term
" attack, to

to the Irish

Ruathar

Rhuthro,

To
;

assault or

we

have, in

Rush upon," as Mr. Richards explains it and again the Welsh Dialect of the Celtic, An-RHEnuiazv, " To

" Spoil, to plunder, to rob."

German, REVTen signifies "To Root out, extirpate ;" and the succeeding word to this in my German Lexicon is " Reuter,
In

"

Rudder, Riddle, cribble, winnow, fan, range."

This double
terms

sense of a

Rudder and

Riddle

will

shew

us, that these

is

must convey the same fundamental

idea,

which

that o{ Stirring

up or about any thing for different purposes.

In the term

Riddle

we
and

are brought to an action of Agitation employed about Dirt;

I

shall

shew, that
Stirs

it

belongs to Rid, as denoting the instru-

ment, which
Clearing

about Dirt

for

the

purpose of Ridd/^

or

away one part from another. The Etymologists refer us, under Rudder, Clavus navis, to the Saxon Rother, Remus Redra, Remus the Belgic Roeder, Roer, the German Ruder, &c., which
;
;

they consider to be quasi Righter, Director navis, though some

imagine, that the Belgic Roer belongs to Roeren, Movere.
Belgic Roer belongs to the form Rear ;

The

and

in

the English

Row

we

see only the '^R,

In

though

it

may have

appeared under another

in the

form.

Oar we

have the breathing before the '^R; and

'

sense of Ore, Metal,

say,

quod "EKuitur ab Era,'

(E^a,) if

we

are brought to the original spot and action.

may so The German

I

IluDer means
to

RuDD^r, and

An

Oar;

and Rud^/-

signifies

The word Row has the same form and meaning as Row, To Rout about. The Etymologists refer Row to the Saxon Rowan, Berowan, Rezvan, the Belgic Roeden, Roeyen, the German
Row.
Ruyen, the Danish At Roe;
all

which Skinner derives from the

German

928

R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
He reminds
idea of

German REcen, Movere.

Eresso,
(EfT<rw,

us moreover of the Greek

I

Remigo, Impello,) which

have shewn to be
or Stirring up the

derived from the

same

Harrowing
signifies,

Earth.
explains

The German Reg^w

it,

as

my

Lexicographer

To

Stir,

move, agitate, excite something," which,

I

we

see, precisely

corresponds with the sense of the Element, as

to

have

unfolded

it.

The preceding term

is

Reut^, to Root

out, in

my

German
by

Dictionary,

REusp^rw, which

my Lexicographer
spit,

explains

"To

hauk, to Retch in spitting, to keck,

and spawl, cast

"out, void phlegm by Reaching and banking;" where we have

the same idea in both words, that of Stirring up

Throwing
Retch

or

Casting up

out,

&c.

In

the latter

word we have likewise the

idea of Noise added, which belongs to the action of Stirring up or

Throwing

up any thing.

Let

us

mark

the

terms

or

Reach, which are attached

to our

Element under the same

TZ^-^^/-^,

idea.

The Etymologists refer

and Recken, Extendere.

it

to the Italian

the GQvma.n Brechen^

The English Rase

ferred to the

^Rase Razor,

&c. have been duly re-

French Raser, Rasoir, Rayer, Sec, the Latin Rado,

parallel

Rasi

and the Etymologists have produced likewise other

they are

words, as the Italian Rasare, and the Belgic Raseren, Rayeren, &c.
In

Rasure, ^Rase,

as

commonly

used,
;

we have
but
in

the

more gentle meaning of

or

Scratchi?ig over a Surface

Rase

Raze

out,

denoting Utter devastation,

it

sense, as
tains

we

see

in

Rout

out,

&c. &c.

we have the strongest The French Raser con-

both

these

senses.

The
form of

Etymologists justly remind us,

under Rase, of the Greek Raio, which must be considered as quasi

Rajo.
(Pcciu,

We
Poii<ru,

find the true

this

word
;

in the future Raiso,

Profligo,

Corrumpo, destruo)

where we again see

a term used in the most violent of the senses, which belong to

these words

Skinner places

in a separate article

"^

"Bacon," which he justly considers as Rasura Laridi.

Rasher of The Latin

Rado

THE
Rado, and
its parallels,
tip

EARTH.

929

bring us at once to the idea of Scratching

up or Scraping

or over a Surface; as the Rus, &c,, the Ground.

Robert Ainsworth explains Rado by " To Shave. To Scrape, " Scratch up; To rub against, to Grate." We perceive, that

Rado,

in the sense of Grate,

is

expresses the idea of that

tip

Noise, which

made by

Scratching

a Surface,
this

have seen,

is

a constant attendant

on

race

Harsh and which, as we of words. The

(Pao-o-w,

Etymologists justly compare

coUido, deturbo,) and Resso,
ter Ferio, Allido.)

Rado
(Prja-a-u,

with Rasso,

AUido,

Frango,

Rumpo;

vehemen(Po-(rw,)

We
itself

have before observed, that Rasso, with

directly

connects

Arasso,

(A^aacru,

Pulso,

Illido)

where we perceive, how the forms pass into each other. The preceding word to Rado is Radix, the Root, which, as I have
before observed, at once brings us to the spot, supposed in

my

Hypothesis.

The terms

adjacent to Rase, in Junius, which are attached to

I

our Element RS, and which

have not examined in other places, are

Raschand, Rassie, Ratches, Rash, Rathe, Rasp. G. Douglas, observes Lye, under the word Raschand, has the following passage:

"Raschand

unabasitlie,

the schaft in sounder;"

which

is

a translation of " Impavidus Frangit telum."

The

Editor of

G. Douglas derives
Islandic

this

word from Raschis, Fragores, " quod

" a sono vult factum," says Lye;

who

prefers, as its origin,

the

Raska, Frangere.
and refers

Rassie, Junius explains by " Fragilis

it

"

cum

friabilitate,"

to

Rasso.

{Vacra-u,

Allido, Frango.)

We

perceive, that these various

to pieces,

words belong

to the

same

idea of

Breaking

and the Noise attendant upon such an action.

Verbum est a quibusdam coionis Terra; attributum " by which we are at once brought to the Spot, supposed in my hypothesis. Ratches is a species of Dog, the name of which is to be found in various

Junius has added a remark on Rassie, "

Languages; as

in

the Saxon Rcvcc,

the

Islandic

Rakke, which
Verelius

930
or

^R.R. \-C,D,G,.],K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
The
idea of

Verelius derives from Rakka, Circumcursare.

Rimnmg

KhKuig about, in jts gentler or more violent sense, has supplied these, names for the Dog. Rash is justly referred by the Etymologists to the Belgic Rasch' the Danish Rask, the Runic Ras, the German Rasen, Furere;

the
it

Greek Ragdaios,
from
It is
Q^a,<rv?.

{Va.y^a.iog,

Pr^eceps.)
I

Merjc Casaubon
are attached to

derives

Rash, the Cloth,

refer to the idea of

Rough.

marvellous to observe,

how words

their original turn of

meaning, though they appear to be applied

I

to a very different purpose.

have supposed, that Rash belongs

to the action

to

Rase
a

Rout,
Surface.

&c., which relates

Sudden Dispersion
over

of Breaking up Scattering any thing upon

Now
it

of Violent or

or
to

is

curious,
out

that

Rash

is

applied

Eruptions, suddenly Breaking

and

Scattering or

Dispersing

Eruptions Breaking
applied
to

themselves

over a Surface.
out, are

We
or

perceive, that

the

very terms

metaphors of the same kind, and are

Breakings
out

Violent Eruptions

upon the Skin.

Violent Breakings
&c., which relate

Thus we

perceive,

out on the Skin,

how Rash, in the sense of belongs to Rash Rase Rout,

to the action of Violently

Breaking
is

tip

out

to pieces, &c., Scatter^

ing-^ Dispersing,

Sec.

Rush

only another form and sense of

justly referred us to
;

Rash.
the

The Etymologists, under Rush, have

Fremere;
ge-Rausch, Strepitus,

Saxon Hreosan, Ruere;

Hrysan, Movere

Ruysch,
the

(Belg.)

Rauschen,

(Germ.)

Greek
Ptia-a-u,

Rasso, j^rasso, Resso, Roizos,&cc.

(Ptxa-a-u, A^oca-a-u,

Pulso, Allido,

Rumpo,

Pc/^oj,

Stridor,)

&c.

The

Latin Ruo,

Runum,
j

as

we

Rausch^w means, have seen, belongs likewise to our Element. " To Bustle, Rush, make a Noise or Bustle " where in German,
and we perceive a similar idea in and hence we have this term the meaning of our word Rush

we have

the sense of Noise

adjacent to Rustle.

Rashing,

in old English,

belongs to these terms of Violence,

and

THE
and more particularly relates
Sir Lancelot

EARTH.

931

to the original sense of these words,

that of Scratching, or Tearing up-^to pieces, &c.

In the Ballad of

du Lake we have,
" Tliey buckled then together "
"
Lilce
so,
;

unto wifd boarcs

Rash in o
shield's

And

with their swords and

they ran
I.

" At ope anolher

slashing.

{Rel. ofjric. Poet. vol.

p. <2I9.)

" Rashing," says Dr. Percy, "seems

"

to be the old

hunting term

" to express the stroke made by the Wild Boar with his fangs.

To Rase
P'
1

has

apparently a meaning something

similar.

See

" Mr.Steevens' Note on K.Lear,

A. IIL

S. 7.

(Ed. 1793. vol.XIV.

"

93,) where the quartos read,

" "
'

'

Nor thy

fierce sister

In his anointed, flesh

Rash

boarish fangs.'

" So in K. Richard

m.

A.

III. S. 2.

(vol.X.

p.

567,583.)

"

'

" 'To-ni"ht the Boar had

He dreamt Rased off

his helm.'"

In an adjacent stanza of the Ballad above quoted

we have "And
'

" Rushing
'

off his

helm," where
this

we

see a similar idea of

the

Tearing

up or

off;'

and

brings

us to

form Rush, the word,

expressing Violent Motion.

Tlie term
'

Rathe

belongs to the

idea,

The Quick Rapid Motion, exceeding another To Rathe belongs our familiar term Rather,
of Motion appears to be lost.

of Excitement, as relating to
species of Motion.'
in

which the idea Rather, however, conveyed the

tlie

sense of Quicker, and

it

is

justly explained by

Latin

Citiiis.

The

Etymologists refer
;

Rath and Rather

Rathor, Hrathe,
;

to tlie

Saxon Rath,
&:c.,

Rathe, Cito,. .Velociter

the

Belgic liade,

Expeditus, Rapidus; the Runic Hrathur, Acer

(VuSivoi,

the Greek Radinos,

Facilis.)

Ccler,

Agilis,

velox, mobilis);

Radios, (Pu^wg,

Rathe

932
Rathe
is

^R.

R/ -C, D, G, J,
applied to

K, Q,

S,

T, X, Z.

commonly

'The Early

or gwiV^-appearing pro-

ductions of Nature ;' as in RATii-Fruit, RATu-lFine, produced by Skinner, and the " RASHE-Primrose" in Lycidas. Mr. Warton finds

" RASHED-Primrose" in an old writer,

Provincial for

which he imagines to be

Rathe.

Meric Casaubon derives Rathe, &c. from

Diluculum); on which Skinner plea-

the

Greek Orthrc?^,

(O^^^of,

santly observes,

"quod sane longius

This

is

a very probable conjecture,

quam Mane a Vespere." and we perceive, that it coindistat

'^R.

cides in

form with the Saxon Hrathe, and the Runic Hrathur;

is

where the breathing

{O^d^os,

before

the

The Greek Orthroj,

Tempus antelucanum,)

belongs to Ortho5 and Orthoo,

'

{O^dog,

Rectus, O^Sou,) which signify

To

Stir up

Raise up'

We all

understand, that the idea of Rising up

or the
first
first

is

attached to the Morning,

appearance of day.

Our

great Bard has described the

appearance of the morning by the image of a person standing

" And jocund Day
" Stands Tiptoe on the misty mountain-tops."

Erect, or on Tiptoe.

In Saxon, the term Hrad, Prsceps,

Equitavit
;

is

adjacent to Hrad, Rode,

where we are brought

Agilis,

to the true spot.

Hrad

likewise
that

means "

Celer,

Paratus,
it,

Ready."

shall

shew,

Ready

is

derived from the idea o{ Agitation, in the action of Stir-

ring up a surface, so as 'To Rid ofi'or Clear ofl^any incumbrance

from

it,

and

to Prepare

or

Make

it

fit

and Ready

for

any

purpose.' the Latin

In Saxon,

Recen

signifies "Cito, protinus,"

from which

Recens

is

directly derived.

In the

same opening of
Recan,
another

my Saxon Lexicon, where this word occurs, we have " To Reckon, Curare, Solicitus esse," which I shew in
place to belong to the

same metaphor
the

as Solicitus does

and

this

word,
'

we know,

is

derived from

idea

of

'

Stirring

up the

Ground

Solum Citandi:

That

have conjectured rightly respect6cc., will

ing the origin of these terms, Rathe,

be unequivocally
manifest

THE
word Rad
in various articles,

EARTH.
Wachter

933
places the

manifest from considering the parallel terms.

under which we find the following

explanations: " Ciirsiim et

"Cito, celeriter"

" Celer,
et

alacer"

"Substantive
de
Rota,

Cursorem denotat,

dicitur antiquitus

" de curru, de fluvio, de impetu fluvii, et de omni impetu in " agendo, quamvis literis aliquantulum mutatis" "Rota,"

*'

Currus,"

under

which he produces other terms, denoting a

Wheel, as
{Vihy)

Rota

and

to

which

he refers

Rheda, or Rhede,

and other terms conveying the same sense,

" petuose currens."

to these are

" Cursus

" Fluvius

im-

Fluvii."

The

succeeding articles

Rad^w, "Currere, Properare,

and

celeriter, et

cum im-

" petu

ferri; "

Rad^w, "Exstirpare."

The

latter of these

words he
" sive

refers to

Rott^m, which he explains by " llumpere terram,

aut fodiendi instrumento, quod faciunt coloni,
;

id fiat aratro,

" she Rostro, quod faciunt sues " where we are brought directly to the very idea, supposed in my hypothesis.
Rasp, and
gists
its

parallel terms,

belong to Rado, as the Etymoloproduced, as parallels, the French

acknowledge.

They have

liasper, the Italian Raspare, the Belgic

or, as

Raspen, the

German

Raspen,

now

used, Raspehi, the Swedish Raspa, the Danish Raspe, &c.

article for the

Skinner has another

refers

term Rasp, or Resp, whicli he

and the German

to the Belgic Respen, Rispen, &c., Ructare,

Rauspern, Screare; which, as

action of Casting

we have seen, relates at once to the up phlegm, as we express it, and to the Noise
Ruspor
is

made by
fies

that action.

an old Latin word, which signiin

"

To
;

Scrape as a Dog,

To Root

the

Ground

as a

" doth

To
it
;

Pig

Search diligently. Also to Cut," as R. Ainsvvorth

explains
in

where we are

my

Hypothesis.
;

once brought to the spot, supposed Martinius likewise produces Rusp/mo, which
at

he refers to Whsvare RuspiNi.

Raspolo, (Ital.) "

form belongs the Italian name The English word ^Asberry Skinner refers to Raspd
to this

and

Rubus

Idaeus,

et

ejus

baccae

"

and Minshew
derives

934
derives
it

^R. R.

\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T,X, Z.
'

from the Greek Rops,

is

or RASP-Berry
*

TheRAS-5^rry The Berry, which appears Rasped ot Scratched

(PwiJ/,

Virgultum.)

on

its

surface.'

The

Latin Fragum, and the French Fraise, the

Straw-Berry, are

derived

from a similar idea

of the Broken

Corrugated appearance of the surface, and belong to Frango, Fregi^

Fraiser, &c. &c.

The French Framboise

Italian

is

supposed to be Frais

de

Bois.

The

Raspo

and Raspolo, or RaspoUo, signify

be taken
:

a 'Bunch of Grapes,' which might

Grappolo, terms of the

from Grappo and

same meaning

They probably however

same reason, that
is

belong to Raspare,

To Rasp
I

or Scrape, for the

Grappo, the Bunch of Grapes, belongs to Grappo, the action of

Griping or Seizing.
shall

shew, that
it

-'

To

Gripe'

*To Grope
it,

up' or 'Scrape
Groping up

up,'

and that

is

derived from
if I

the action of

^craping up

Graving up,

may

so express
to

or

of Scratching up the Ground.

We

know, that Carpo,

Hence,

which

Capio belongs, conveys at once the idea o( Scratching or Scraping

upon a Surface, and that of Seizing.

that Raspo, the

imagine,

it

is,

Bunch of Grapes, the object Griped or

Carpt,

is

attached to Raspare,

To

Scrape, Scratch, or Carp.

In the same column of Junius, in which

Rout

occurs,

we have

Rouse, which he justly refers

to

Raise and Rise.

We

shall

now
In

understand, that these terms signify to Stir up or

Rout

up.

Raise and Rise we see

but in Rouse
pressed by Rout.
In

little

more than the sense of Elevation

see

we approach

nearer to the idea of Excitement exI

the same column

likewise

Rous,

which Junius explains by " Receptum et pervulgatilm inter "potatores;" where we are directly brought to the strongest Riot, &c. Junius refers sense of Excitement expressed by Rout

this

word

to

the

German

i^z^cA,

Semipotus, and

Lye

to

the

Islandic Riiss, &c., Temulentia.

is

We

now

perceive, that

Rouse
takes

used for a RioTowi kind of Drunken Frolic, both in Ancient and

in

Modern Language, "The King doth wake to-night and

" his

THE
"
his

EARTH.

935

Hence we have the English Ca=RousE, and the French C^=Rrousse, and the Spanish Ca=RAOS, where the Ca is
Rouse."
Teutonic addition of Ge.
ad
Verstegan, says Lye, derives
the
it,

the

with the approbation of Skinner, from

" Pocula exhausta,

German Gar-Ausz,
and yet he adds,

verbum,

Jll

out;"

though with some reluctance, and without seeing the process of

formation, "

Ego

vero haud scio, annon

sit

a Rouse."

My German
or
surfeit

Lexicographer explains Rausch

by

"An

inebriation
is

"in drinking;"
longing to
it,

the

succeeding term to which

the verb be-

Rausch^w, which he explains by "Eine Gerausche

" machen, to bustle, Rush, make a noise or bustle."

natory term G^^Rausche. an acknowledged

The

explaGe.

compound of
is

and

Rausch,
Bic.

is

the very combination or word, from

I

which Ca=RousE,
another

has been formed.

It is

have already shewn, that Rush

of these words.

impossible surely to doubt, that the English

Italian

Ca-RousAL, the French Ca-RRousEL, and the

belong
to Ca= Rouse,
;

Ca-RaosELLO,
to

C^-Rrousser, just as Rustle, &c. belongs

Rush, &c.

yet

the Etymologists appear to see no connection

;

between these words

from Carrus

and Menage seems to acquiesce in the

conjecture of Menestrier,
Solis,

who

informs us, that Carrousel

is

derived
Circe,

because

this diversion

was invented by

the daughter of the Sun, in honour of her father.

The

Etymologists, under Raise and Rise, have referred us to

the Islandic i^ma, the Gothic Raisjan, the Sdxon Jrisan, the Belgic
Riisen, tlie

Italian Rizzarsi, Drizzare, se tollere, q. d. se Rectare,

seu Directare, hoc est, Erectum in pedes statuere, Regen, Erregen,

(Germ.) Movere; Rear, (Eng.) &c. &c. have a vowel breathing before the '^RS.
e-RiGEre,

In

Arise and Arose we

cannot but note in

We

To

Set

up.

To

be

^Rect, how Rectus and Rego,

to refer to the Straight

Right, &c., which might seem only

Raise up,
&:c.

Road,

are attached likewise to the idea of Excitement, and signify

In

Scotch,

Ruse

Roose

To

signify, says Dr. Ja-

mieson,

936
mieson,

^R.

R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q, S,T,X,Z.
Extol, to

"To

commend; sometimes

written Reeze;
*'

"

which mean nothing but

author explains them.

To Raise up Exalt
'

or

Extol," as our

In various Languages the Element supplies

a race of words signifying

Dr. Jamieson has collected

To
;

Boast

Praise,' Sec, some of which

To
Elevate.
this

as the Italian Ruzzare, the Islandic

Rausa, &c. &c.

Ihre,

Our

author, however, objects to the conjecture of

who

derives

them from the Islandic Risa,

in the

Lye

and Junius have produced Rouse and Ruse, under

sense of

Laudare ; yet even the coincidence

they
I

form of Rouse, Excitare,

and Rouse, " Laudare vel Extollere," suggests no suspicion, that

may belong
in

to each other.

cannot help producing some of the terms, attached to our

the
;

Element,

opening of Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary, where

Ruse
ment
" &c.,

is

found

and here
as

Commotioji, &c.,
Rushie,

we

shall

still

see the

same sense of Excite'

"To

Rusch,

To

Drive, to put to flight,

broil;

Ruskie,
"

basket of Rushes;

Rute,

"A

blow;" where we
a verb
so

are referred to

Rout,

we have

annexed,
called

To Rout.

A blow, to which To Beat Rute or

;

" RooD-Goo5^,

" A loud noise, a tumultuous cry, an uproar." " Ruther, Rudder,"

its

perhaps

from their Noise

Ruther,

so called from "

Routing about

the water,

An oppressor," before produced, where Router " Rutilland Rauin," which occurs

Rutour, "A Spoiler, we directly see the

in

Lindsay, and

is

printed, says Dr. Jamieson, Rutill

and Rauin. "

it

if Rutilland,'"

adds

our author, " be the original word,

" appearance of the

must allude

to the glossy

Raven; Fr.

Rutiler,

Lat. Rutilare, to glitter."

" In later editions it is Ratling, as synon. with Ralpand, an epithet " used in the description of the raven in the preceding stanza."
It

is

surely

not

possible

for Dr.

Jamieson
it

to doubt,

that

the

RuTiLL

Rutilland

Rauin,' whatever

may

be,

refers to the

Noise, and

means 'The Ratling, Ruttling,

&c., Raven.'

Junius
has

has produced Rise, Virga, Surculus, next to Rise, Surgere, and he

THE
has referred them to
eacli

EARTH.
when
I

937
exa-

other for the same reason, as Surculus

belongs to Surgo.

shall again produce this word,

mine
*

in

a future page
'

various terms,

denoting

vegetable pro-

ductions

Rising

or Sticking

up

sometimes

under the idea

I

of a bristly kind of appearance,'

among which

shall

place

Rushes, &c. &c.

We have
Rear,
Erigere, and

seen, that Junius has referred Raise to Rear.

Under

Skinner

has

produced

the

Saxon

Arceran,

Up-Ar^ra?i,

Hreran, Agitare;

from whence we learn, that the

see likewise from hence, that the

term

signifies

'To
is

Stir up.'

We
as a

vowel breathing
that

lost before the first

it

in Rear,

and

imagine,

compound in the same form of our Element '^R doubled, quasi ^R-Ear, Ar-^Er, Hr=Er, in order to express the idea more strongly, just as in Or-Ooro from Oro, The same compound we find in (O^u^u idem quod O^w, Concito.) Ar^Oura, (Afsu^a,) belonging to Era, (E^a.) In Roar or '^R=Oar

we

should consider

we have
up.

the Noise attached to '^R=Ear, in the action of Stirring

L^-'^R^Oar we cannot distinguish between the j4gitatio?i and the Noise. Junius has two articles for this word, as "Roar "Roar, Fremere." and Roore, Rore, "Concitatio ex concursu
In

" turbulentte multitudinis."

parallel
ycui

Under the former, he produces the

Vu^oq, (r<poS^og

terms Raran, (Sax.) i?^^r,(Fr.) Reeren,{^Q\^.)

Ka^Tx,

TO.

and the

latter

he

refers to

Rear and Raise.

justly explains the Saxon HRERati

''

Rear, Agitare, moverej" and the succeeding terms are " Hrere, Rear, Rere,

by

"To

Lye com-

" Crudus, Incoctus," and Hrere, Mus; Here Mouse, " Vespertilio, " Nycteris." The term Rear means Raw, and I shall shew in
another place, that
is

Raw

signifies

what

is

Coarse or Rough, which

derived from the idea of a Stirred up

Brokefi up or Cor-Rvaated
Hruh, Rouw, &c., where

surface.

The

parallel

terms to Razu are Hr^aw, (Sax.) Rauw, Roh,

find

(Germ, and Belg.) and to Rough we

6 c

we

938

^R.R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

we see the various forms, into which these words have passed. The 'Rear Egg' has been referred to Ranis, CLat.) and to Reo, (Peu, fluo.) The Latin ^R=Ak-us exhibits a similar form of the Element '^R doubled, and it signifies What is Stirred about or
'

'

Scattered and Dispersed about

sprinkled.'

here

and there, so as to be thinly

we have the idea of Agitation annexed to Water. The Rere-Mouse may mean the Mouse which appears at the Rear or extremity of the day. The term ^R=Ear
'

In Reo, (Pew, fluo,)

belongs to Arr=Iere, (Fr.) and

its

parallels

Arr=Ears, &c.
part, as

Sec,

where we see the idea of the Back

the

the Low

belonging to

Ar-Oura,

(A^ov^oc,)

the

Ground.

The Ground, when conis

sidered as the Extremity, alike suggests to us the idea of

Extreme

in the relations Backward and Forward Last

its

what which we express by Bottom and Top

and
First;

and hence we have

Ere, Before, with

parallels in the

Teutonic Dialects, ^r,(Sax.)

Eher, (Germ.) &c.&c.

To Ere
been

belongs Erst, where

we have
tlius
it

the
is,

form '^RS, and from Erst we pass into/=lRST;

that

and

Languages

have

formed.

Ere,

when

referred

to

"Re-'^Ar, things

may be

considered as denoting the Source, from which

or

are ^KE=A.B.ed, ARise,

kindred terms,
characters ^R,

when expressed in Latin by " ORigo, ex qua res ORiuntur. The Elementary
RS, &c.
still

continue

faithful

to

their

office,

whatever forms they may assume;

ledge, that
all

and we cannot but acknow-

these changes are effected without error, and without

confusion.

Rake,

THE EARTH.

939

Rake,

Raca,
Raka,

Raecke,
Rastal,

Reach
out

Retch. What
or

is

Raeckel^?;, Reche, RACL^r,

along

Stretched

Drawn

RATEL^r,

K AST rum,

Rastellww,

Extended, from the metaphor of Raking over out or along

a surface.

&c. &c. &c. (Eng. Sax. Belg.

Germ. Fr. Ir. Lat. &c. &c. &c.) Rake. (Eng.) The person who
goes Rakhig about.

Rack.
ing.

To

Torture by Stretch-

Rake. (Eng.)
mine.

Hollow

in

Retch. Vomere, Screare, Rake up out, &c.

q.

To

Racaille

Rascal,
Vile

&c.

(Fr.
vile

Rack /or Hay.

in

What

is

made

Eng.) The Rakings

refuse.

the

Grate-form, or like a

surface Raked or Grated with

marks
Rake

lines,

&c.
Quasi,

Rascal Dear. Lean Dear

Raked
forms.

Ferae strigosae.

animals, of

To Rack

off fFine.

To

Scratched or Scraggy

off or out the Dregs.

Rake, To Rake
agree, to

up the Ground, belongs, as we shall instantly the race of words now before us, 'Rout up,' &c., and

brings us directly to the spot, supposed in

my

Hypothesis.

The

Etymologists refer

us,

under Rake, to the Saxon Raca, Rastrum,

Rastellum, the Belgic Raecke, &c., Rastrufn, Raeckelen, Sarculare;

the

German

Reche, the French

AW^r,

the Italian Razzolare, "

Ra-

" dere etFodicare instar ga\\\nx,Rastro, converrere;" the Runic and

Swedish Aa^fl, the Danish Rage, the Islandic Rekafthe

Irish Raca,

Racam, &c. &c.

in
its

The English word Rake only

the

gives us the idea,

ordinary use, of the instrument applied in Gardens, but the

Latin

RAsrrum means

Harrow.

RAsrrum, and

its

parallel

terms, might be considered only, as different forms of the words

belonging

940

^R.

R.\-C, D, G, J, K, Q,

S, T,

X, Z.

Harrow, as Herse, &c. In German, Harke is Robert Ainsworth explains Rast^mw a "Rake, Harrow," &c, by "A Rake, Harrow, a drag to break clods with Rastris
belonging to
*

glebas qui frangit inertes."

In the Dialects of the Celtic,

find

in Lhuyd, under
Rastel,

TxASTrum, the Cornish Rackan, the

Armoric
likewise

the

Irish

Raka,

Hoirste,

and Rastal.

find

Rasdal^w, To Rake, gather, in Mr. Shaw's Galic and Irish Dictionary. Hence our name Rastal is derived. In the same Dictionary we have RAcam, To Rake; and an adjaRAcnam, To Go,' which means To Rake cent word to this is about or move on the Road,' &c. The Greek Erchowa/, {E^xl^'^h)
Rasdal,
Hake, and
'
'

should
Celtic

not be considered perhaps as directly belonging to the

RACH^m, yet
it

the original idea of the

word

is

that of an action

of Violence, as

appears in the sense of " Invado, Persequor."

We

see, in these

explanatory words,

how

readily the simple idea

of Motion, as Going, Folloiving, connects itself with an action of

Violence.

In

the Latin Gradior, Ingredior,

Grassor

we

see

the

union of the same ideas.

The

English term Rake, as denoting the Person, means the

loose Character,

we express it, Rake in this

passage
in

who goes RAKing, Rioiing or Rowing about, as The spot and metaphor, from which the Roisx^r^^.
sense has been
taken, will

be manifest

from a

Shakspeare, where personages of this kind are called The Robber Gadshill, the companion of Falstaff" JLa^-RAKERs.

and the Prince, says, "I " no long staff, six-penny

'=

am

joined with no foot Lj^-Rakers,

;

strikers

none of these mad, mustachio,

purple-hued malt-worms, but with nobility, tranquillity, burgo{First

masters," &c.

Part of King Henry IV. A. II. S. i.) Some have compared the English Rake, the person, with the Syriac term of contempt, Raka, (Paxa, Matth. c. v. ver. 24); and though we should not perhaps consider them as directly belonging
to each other, yet

we

shall find, that the corresponding

Hebrew
term

THE

EARTH.
idea.
I

941

term contains the same fundamental

combination, RAKE-Hell, which

Skinner produces the shall examine in a future page.

produced by Skinner, as signifying Foditia, " nescio ab Raca, Guttur," as he observes, quia puteus Metalli" cus est, instar Gutturis, profundus et inanis." Raca, Guttur,
is

The term Rake

mean only the Hollow Raked, Dug out, &c. &c. Though Skinner and Lye explain these words Rake, &c. by Rastrum, I should not have understood, that the
and
Rake, Fodina,
former Etymologist had considered the Latin term as belonging to these words', if it had not been printed in Italics in the phrase
" Rastro Converrere."
the Rasth/w,

We

must add

to these terms belonging to

Rake, the French words ^ATeaii, a Rake; RATEL^r,

Scrape;

To Rake; RATW^r, To

Ra t?^ r^r, To

Scratch, which will

remind us of the French Ras^;-, before produced, To Shave, To Razoir, the Latin Rado, Rasi, the Trim, to Raze, to Overthrow English Rase, Rasure, Erase, Razor, &c. with their parallel
;

terms
I

in other

Languages.

moreover, adjacent to Rat^^z^, in the French Dictionaries, RAT^//>r, " A Rack, in which Hay is put for Horses ;
find,

Ratine,
a

Ratteeji, a sort of

Woollen

stuff;

Rate, Spleen

Rat,
fail

Rat;

RATatiner,

To

shrink;

RATer,

"To

miss, to

of

however remote they may appear from each other, must be all referred to the same train of Rat/^, Ratteen, the Woollen stuff, means the Rough ideas.
"obtaining any thing;"
which,

Coarse Cloth, such as a Surface appears, which

is all

in a Scratched

up

state.

Menage
word
;

confesses

his ignorance respecting the origin

and Le Duchat, though he informs us on the authority of a French and Italian Dictionary, that this Stuff is
of this
called

" Rouescia
yet

di

Fiorenza,

c'

est-a-dire

Revesche de
not

Flo-

" rence;'"
Florentina.

he asks, whether

Ratine does

come from

idea of the

The terms Rouescia and Revesche convey the same Rough Cloth. The Editor of the last edition of
Menage

942
Menage German
from
adjective,

^R. R.
has

.- C,D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.

seen, that Revesche has

Rauli,

some resemblance to the and the Enghsh Rough. Le Duchat derives it

and he
tells

Reversiis,

us

likewise,

that

the word, as an
it

means Rude;
is

in

which sense he derives

from Ripa.-^

Rash,

in English,

a Species of Cloth, which Skinner refers to

the Belgic Ras, the Italian Raso, Rascia, " Sericum, Sattin, q. d.

" Sericum Rasum,

Villi

enim expers
Woollen

est."
it,

Rasch,

in

German,
it.

means, as

my
is

Lexicographer explains

'The English Serge;"

N. Bailey explains

and Serge

"

sort of

stuff," as

Hence Rash, (Eng.)

Rasch, (Germ.") and jRa^, (Belg.)

Italian

mean

the

Rough

Stuff.

The

Raso, Satin, and

2?a5,

(French,) belong

to Rasus, &c., as Skinner supposes.

Rate, the Spleen, Menage

but he asks, whether
it

confesses to be of difficult origin

may

not be derived from Jecorata, Rata, Rate;

gines, that
it

and the Editor ima-

is

taken from the form of a Rat.

is

The term Rate

of that, which
that Spleen,
in

belongs to KhTeau, the Rake, &c., and

tion

a metaphorical applicaSeat

of this

term, as

being the supposed

Rakes

Vexes or
from

Disturbs the mind.

We
"

know,
Miss,

English, signifies at once the Orgaji

to arise
that

and the
To

Vexation, supposed
to
fail

Organ.

Rater,

of

ob-

" taining," seems to be directly connected with Rate, the part,

in

which Chagrin

is

situated, arising

from disappointment in our

wishes.

Rat,

the animal called in English a

Rat, we
to

shall instantly

agree to be the Scratcher

the

Scraper,

and

belong to Rat^^m,
affinity is

Rake, KAHurer, &c. kc. &c.

Obvious as the

between

Rat

and Rhiurer,

do not

find, that

any of the French Etymois

logists are

aware of

their relation.

Rat

commonly

derived from

Mus; and Menage

displease him, that

observes, though this

it

derivation

does

not

more natural to derive Rat from the German Ratz, a word of the same meaning. The Editor, who produces from Wachter the parallel terms in other Languages,
is

concludes,

THE
concludes, that the word
Celtic.
is

EARTH.

943

certainly Teutonic, and perhaps even

Rat

occurs in various Languages, as in the Saxon Rat,

Ratt, Ratze, the Belgic Ratte, Sec, the French Rat,

the

German
Italian

the

Ratta,

the

Spanish Raton, the

Danish Rotte,
from Raio,

the

Islandic and

Swedish Ratta, &c., which the Etymologists have

derived
these

produced.

Some have

words

(Pa/w,

Corrumpo): and others have observed, that they are taken from In Shaw's Galic and Irish Dictionary we the German Reissen.

We find Rat, in old French, used " pour have Radan, a Rat. " canal de mer," as Le Duchat observes, who derives it from
Rasus,

or

from Rapidus.

The term Rat,

in

tlie

sense of a
is

Channel or Hollow, belongs to Rut, &c,, and the animal

that,

which makes Ruts or Hollows, &c.

The succeeding term

Ratajiat,

to

this

in

the

Liquor called

Batajia,

Menage's Dictionary is which he supposes to be

supposes
it

" un

mot des Indes Orientales."

;

Leibnitz
la Croze,

to

be

a corruption of Rectifie
*

and

'

M. de
to

who was

for a

long

time

in

America,"

says

I>e

Duchat,

" observes,

that

when
to

'

a native Indian drank

Brandy

the health of a

Frenchman,

he said Tafiai

to

which the Frenchman answered, drinking

him again,

Ratajiat.'

If this

account be precise, such must be

the origin of the word.

RAjatiner,
it,

"To
derived

Shrink or contract," as

my

Lexicographer explains

is

from the idea of the

Scratched
notion of

Cor-RUGATED

Surface,

which presents to the mind the

which

is

'What is Shrivelled or Contracted, in opposition to that, Plump and Smooth.' We know, that Rvgosus, Shrivelled,
Ruga, the Furrow, which, we now see, is to be Rake, &c. Menage derives RATatiner, from the
"qui
etant
dire,
pris, ,ou

belongs to
referred
to

animals,

Rats,

surpris

se

ramassent, et

" rentrent, pour ainsi

dans eux memes."

these terms Rat, RAratiner, Sec belong to

Thus we see, how Rateau, the Rake.

The French

Ratel/V;-,

"A

Rack, in which

Hay

is

put for

" Horses,"

944
*'

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
To we

Horses," must belong to the idea expressed by RATEL^r, Rake, and so, as we perceive, does the English Rack; and

have only
connected.

to enquire,

what

is

the peculiar idea by which they are

Hay
the

is

Rack and RArelier, might signify that, into which Raked or Gathered. They probably, however, relate to
of
the

Rack, composed of a series of bars with insterstices, like the figure of the Rake, or the series of lines made on the Ground by Raking, or Scratching upon its surface;
figure

and

this idea I
I

imagine to be the true one.

Rack and

RArelier

have, as

conceive, the

same

relation to

Rake;

that Grate, the Iron

Lattice- work, has to Grate, the action of Scratching lines on the

Ground.

have illustrated the same idea on a former occasion.

The English

Racket, Raquette, (Fr.) relate either to the RACK-like form, or belong to Racket, Strepitus, which is derived from the Noise, made by Raking or Scratching upon the
Ground, as Grate, we
Noise.
see,

likewise denotes a similar species of

of Hay, and a Kitchen-RACK, in
the idea, which

Skinner places a

Rack

separate articles.
I

Under
fort.

the former he adopts

ab. A. S.

have exhibited, "

Race, nostro

Rake, Rastrum
;

" a luculenta septorum Faenilis et Rastri similitudine " and the latter he supposes to be derived " a spinse dorsi similitudine."

Racket,

French Raquette, the Italian Rachetta, the Spanish Raqueta, and the Danish and Belgic and these the Etymologists derive from Rete, which Racket;
the

Instrument, occurs in

the

relates perhaps to the Khcvi-like form;

unless

'we

should
tlie

sup-

pose, that

it

rather belongs to
fish.

the primary sense

derive

action of

Rakcng up
(Puw,

The Etymologists
Trahendo
rapto,

Rate
its

from

Ruo,

Traho.)

Let us mark Ruo,

(Vvu,)

and

parallel

term
Drag,

RusTazo,
or, as

(Puo-ra^w,

Traho,)

To Draw,
is

we may

express, to

Rake

up,

off,

away, &c.
derived from

The Rack

of Mutton, a

Neck

of Mutton,
or,

a similar idea of the RACK-like form,

as

we might

put

it,

of

THE
of a Scraggy

EARTH.
Neck of Mutton, and which
Broken Surface.
to terms,
I

945

Broken appearance.
to

Let us mark the term Scrag,

shall

which

is

itself applied

shew

to

hclong to

the

Scratched,

The EtyRaca, (Sax.)

;

mologists refer the

Rack
as

of

Mutton
the

which are derived

Rache,
these

from the same

idea,

Hracca,

(Sax.) Occiput;

Guttur
Rachefi,

the Belgic Ih/gge,

German Ruck, Dorsum

Spina
Dorsi.)

Gula,

and

Rachis,

(Pa%<?,

All

terms belong to the idea of 'The Rough, Substance

'Scratched or

Broken,
of

Raked up

into

Ridges, Ruts,' &c.

The Rack

Mutton,

is

not, however, "

Tergum Ovillum,"

as Junius supposes,

but " Cervix Ov\\\a," as Lye has justly observed. Skinner has
in the sense of
'

Rack

Cart Rack,' which he refers to the Belgic Ruck,

Tractus, where

we

are at once brought to the original Spot, the

Rut, on
'

the Ground.

Rack

in the sense of

'

To Rack

off

Wine

"Vinum elutriare," means 'To Rake off, as it were, the Wine,' or To Rake off the impure part or dregs from the pure.' The explanatory phrase, adopted by Skinner, Vinum Elutriare,' means literally To Mud off the Wine,' or To remove the Mud or Dregs
'
'

'from the Wine:' " Elutriare

explain
it.

est e

Luto purgare," as some justly

in

Skinner derives

Rack

this

sense from Reccan,

(Sax.) Curare,
finds
in

though he records a French phrase,

*'

which he
et

Cotgrave,

Vin Raque quod exponitur Sordidum

that

" Faeculentum a Vinaceis secunda expressione extortum."

It

may

often

happen,

from the

difficulty

some embarrassment will arise of deciding on the peculiar notion, to which

;

a word immediately belongs

though we

perfectly understand

the general train of ideas, with which the term

must be involved.
perhaps

The word Rack,

example of
this

Torquere,
nature.
It

To
has

Torture, affords

an

been

referred

by the Etythe

mologists to the Belgic Racken, the

German
the

Recken, Extendere;
Islandic Reckia,

the Danish Recke, the Gothic Rakjan,

6 D

Greek

946

rR.R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
(Prja-a-a,

Greek Resso,

Rumpo,) the Hebrew ypi RKH, Expandit,

vel

or Rakak, Atterere,

Rasas, Confringere, conterere, lacerare.

These words
under
simply mean

all

belong to the same train of ideas, conceived

points
of

different

view.

Rack,

To

Torture,

might

by a similar
indeed
is

To Rake up the feelings,' or, as we express it metaphor, To Harrow up the feelings;' and this
*

the
in

meaning,
expressed
to

meaning of the term; yet it has obtained this some instances, through the medium of the sense

by the German Reck^w, Extendere,

To

Stretch out,

which belongs our word Reach, or Retch, from the idea of

in

torture, as

the

phrase,

'

Stretch'd

upon the Rack.'

occurs

In old
Stretch

English, under the form

Extend

Reach.
;

Rack, we have the sense of

Sins are

"Your
it

Rack'd,"
as Mr.

in Love's

Labour Lost

where

means Extended,
Rack'd

Malone observes.

In Coriolanus,
-

we

have,
for

'lA

pair of tribunes that have

Rome,

" To make coals cheap."

Here Mr. Malone observes, that " To Rack, means

**

to

Harrass

by

Exactions ;"
see
it

wherein
Herse

Rack

is

used in
I

its

original sense,

as

we

in the

term Harrass,
or

which

have shewn to be
idea,

derived

from
to

the

Harrow.
is

The

which

we
that

annex
of
'
'

such terms as Stretch,

or

generally attached to

Drawing

Dragging any thing upon

over,

or along

the

Ground,'

or, as

we might

express

it,

of

'

Raking upon,

over, or
It

along the Ground, with various degrees of force and violence.'

marvellous to observe, what an impression this action of

is

Drawmost

ing or

Raking
a
variety

over the
of

Ground has made on

as
it

the mind, and to

what

purposes,
it

should

seem,

the

dissimilar
allusion.
fold this

and discordant,

has been applied by metaphorical

The explanatory terms here adopted will fully unpoint. The Latin Traho, Traxi, means " To Draw,
" to

THE
" to Drag.
&c.
'

EARTH.
force,

947
Stretch

To

Wrest, to

To
that

Draw, or
various

out,"

S.c.

&CC.;

and Tractus means,

in length,

among

other things,

A Drawing
a Streak."

A Tract,
now
&c.,

or space of,

Trace or mark,
Tractus,

"We

shall

see,

Draw, Drag,

Trace,

Tract, Streak, Stretch,

are all related

this

to each other.

But whatever we may think on

their

point, let

us only consider

the terms, which are acknowledged to belong to Traho, through

various
;

senses

in

different

Languages,

Traho,

Tractus,

Tracto, &c.
shall

Tragen, (Germ.) Traire, (Fr.) &c. &c. &c., and

to
find,

we
see,

be

astonished
ideas
this

through
has

what

wide range of
instantly

Human

metaphor

passed.

We

that these terms have been applied

Country,

Feast

An

to denote a Line or

Exercise of the ?nind

A Bargain,

Mark

&c.

&c. &c.. as in 'Trace, or Track,'

'Tract

of Land,'

'To Treat on
*

a subject,'

and 'A Treatise or

I

Tract,' &c. &c. &c.

is

'ATreat,' Tractate,' 'ACowTorqw^o,

shall shew, that the verb

;

To

ToRTwr^,

itself

one of these words

and we cannot separate

from the idea of Drawing the Trace

action
of

mark or
see,

Furrow, the
the

Turning or Stirring up the Ground,

is

by which
the

Trace
that of

or Furrow

made.

We

thus

how
is

notion of

the Raised or

Raked-up Furrow, or Ridge,

so involved,
that
it

connected with

Raking
are

along, or Reaching, or Stretching forward.

AH

these
if

ideas

we should endeavour to The Etymologists therefore have

which means
'

would be a vain attempt, separate the one from the other.

justly produced Resso,
(Pfja-a-u,)

'To

Break up
as a

Raise Rake,
kindred

or

Rout up

the

Ground
Reach.

into Ridges,'

term to Rack, belonging

to

The German Recken signifies, as my Lexicographer explains it, " To Rack or Torture one, put him to the Rack;" and it means likewise "To Retch yourself, Retch out;" and the phrase produced,
as

948

4^.R. \-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
is
**

as authority for this sense,

Die gesetze Recken, wie die

" Schuster das leder,

To

fVrest

and Stretch the Laws, as Shoe-

" makers use the leather," where we see

with

Retch or Reach.
the

In

how Rack connects itself Wrest, we see the form '""RS, and
Reach,
the Etymologists pro;

the action of violence.

Under

duce

the German Racan or Racan, Aracan, &c. Reichen, the Italian Recare, the Greek Orego, (o^eyu.) Reach is

Saxon

applied,

to

express

certain

Tracts,
'

or Lengths,

which

Stretch.

along the banks of a River, as Lime- House Reach, Greenwich which may be said to belong both to the verb Reach,' &c.
' ;

Reach,
to the

as Skinner first supposes, and, as he afterwards conjectures,

Reach is Saxon Hricg, Dorsum, q. d. Dorsum littoris. used likewise " Pro nisu vomendi ;" where it is applied, as an action of Violence and Agitation, with the idea annexed to it
of 'Stirring up

Raking jip something.' Skinner refers this word to the German Brechen, Sich Erbrechen, the Belgic Braecken, Vomere; and all these, as he says, are derived from the German Rechen, Extendere. Whether the Greek Orego, (O^yviot, Spatium (ppsyu). Pedes, vel manus Extendo,) ORGuia, interjectum vel inter pedes divaricantes, vel ambas manus
up, or
I

Raising

expansas, Passus,) directly belong to Reach, &c.,

the

must leave

reader to judge.

have shewn however, that these words

suppose to be derived

under the form '^RG, attach themselves to the terms of Excitemerit,

Orge,
see,

[p^yyii

Ira,)

&c. &c. &c., which

*

from the same metaphor of

Stirrifig

up the Ground.'

Thus we

how

all

views of the question

bring us to the same point,

whatever might be the precise relation which words bear to each

other.

Junius refers

Retch

in

Spitting, Screare,

to the

Saxon

Hrace, Screo, the Islandic Hraake, Sputum, the Danish Harcker,

Screo, the Belgic Rachelen, &c., " Rauco screatu pituitam
'

sursum
the

evocare ac

sputando egerere,"

the

Welsh Rhoch, Fremitus,

THE
the

EARTH.
and the Latin Ructo
;

949
all

Greek EREVGomai,
to

{E^tvyofiai,)

which terms belong

Stirring

the Element

^RG,

&c., either with the

breathing before or after the R,

conveying the same ideas of

the

Raking up, with Commotion Noise, &c. &c.

up

consequent attendant

of

The

succeeding words in Lye's Saxon Dictionary to RAcan^

are

Extendere,

RACA-Teag,

and

Raccenta, Catena,
Lye,
as
in

which
of of

belong to the idea of Stretching out. Junius, produces the term Raketyne,
In Lye's Saxon Dictionary,
the

his Edition

used

by

Robert

Gloucester, which he has justly referred to these Saxon words.

word " Racan, Extendere,

To
The

" Reach," immediately succeeds

Raca, a Rake, Rastrum.

is

next word in Junius to Raketyne

the Scotch Raik, Gradus citatus,

Raiked, which he
Raik, "
Iter

refers to

A Long
domum

longum,

"To Raik
directly

home, accelerato gradu

abire;" where

we

are

brought to the Course

motion,

or

Tract,

sometimes with an
records
Irish

accelerated

upon the Ground.

He

under

this
Ire.

word the

Islandic Reika, ambulare,

and the

Racha,

He
''

adds likewise, "

Hue non incommode

referri

potest nostrum

**

Homo dissolutus." Dr. Jamieson explains Raike, Rake, To Range, to wander, to rove at large To Raik on &c., by " Raw, To Go or march in order, To go side by side in a Row ;" where let us mark Raw and Row, which are quasi
Rake,
*'

Rag,

&.C.,

and

mean

tlie

regular

Course or

Rake.

In

the

phrase, "

He

brings tzva, thrie, &c.

Raik

a day, applied to dung,

which carts and horses are employed, as equi" valent to Rraught," we are brought to the idea of Raking
or Dragging on a
surface.

" coals, &c., in

The term Raik, means

likewise

"The
see

Extent of a course, walk, or journey;"

of

how we may pass into a Course or Road only, when

where we again the sense of Reach from the idea

the notion of a forcible action

is

not

950
not

^R.R.\--C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
prominent.
i.

The
"

combination

Tow^m^-Raik, means
In Scotch,

Elo-

quence,

e.

continued Course of Speaking.

Rak
quasi

means To Reach,
term Range,

To

attain."

Let us mark the explanatory

I

above adopted,

which

shall

shew

to

be

Ragge, belonging to the same train of ideas. The Hebrew vp'^ RKH, contains the idea of Stretching out, as connected with an action of some Violence and jigitation.
Mr. Parkhurst observes on
this

word, that "

at

It

expresses Motion

" of different parts of the same thing,

the

same time, one

It

" part the one way, and the other, the other way, with Force.

by

"To

Stretch

forth,

extend,

distend,

expand.

is

used

for

" Jehovah's Stretching forth the cypntt^"

SChKIM, "or
plates

conflicting,

" aethers.
" Beating,

Job xxxvii.
for

18.,

for

Extending

of

gold

Stamping on the Ground with the

foot,

and so

" Beating out the part on which one Staynps, flatter and wider, " an action similar to the last, for the Expanding or Stretching

'forth the Earth

and

its

produce:

As
i.
'

Nounrpi" RKIH

or

RKING,

"

An

Expansion, the Celestial fluid or Heavens in a state

6, 7."

" of Expansion, the Expanse, Gen.

We

have seen, that

Rake means

The

loose

fellow,

who

Rakes, or Riots about.' The succeeding term to this in Skinner ^s Rake=H^//, which he supposes to be either derived from Rak^= Hell, according to the Proverb, "Rake Hell and Skim the Devil,
"
arid

you

will

never met with such a fellow," or rather from the

Faex Plebis.

French

Racaille,

Rake=Hell, or Rakell, seems

to

have had originally only an accidental coincidence with Rake Hell, in the Proverb, and belongs probably to the French word produced by Skinner.
it

Junius writes

it

Rakell, and has seen

that

has some affinity with Rascal.

He

tells

us

likewise under
praeceps.'

this

word, that

Rakell

in

Chaucer means 'Temerarius,

My German

Lexicographer has the following notable explanation

of

THE
Reckel, "
**

EARTH.
Rascal,

951

Rake or HakeShum, Lungis, Lath-back, Slim-slow

-back, dreaminoj Lusk,

Hum-drum, Lingerer."
which he derives

Skinner refers Rascal to the Saxon

from the German Rahn, Macer, and Schaal, Cortex. he

deduces
the

From hence
Faex

French

La

Uacaille,

Sordida

Plebecula,

populi.
*'

He

records
teste

likewise

the

idem sonat

Casaubono

" Racaille vir eximius deflectit." application of Rascal to Deer, " Rascaille Deer, Caprese rejiculae."

Greek Rakia, Vmlm, " quod in Athenxum a quo Fr. G. Junius is aware of the peculiar word
corrupted from
to

Some
Rasca,

think,

as he

observes,

that the
it

is

Rejiculus;

though he imagines, that

belongs

the

Italian

" Araneae telam, et per consequens quamlibet

nihili

rem

" denotat."

Hence he
has

derives the Belgic Rekel, Vilissimus canis,

and the French

'

Racaille.

Lye imagines,
great
affinity

that the Saxon Rascal,

to

Fera

strigosa,"

a
is

the
to
It

Islandic

Raska,

Corrumpere.
every

J^ascal

peculiarly

applied

Lean Deer, as
is

reader of

Shakspeare
both
in

well
its

knows.
general

used

in

the

following
'

passage,

and

peculiar

sense.

Dol.

'

me

You muddy Rascal, is that all the comfort you give Fal. You make fat Rascals, Mrs. Doll." (Seco)id Part of
II.

Henry IV. A.

S. 4.)

Dr. Johnson observes on this passai^e,

" FalstafF alludes to a phrase of the Forest. Lean Deer are " called Rascal Deer. He tells her she calls him wrong being
"fat, he cannot be
a Rascal." " So
;

in Ouarle's Firgin

"1656.

'and
me

IFidow,

have

known

Rascal from
It

fat

deer;'"

as Mr. Steevens observes.

Dr. Johnson has strangely misunder-

stood the sense of this passage.

means, "
"

If

am
!

a Rascal,
fat."

you

" make

so, as

you make lean animals or Rascals

is,

The

reply to the speech of FalstafF

make them
not."

gluttony and

" diseases
observes,

make them
that

"

make them To grow fat and

:

Mr. Malone justly bloated is one of the

con-

952
*'

*R.

R/ -C, D,

G, J, K, Q,
disease
;

S, T,

X, Z.
to

" consequences

of the venereal

and

that

Falstaff

probably alludes."

My
" scum

French Lexicographer explains

of the
people,

Racaille by " Rabble,

Rascality, Trash."

We
;

should

in-

stantly agree,

that

derived from the

see, that

Rascal and Racaille would be Fillh or Dirt of the Ground but we

the
is

naturally
shall

now
The

they belong to a peculiar state of this Dirt, or to the

Dirt,
vilest

Raked away

of the
is

Dirt

or

Rubbage.
off

French Racaille

that,

which
is

Racle Raked

Offscourings, &c., as

Scum

attached to Skim

Skimm'd
under
a

off.

A Scrubby
to

Fellow belongs to
that,

Scrub Scrape,

the

the
&c.,

vile part

similar

metaphor to

by which Racaille and

Rascal

are attached

Racler.

We

see,

that

Rascal,
it

is

particularly applied to

Lean Deer; under which sense

idea,

perhaps
it

comprehends another
is

which we annex to a surface, when

RocAiLLE or Raked
the smooth, even,

over.

The

idea of Leanness, as opposed

plump appearance of fat objects, is perpetually connected with the metaphor of a Scratched Corrugated Uneven Rough Surface; and this may be the idea annexed to Rascal, the Lea7i Deer. We have seen, that the Saxon Rascal is explained by " Fera Strigosa" where, in the explanatory term Strigosa, we have precisely the same metaphor.
to

Robert Ainsworth interprets Strigosus by " Lean, lank, scraggy, " thin, bare, meagre." The Latin Strigosus, is acknowledged to
belong to
Striga,

"

Ridge land, or single furrow drawn at

Strigo,

"length
is

in

ploughing,"

&c.

The

first

sense of Strigo

"Striga Noto,
is

To Mark
the
'

or Scratch into Furrows;" and the

Strigis Notatus,'

Equus Strigosus

Equus, quasi

though the

Etymologists conceive it to be the Equus, " qui prae macie Strigare " vel quiescere cogitur." The mind oftentimes embraces both
the
active

and passive sense on the same

object,

when

the

object

THE
'

EARTH.
Thus
the

953

Rascal Deer means at once, The File Ra kings, and the Raked, the Racle animal, under its meaning of the Racle Matter,' i.e. 'The Racaille, and the 'Racle form,' if I may so say. We have seen, that Rake means
object will admit of this union.
'

'

The Raking about person;' and we

Sraggy belongs to Scratch,
'

talk likewise of

"A

person as

" thin as aRi^KE," which means 'The person of a

'form.'
for the

Raked

Strigose

same reason; and we

which we certainly

sometimes use the phrase

see the idea of
'ance.'
I
'

Vile Scratch^ in

What

is

Vile,

connected with a Scratched appear-

have before shewn, that Hag, and WAGGard, belong to

a race of words, which signify,

'To

Affright

'were, or

To

Scar,' as
'

wise the idea of

we express it; The Hacked or Scarred

Hack, and they comprehend

figure,' if
is
I

To

as

it

like-

may

so say.
to

When we
I

apply Scar-Crow to a person,

it

generally

done

a person of a Scarred Scraggy figure.

have observed, that the English

the Syriac term of contempt,

Rake

has been compared

with

Raka,
yet

(Vkkoc,

Maft.

v. 524.);

and though perhaps these terms should not be considered, as

directly

belonging to

each
the

other,

the
idea

corresponding

Hethe

brew

word contains

fundamental
this

annexed

to

Element.

Mr. Parkhurst explains

word Kpn

RKA,

by "

To
he

" evacuate, exhaust.

gives
us,

Draw

forth, extenuate, attenuate;"

it.

and

as

derivatives

from

Wreck, Rack, Rake.

This

word means likewise the Temples and Spittle. Taylor explains the word thus, " Attenuare, Tenue. To be thin, as a wafer,
" or thin Cake.

To

be thin of flesh.

Hence,
iv. 3.

the

Temples

as

" a part bare of flesh.

But

in

Cant.

the sense seems to

"include the Cheek

also.

To

be thin as Spittle.

Though

in

"the word pi" RK, "there may be an Onomatopoeia, alluding " to the sound of hawking up or ejecting the Spittle." The fundamental sense of this Hebrew word is 'To Rake or Rout, up, 'out, or aboMt.'' Hence we have the idea of Emptying and of

6 E

Thinfiess,

954
Thin?iess,

R. R.
and

\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.
Spitting
is

of
it

out

any
did
:

thing.

In the

passage

of the

Psalms,

directly

connected with
I

imagery of
as

Raking away
*'

Dirt.

"
the

Then
wind

beat
Cast

them,

small

as

the dust

before

did

them out as the

is

" Dirt in the Street;" where the term to Cast out pn

of

the

Hebrew

RK.

No

passage can be more in point for the confirmation

my

hypothesis.

This word
which, as

is

applied

to

the Lean-Fleshed

kine of Pharaoh,
the sense of the

we
&c.

see, precisely

corresponds with

'Rascal
Brow,

Deer.'
;

This
from

is

curious:

The word
or

means marks

the

Temples,

the

the
is

Raked
it.

Scored

Rug^

or Wrinkles,

which

belong to

Let us
a
similar

mark the explanatory ienr\ Cast, which is used sense for 'To Bring up any thing from the stomach
and
*

in

throat,'
'

&c.;

it

applied in

its

original sense,
its

a pond,' or clearing out

observes,
I

Dirt.
at

when we talk of Casting The Hebrew word, as Taylor

the

justly

comprehends

same time

the

idea of

Noise.

have just shewn,

that the English

Reach, and the

{E^Bvyu,

Latin and
Emitto,
precisely
vel

Greek ERUcto,
evolvo,

Ructo, Ereugo,
Eructando,

Ructo;

as

quasi

effundo,)

are

derived

from the same idea of Raking up.

In Chaldee the

corresponding

word

to

this

Hebrew term means Lacuna,

at

Castell informs us,

where we are
Attefiuo,
Pocku,

once brought to the Furrow.

;

In Syriac

it

means

and Expuo

and hence the term

In Samaritan
'

of contempt, Raka,
it
'

" Sputatilicus, Vilis," &c.

sit^nifies

" EfFudit

Attenuavit;"

and

in

^thiopic,

Tejiue

reddidit.'

Hebrew word pn RK, which belong to our Element, are these, C]\n RZP, "To Strow, or Spread;" V)n RZG, "To pierce through, perforate, bore/' nyn RZCh,

The

preceding terms to this

"To
"p,

Kill,

slay,
nif-i

murder;"

nV"i,

"To

be pleased with, to

like,

"affect;"

RZD, "To

Leap, Exult;" N2fn

i'Vl

RZA, "To Run;"

"To

Run, move, or Ride swiftly;'

RZZ,

"To

run here
" and.

THE
"against another,

EARTH.
;

955

" and there, or with swiftness and violence

To

To

run or dash one

break,

crush,

oppress greatly;" where

we perceive, that all these terms, with the exception of mi, * To be Pleased with," relate to actions of Violeiice or Commotion, such as we have found to be expressed by this race of words.
Mr. Parkhurst has justly produced, as parallel, under (in RZZ, the Greek Rasso, Resso, (Paa-a-ai, Pijo-o-w,) the English Risch, the Saxon Raus, Rush, the German and the English Race

Rout, &c.

and

Risk.

The

succeeding words to pn

where

in the explanatory

term Rot,'
to

RK, are we see a

dirt

2p1, "

To Rot;"
meaning
in

similar

and Radical,

and are brought

;

the

of the

Earth,

a Broken Dissipated state

to

ipi

RKD,

"

To

Leap, skip, bound,"

which Mr. Parkhurst has justly referred Racket and Rigadoon, as they all belong to the same idea of Agitation ; and npi

RKC/z, " To make a composition of various

" several aromatics or perfumes,
" Apothecary
the idea of
all

spices, to
to

compound

according

the art of the

word is derived from about Routing things, so as to Mix or Mingle them

or

Confectioner."

This

together.

The

to

our Element,

other terms, which succeed these, belonging I have considered in different portions of my
signifying "

Work.

The term
*'

nn RZH,
very

To
the

be pleased with, to
sense,
little

like,

affect,"

seems
to this

remote

from
;

which

have

attributed

race of words

yet a

examination will

solve this

difficulty.

Mr. Parkhurst observes under the sixth

sense

of this

word "with DV"

Consentire
then
thief,

OM

"following.
18.
zvith
('

To

agree

or

" consent

with,

cum.
thou

Psal. l.

When
him.')

thou

But " observe, that both the lxx. and Vulg. refer the V. in this text "to p" RZ, " Run, the former rendering yov pn /RZ, omu, " by XwiT^ix'^ auTu, and the latter, by Currebas cum eo, thou
" didst

"

'

sawest

Consentedst

956
that

^R.

R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q, S,T,X,Z.

" didst Run, or Concur with him."

We
"

shall

now

understand,
like,

p RZ,

To Run, and nVl RZH,

To

be pleased with, to

"

affect," are

only different forms of each other, and that they

both relate to Excited action, to Running, &c.

in

The

latter

word,

the sense of Being pleased

ivith,

is
it

derived from the metaphor

of

Running

with, or, as

we

express

under the same metaphor,

The explanatory by an appropriate term, 'Concurring with.' term St;i/To%w, Con-Curro, lias, we know, the same original and
metaphorical meaning as
or
the

Latin

Con-Curro,

To Run
*'

with,

To

Con-Cur with

and those meanings

coincide with

the

two senses of these Hebrew words, QSwr^s^^; " (2.) Convenio, Consentaneus sum, Consentio
"(4.) Evenio, ad alicujus voluntatem."^

(i.) Concurro
(3.)

Adjuvo

The Hebrew word

as

in

one of
*'

its

senses signifies

"To

accept with complacence

and pa-

tience, as

punishment

for sin,

to acquiesce in,"

Mr. Parkhurst

explains

it;

where the

original

sense

more strongly appears.

The term

occurs in the following passage of Job xiv. 6.

till

" from him, that he may rest, " as an' hireling, his day."
little
*

he shall Accomplish,^'

Turn (nVT /RZH)

to

"

Here the word seems

signify

more than

'

To Run

through, or Pass through, as in the

is

accustomed

Course.'

This Hebrew word

often rendered in

our Translation by Accept, and in Latin by Acceptiim Habeo

which, though they do not contain the same metaphor, yet express
with sufficient precision the idea of Concurrence with any accident, Taylor in his last example of the use of this Hebrew object, &c.

word,
the

(Jeremiah

xxiii.

10.)
it

explains
is

it

by Foluntas,
Course

though in
refers

English
to

translation

rendered

however

the

Root, p"i
;

RUZ, To Run,

" For

He
the

us
is
:

land

" full of adulterers for because of swearing the land mourneth " the pleasant places of the wilderness are dried up, and their

''Course" on Vila

w-RUZ TEM,

"is

evil,

and their force

is

not

" right."

THE
" right."

EARTH.

957
Hebrew Language have

The

Septuagint likewise translate the word by Aoo^jj.

the adepts in the

Hence we may learn, how

been confounded by the similarity of these Roots.

The Arabic L^
acquiescence,

Ryza

appears to correspond with this

it

Hebrew word. Mr. Richardagreement,

son explains

by

(i.)

"Consent,

" permission, connivance. " nation," &c. &c.

their

The

(2.) Intention, wish, will, desire, resig-

Welsh Lexicographers have compared

please,

word Rliynga, (bodd,) To

To

give content, with this

nj?-|

Hebrew word ni'l llatzah, and with the Chaldee Hebrew \'\ RZ, in the sense of Run, brings us
Race, &c., which Mr. Parkhurst has seen.

Ranga.

The

to

such terms as
this

To
t^

Hebrew
Earth,

word Mr. Parkhurst

it,

refers,
p^c

with a formative

A, as he expresses
the

the important
its

term

ARZ,

Arez,

Arets,

from

Breaking or Crumbling

to pieces.

or Crushing
or

Through the whole compass of Language the Element '^RC, '^RD, &c. RC, RD, &:c. &c., exhibits the idea of Breaking Dashing

to pieces,

&c. &c.

Mr. Parkhurst has justly seen the

the form '^RC

necessary and inevitable connexion of this idea with the Groutid

Earth, &c. and M\D, &c., Aratto, &c.,

have before produced, under

the

Greek Ereiko, Ereido, Orect/i^o, Arasso, {E^ukco, Frango, E^sX, Trudo, Pass. Fundi.

Humi
litus

sterni, O^ex^^'^' Sternor, dicitur

etiam de sonitu fluctuum ad

Illido.)

Mr. Parkhurst has justly reminded us, under the Hebrew 'p \)n RZ, RZZ, To Dash, or Break to pieces, of the Greek Rasso, Resso, (Pua-a-cu,
allisorum,
A^ao-o-w,

Aokttu,

Pulso,

Allido,

ivo-w,

Frango,

lumpo,

Vehementer
(V^jyuuu,

ferio,

allido,)

to

which we must add Kego,

&c.
It
is

I{EG?iufni,

Pfiyvvf^t,

Frango,)

curious,

that

Mr. Parkhurst, who

is

an adventurous

Etymologist,

should not perceive under our Elehient any terms

of Violence and Commotion, which he could refer to his

term, but Rush, Risk, Race.
I

Hebrew have already produced Rushj and

the

958

'^R.

R/.---C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T,

X, Z.
Wherever we
which he

the term Risk, as the Etymologists understand, occurs in various

Languages, as Risque, (Fr.) Riesgo, (Span.) &c.

turn our eyes, the same ideas perpetually recur; and the writer
finds himself obliged frequently to produce the words,

had before examined

in

other parts of his discussions

The Reader

however

will

be hence enabled to consider the argument under

various points of view,

and to observe, how the same words

different

connect themselves with

of ideas.

portions

of the

same

train

Words

THE EARTH.

959

Words

a surface Stirred up Broken up, Routed Raked, &c.

denoting, or relating to

Eng.)

What

belongs to the

Rough surface. Ruga, Rvris, Ruso^,

&c. &c.
(Lat.

Ride,

Raised
as
to

or

Rising

up

in

Gr. Fr. &c.)

Ruts, Ridges, &c. &c.,

so

Wrinkle, quasi

assume
or

Rough,
be

w'RiKVi.le.

Rugged, cor-RuGATEo appearance,

to
in

Rictus.

(Lat.)

Os

in

Rugas

diductum.

Rough

state.

The
Rut, Ridge, Ruga. (Eng. Lat.)

RAis^ii

up

Ridge

like

object.

The Furrow,
Dirt from
it.

or the Raised

Rick, Rogus. (Eng. Lat.)

Ruck,

/iRic, Rig, &c.

(Germ.
Back.

Rough, Rugged, &c. Hruhge, Hruh, Ruh, Ruych, Rouw, Rauch, Roide, Kozzo, &c. &c. (Eng. Sax. Belg. Germ.
Fr. Ital. &c.)
Reg?iiio,

Sax. Scotch.)

The

Rock, Roc. (Eng. Fr.)

Rvscuin,

Reeds,

Rush^^, &c.

(Eng. Lat. Eng. &c.)

objects,

The
&c.

which have

o.

Rough,

RESso.(Gr.)
&c.

To

Break
Or.)

Bristly appearance,

&:c.

up.

&c.
REGoi-,

Rug,

(Eng.

The Rough Covering.

Rag, Rako5. (Eng. Gr.) What is Broken or Torn to pieces.
Rig^o, Riaid, &c. &c. (Gr. Lat.

The Rough

Noise.

Ka\jcus, Rug/o,

Rudo, Regko,
(Lat.

Route, &c. &c. &c.

Gr. Eng. &c.)

T SHALL

consider in this article those terms, belonging to the

form of our Element RC,

RD,

&c,, which are directly or

more

remotely

960
'up

^R.R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
up,
iip,
it

remotely connected with the idea of 'A Surfixce Stirred up, Scratched

Broken or Routed up, Raked 'into Ruts Ridges,' &c. &c., by which
'Rugged
those

or Raised

tip,

&c.,

assumes 'A Rough

shall find,

cor-RuGa/^<f appearance.' We
which relate
the words
to
'

as

we have

seen in other cases, that under this train of ideas are involved
terms,

Whatever

is

Harsh,

Grating

Annoying,
how
we know,
plait,

Rough

or Disgusting to any of the senses.'

We

perceive,

Rut

and Ridge bring us to the Ground,

likewise denotes "

and how they connect themselves with the Latin Ruga, which
signifies,

Furrozv, and

it

crum-

"

pie,

a fold.
it

Wrinkle."

IXvgosus not only means

Furrowed,
plains
it,

but
"

signifies

moreover, as
full

my
how

Lexicographer excrumples,
or

Rough,
J

Shrivelled,

of
see,

Ifrinkles,

"plaits,
idea

withered
what
is

"

and here we
or

unequivocally the
itself

of

Rough

Rugged, connects
express
it

with

the

Furrowed
the

surface, or, as

we

by a term derived from

The Etymologists same source, the cor-^VGated surface. see no term corresponding to Rut, the Furrow, but Rota, The term is not the wheel, and its parallels, Rad, (Sax.) &c.
to

be found in Skinner and Junius, though

of the latter by Lye.

it

is

added to the
shall

work
is

The Rota,

&c., as

we

now

see,

makes Ruts upon it. Our Etymologists have produced Rut and Rutting, as it relates to the Stirred up or Excited passions of Deer, which I have
the part, which the Ground, or

Routs up

before

considered.

We
its

cannot but

see,

how

the explanatory

word Raised, and

up
surface.
It

parallel

term Rise, relate to the

is

Routed
up or

To

be

Roused,

to

be

Raised,

Stirred

Excited.

has been duly understood,

that RuGGerf,

Rug and

Among the parallel terms to Rough, belong to each other. Rough, the Etymologists have produced the Saxon Hruhge, Hruh, Riih, &c., the Belgic Ruych, Rouiv, the German Ranch, Rauh,
the French Roide, the Italian Rozzo, the Greek Russos,
(Pva-a-og,

Rugosus,)

THE

EARTH.

961

Rugosus,) and the Latin Rudis.

The Etymologists refer Rug to tl>e Greek Regos, [Priyog, Culcitra); and we are justly reminded likewise of the Saxon Rocc, and the German and Belgic Rock, Tunica, and the Welsh Rlizvg. The Greek Rego5, (Pvyo?,) has
been acknowledged
(Prjyvvui,
Ptiyvvi^i,
Pi^(r<ru,

to

belong

to

Regnz/o,

Regnz/;/,

Resso,

we know, among other things, refer to the action of Breaking up the Ground. The Welsh Lexicographers understand the relation of their term Rhwygo,
Frango,) which,

"To

Greek words; and they likewise refer us to the Chaldee yyn RnGnG, Frangere, and the Hebrew VT\ RGnG, Findere, scindeie. In the same opening of Mr. Richards'
rend, to tear," to these

Welsh
"

Dictionary, where these words occur,

we have Rhuwch,
is

A Rough
it.

Friezed mantle or garment, a Rug," as this writer

In
tiie
;

explains
'

leathern jerkin

same Language, Khuchen also a web in the eye."

"A

Coat;

Names of Dresses of various sorts appear under RC, &c., which all originally belonged, I imagine, to
idea of

the form
the

same

Rough,
it,

either as the coarse,

outward covering

to defend
if I

from the

cold, or as

ornamented

in a

Rough manner,

may

so express

with Fretted work

Fringes, &c. &c.

Skinner has
for the

two
&c.

articles of

Rochet and Rocket, denoting Coverings

i?occ,

person, the former of which he refers to Rochet, (Fr.) Roccietto,

(Ital.)

Roquete, (Span.) Exomis;

(Sax.) &c., and de-

from Rige,{^-d\.) &c. Dorsum; and the latter he considers as belonging to the same terms, adding moreover, " Fr. " Jun. deflectit a Gr. Paxo,-." Junius explains Rokette thus:
rives ultimately

" Chaucero

est

Linea

vestis

foeminarum,

quae

eidem
"

quoque

" Suckenie dicitur G. Surquenie."

To

this race of

words belongs

the French Roquelaure, which in English

we
it.

call Rocelo,

great

"loose coat or cloak," as N. Bailey explains

logists will

The Latin EtymoFestus

now understand

the origin of the Latin terms Rica,

"

A woman's

hood," and Ricin/mw,

"A

woman's short cloak."

6 F

962

^R.R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S/r,X,Z.
Rica, as
shall

J^estiis describes

" Vestimentiim

quadratum,

et

Fm-

" briatum;" and we

understand from the^ense o{ Fimhriatus,

which R. Ainsvvorth explains by " Escalloped, Fringed

how we pass into Cor-RuGATED appearance.

&c.,

the

idea

of the

Jigged," Rough Broken

But

this does

not rest only on the

evidence of conjecture, as
the Latin RiciN/wm,

can produce a term directly parallel to

In Galic,

where the sense of Ruga absolutely appears. Rocan means "A Plait, fold, or Wrinkle,^' and "A Hood,

" Mantle, Surtout," as Mr.

different articles.

Shaw

explains the word, placed

in

The same
covering;
is

term likewise means

"A

Cottage,
the

" Hut," and " Rolling," where

Rough Rough

coarse
is

we have still the sense of and we have likewise the idea

to

of

Agitation, which

annexed
I

these words.

cent term

Roc

Rock, which

shall

shew

to

be

An adjathe Rough

Ridge. In Latin we have Ricinz^^, "A vermin called a tike, " which annoyeth sundry kinds of beasts, such as dogs, sheep,"
&c., which signifies the Roughs;-,'
or Fretter upon a surface
if I

may

so say, the Scratcher

the cor-Koi>er.

We

shall

now underwords, and

stand, that the Latin Rodo, Rosi, belong to

that they are only different forms of

these

Rado, Rasi, where we uneVocabulary, where

quivocally see the idea of Scratching upon a Surface.

In
the

opening

of

my Greek

Regwwo,

{Vtiymu,)

occurs,

we have

the following terms, belonging to our

Element, which must be referred to the same fundamental idea of

what
as
it

is

Broken or Stirred up

about, &c.,

relates to Noise

actions of Violence

Sec,

such as Regko, (PeyKu, Sterto,)

Commotion Agitation, where we have the Harsh

Deturbo,)
Raio,

what

is

Routed

about,

Rough Noise;
Raiso, (Puiu,

Rasso,

(Pcta-cru,

Allido, Collido,

Pctia-u,

Profligo,

Corrumpo, Destruo,)
Gutta,)

Raino, quasi

RAjno,

(Vctivu,

Perfundo, Aspergo, Irroro,) Razo, (P^w, Perfundo,

{PccOctfziy^,

Aspergo,)
Strepitus,

RATnamigx,
propria

Rath^^o^,

(Poidxyoi,

ex

aqua concussa, sonitus,

tumultus,)

&c.,

Razo.

THE
Razo,
Pa^/of,

EARTH.
Hard Grape.
In Raister,

963
(PxKTTtio,

(Pa^w, Voro, impr.

de canibus, a sono,) Rax, Rago^, (Pa|,

or

Acinus,) the

Rough

Malleus,) the derivative from Raio, (Paiuy)

RS.

Raino, (Pa<vw,) belongs to Rain, in

we have German

the true form

I\eg^,

where

the true form appears.

These
we

words denoting Sprinkling, Razo,

I

RATnamigx,

{Val^u,

Pu9x{jiiyl,)

originally referred, as
it,

imagine, to

the idea of Splashing, as

express

derived from the action of

In

Rout;^
the Dirt

about, or Stirring up or about the Dirt.

its

Homer

it

is

applied in

original sense to the Splashing of Horses

kicking up

Filth, Sec. in

running:
0(
OB 01 ITTTTOI

Y^o<r^ aeipeaSviv,
AiBt S'vivioxov

ptf/,(pa 7rpv}(r(rovTe

KeXsvSov'
efiocXXov.

KONIHS PAGAMirFES

{II. *. V,

500, &c. Vide etiam A.

Dictionary

v,

536, &c.)
(PaSio;,

In the same opening of

Facilis,) &c.,

my

we have Radios,

shew to be derived from the idea of RiDvi?ig or Rout/^ up or away any incumbrance, as Dirt, &c. From Regnwo, {Vyiywu, Frango,) are acknowledged to be dewhich
I

shall

rived
senilis,

Rako5,

and

Rakoo,

(PxKog,

Lacera
;

Pukou, Lacero,

pannosum reddo
little

Ruga oris De senectute Rugosum

vestis,

reddo,

in

pass.

In Rugas contrahor,) which will remind us of

torn piece of cloth.

the English

Rag, the

This

affinity is

who moreover direct us to the Saxon Some of the ComHracode, Laceratus, and the Welsh Rhwg. mentators on Shakspeare have understood, that Ragged, in old
seen by the Etymologists,
English, means Broken,

and
is

that

it

belongs

to

the

sense

of

Rugged,

as

"

My
is

Voice

Mr. Rowe has changed into

of Lucrece,
Smoothness.
it

Ragged," {As Tou Like it,) which Rugged and in our Author's Rape
;

used

as

an

opposite

term

to

the

idea

of

" Tliy Smoothing

titles to

.1

Ragged

name."

In the following passage of Richard the

Third, Elizabeth

thus

addresses

964
addresses

'^R.

R/ -C,

D, G, J, K, Q,

S, T,

X, Z.

the
;

stones of the Tower, withhi

which her children

its

were confined
kindred words.
"

and here we see

cradle for such
little

tlie

term combined with

Rough

pretty ones.

"

Rude, Ragged nurse!"

The verb/ To Rag,' " Opprobriis mordere, sa^vidictis protelare," as Lye exphiins it, might have been interpreted "Opprobriis " Lacerare,'' where we should have had the true metaphor, as belonging to Rag, the Lacerated or torn clotli. Lye, who produces this verb, sees no affinity between that and the substantive. He derives the verb To Rag {roifx the Islandic Rceigia, " Deferrej"

and he produces moreover the compound Bala-KAG, " Probris et

" maledictis incessere,

vexare;" the former part of which com-

pound he
at

refers to the Islandic Baul, Bol, " Maledictio, Dirae,

in

quod

" supra vide

Bale," which
it

all

right;

though he might have

Let us mark, under

once referred

to the English Bazvl

Rako5, &c.
see,

(Paxo?,) the

explanatory term Ruga, where

we again

how

these ideas are entangled with each other, according to

my

hypothesis.

The term Ruff may

have arisen from Rough, pronounced, as

we know,
Element

Ruf;

yet 1 shall shew in a future Volume, that the

RF

contains a race of words bearing a similar meaning.

We

perceive in the parallel terms to

Rough,
the

that the

Element
'^RG,
as

'^RG appears with the

breathing

before

in

Hruhge; and we
Radical has been
refer the word,

find in some, that the second

Consonant of the
form

lost, as

Ruh, &c.

To

this latter

we must
in

in old English, Ron.

This word occurs

{Ella, f. SO?.)

the

Poems

attributed to Rowley. " Is shee so Rou, and Ugsojnvie

to.

hys syghter"

Rue, Sorrow, belongs to Rough, as denoting the Rough, dismal The adjacent appearance, or as having been Roughly handled. word in Lye's Saxon Dictionary to " Hreog, Hreoh, Rough, Turbi" dus, Ferus,"
is

" Hreoh-/?///, Rve-JuI, Turbidus."

Rue

is

referred

by

THE
by the Etymologists
to the

EARTH.
German Rewen,
this

965
and Junius
derived from

Saxon Hreow, Hreowan, Hreowsian,

&c.
is
;

Sec, the Belgic Rouzuen,

thinks,
that the Gothic

the

Hraiwa-jD6o, Turtur,
animal,

the

Rue-^k/ noise, made by

is

"a luctuoso gemitu,"

signify

which

right.

The Saxon Hreowian and Hreowsian

is

" Lugerc;" and Reozvian

interpreted by Lye, " Pcenitere," and

jReowsiiin, " Ingemiscere, deflere, poenitere."

Rough looking object, and it belongs to the Belgic Rouw, &c. the Saxon Hreozv, the German Roh, Rauch, in German, signifies Rough and Rauch likewise means " Smoke, Fume," which may directly belong to Rauch, Rough,
is

Raw

the

Rou

or

under the idea of what

is

Afinoyi?ig or Offensive to the Smell, as

Asper means in Latin, "Stinking, Fetid," or

to that race of words,

which denote

Jii

it

may

be attached

Windy &c., and which

are derived from the idea of Agitation or Commotion.

Our English

word Reek, and its parallel terms, are immediately connected with Rauch, Smoke, which the Etymologists have recorded, and which I shall detail in another place yet I must here produce two of these terms, RakcIos, and RAiKeros, PoiKeXo^, PaocE^o?, wiiich
;

by S^Mfo?, and XX7ro?, and which must be referred to the idea conveyed by Rough, &c. The succeeding term to Razv is Rawt, Mugire; where we
Hesychius
has
respectively

explained

have the idea of the Rough, Harsh Noise, expressed by

of words;
" G.

this

race

Ray, which Lye explains by Douglassio est opprobrii nomen. Fortasse ab Isl. Raa, " Caprea. Huic conjecture favet, quod Scoti dicunt 'As wild as "'a Ray' Y. Roe-buck.' The Ray is quasi Rag, which brings us in form and meaning to the English term Rag, before exand the next term
is

plained, Lacerare, Vellicare,

To Rout, Row,
Rog, &c.

&c.

Th^Ray

or Roe,
refer

the
'

Deer,

is

quasi

Rag,

The Etymologists

i?o^-Buck,' Caprea, to the

Saxon Rage, Rahdeor, Ran, the Gerwhich

man

Reh, the Belgic Ree, Reen, Reyn, Reyner, Reynger,

some

966
some think
" Rancken,
Purujs,

^R. R. \--C, D,G,J, K, Q, S,T,

to be quasi Rangifer,

X, Z.
ramis, Teutonice

"^ cornuum

nimcupatis,"

and

which others

derive

from

Reyn,

"ob concinnam nitidamque totius corporis speciem, quas " maxime in hoc animalculo elucet." These terms for Deer, the Ray, Row, quasi Rag, Rog, are derived probably from the idea

of Excitement or Motion, belonging to our Element. the form Rein-Deer, that the
tion to the second
is

We

see in

N was originally
I

an organical addi-

Consonant of the Radical, the record of which

preserved in the

of Reyn.

shall

shew, that Rain, Ragn,

for the

(Sax.) and Run, belong to our Element

;

KG,

same

reason.

Hrcege, (Sax.) may possibly The Ray, Rmge, Damula, Caprea belong to Hirc?^^, HiKsiitus, the Rough animal and hence they
;

might be transferred

to

animals, bearing some resemblance to

Swiftness, in

them
Scate,

in

form and
is

qualities, as

whom
its

the

idea

of

RouGHWfw
&c.,

not

so

apparent.
is

The
so

Ray, the Thorn-back,

from

Roche, (Germ.)
;

called

Rough, or
Tlie fish

Scratched appearance

and the Ray of Light, from Rad/m5, beScratch

longs,
called

we know,
the Roach

to

Rado, To

upon a

surface.

has

been referred by Skinner to the Saxon

piscis,-

Hreoc, the French Rosse, Rouget, Rutilus

"sic- dictusj"

and he adds other terms

for

"a Rubeo the same

colore
colour.

Rouge, (Fr.) &c.

The terms

for

Red, under our Element RC,

In Saxon,

RD,

&c., have been considered on a former occasion.

Reohche means likewise a Roach.

The Etymologists have

Greek
Rtitis,

justly referred us,

under Ruga, to the

(Vixvog,

Rusos,

(Put;?,

Ruga,

Pua-oi,

Rugosus,) Rikjios,
(rotfjif^ov,

RugOSUS,) ROIKOS, (POIKON,

a-xoXiov, x.ccy.fruXov ,

PT^ON, PIKNON.
Rigor,

Hesych.)

They

refer us likewise to
{Viyiu,

the Latin Rigeo, and the

P<>oj,

Greek Riceo, and Rigo^,

frigus vehemens,)

Horreo, Exhorreo,

from which, we know, have been derived the

Rigide, (Fr.) &c. &c.

terms in Modern Languages, Rigid, Rigour,

Those

objects,

which are Rigid, Hard,

Stiff,

&c. oftentimes present

THE
sent to us the idea of the

EARTH.
surface.

967
Martinius

Rough, cor-Rvaated

has likewise reminded us of the French Ride,

Wrinkle, and the

is

Latin Ringo.
quasi

Let us note the English word Wrinkle, which

the Latin Ringo, quasi Riggo.

Wrigkle, and
us,

In

Wrinkle
the

we have

the breathing before the

^RK

and the

Etymologists
JVrincle,

have referred

under
the

this

word, to the
Runtzel, and
is

Saxon
the

Belgic JVrinckeU

German

Danish Rincke.
In Rictus,
is

In Norfolk, a Furrow or Ridge

called a Ringe.

"

grinning or scornful Opening of the Mouth," which

nothing
the

but the Ruga, the Furrow, or Openifig Chap, &c.,

true

we have

form of Ringo.

The
ira

" faciunt canes, cum ex

brought
idea,
to the kindred

Etymologists explain Ringo by " Ut os diducunt in Rugus," where we are

term Ruga, whatever

may

be the precise
it

by which the words are connected, though they derive

P(j, Pivoc,

from

Naris, and Puyxog.

Pyy;;^of,) RosTrm,
in
in

have already shewn, that Ris

RuGCHOs,

(Pt?,

mean

the part,, which

Routs

up the Ground

Ruls, Holes, &c.

Horace,
" Risu Diducere

Ricrum Auditoris." will bring us to Risus and Rid^o, which we shall now understand to be derived from the idea of the Rug^, or Rictw^, into which the face is Crumpled, if I may so express it, in Laughing. Though some Etymologists derive Rideo from PaStog, yet others
perceive, that
it

The phrase

has an affinity with Rictus.

its

The

Latin Rid^o

directly connects itself in form and in

the

French River,

rived RiDiculus,

meaning with Wrinkle. From Rid^o, we know, is deand the terms in modern Languages, Ridicule,
original

To

(Eng. Fr.) Ridiculous, &c. &c.

our Latin Vocabularies,
is

An
;

adjacent word to

Rid^o, in

RiDica, which is explained by stroma " prop, particularly of a vine " and which Martinius seems to

"A

may belong to the German Riten, Findere, or to Rudis,. Fustis. The Latin Rivica belongs, I imagine, to the Rut
think
.

Hollozv, 6cc., precisely as the parallel term,

produced hy Martinius,.
the

968
the

^R. R.

\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T,X, Z.

Greek Charax, (Xx^uP, Sulcus terrae, aratro aut fossoris instrumento excavata fossa, peculiariter vallus, vallum, quo castra muniri

solent;

Vallus,

Sudis, Pertica, adminiculum vitis.) denotes

it.

at

once the Furrow or Hole, and the Stake stuck into

to Charasso,(Xoi^ai<ra-eo, Scalpo,

This

word belongs, we know,

Sulco, ut ceram,

Imprimo;

Terra?)!,)

which has precisely the same sense,

that,

under another Element, as

RiDEO,

which

have annexed to Rider,

Ruga;

namely, of Scratching or Roux/w^ into

Ruts,
is

Furrows.

Let us mark the explanatory word Scratch, which

Charasso,{Xcc^ci(rcru,)

only another form of

and

let

us

mark

Cera,

which belongs
stance, on

to

Char

in Charasso,

and

to Scar,

(Eng.) the sub-

which Marks

Scars or Scratches are

is,

made.

we know, the Dirt, which is thrown up Elevated Raised or Routed up by making the Furrow, the Hollow or Rut. Ridge then denoted 'What is Protuberant or 'Raised />, in general and hence we have various words beof a Furrow,

The Ridge

'

longing to

our Element, conveying

this

idea;

as the English

Rick the Latin Rogw5, and the German word for the Back, Rucken, &c. The Etymologists produce under Reek or Rick, Strues, the Saxon Hric, Hricg, Sec, Dorsum, fastigium; Hreac, Strues, Meta; and the Islandic Rok, Segetes in cumulis collocatae. This sense of Corn lying on the Ground in regular Heaps, brings
us more directly to the original sense of the continued Ridge;

and hence Ridge

*

is

applied with great propriety to the

'

Conti?iued

Raised part of a House

derived

Hill,' Sec.

The Latin Rogus,

Pile, is

the

"Ex-

" structio lignorum," in the funeral be

supposed by some to

from

Rogo,
it

"quod

in

eo Dii

manes Rogentur."
PcAjyv;,

Martinius asks, whether

may

not be derived from

Fissura,

"quod
the

sit

strues ex fissis
its

lignis;"
origin, the

and he adds, among other

conjectures, respecting

Hebrew nVT RGH, Depascere.

where we have "
Pur*?,

German Rauch, Fumus, and He produces however a GlosPuytov,"

sary,

Ruga, Rogus,

which connects
the

THE
the

EARTH.
idea.
-,

969
moreover, the

word with the genuine

term
Rogoj, (Poyo?)

He
is

records,

Sicihan

which

explained

by

%tTo^oXiov,

Granarium, " unde videtur esse nostrum Rogge pro typha fru' mento," which will be explained in another place. Let us

mark the Latin Rogo, which

is

is

only the verb, of which Rooms

the substantive.

The

idea of Asking

Enquiring Seeking
with the
is
;

or
of

Searchifig into

any

thing, connects

itself

action

Rout/^ or RAKing up the

See.

Dirt

as Scrutor

quasi Scruta Eruo,

Thus, then,
is

Rogo

is

To Rake
;

up, &c.

and Rogus

is

that

Raked up the Ridge, &:c. In Irish, Roaam, is " To " Choose," as Mr. Shaw explains it and it is actually adjacent to
which
the term Roclunhar,
signifying

"Digging.''

Among

the

ex-

planatory words of Rogo, in R, Ainsworth, are Crave

Borrow, &c.
up,

shall

shew, that Crave belongs to

IntreatGrave Grub
the
to

&c

Borrow
Traxi,

to

Bore, Burrow, the Hole or Hollow in

Intreat,

Ground; and the term

Traho,

Tractum,

we know, To make Traces

directly

belongs

or Hollows

on the

Ground, though under somewhat of a different term of meaning. While 1 examine Rogo, I cast my eyes on Ructo, "To Break
**

wind upward;" and

shew

in

another place, what

we now

see,

that the metaphorical expression Breaking up brings us to

the true idea of the word.

Thus we

perceive,

how Rogo and

it
is,

RucTo convey

the

same fundamental idea; and thus

that

senses most remote from each other

may be connected by some

common bond
(Dan.)
A';^,

of affinity.

The

Etymologists, under Ridge, refer

us to Hrige, Hricg, (Sax.)

(Scotch,)

Rugghe, (Belg.) Euck. (Germ.) Ryg,

Ricg-ban, (Sax.) &c.,

Dorsum;

Riggin-

Bone, (Chaucer,) Spina Dorsi, Uachis,(Vocxi?,') &c.

In Junius

we
are

have Rigge, Sulcare, as a terra used by Gawin Douglas

translation,

in his

" Vel te Sulco, Serrane, serentem;" where

we

brought to the idea supposed in

"Of
the,

my

hypothesis

Senanus, qiilia wald natliing schaw, " Quliare thou tliy Riggi3 lelis for to saw."

6g

in

970
In Welsli,

^R.R.
Rhych

.-CD,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
is

"A

Furrow; ground Broken up;"

adjacent word to

where
Rhych,

we have
Rugged,
"

at once the sense of

Rigge, the Furrow, and the Rough,

Brokeri Land.

The
I

Rhych

is

Bran, which belongs to Rhuchion, Bran, Gurgeons, and Rhuch/o,

To

sift

or sierce," which

shew

to

be derived from the idea of

Routing or Raking away the Dirt. The succeeding word to Ridge in Skinner is Ridgeling, "vox quae apud Higgin. exp.
*

Ovis Reicala vel Rejicula,

ling. q. d. ovicula quae a

fort,

a Rejiciendo, addita term. dim.

If there

"

grege Rejicitur vel Ejicitur."

in
this

exists such a

term as Ridgeling

sense

among
Rejicio.

Rustics,

it

cannot be derived from a Latin compound, as

"

"

Rudge

Washed," is another article in Skinner, which he has explained by "Kersey made of wool washed only on the Sheep's Back^ " Pannus e lana adhuc ovis tergo increscente abluta confectus
;

and which he has justly derived from the German Ruck, Dorsum, &c.

The succeeding word

the Back,
is

in

my German
hitch,

Dictionary to Ruck^,
stir,

Ruck^m,

"To Rock,

move, wag or ad-

" vance forward or further."

to each other, just as
Stir up.

These terms, we now see, belong the Raised-up object belongs to Raise, To
observe,

It is curious" to

how words

still

continue to be

referred to the spot, from

which they are taken, though they are

applied

manner differing from their original use. In English, the term Rock is particularly applied to the Shaking of the Ground, as 'The Ground Rocks under me;' and we all
after

remember

in

Shakspeare,

" Come, "

my queen, take hands with me And Rock the Ground, whereon these
referred

sleepers be."

{Midsum. N. D.)

The Etymologists have

O^yct^etv, Avo^yx^etv,

'Rock

the Cradle' to the

Greek
ran;

which Hesychius explains by "Ta

Trxt^tx

"
*'

%f(r/i' avccrraXXiiv,''

the French Rocquer, the Islandic Hrocka,

"cum

impetu quodam moveri," and the German Rucken, Cedere.

We
see

THE
yjgitation,

EARTH.

971

see in this sense of ORoazein, {o^yot^siv,) the idea of Excitement

have supposed Orge, {O^yn,) &c. to be derived. Rock, Colus, the term belonging to Spinning, is so called from its Rock/^ motion. In Rock and Keel, we see the due
I

from which

combination of terms denoting Motion.

us
to

The
it

Etymologists refer
Rocken, (Germ.)

the

parallel

terms

Rock, (Belg. Dan.)

iiotra, (Ital.);

and Skinner thinks, that

that
I

belongs

to

Rocca,

" Rupes, qui

sc.

Coli capitulum, instar Rupis, protuberat."

My

hypothesis

is,

Rock/^

up, if

Rock may so

is

ultimately derived from the idea of

say, or

Rout/m^ up

the

Ground; and

we cannot

but observe the Latin Colus, which certainly belongs

directly to Colo.

Rockets, the Fire-works, must be referred to Skinner derives Rocket and its parallels the idea of Agitation.
Rochelli, Rochetti, (Ital.)

Ragetten, (Germ.) from Rogus, Rogulus.

in
;

The

term preceding Rackete, a Rocket,

"

my German
"

Lexicon,

is

Racket,
to the
oui:

Racket, Bandy, Battledore

Agitation Comjnotion,

idea of

where we are brought annexed to this race. In

the sense of the

ordinary phrase,
is

"To make

a Racket,"

Element

unequivocally manifest.

The Rock, Rupes,

or

Ridge-

like protuberance,

comprehends the two ideas of the Rough or Craggy, and the Raised-up object. The Etymologists have reRocca, Rocchia, (Ital.)

ferred us to the parallel terms in other Languages, as Roc, Roche,

Rocher, (Fr.)

Roca, (Span.)

Rots, (Belg.)

&c.

and they have justly moreover reminded us of the Greek

Prjywiii,

Rox, Regnumi, Rachia, {PuP, Fissura,

petrosum.)
In the

Rumpo,
littoris

Pax'cty

Littus

Greek Rach/a,
in

(Paxioi,

Crepido

petrosi, littus
at

petrosum, rupes

mare procurrens,

Strepitus,)

we have

once

the Rock, and the sense of

Commotion or

N'oise

the

Rack^^,

&c.

In the

same column of

my

Greek Vocabulary with these

where we have again the

words we have Regko,

idea of Noise.

(Peyxu, Sterto,)

In Rachia, (P%<f, Spina dorsi,)

we

see the

Hidge
of

972

"R.

R/ .-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.

of the Back; as in RucK^n, (Germ.) and in Rachizo, (Paxi^u, Per

spinam disseco,

Disseco,)

we

see one of the strongest actions

of violence expressed by this race of words.

The

ordinary Lexi-

cons produce on this occasion the well-known passage of Sophocles,

describing the Devastations of the frantic Ajax;

is

where the

Elementary sense
KvkXu PAXiZilN.

fully apparent

Ev

eia-TTBo-uv

sKst^e

TroXvKe^uv <povov

The
first

medical term Rachitis, the Disorder in the

Spine, has been borrowed from the

should, on the

Greek

Rachis, (Pa%'?)

and we
term

view, at once say, that

the English

Rickets, the Disorder in Children, was directly taken from the

medical

word.

On

this

point,

however, some

difficulty

arises.

Skinner, though

from

Pax's,

he records, under Rickets, the term Rachitis yet he adds, " Mallem, deducere a nostro Reck, vel
Recken,

" Retch,

Teut.

Extendere,

quia

sc.

in

hoc

morbo

" Apophyses ossium protenduntur et extuberant."

In order to

determine the origin of

respecting the time,

this
it

word,

we

should obtain evidence

was used. If Rickets was used before the term Rachitis was adopted by Medical writers, then we should agree, that Rickets is not derived from Rachitis. We should imagine, in that case, that it was formed from the general

when

sense of the Element,

denoting an Unsteady Motion;

and the

word

is

used in this general sense, when

we

talk of a

Rickety
it

Chair, a Chair which

motion.
If

Rocks

or moves to and fro with an Unsteady

Rachitis,

Rickets preceded the term of Art

is

must

be owned, that the coincidence

extremely singular.

It

must

however be added, that the familiar use of the term Rickets, the general application of the adjective Rickety, and the improbability, that

the vulgar

name

for

a Disorder

is

derived from

word

of Art,

would lead us

finally to conclude, that

(P%'T(f.)

Rickets has

not been adopted from Rachitis,

The word Rocke

in

occurs in Junius, which, as he says, signifies

Chaucer to Lurk;

and he

refers

us to the word Ruck, signi-

fying

THE
fying likewise in Chaucer, "

EARTH.
To
lye
in

973
These

wait, to lurk."

Lye observes on this term, words, we see, are the same. " RucKE dowji Plebeculse Somersetensi significat Incurvare se
" terram versus
*'

alvi

levandi

gratia,

fortasse

per aphseresin pro

" Crooke vel Crouche down. Northamptonienses vulgo dicunt, To go

to

ground."
;

Ruck

is

annexed
To be

to the idea
it

conveyed by

Ruga

Ridge
*

and means.

To

be contracted, as
'

were, into Rug^e or

Ridges.
all

In the phrases

all in

Rucks,'

*You

struck
the

me

of a

Ruck,' the term

Again, in Junius,

meaning.

Ruck has unequivocally we have Rouchen, Roukj

same
to

which, as

he says, "Chaucero est Jacere," where he justly refers us

Rucke,

"The

shepe that

Rouketh

in the fold."

Mr. Grose justly explains Rucks by

"A

Wrinkle or

Plait.

All in

"a
*'

Ruck.

Your gown
down."

sits all

in

aJlucK.

North." and

"To

squat, or shrink

In Mr. Shaw's Galic and Irish Dictionary,

Rao

is

"A Wrin-

"kle;" and Rag means "Stiff," which connects Riceo with Ruga. Rocan likewise signifies, as we have seen, "A Plait,
" Fold,
3.

Wrinkle, and a Hood, mantle, Surtout."

In the opening

of this Dictionary, where i?ofa occurs,

" Roc, a Plain, Field

*'

" "Rod, a

we have "Roc, a Rock;" Way, Road;" " Roid, MomenTear} RocHwAar, Digging;
itself,

tum,

force,

Race;"

Roicaw,

To

KoGham, To Choose, which connects

RAKf^-up Ridge, Rick, &c.
Irish Dictionary,

as

have observed,

with the Latin Rogo, belonging to KoGiis, the Dug, RoMTed or

Again, in Mr. Shaw's Galic and

Rug

is

a Wrinkle;

and

Rug

is

likewise the
tells

" Perfect tense of the word Beiram;" as this Lexicographer

USj'who explains Beiram by

"To

take, give, bring forth, bear, to

"carry," where

in

Bring

forth,

the sense annexed to

is

Rug, we

have the same interpretation which

given to the Latin Eruo,

Rug

has nothing

to

do with Beiram,

though they coincide in

sense.

974

^R. R.\--C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T,

same column
is

X, Z.

sense. In the

Rucht, "ASow, and a great Shout;"

where we have at once the animal which Routs up, and the idea of Noise, which I suppose to be derived from this action.
Again,
I

find

" Ruchd,

Sudden, vehement;"

and among the

adjacent words are

Ruathar,

"A

Skirmish;" and Ruag^w,

"To
is

" Hunt, chase, put to flight."

The
quasi

succeeding word to Ridge, in Junius,

is

Rye; which

Ryg.

The Element RG, &c. expresses

in a variety of

the

name
the

for this

species of

Corn

Languages, as

in the

Saxon Ryge,
Danish

the

German Rogge or Rockefi, the Rug, the Welsh Rhygen or Rhyg,

Belgic Rhogge,
the

Hungarian Ros, and the

Dalmatian Raax, which the English Etymologists and Martinius

have produced.
tinius,

Junius details the conjectures, recorded by Marthis

respecting

word,

under Secale

and Rogus.
:

Some

Rogge may be contracted from Farrago Others derive it from Rouge, Red; and some think that it may be taken from Pe^^of, Horreum, because "Gentium plurimae hoc genere frumenti
think

" Horrea sua distendant."

Skinner, however, seems to have ap-

proached to the true idea of these words,

who

derives

them from

" Hrige, Belg. Rugghe, Teut, Ruck, Dorsum, v. Ridge, quia sc. " ejus aristae longo et continue acutiorum spicarum ordine Spinam " seu vertebras Dorsi aliquo modo referunt, vel quia istiusmodi
" spicarum serie per totum

Dorsum;

(i.

e.)

dependentem Aristam
Ryge, Rogge,

" horrent,
&c.

it

is

Ridged with
the
I

prickles."

The term

may be
or

considered with Skinner, as the Corn

Ridged with
with
prickles,

prickles,

under

sense

of being

Rough

Aristis Horrentes.

have shewn, that Ear, Arista and Horreo,

belong to a similar idea.

Rye

is

called Secale, belonging to Seco,

(Bf<^a,) of

from

its

Prickles

and the Briza,

Galen

is

so called

In the same column from being of a Bristly or Prickly nature. of my Welsh Dictionary, where Rhyg, Rye, Sing. Rhygen, &c. is

found,

we have Rhy^m,

a Notch, or Jag, in which

we

see the
true

THE
true Elementary sense

EARTH.

975
Surface, full of

of a Scratched

Notclied
Ruscm

Ridges and Ruts, &c.

We
Prickly
*'

shall

now

understand, that
;

or

Kvscus bears
its

a similar sense to Rye

and that

it

is

so called from
article

Rough,

appearance.

Martinius quotes an

from Festus,
only another

Rm ST um ex Rubus;" where perhaps RusTwm was

Turnebus imagines,
it,

form of RuscMW.
of Varro, as

that the " Rustaria fakes"

some read

are those, " quibus ruri secantur /i6/, qui

" per agros serpunt."

by

"A

Robert Ainsvvorth justly explains Ruscmwi Rough, Pricked Shrub, whereof they make brushes or

" besoms."

He

has

quoted on

this
;

occasion

the

well-known
and properly

passage of Virgil, Horridior Rusco

and has added moreover from

Columella, Sepes Horrido Rusco, which,

quoted,
is

when
Rusco.

fully

Hirsuta Sepes

nunc Horrida

(Lib. X. v. 374.)
in

Virgil has likewise " Aspera

Rusci vimina; " where

HoKKida,
RS.

MiKsuta, Rusco,

we have

the forms of our

Element

'^R, '^RS,

The

adjacent word Wvia, Rue,

quality,

Pungent
feelings.

means the Plant of the Rough or which Routs up. Excites or Irritates the flesh or
is

In Martinius, the quality of this plant

viridis,
si

thus described:
et

"

RuTA

" cundas pustulas Excitat."

nudam carnem confrices, pruriginem The adjacent word Ruxrwm

rubi-

exhibits

the material sense, of which

Ruta
"

is

the metaphorical one, and

brings us at once to the idea supposed in

my

hypothesis.

RuTrww

means,

says

R. Ainsworth,
is

An
a

Instrument,
Mattock,

wherewith sand
or the

" or such

like

Digged
is,

eut,

a Spade, a Shovel,

" a Pick ax;" that

the

Router up

of the

Ground

Rus

which
again

is

another adjacent

brought
occurs in

term to these words, where we are to the Spot, which my theory has unfolded.

Rue

various

Languages, as
Raute,

in

the

French Rue, the

the Spanish

Welsh Rhyw,
Ruda, the
(PoTij,)

the

German

the Be\g\c''Rtiyte,
the

Italian

and Latin

Riita,

modern Greek Rute,

Robert

&., as the Etymologists have understood.

976

^R.

R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
observes
I

Robert Ainsworth

under
grant,

"Rush;" and we
lection of

shall,

trust,

Rvscum, "Hinc Angl. that Rushes and Reeds

appearance, which a col-

are so called from the

Rough Bristly

Rushes and Reeds, growing up, present to the view. Rush, Juncus, in Saxon Resc, Rise, Mrisc, is referred by Junius to the terms connected with Rush, the verb, " Proruere, cum quodam
*' *'

strepitu ac stridore irruere," as Roizos, Po<^o?,

Stridor, Ruyschen,

Sonorum Strepitum,
This
is

edere,

qualem edunt junci vento graviori

tire

" agitati."

very probable conjecture, and

ideas

are so entangled, that

other.

we

can hardly separate the one from the

is

Rush, the verb, as we have seen,

attached to our

Element, under the notion of the

Rough

state of Jgitation

Comup the

motion^ annexed to the action of

Routing

or

Stirring

Ground.

Reed

occurs in the Saxon Reod, Red, Hreod, the Geri?iV^,

man

/?/(?c/,

the Belgic

w'hich the Etymologists produce,

called, because

and
the

which Skinner conjectures may be so

the

Reed

grows

'

instar Radii longitudine

in

conum

desinente."

In

same column of Lye's Saxon Dictionary, where Rise is, we have RiT, " Spicse, Segetes, frugum acervus," where we have a similar I find in the same column idea of the Bristling-up objects. Ryththa, "Molossus, Canis pecuarius," which Lye has justly
derived from Rethe, "Trux, ferox, ferus, efFerus, sasvus, asper,"

&c.; where
lent,
is

we have

the idea of what

is

Rough
in

Harsh VioSaxon,

&c. attached to

this race of

words.

Again,

Roeth

"Asper," which Lye refers properly to Rethe; and again, we have in the same Language Hreth, Hrethe, "Trux, Asper, " saevus," which brings us to the form ^RT, with the breathing
before the R, as in

Harsh, Hirsutus, &c.

The preceding words

HRExan, Sternere,

to these Saxon terms in Lye's Dictionary are

where we are

at

once brought to the idea of laying low upon the

Earth.
" Clamys;

Adjacent to the terms Rise and Rit,

we have Rocc,
words.

Tunica, toga,

vestis exterior,"

belonging to a race of

THE EARTH.
words,
before produced,
is

977
Covering.

denoting

tlie

Rough

The

succeeding word
the sense of the
is

Roccettan, Ructare, Eructare, where

Noise.
I

we have

Rough

have shewn, that Ructo, &c.

at once connected with the idea of the

Rough
;

Noise, and the

Rise and
its

action

of Rout/;/^- up.
in

The
is

succeeding term
Risend, Rapax

to

compounds
Violence
I

this

column

where we have a

strong term, belonging to our Element, expressing an action of

and Commotion.
in a

have shewn

former page, that Rise and Raise are de-

rived from the idea o{ Stirring up the Ground.

The succeeding
express

term to Rise,
Frondes,

in

Skinner,

is

RisE=fVood ; which he refers to Hris,

and HREosa?i, Subruere.

Shrubs

Shoots Brush=ff^ood,
In the

The words which

seem
to

&cc. 8>ic.

convey different
;

turns of

meaning, belonging to the same train of ideas

it

or

rather the ideas are so involved, that

a separation.

would be

idle to

attempt

RisE-Wood we seem

to have the

same meta-

phor as
yet

in

the term Shoots,

the
In

Rising or Shootijig up

Wood;

we cannot

separate from such objects as Tender Branches

&CC.
is

to

Boughs
notion

Leaves,
itself

the

idea

of Agitation

Commotion, from
into

which Rise

derived.

some cases we pass

the

of the

Rough Bristly
tip

appearance, which

we annex
it

a surface Rising

in a state of Agitation.

In examining the

term Hris in Lye's

words, in

Saxon Dictionary, we find

attended by

which these congenial ideas appear entangled with

stridere;

each other, as in the succeeding terms HRiscian, Vibrare, Vacillare,

Crispare,

Hriseht, Setosus, which

textorius,

belongs

to

WxKsiitus,

&c,

Hrisel, Radius

derived

from

the

Rattling
Junius has

noise; \lK\sTenda, Astridulus; Hristl^;?,

To Rustle.
which in
is

two

articles
is
;

of Rise, Surgere, and " Virga,

Surculus,

Rise,

Chaucer, as he says,
**

As

white as

the

blossome on the Rise " and

this latter

word has been derived

from

6H

978

-^R.

R.

'

.- C,D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.
is

from the former, just as Surculus

these words

derived from Surgo.

Lye

produces under Rise, Virga, the Islandic Hriisa, Sylva;

refers

and he

to

the

Celtic Rasan,

Fruticetum,

and Ras,

Frutex.

In

Scotch,

Reesk

" that

grows
says

on

downs.

means " A kind of coarse grass Waste land which yields only
place,

" benty grasses.

" grow,"

Marshy

where bulrushes and sprats

see

Dr. Jamieson,

where we

the

idea

of

the

Rough

Hirsute Bristly
referred
to
this

appearance;

and our Lexicographer

has justly

word the Saxon Rise, Rush, and Rush, the

us, as

Hrys, Virgultum.

The
and

accidental agreement in form between

plant,

Rush, expressing Noise and Agitation,

will

remind us
I

of

the connexion between these terms, and will

shew

before

suggested, that

Rustling
express

Rough

we can

hardly separate the idea of the

of Commotion,
if

Rushing
I

so

Noise and state

may
I

it,

from the Hris or Rough, Bristly appearance of the

Rising up Reeds and Rushes.

repeat, these ideas

We
in

can hardly separate,

such a case
;

must

from each other

and

in terms

expressing the same appearance, Horridus and Horreo,

we have

certainly the ideas of Agitation and the Bristly appearance, united

with each other.

in

In

Horreo we have

the form '^R;

and the Id

WoKKidus

is

probably the addition from the structure of the

Language.

Reed,

we

have seen, assumes the form Hreod, (Sax.)

&c. &c., to which belongs the Latin Arundo, quasi Aiiudo.

The

Hirundo, the Swallow,

is

likewise quasi

Hirudo, where we have

the idea of Noise; and in the adjacent

word Hirudo, 'The Horsein

leach,

a blood-sucker,

action of Stirrijig up

An exhauster emptier,' we have the or out Casting out, as The Haur/o.

HwRiens.
the

HiRudo

is

quasi Haurz^^o, the

In the adjacent words to

these, as Hirtm*, H\Rsutus,

we have

Rough

object;

and thus

we

see,

how

all

these terms are entangled with each other in

Elemen-

THE
different
fices.

EARTH.
with
that

979

Elementary character and sense, though they have passed into

forms by different processes, and perform different of-

The

Celtic

terms,

which
I

RAsan
these

is

connected,

will

unequivocally

shew
notion,

us,

have justly
to

decided

on

the

fundamental
Shrubs, &c.,

belonging

words,
of
that

denotnotion

ing

whatever peculiar application

adopted.

may

have

been
by

Mr. Shaw
and

in

his

Galic

Dictionary

explains

Ras

"A

Shrub,"

^Asan

by

"Underwood,

"Brushwood," and Rath, "Fern;" and in the same column " " Ratha, Running, Racing Dictionary I find of this "Rat, Motion;" " RAiuach, A Hough-," "RAsdal, A Rake;"
;

" V^Asdalam, " scatter."

To Rake,
we have

Gather

"
;

" 'RAscradh,

To

part,

In Italian, as

seen,

Rozzo

is

belongs Rozza, "

jade, a sorry mare," to

Rough; and to this which we might add

the parallel French word Rosse.

German Ross, A Menage conceives to be

to the
idea, that
it

Horse.

Menage refers us under Rosse The French Rosser, To Beat,

some
from the

of difficult origin, though he has

has been derived

it

Others suppose, that

Latin Rudis, A Staff. belongs to Rosse, " mauvais cheval, qu'il

" faut

battre

et

frapper

pour
it

le

faire

marcher."

This

may
I

possibly be the fact, though

might be derived from the general

Disturb, &:c.

sense of the Element,

so say,

To Rout,

To Rough,

if

may

To

treat
;

Roughly, &c.

In Spanish, Rozin corresponds

with Rosse, &c.

most

illustrious

and hence has been derived the name of that of all steeds, Rozinante. This term is a
/itite
:

compound

of

Rozin and

" Al

fin

le

vino

llamar

" Rozinante, nombre a su parecer, alto, sonoro, y sinificativo de " lo que avia sido, quando fue Rozin antes de lo que aora era, " que era antes y primero de todos los Rozines del mundo." Thus
the

Jnte,

Antes,

is

meant

to

be significant

under two ideas.

In

980
In
'

41.

R/

.--C,

D, G, J, K, Q,
'

S,

T, X, Z.

one sense, Rozm-Ante means formerly was the Sorry Horse;' and

The

Steed, which Before or

in another,

'The

Steed,

which

Before or the First of all Sorry Horses in the world.' Rounce, in little Poney or Tit," as N.Bailey explains old English, means

is

"A

it;

and Skinner interprets

Ronzino.

it

by a Rude Horse, and

refers

it

to the

Italian

Roiincevall

means, as Skinner says, "

great

"jade," from this Italian word andValere, "q.d. 'Ec\i\\xs Valejis seu " fortis et magnus, omnia a Teut, Ross, Equus." Rosinante he derives from the same source; though he seems under this word
to imagine, that Ross, &c.

may

be taken from the English and

Saxon Horse, " per metathesin."

probably
its

These words Rosse, &c. should

belonging to

be considered as

directly

Horse, and
Ros,

parallels

produced

by

the

Etymologists,

Ors, hKoss,

Roussin, &c. (page 630.)

With

respect to Rounce and the words under the form

RN,

denoting a Horse, they cannot be separated from the idea annexed to Ross, and should be considered as directly belonging to it, as
the

Etymologists imagine.

Under

the

form RN, belonging to

RS, we have the same idea of the Rough object

from Jgitation
is

Commotion, &c.
my
;

state,

&c.

The
;

Italian Ro?icare,

To

weed,

derived from the Latin Riincinare

I

and adjacent to

this Italian

word,

find in

Vocabulary Ronzare, "

To

Buzz,

Hum," and

to

" Ramble,

Rove

"

where we have

at

once two ideas which are

attached to the sense of our Radical, that of Noise, and of Agitated

The succeeding word in my Italian Vocabulary is Ronzino, "A Nao-, Pad;" where we cannot separate the Rough The explanatory object from the Rough motion attending it. word Pad denotes the animal which Pads about. Ro?izone signithat is, the large Rough fies likewise in Italian the Stone-Horse
Motion.
;

In Welsh, Rhwnsi, sometimes written Rhwmsi, means Horse. " A Pack-Horse or Sumpter-Horse ;" which the Welsh Etymologists

THE
gists refer to Ronzino

EARTH.
"

981

and Rozin. In the same column of

my Welsh

Dictionary

find

Rhwngc,
in

and

RoussiN

mean,

snorting or snoring." Roncin " Frencli, A Strong Stone-horse fit

Ronce?-,
*'

"for war." The adjacent word to Ronzin is " or bramble;" "which the Etymologists have
Runcare.

briar
to

justly referred

The
first

Latin Rud/'^, Rude, denoted,

is

imagine, in

its

original

sense, that which

sense, as

Rough,

as referring to the

Ground.
is

The
New,

given by R. Ainsworth, of this word,

"

" Fresh;" and the passage produced, as authority for this sense, ; is " Terram Rudem Proscindere " where we are at once brought
to the spot,

supposed in

my

hypothesis.
is

The

last

sense of this

word

in

the

same Lexicographer
its

"Rustick, clownish," &c.,

which would direct us to

kindred

term Rus, the Ground.

Rud/5 means
idea of

in
;

another sense U?iwroiight, where

we come
it

to the

Rough

but in a term directly belonging to

the
'

we

at

once see

Ground or
" and

Rus;

idea

of the

Rough Broken

Rvdus,

Dirt of the

Rudus Vetus,"

says R. Ainsworth, "Rubble

siiards

" or Rubbish of old ruinous houses fallen to the Ground,

pieces

of stone,

broken and

shattered."

Some
that

derive

Rvois

from Rudis, the Rod, "Virga Impolita;"

though others

suppose the contrary order.

ad clamorem

Some appear

to think,

Rudo,

relating to Noise, contains the original idea.

*'

" Rud/'o

Commune
"Et

omnium animalium,"
Erudio,
id

say the

Glossarists.

" componitur

est,

Instruere,

quasi extra Rudem, vel

et Rudis."

" Ruditatem ponere.

Quidam vero componunt ex E

In the word Rudimentum, the Rudiments of any thing,

idea of the
first

we

see the

PvUde or

Rough

they are worked into shape

smoothness, &c.

materials of any thing before

Erudio,

To

Teach,

is

'To Remove from a Rude state; to Remove Rudm.v, or Rubbage.' Thus we see, how a term denoting the highest improvement of
the mind, Erudition,
is

derived ultimately from

tlie

idea of Dirl

or

982
or Rubbish.

^R. R. \--C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T,X, Z.

This
will teach

us to understand,

how

terms, ex-

pressino- ideas of the

most dignified Nature, may be derived from

the Lowest or Filest objects, as

we

should be pleased to consider

them.
gists

RvDus, Raudus, and Rodus, are given by the Etymoloas

different forms
see,
is

of Rudis.

Rudo

is

term for Noise,

which,
Earth.

we

actually connected with Rud^, the Dirt of the

will

This

term

ren ind

us

of Rug/o;

and

in

Raucz/j;

we have we have

again the Hoarse, Harsh, or

the term

Rough

Noise.

In English

Rawt, which Lye refers to the Islandic Routa, " Rugire belluarum more." The term Raucz<5 signifies likewise "A worm which breedeth in the root of an oak;" which has
been
derived

" a Ravo colore," though some conceive

it

to

be

quasi Eruca.

These words should be considered only

and they are derived from
cor-^oxiing a surface.

as different

forms of each other;

Scratching
refer

the idea of

Fretting or

The Etymologists
;

Eruca

to Erodo, in the sense of a

Worm

and as an Herb

called a

"

sit

Rocket, they consider it to be quasi Urica, " quod ignite " virtutis, et in cibo stepe sumpta Veneris incendium moveat
;

though

some

suppose

it

to

be

so

named,

"quod linguam

" vellicando quasi E?-odat," where

or Excitetnent, whatever the word. so
called

we have

the idea of Vellication

The

bird

may named

be the precise notion annexed to

a Rook, in Saxon Hroc, has Noise.

been

from his

Harsh

Rough

The terms which

denote a

Rough

Noise have been perpetually introduced in the

various parts of this discussion.

Martinius, under Rud/5, has produced the parallel terms in

modern Languages,
plains

as Rude, (Fr.) Ranch,

(Germ.) Rouw, (Belgic,)

and Raud, Reudig, (Germ.) Scabiosus.

My

Lexicographer ex;"

Raude by "Scab,
Scabby,

Itch, Scurf,

Mange
n
is

and RAVoig by

" Scabbed,

Scurfy."

In

French,

we

know,

Rogw^,

KoGneux, have the same meaning.

tion to

The

an organical addi-

the

G;

and

in

the

English

word Ronyon, the

is

lost,

THE
lost,

EARTH.
Ronyo7i,

983
we know,
cries."

and the
:

ji

only

remains.

occurs

in

Shakspeare

"Aroint, thee, Witch!

the rump-fed

Ronyon

"

RoiiyoTiy

i.

e.

Scabby or

Mangy Woman,"
Thus Chaucer
" Her necke

says Mr. Steevens,

in the Rojnaunt of

" Fr. Rogneux, Royne, Scurf."

the Rose, p.

551.
bleine, or scab be, or

" Withouten

Roine."

Shakspeare uses the word again in the Merry Wives of JFindsor. The corresponding word in Italian is Rogna, and in Spanish Rotia.

The RoYNisH Clown

is

a phrase in

As Tou Like

it;

where the

T remains
means,
portion
I

as a record of the second letter of the radical.

Renard

believe,

the Roynish animal, RoGN"M.r.

In the ancient

orthography, REcn-Ard,

we have

the Elementary form

RG.

The

Ard means 'Nature

quality,'
is

&c., as in 'Drunk-Ard,' &c.

Menage

derives Renard or Reg?iard from Reginardus, the proper

name, whereas the proper name

derive Renard from the

derived from the animal;

and

hence we have another form, as a proper name, Renouard.

Some

German

Rein, which signifies, say they,

" Fin, Ruse."

These terms denoting the Rough Surface, bring us to the idea of Scratching or Fretting upon a Surface, from which, according to my hypothesis, this sense is derived. The French word RoGNE means "Mange, Scab;" and RocN^r signifies " To Cut,
" to pare, to
clip, to

shred."

These words have

Scabies

the

same

relation

to each other,

as Scab

and

have to Scabo,

To

Scratch.

Menage derives Rogne from Rubigine, and RoGN^r from Rodo, which we perceive to be only another form of these words, under the idea of To Scratch or Fret to pieces. Some Etymologists derive Rodo from Fuu and eJ'w; and Martinius produces as parallel
the
Italian

Rodere,

the

French Ronger,

and

the

Hungarian

Ragom

984

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
the Latin

Ragom; and he reminds us, moreover, of Rojiger we have the organical addition of n
Rogner the n succeeds
it.

before the

Rado. G; and

In
in

The French
Reti;

\\oGtion

is

acknowledged
sec,

to

belong to the Latin

which,

as

we now

must be
as

referred to the

Element
the

RG,
form

quasi Regw.

In the French and English Rehis

represent,
J,
I

we have

RN, though they

Radical

conjecture, the second

letter of the

or

quasi Rej??.

We
of
in

cannot doubt, that

the French

Rcgnow, "Kidney;

Testicle

some animals,"
its

is

connected with Rogne, &c., whatever be the precise idea by which

these terms are united.
is

Probably

Rognon

original sense

the

Testiculus

the
The

Rogneux

the

Scratched

Scarred CorruThe Kidneys

or

gated Surface.

Latin Scaler, which has a similar meaning

to Rogn^.v, signifies in

one sense, " Rough, Rugged, Uneven."

the

We

might

imagine,

that

Welsh Aren,
"K

"

" Re 171," and the

Irish

Aran, Airne, belonged to Ren;

till

yet this

point cannot be adjusted

the Element

is

fully considered.

'KoGnonner means in French

"To

grumble, mutter;"

where we

have the idea of Noise attached

ing upon a surface. " RiG/(f,
of

to this race

of words, and derived

from the action expressed by RoGN^r, that of Scraping or Scratch-

Another adjacent word

is

Roide, "Stiff,
the

not
as

pliable;"
in

where
In

again

we

have

sense

Rough,

RiGidus.
violent

another

sense,

Roide
a

means
as-

"Rapid, having a
" cent;"
idea

motion;

Steep,
may
is

of

difficult

and
the

this

of

Steep

Rough

sense of Rapid

either

belong to the
or

precipice,

of

sudden descent,

to the

sense of violent motion, which

annexed

to this race

of words. In the same column of

is,
'

my

French Dictionary, where Rogner

we have RoD^r, To Rove, Ramble, which means 'To Rout

about,' in the
to Rodeur, the Rover,
is

Row, or Riot

more gentle sense of these words.

Rodomont, " A Brag" gadocio.

The succeeding term

THE
*

EARTH.
us to the
;

985
word Rodomontade
but the

gadocio, a Boisterous Hero," to which our

belongs.

of the

The French Etymologists have referred Warrior Rodomont in Boiardo and Ariosto
is

name name

for this warrior

itself

probably a

'

Nom

de guerre,' derived from,

some

significant term.

Le Duchat

explains Rodomont by

"Ronge-

" Montagne. Nous disons dans le meme sens, Avaleur de " charettes ferrees." Rodomont might be derived from such words
as RoD^T,

To Rove
&c.
I

or Travel, and Mont, Mountain, as Passamonte,

shall

in Spanish,

suggest however in a future page a very

different source for the

term Rodomont, which deserves well to

be considered.

RC,

986

R.R. \-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

RC, RD, &c.

REEDen,

&c.
Belg.

(English,

Sax.

Germ.

&c.)

To Rid

Terms derived from the idea of Routing up or about the

Dirt of the Earth, so as

out a place, so as to prepare

it

for

any purpose.

To

Riddle, &c. &c. (English,)

to Rid off a part of

To

Clear off or Rid away any

incumbrances
&c.,
in

inequalities,
to

Rootle about the Dirt, so as

it.

order

make

it

Level

Straight,
it

Riddle, &c. (English, &c.) The

reduce

to a Fit

Proper

Sec, or to

Enigma,
be

the confused Riddle

or Roottle Stuff, requiring to

Right direction or state, or Proper and to make it Fit

Riddled

Ridded
&c.

out

Cleared out, or explained.

Ready
Hence
nify,

for

any purpose.
which
sig-

Right

Rectus,

(English,

Terms
I

Lat. &c. &c.)

To R

D out or Clear

Rego, Rex. (Lat.) &c. &c.

To di-RECT, the ^i-RECxoR.
REGulate, &c. &c.

away

difficulties

embargeneral;

rassments,

&c.

in

To Right

or Set to

Rights

Richt^w. (Germ.)

To

fit,

ad-

a confused, embarrassed state

just, Di-Rect, Rule,

&c.

of things, in matters of Policy,

Law,

&c.

To

Read. (Eng.) Counsel, Advice.

RicHT^r. (Germ.)

Re-

jD/-Rect, Govern, gulate &c. To Advise Counsel Judge Decide Causes, &c.

Judge.

Rath = H^;t. (Germ.) A Counsellor.

Radd=M^m.
sellor.

(Scotch,)

Coun-

To Rid away Rubbish. Redde, Redd en, Rett^w,

aRiDDaw, &c. &c. (Dan.Belg.

RADA=Manth=us. (Greek,) The

Radd-Man or Judge. REns=Man. (Scotch,) A Scavenger.

Germ.

Sax. &c.)

To

Rid.

Ready, ge-RjEoian, be-REnen,

&c. &c. &c.

It

THE
JT
is

EARTH.

987

marvellous to observe, with what dexterity and precision

the mind seizes on different portions of the same action, as considered under different points of view; and how it is enabled by

without error or confusion, various Races of words which are distinctly separated from each other, though
this process to form,

they are
the

all

taken from the same Spot, and

It is

all

impregnated with

same

train of ideas.

curious likewise to observe, to what

and apparently remote purposes even those terms are appHed, which more particularly belong to each other, as beinodifferent

derived from the same

action.

mode of

considering the
or

same common

The
is

familiar

operation of Stirring up

Routing up
and
it

the

Ground

separated by the

mind
is

into the various accidents

purposes, by which that operation

attended, and for which

is

performed
rated,

and hence various Races of words have been genereferring to these accidents and purposes. One principal
;

and important reason

off or

for

which men

Stir

up the Ground, or
is,

Rout
Clear

up, about or azvay the Dirt of the Earth,

that they
it is

may

Rid azvay the incumbrances with which

it

to

make

Level or Straight, or reduce

it

to a Fit, Proper
it

direction, state, &c., or to Prepare

and make

Right Fit Proper AcI

loaded, in order

commodated or Ready
anticipated

for

any

use or
to

purpose.

have here

three

which belong to

Elementary form RS, the ideas now unfolded, as Rid, Right, Ready
terms attached
the
;

which

shall

shew

to be derived

from the action of Routing up

shall find in the course of these
still

the Ground. This article will be appropriated to the consideration of this Race of words
;

and we

discussions, that such terms will be

found to be deeply im-

pregnated with the force of their original idea, however various may be the niodes in which they are applied, and however remote thdir application may appear from their primitive and fundamental

meaning.

The term RID

first

presents itself to our notice; and here

the

988

^R.

R.\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.
'

the original sense of

To Rout

off or

away

Dirt,' is manifestly to

Land or Country of any evil,' we are brought to the Spot from whence it was taken; but in the phrase "A good Riddance of bad Rubbish," we see the original idea of Rout/^ away Dirt most decidedly and unequivocally apparent. The Etymologists refer Rid to the Danish
be discovered.
*

In our phrase

*To Rid

the

Redde,

the

Belgic

Redden,

the

Islandic

Rid,

and

the

Saxon
the

Hreddan,Ahreddan, Liherare;
Eruere, Expedire
;

Ariddan, Repellere;
Eruere,

Aradan, Sic,

where

in

To Rout

out,

we have
;

genuine

idea.

" Eripere j "

Lye explains Hreddan by " To Rid, Rapere, and Ahraddan by " Rapere, Liberare, Eruere " where
form '^RD, with the breathing before

we have
the
first

the Elementary

consonant of the Radical.

is

An

adjacent term
is

in

Lye's

Saxon Dictionary
of the

Ahrys/^w, Excutere, which

another word

same

family.

The preceding term

is

Ahr-Tran, Caderej

Ahr-Uron, Irruerunt, Corruerunt;

where we have the Radical

form

'^R doubled,

in

order to express the idea more strongly,

such as appears

in the

explanatory term Ruo, where the

R^

is

in its

simple state, with the Vowel breathing after the

in the

It is

doubled

Greek Or-Oro, from Oro,

for the

same

reason, {O^u^u, O^u,

Excito.)

of the

The Etymologists should have reminded us, under Rid, German Rett^, which my Lexicographer explains by
save, free, deliver, or disengage

"

To Rid,

one;"

and likewise of

the Saxon Retan or " Rettan, Miseriis eripere, liberare, asserere,

" tueri."

The
ferox,

succeeding word in Lye's Dictionary

ferus,

" Trux,

efferus,"

which

denotes
its

Reth, &c. the Router.

is
;

Wachter has duly

collected under Rett^w,

parallel terms

and

we

are reminded of the

Greek Eretuein,
Libero);

(Epijtueiv,

Inhibere); Ruter,

(PuTw, Servator, a

Vuof^ai,

Ruo, (Puu, Traho,) and of the

German
all I

Reiter, Servator;

Reissen, Trahere,

and Rat, Salus; which

belong to the same idea.

have produced on a former occasion a Race of words relating

to

THE
to Defence, &c., as

EARTH.
opem

989

Eretuo, (e^^tvu, Inhibeo, CohibeOj reprimo,)

Eruko, AregOy Arkeo, Eirgo, Arkus, Erkos, &c. &c. (E^vxu, Inhibeo,
contineo. Servo,
A^rjyu,

Auxilior,

fero,

A^kicc,

Propulso,

Auxilior, Ei^yu, Arceo, Prohibeo,

Afjcu?,

Rete, E^xo?, Septum,) Arceo,

Arx, w-Ard, &c. &c., which

all

manifestly belong to each other,

idea.
I

whatever may be the primitive

that they might be derived from

have supposed,

(p.

76)
See.
is

the

Earth, the

priate Spot or Enclosure, for the purpose of Defence

Holding,

certain appro-

That some of these do actually signify simply an Enclosure

certain;

yet

suggest

my

doubts on other occasions, that they

the

are probably derived from

(E^a,)

same Spot

the

Earth

or Era,

under the idea of an

is

action of Violence,

and that the sense

of Drivijig

of Defence, &c. &c.

or off
to

taken from the

notion

Harrow/w^
express
(e^ijtl/w,
;
'

Routing, &c. &c.(625.)

We
see,

away
terms

Every thing tends

confirm this

hypothesis.
Actions

that

many

of the

directly

of Violence.
signifies,
I

Eretuo,
'

Reprimo,)

and connects itself away Retten, as some have justly seen. Arc^o, a kindred term, signifies, as we know, both 'To Drive away,' and 'To Repress,
back or
'

Drive off with the idea expressed by

The term of imagine, 'To

Repression,

Confine.'

We
and

cannot but

see,

how

Er-?/^o, [e^vku,

Inhibeo,

Contineo, Servo,) and Erwo, (E^uw, Traho; Custodio, Vito,) coincide

in

sense,

directly

belong to each other

and

in
Vito,

Ermo we
attached

have the idea o[ Defence, Preservatioti, &c., Custodio,

to the signification

of Traho, which
us.

can only be reconciled by

the

hypothesis before
Traho,

The
out

sense annexed to Eruo, (Eavu,)

to

of

To Draw,

as
;

of danger, &c., brings us

in
'

the

kindred Latin word Er//o

'

and

the phrases

'

ERuere Terram,'

To Rout up the Ground,' and Eruere inalis,' To Rid of evils,' we see precisely the union of ideas, which my hypothesis sup'

poses.

In
'^R
;

Erwo, Ruo, Ruomai,

[E^vu,

Puu,

Vuof/,ctt,)

we

liave

the

form

and

in Eruso,

Rusomai, Rusai,6^c.

(E^v(ra>,l'u(rof/.ai, rua-xi,)

we

990
we may
the

'^R.

R/.-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.
s,

perhaps consider the added

as
in

having arisen from

the

analogy of the

Greek Language

formation of the

Future tense, and not as the Elementary form "RS, agreeing by Yet in RvsTazo, TXvTer, Rusko, accident with that Analogy.
(Pua-Tx^co,

Trahendo Rapto,
Puo-xw,

Pvtvi^,

Retinaculum,

habena;

Gustos,

Defensor,
ledge,
I

Tueor, e periculo conserve,)

;

we

and in imagine, the Elementary form " Rusrazo bears of Trahendo Rapto," we see the signification of
the Saxon HREDDafi, "
it.

acknowthe sense which

shall

To

Rid, Rapere, Eripere," as

In

Ruo and

Reo, (Puw, Pew,

Lye explains Fluo,) we have the Loose, Deabout

sultory motion, arising

from Stirring or Rout/k^- out

here
RS,

and

there, 'ab

Emiendo,' just as Ruo,

To Rush, and

Eruo, in

Latin, belong to each other.

In considering the words produced

&:c.,

above,

we

see,

how

intimately the forms '^R, R'^, '^RS,

&c. are blended with each other.

In
'

Persian,

{,j^_j

Resten

signifies

"To

be liberated,

to

escape,"

which must be considered as directly belonging to

(as flies,)

the
*'

German Retten.

To Buzz,

The same Persian word " where we have the idea

this

likewise signifies

of Noise annexed

to these terms.

In the opening of Mr. Richardson's

Persian and
likewise

Arabic Dictionary, where

another

word

occurs,
'

we have

Persian term ^jXi>j Resht^w,

To

unbark, excoriate,

" skin.

To

Plunder;"
the

where we have precisely the sense of

to Spin;

Rid.
"

These words signify likewise

is

and the succeeding which

signifies

term to RESujen

substantive

Rishte,

Thread, a

line,

a series," where
In

Road Route,
*

Track, Course.

we have the sense of the Welsh, RHYDDaw means " To

it,

Set at liberty, to free, to set free, to deliver or release,' to Rid

*'

out of," &c., as Mr. Richards explains

to it;

who
is

refers the English

Rid
and

and

in the

same Language, Rhisg

strip,

'Rind or bark/
and the

Rviscam is "To same word means likewise "To

in Irish,

peel,

undress;"

smite, strike, pelt;"

where we
have

THE
have the action of Violence.
Dictionary
is

EARTH.
The succeeding word
in in

991
Mr. Shaw's
and

same column we have Ruis, a Road; Ruith, Running, and Ruith,

pieces;"
in the

Rvisam,

"To Tear

"

An Army,

troop ;" where

we have

the senses of

Road

Route,

Race, &c. and Route, the confused multitude. Let us mark the explanatory term Peel and Pelt, which I shall shew to belong
to each other, and to
Pelos,
(iTijXof,

Limus,) &c.

for n similar rea-

son, of

Stirring the Dirt

up

away about,'
Rusgawz,
chafe,

&c.

In the

same
heal,"

opening of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary we have Rusg,

"The
strip,

Bark of

"a
(i.
'

tree,

husk,

shell,

fleece;"
gall,

"To

peel,)

"undress,
;

to

shave;"

'Rvscam,

"To

Strike vehemently

" and in the

;

"

Herd

Rout,

ram

same column we have RuTa, " RusTcca, " Rude, Rustic," &c. &c.
is

The

English word Ready, 'To make any thing Ready,'

derived from the idea of

Kmnmg

or Clearing

away from

a surface

any unnecessary matter or incumbrance, so

it

as to Fit

and Prepare
the

for

any purpose.
to the

The Etymologists have

the
j

justly referred this

word

Saxon Ge-Radian, the Belgic Reeden,

Italian

be-Reiten,

be-Reit,

Arredare,

Ornare
Reidios,

German the Welsh

Rhwydd, Expeditus
{Vochoq, PritSiog,

the

Greek Radios,

and Radinos,

PuStvog,)

&c. &c.

Among

should have produced the

German

these parallel terms they Rust^, " To Prepare or Fit

" yourself to something, make yourself Prepared, Ready or Fit " for some work," as my Lexicographer explains it. We shall at

once see the spot from which the

considering the terms in

German

Uuslen

is

derived by
In the

German which

begin with Rus.

same and succeeding column of my German Lexicon, where RusTew is, we have Rust, Rust^;-, the Instep; Russ, Soot; where we arc brought to the Ground and its dirt; v Russel, A

dem Kussel, the Wooiing Rovring of Swine," Rutteln, To shake, wag, or Riddle " a Measure;" where we see, that Riddle is derived from the
*'

Snout

Das wuhlen der schweine mit

"

" or

action

992
action of

-R. R.

\-C, D,
;

G, J, K, Q,

S,

T, X, Z.

RussEung, RuTThing, if I may so say, the Ground; RuTSCH^w, To Rush, &c. where we have the idea of commotion expressed by Rovring in its simpler form, and Ruthe, A Rod, which I shall shew to mean the Road, i.e. the Course Track

Line,

&c.

find
is

likewise

Russ//w^,

"

Pippin

Russetin,

"golding," which
true sense of the

derived from the colour of the Ground.

the

The
the

German 6^=Reiten, which

parallel to

Etymologists

have justly produced as

Ready,

will be manifest in

In the passage of following use of the word by Martin Luther. " Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make his paths St. Matthew,

" straight," we have

dinary man, "

German translation of this extraorB^=Reitet dem herrn den PFeg und macht liichtig
in the

" seine steige." Let us mark another word here adopted, RicHTz^g-,
Straight or
to

Right; and hence we the same spot, the Road, &c.

In the Islandic translation
that
in

shall see, that

Right belongs

&c., under a similar train of

ideas.

we

find the
their

same term adopted,

Drottins,

as

of

Luther

" ^Reide

veg

Parate

" viam Domini," which Wachter has produced under the term
REiTen,

Our Etymologists have

justly

referred to Ready the

Welsh
Easy
to

Rhwydd, which Mr. Richards

explains by " Prosperous,

In the

same column of Mr. Richards' Dictionary we have Rhwth, " Wide or Large, " Wide or open. Vast, Capacious," &c., and Rhythu, " To make " Wide, open, large, or capacious," which is probably derived
from the same idea of R\i>v>ing or Rout/^ away, so as to make
a Clear

" be done, not Intangled, Let or Hindered."

open
to

space.

It

is

impossible not to

mark, how Vast

belongs to Vasto and Waste;

is

and another explanatory term Wide

only a

diflferent

form of these words.

the

Mr. Richards has

re-

ferred

Greek Eurus, (Eu^u?, Latus); the genuine idea of which appears in the compound Euru-choros, (Ev^vxu^oi, Amplus, Spatiosus,) "Wide is the gate and Broad is the
these

Welsh words

" Way,"

THE
" Way," &c.
caries,;
(Eyfu%6)^o?
ij

EARTH.
In

993

o^o;,)

we

actually see the idea

EuROOS, (Eu^wj, Sitis, mucor, of Dirt; and I have shewn, that

is

EuRisKo,

(Eufio-xw,

Invenio investigando et inquirendo,)

derived
It
is

from the metaphor of Scratching up, 'Rolling up the Dirt.

idle to discuss,

whether these words belong to the form

latter

"^RS, or

"^R, in

which

form appear, as

we have

seen,
is

Eriio, Ruo,

(e^vu), Puw,

Traho,) &c. &c.

That the term Rhvvth

in the Dictionary

connected

with the idea of Scratching up or upon a surface, will be manifest

from the word preceding

it

of Mr. Richards,

Rhwtto, which he explains by " To Rub." In the same column we have Rhwyd, A Net, which, according to the evidence of the terms above produced, we should imagine either to be derived
from the idea of Capacity, and to signify the Large, Wide Net,
able to contain, or from that of R:idd/^or Sweeping

Clearing Drazving
as

away every thing

before it;

we

talk of a

Sweep
of
that

and a Drag Net.

what
"as
see,
in

Conjines

Intangles,

From

the
See.-,

Net we pass into the

and accordingly we

idea

find,

Mr. Richards has explained the verb

a.

Rhwydo
^

by "

To

take or hold

Net, to Intangle, to insnare," which

is

directly adjacent to

the term

Rhwydd, which he

explains

Not Intangled.'
each

Thus we

how words

belonging to the same fundamental idea

contrary to
other.

may

have senses, which are directly

:. Rhwyd. The Etymologists have

We

cannot doubt, that the Rete of the Latins belongs to the Celtic
d

baaitinxa

justly referred
PJ'<yoj,

Rad?05, Reid/o^

and

Rad/;jo5,

(PaJ'fOf,

P);'J'<o?,

Facilis,

.Gracilis,

Tenuis, Agilis,

Mobilis,)

to

the terms connected

with Ready, as these Greek

idea

words are assuredly attached

incumbrance.
WhDios,
(P(J(Of,)

Hidding away an We might from hence conjecture, why the Greek explained by Facilis, is employed as a compound
to the

of

with a sense apparently very different, as

in KADiourgeo,{VtxSiov^yBca,)

which the Lexicographers,

. ,

in order to preserve their Radical sense

6"

of

994

^R.

R/.-.C,D,G,J,K,Q, S,T,X,Z.
they conceive
it,

of Facilis, as

explain

by

*'

Facile

ad

scelus

" aliquod patrandum perrumpo."

(Vu^ioi;,)
is

Here we

see,

that

Rad/o5,
or

used in

its

more

violent signification of
;

'Rmmng

. RouT/>/^, as in RoisTER^r, tory term Perrumpo,

Rogue, &c. &c.

and

in the

explana-

we approach

nearer to the primitive idea.

In Homer, Reid/o5,

{Vnilog, Facile,) is

brought to

its

original spot,

when it Ridded
say,) or

is

applied with a negative in order to express a

or Cleared out

not

6^-Bereit, not Ready,

(if

Way not I may so

Easy

to pass through.
Atto yap
oeiat(r(reTo

Ta(ppog
Treoijtrai

Et/^fi',

OUT

oc^

VTrepdoaeeiv

(r^B^ov,

ovts

PHIAIH.
In Reia and Rea,
cal
is

(//.

M. 52,

&:c.)

(Pe/a, Psa,

Facile,) the second letter of the Radi-

lost

but in the / of Reia, quasi REja, the record of the lost

consonant remains.
In

RADinos or RAD^no^,
//.

(VccStvog,

Gracilis,

Tenuis

Mobilis,

23. 583. fuSauoi, Mollis, Tener;

Procerus,)
express
it,

Agilis,
we have
its

the sense of the Slim, Slender figure, as

derived, as
I

we

originally
in-

conceive, from the idea of an object

It is

Rid of

cumbrance.

applied in
(//.

pointed out to us,

Homer, as the Lexicographers have 23. 583.) to a Limber Wip, as we express it;

where the idea of a Free Disengaged motion, if I may so say, seems attached to it, ifActo-SXiiv PAAINHN, which the Scholiast

has well explained

by

Evkivvitov,

ktx^V'
(Pa<5'i|,

"Khuamnos, or Rodawww^, Rak/^,

Hence we have Rad/>, Ramus, Va.'^a.Y.voq, Poduf^vog,

Ramus,) applied
to

Germen, Ramus
Limber

tener, Pax/f,

Surculus,

the

Plant,

Shoot,
in

Branch, &c.

The

succeeding terms to
(Po^xvij,

Rodamnos,

['PoSoc[d.vog,)

my Greek

Vocabulary, are Rodane,

Trama, subtemen,)
Valde rapidus, sed
{Vo^avog,

Rodanizo,(PoSctvi^u,

Torqweo,) Rodanos
Vo^ov.)

(VoSavog,

quum

Roseus notat; est a

The term Rodanos,

Valde rapidus,)

we

see,
its

is

only another form of Radino5,

{Vahog, Agilis, Mobilis,) in

sense of Quick motion.

The term
Rodane,

THE
RoDAN^,
(Po^xvui,

EARTH.
;

995

Trama,) might belong to these words, as alluding

of inserting the threads

to the Uapid

mode

though

if

the original
is

idea

is

preserved in Ronatiizo, (Po^uvi^u, Torqueo.)

it

derived

from the same action of Rout/'^ or Turning about,

the

over, at

under

notion

of

Intangling, just as
to

Torqueo
I

means

once

To

Turn about and

Twist,

Intangle, &c.

have proved, that

probably

Wreath
I

belongs to the form '^RT, for the same reason.

is
;

have shewn on a former occasion, that Ease

derived from a similar idea o^

Removing an Licumbrance

and these

observations will tend to confirm this hypothesis.

In the phrase

which

have here purposely adopted,

Free, Disengaged motion,'

we have

the idea of a Plia?it motion, derived from this metaphor;

and the French Degager, "To free from impediments Elle a le " corps r Air Degage," we know, belongs to the same metaphor.

Wachter has explained Retten by " Expedire e

Expeditus
is

periculis

"

and

the interpretation which R.Ainsworth has given us of the Latin

formed on

this

metaphor, and will serve admirably to

illustrate the

whole

train of ideas,

which

am

here unfolding

"Expeditus, (i.) Disejigaged, Freed, Rid of, (2.) Nimbly thrown " or hurled. (3.) Provided, Prepared, &c. (4.) Adj. Prone, " Ready, in Readiness. (5.) Nimble, light, speedy, dexterous.

" (6.) Easy, fluent."

The Greek Raizo,

(Pai^u, Convalesco,
Facilitas,

ex

morbo

recreor,)
;

and Rastow^, RASToneuo, (Vcca-Tcav^,

remissio,

Laboris

levamen

Doloris

Relaxatio animi,

Otium,
us

Patrruvevuy

Facile vel libere ago, Otior,) evidently bring

to the

idea of

being in a state Rid or Freed from incumbrance, as of labour,

pain, &c.;

and hence

it

denotes Ease or Rest.

That these terms

denoting Ease, under the Element

RD,

&c., are derived from the

RiDving out a surface, will be unequivocally manifest from the verb annexed to the Armoric parallel term Reiz, Easy. Tlie
succeeding term in

my

Armoric Vocabulary

is

Reiza,

"To

put

"in

order."

We

99S

^R.
shall
it

R/

.-C, D, G, J, K, Q,

S, T,

X, Z.

We

remote as

now see, that Rest belongs to this race of words, may seem from terms, which sometimes express
It is

actions of force and violence.

sometimes
term
is

difficult to adjust

the precise idea, from which a certain

derived,
it

though
is

we

unequivocally see the race of words, with which

It

con-

was most evident, that Rest, the term of Repose, was connected with terms of Violence and I conjectured on a former
nected.
j

611) that Rest connected itself with such words To force any thing from its course, so as to as Wrest, * Rest it, We now see, how or make it Rest and be quiet.' such terms as wRest, Rest and Rid connect themselves with each
occasion, (p.
'

other.

In the parallel terms to Rest, as the French ^r-RET^r,

and the English ar-REsr, we have an action of Violence most fully exhibited; yet though arREier is explained in one of its
^rREST, or put under an arREST," yet cographer, in another sense, interprets the word by "
" to Alleviate, to Assuage a pain
lost,
;

senses by "

To

my To

LexiAllay,
is

"

where

all

idea of violence

and we come
relates

to the sense of our English

procure Rest or ease from pain.'

it

word Rest, *To This sense of the French

of Pain,
precisely agrees

term, as

to

the Alleviation

with
{Pui^u,

the

meaning

of

the

Greek words Raizo and Rasto//^,

Pua-Tuvri,

Convalesce, ex morbo recreor,

shall

Doloris remissio);

and we
these

hence learn, that

my

conjecture on the origin of

Greek words proceeds on just principles, whether in this instance it may happen to be just or not, as we actually see in
a French word the union of ideas, supposed in

my
to

conjecture.

An

adjacent

word

in

my

French

Dictionary

ar~RETer

is

arRACHer, a term expressing the strongest action of Violence,

which
" to

my Lexicographer explains by " To Pull out, to Root out, Wrest out; " and it is impossible to doubt, that these words
It

belong to each other, under the same fundamental idea

would
idea

be idle to enquire, whether the term Rest belongs most to the

THE

EARTH.

997
It

idea expressed by Rest, or by Rid, as these words are in their

fundamental notion indissolubly intangled with each other.

sufficient to

is

have shewn, that Rest denotes Ease, under the idea

of an action of Violence, by which any object has been Forced

Routed wRested
become Ouiet
idea.
signifies Repose

or

Ridded from
&cc.

its

former

state,

so

as to

Freed Delivered,
in general,

&c.

The word

afterwards
its

without any allusion to

original

Skinner produces under Rest, Quies, as parallel terms, the

Saxon Rest, the German Rast, Rust, the Belgic Ruste, &c., " Omnia a Lat. Restare;" though he adds, " AUudit, ut optime " monet Camdenus, sed tantum alludit Gr. Foco-tuvyi, Otium," &c.
In another article he has
Resto, (Fr. Ital.)
;

"The Rest,"

to

which he

refers Reste,

and he has moreover

in a

third article

" The
other;

"Rest
and
is

of a lance or musket, a Fr. G. V Arrest d'une Lance,"

agree,
I

We shall

think, that all these

in

words belong

to each

that the

agreement

sense of Reste, &c. with Resto, (Lat.)

that the Teutonic

accidental.

Wachter and Junius imagine,

terms Rest, Rast, &c. connect themselves directly with Rast,

a term

denoting a certain measure

in Travelling,

"Milliare, Viae

" Mensura;"

which brings us directly

to

the Spot, supposed in

my

hypothesis, the

Road, Route, &c.

diei
iter

" Similiter Latinis," says

et Statio, a Staiido.

Wachter, " unius

" Hispanis

Mansio a manendo,

Rato
I

est

Spatium lemporis,

forte a

Gothis relictum."
to

The term Rest might

notion
;

perhaps directly belong

this
I

peculiar

yet

have given probably the genuine idea.

shew

in

another place, that Kato, (Span.) and Rate, (Eng.) belong to

certain regular portions of the

column of Skinner,
(Fr.)

Road or Route, &c. In the same where Best is, we have Resty, (Eng.) Restif,
Equus contumax;
which he derives

Restio, Ueslivo, (Ital.)

This may be soj yet the Italian Etymologists derive Restio " dn Jrrestarsi ; " which has notliing
a.

"

Restaudo, seu Restitando.''

to

998
to

-R.RA-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
and we perceive
I

do with the Latin Resto;

think, likewise in

these terms the more original notion annexed to the words before
us, of

an action of Violence.

The

Rest//" Horse' gives us a very

strong idea,

how

the sense of

Rest or Stopping may be connected

While I am examining with an action of Commotion and Violence. the word Rest in Junius, I cast my eyes on a term explained in
the
is

same column of

his Lexicon,

Res/^; which, as he

tells

us,

He refers it in this sense to Rese used in Chaucer for Except. or Raise, which is often used for "Auferre, demere, tollere."
The
explanatory word Except means,

we know,

<

To

take

and RY.sing belongs for a similar reason to such words as In the same opening of the Lexicon we have the &c. &c. term of Violence, with the same meaning, Reise, " Abigere,
" fugare."

away RiDom^,

The

H^;i=RoosT
or
it

is

the

place,

on which

Hens

Rest.

When men Rout

brances from a surface,

Rid off^out
is

away,

&c. any incum-

for

the purpose of

making a Spot
In the phrases

Even

Level, or Right in
out a
see,

its

direction, state, &c.

'To Rid
cannot but

place,'

and 'To set a place to Rights,*

we

how Rid and Right belong to each other; and when Right is apphed to a Right line, or Straight direction,^ Road, "Recta linea, Via" &c., we are brought to the Spot,
supposed in

my

hypothesis.

We

have

seen

the

expression,

adopted by Martin Luther, " Be-RsiT^f

*'

dem

herrn den weg, und

macht Richt/^ seine

steige,
;

Prepare the way of the Lord, and

or, if

" make
*

we adopt terms belonging to each other, 'Make Ready the way of the Lord, and make his paths Right;' where we see too, how Right and Ready We know, that Right is adopted to exbelong to each other.
his paths straight

"

press Equity

Justice, &c., or what relates

&c. &c.
i

to

Rule

Government
convey

Laws Order,

and from

this source

have been derived

the terms, attached to our

Element RC, RD, RG, &c. he, which

THE EARTH.
convey this train of ideas.
It is

999
we may
I

impossible to distinguish between

the minute turn of difference in meaning, which

conceive

Rid and Right sometimes

words, denoting
peat, that the

Law Justice Equity,

to

bear,

in

the

formation of tliese

&c.

must again reSec.

words under our Element RC, RD,

expressing

Justice, &c. originally

belonged to the idea of Ridding away the

incumbrances, which exist in a Disorderly and Embarrassed state

of things,
as

of injustice

so as to render them

fraud doubt Right Straight Eveji Equal,

difficulties,

&c. &c.,
Clear of

incumbrances,

difficulties,

&c. &c., or to set them to Rights, &c.,

or
'

and

tliat

this idea of

'To Rid'

action,

'away

which we express by

To Right' is attached to the To Rout or To Root about

'

off,&cc., as Dirt, Rubbish,'

&c. &c.
explains

My

German Lexicographer

RiCHren by

"To

fit,

" adjust, adapt or accommodate yourself to, dress, frame, Direct, " rule, carry, order," &c. &c. ; and hence RicHT^r is 'a Judge;*

Ricurig, Right, Regular, &c. &c.

" Facere,
'

Wachter explains Ricnten

in

different articles by " Dirigere, disponere, ordinare.

patrare.

Erigere. Judicare,
We

Instruere.
vindictam
the sense of

&c.

Punire,

sumere.
ceps.

Regere imper'io;"
&c. &c.
facere,
1

and RicHT^r by "Rex, Dux, princannot but

see,

Judex,"
Rectww

how
'

Erigere,

'To make Erect,'

in

brings us to the idea

of Raise, which
*

shew

another place to signify

To Rout

or

Stir up.'

The Etymologists have produced

as Riht, (Sax.)
Diritto, (Ital.)

the parallel terms

Droit, (Fr.)
(Belg.)

to

Right,

Recht or Richt, (Germ.)

Derecho, (Span.)
Rettur, (Isl.)

Retto,

Dritto,

Recht,

Ret, (Dan.)

Raihts, (Goth.)

&c. &c,, which they

justly

refer

to

Rectws and Rego.

to the

The

term Right^om^

is

a.

compound belonging

Saxon Rightwise,

in a Right-wise or

manner, as the Etymologists understand.

We

perceive in

the

terms eRECT, eRiGo, that the sense of Right might have been derived simply from the idea of Rais/^ up or Stirring up; and to
this

1000
this idea,

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
under one point of view,
it

belongs;

but Vvhen

Right, Richt^, 6cc. are cannot separate from these words the notion of Ridd/w^ out or away by this action of RAising or Stirring up; that is, 'To * Right,' if I may so say, means at once 'To Rout or Stir up
sider the terms, with which
'out, so as to
'

we coninvolved; we

Raise up or make ^-Rect and />-Right, and

out

Right

Rid

To

To Set
These

to

Rights To make Right,

I

Level,

'

Straight,'

&c.

ideas are

here so intangled, that they

shall not

cannot be separated from each other.

attempt to pro-

duce the various forms under whicii the acknowledged parallels

to

Right

appear, as this has been abundantly performed.

Yet

cannot but remark on the French Droit, the Italian Dritto, and the
Spanish Deredio, that they might have belonged to the Element

TRC, DRC,

to

Trace

Track Straight Drag,

but
be

&c., unless

the

evidence had been sufficiently clear, that they

were immediately
of

taken from the Latin 2;/-Reci us.

In considering the sense

Right, ^-Rect, we cannot

Ortho5,
(OfSof,)

reminded

of

the

Greek

belonging to the form ^RT, whatever

may

be

the precise relation of these words to each other*.

To

* I

shall not stop

to enquire

whether the terms belonging

(0|Go;.)
I shall
it

to

Right

should be

considered as immediately attached to Outhsj-,

(OjOo!,) is

only say, that

Orthw,

derived from the same train of ideas, and that

0^!t<^,

belongs to the same Spot and

Action, as in Oso, Orso, Koiii-Ortos, {O^u,

Excite, Koxojto?, Pulvis Eicitatas, et in

aerem elevatus

The terms Org, OnxHoo,

Recte
sentio,

(o^i-, oGow,

Erigo, Arrigo,)

mean simply

to

Eu A,(
Recte
pose

,{,)

or

Eakth

up, as in Aroo, (a^oh,) Ako, &c.

In the term Orthotomeo,

a

(O^SoTf/xef,

intelligo,

Recte Tracto,)
to

we

have

compound from Orthos,

(0^9o5,)
I

which has been acknowledged by some

-,

be derived from the very source which

sup-

namely, that of Stirring

is

tip

or

Cutting up the Grcuiid.

We
to

all

know,

that the

word

used by St. Paul in the following passage:

"Study

shew
to

thyself approved

"
"

unto God, a workman

truth."
(2

that needeth not to b? ashamed, rightly dividing the

word of

Tu; aXjiDsix?. Tim. ii. 15.) E^yartiv MiTo.nrx'^yTat, OPQOTOMOYNTA The Commentators produce, among other intepretations of this passage, the opinion of Theodoret, who justly conceives, that it contains a metaphor taken from Husbandmen
>.ayot
:

THE
To
the Latin
;

EARTH.

1001

Rego directly, as we know, belong Kex, VegIs, REG/wa, REGnum, &c, and to these, as all acknowledge, the terms in modern Languages are to be referred, as Roi, Reine,
(Fr.)

Re, Rege, Regina, Reina,

are

(Ital.)

Rey, /?^_ya,(Span.) &c. &c.

believe,

The French Etymologists

words Rex,
Roi, &c.

inclined to
t\V\

that

these

belong to the Hebrew

Raah, the Chaldee

Rea, &c. &c., signifying to Feed, as denoting " Un Berger, un. " Pasteur, un Conducteur, un Governeur," according to the meta-

phor

in

Homer,

nctjj.ivtx.

Xxuv.

The
"

Hebrew term
it

signifying

to

Feed, or, as Castell explains

it,

Ed u cere
is

oves, Regere,'' &c.,

may
it,

belong to a similar notion

and that

attached to the Race of

words before
will

us,

whatever

may

be the precise idea annexed to

be manifest from the adjacent term yn

RG, which

signifies

"

To

Break

in

pieces,"

where we have the strongest sense of

I

Rovring up a Surface.

shall not

attempt to produce the ac-

knowledged

hvattevfjiit fii/

KM

Tuv yia)jy tow? ludtia; T*? au\xx<z; aiaTE/x/ofTa;'

oi/ru

xcct

}iSa<rxa\oi a^ieiraoo; o

rai

a>oM rut

9ii. ^c-/ia. Tiif*(o{.

Others have properly reminded us of the passage in Theo--

critus, Oyfiof ayii,

OPGON,

To Draw

a straight Furrow,'

which

have before produced.

It is impossible, I think, to doubt the source from which the term is derived, accompanied, as it is here, with the idea of the Workman. I have shewn in another place, that Encazomai, {E-ya^cf^xi,) is an appropriate term, and signifies 'To Earth,' &c. &c.

(p. 538.)

The term ORTHror,

o^eoi,),

(O5850,-,

Diluculum,}

is

justly acknowledged by

some

to

belong to Orthoo,
*

To Erect, Raise,"

as I have before observed;

;

though not
but for the

because the morning Raises

that

men

to their

work," as Mr. Parkhurst thinks

Mr. Parkhurst however adds, "The Reader ' will consider whether it may not be as well deduced from the Heb. "IIN" AUR, " and "I'fi" TUR, "to Turn, as denoting t/ie return of Light." The Greek ORTHrw, (0(9{o<,) certainly more directly belongs to Ov.iwoo, (Oj^o) ; _yet the Or in this word, and
same reason

we

talk of the

Sun

Rising.

the

Hebrew

"11K
all

AUR,

together with

the

Greek Eer,
the

(Hj,

Diluculum,) the Latin

Raise up,' as in

Aurora,
(Ofoi,)

&c.,

belong to the same Radical ^R, signifying

To
is

Oro,

&c. &c.

In Sanscrit,

Aorooren

is

Latin term.

We

see in these words, that the

Dawn, which Elementary ^R

directly belongs to the

doubled, in order to
the
the

Aur=Or, Aur=Oor, as it probably is in Latin Or-Ior, the Greek Or= Org, (O^i/fi,) the English 'R=Ear and its parallels, German 'R-Uhrm, the Saxon Ar=;Er;, &c.
express the idea more strongly, quasi

6l

1002

'^R.R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

knowledged derivatives of Rex, Regis, &c., as Regalis, Regal, Royal, Regula, &c., to which latter word belong, as we know,
Rule, Ruler, &c., where

we
as

pass into the form

RL.

In Realm or
at

Royaulme, (Fr.)
last

we have

again the form

RL, which appears

Line,

under that of

RM,

Royaume.

In R^Gula and Ruler,

we

have at once the idea relating to a

a Governor.
(Ital.)

Right

and that of
Regalare^

Regale, with

its

parallels

Regaler, (Fr.)

Regalar, (Span.) has been supposed to signify " Regaliter,

"
as

(i.

e.)

more Regio Excipere."

These words however belong,

"

imagine, to Gala, (Span. &c.)

The

choicest part

of any

" thing." In old English, Rigols means, as explained by Skinner,

'

Instrumentum Musicum, quod

dicitur,"

" Clavichord

nomine Clavichordium, a which he derives from the French Realio

It

gaillardir, " Exhilarari."

may

belong to the idea of the Chords,

placed in a Regular order, for the

Kocvuv,

same reason

Regula, Norma, relates to a similar idea, in

as
it

Greek the well-known

that the
avti^

Epigram upon the Organ,

e^Mv
9oa, aocKTvXoc

should seem

Kat ng

uye^uxos
uvXwv,

%wof, lararaM

txfji,(poi(p(xuv

KANONAS

<rvfjt,(ppoi^f/,ovai

It is curious,, that in

Persian the parallel term contains the

(mjJLjj

same

union of ideas.

The term

Kanun, means
;

in

one sense,

"A
In
the

Canon, Rule, Regulation,'' &c. and in another sense, "A " Species of Dulcimer, harp or sackbut the strings of which,"
;

&c. &c.

In Saxon,

Regol

is

'

Rule.

Regula, Norma, Canon."

the succeeding

column of Lye's Saxon Dictionary we have

Saxon Reht, Rectus;

;

Rehtan, Regere,

Dirigere

and the

Gothic Reiki, Imperium

REiKmow, Regere; Reiks, Rex.

the Latin

Rego, &c. has been derived, is unequivocally apparent in the term Regio, A Region or Tract; which Robert Ainsworth explains in different senses by "A bor" der, a coast.

The Spot from which

straight line,"

and

"A Road
ide^i.

or

Highway,"

where
derive

in

Road we have

the original

The Etymologists
If

Regio from Rego, "quod Regiones sub Regibus erant."

THE
If

EARTH.
command
of a certain Spot

1003

not seen so strongly exhibited the original idea in the words expressing Government, &c., we should have thought, that

we had

Rex and Rego

or Region,

referred to the

Regio

and that the original idea was deposited only in Regio: Yet this, as wq have seen, is not soj and Rego Regio

belong to each other, just as <^/-Rect

a certain Road, or Tract.

may do
if

to

^z-Rection,
or Governor

We

may

still,

however, expect to find

the

these ideas so involved with each other, as

Rex

was the person appropriate

Region; and the interpretation of the Lexicographer is sometimes founded on this idea. In Saxon we have Rice, which Lye explains by "Regio: Regnum,
to a certain

" Imperum, Ditio, Jurisdictio."

From

the Saxon Rice, &c. has been

derived a termination to substantives in our Language, signifying

Power

Jurisdiction,
;

certain spot

a Bishop-Ric, &c. " Terminatio," says Lye, " plurium

et

Authority, &c. &c.,

as

connected with

" substantivorum Miinus

Dominium
in initio

significantium, ut Cin-Ric,
;

"Regnum;
" &c.

Bisceop-Ric, Episcopatus

unde
in fine

nostra. Bisliop-RiCy.

Occurrit etiam tum

i.

tum

nominum virorum:

" ut Ricard,

e.

K\c-lVeard, Fred-Ric, Pace dives sive Potens,"

Hence

is

derived our word Rich.

Lye
;

explains the Saxon Ric,

Ricc, Rica, Rice,

by

"Rich, Dives

Item,

Magnus, Potens,

" PraepoUens, Nobilis."

The

Etymologists, under Rich, produce

the Danish Riig,

the parallel terms in other Languages, as the Saxon Rye, &c., the

German
Riqur,

Reich,

the

Belgic

Riick,

the

Runic

the

French Riche,

the

Italian Ricco,

the Spanish Rico.

Lye has

justly observed on this word,

"Olim

Riche et Rice prima

" significatione dicebantur Potentes.

In Arg. Codice Reiks passim

signifies at

" est Princeps."

In

German, Reich
of

once a Kingdom
the
for a

and Rich.

The

name

Raja

is

applied,

we know, by

Hindoos, as

one of their most familiar words

Prince or

Powerful Chief, which

we must

refer to this race of words, the

Latin

1004

'^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
In the Gipsey Dialect, Ri and Raune

Latin Rex, Regis, &c. &c.

are titles of respect for a Gentleman and Lady, Sir and

Madam.
;

In Mr. Shaw's Galic and Irish Dictionary

; ;

we have " Riogh,

" RiGH, A King " and " Rioghan, A Queen " " Ris, A King " Rac, a King or Prince;" "RAicnead, A Queen;" " Righ, Ri,

"A
"

King;"

" thority ;"

A Kingdom;" " Reacht, Power, Au" REACHjaire, A Lawyer, King, Judge; " " Reacht,
" Ricuead,
I

Man."

find in the

same column "

Ris, History,

Intel-

" ligence,

Knowledge," which may relate to Knowledge in the In the same column we have Risa, Bark; and History of Kings. have shewn, that such terms as Risa are derived from the I same idea as the name for a King; namely, that of RiDoing or Peel means at once the coverClearing away or off a surface.
ing,

and the action of Stripping

it

off.

In the same column

we

have RioTHaw,

To

Run,

To Race; where we
Sic.
I

are brought to the

very spot, the Road, or Ground.

RisTeal,

In the next column

we have

A
is

Sort of Plough,

The
shew

adjacent word to Riogh,

in

King,

Riodh,

Ray; and

another place, that the

RAoius, the Line, Mark, &c. belongs to the action expressed by

Rado, that of Scratching upon the Ground. of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, I see Riaghuil,
RiAGHAiLtach, "Regular, sober, peaceful."
I

same opening A Rule, Government; In the same column

In the

find

RiADH,"

A Running,

RAcing;" where we

are again brought

to the original spot, to

which Right

Road, &c.

belong

and

in

another article we have Riadh, "Correcting, taming, subduing " grief;" where we have at once the idea of Riaming, if I may so

Let us mark, that the term adopted in the explanation of Mr. Shaw, Cor-REcring, is the very term In the same column we have which I have applied, Right/^.
say,

and of Rovring, &c.

Riagh,

"A

Cross,

gallows;"

and

in

another article

Riagh, Religious.

Remote

as these words appear,

we have we now see,

that

THE
that

EARTH.
idea,

1005
and

they

convey

the

same fundamental

Cor-RECTor and Cor~B.ECTed, the RiGHT^r and the

Let us mark the explanatory term Religious.
thought, that the
I

mean RiGmeous.
as
in

the

have sometimes

Rel

in

REiigio

is

quasi

Regul,
life.'

Rule;

and that
fines
it

it

means 'A

well Regulated or Ruled

its

Gellius de-

thus in one of

senses:

" Religiosus pro casto atque

" observanti cohibe?itique

sese certis legibus Jinibusque dici coeptus."

The
"

ordinary derivation from llelego, (Re and Lego,

I

To
quasi

Read,)

cannot,

think, be at all admitted,

i'

Qui omnia, quae ad cultum

et

Deorum

pertinerent,

diligenter

pertractarent,
(Cic.

Rele-

" gerent, sunt

It

dicti Religiosi

ex Relegendo."

de Natur. Deor.)
Banish, as re-

would be more naturally derived from Relego,

difference in the quantity of the words,

To
as

lating to Consecrated spots, from which the profane were Banished,

The

it

is

called,

is

nothing.

Under
*

this

idea

the original sense would appear in

'

such phrases as
'lubra;'

Religio

est'

Religiosi Dies'

'

Religiosa

De-

and here the following familiar definition might be adopted, " Religiosum est, quod propter sanctitatem aliquam Re'

motum

ac Sepositum est."

In the same column of Mr. Shaw's

Dictionary,

where
Star:
this
I

Riaghw/Z
term

and

Reaghailt

appear,

we have
conjecture
it

Reult,

have been much embarrassed to discover from

is

what source
to Bodies,

derived

though

we might

perhaps, that the Reult was quasi Riaghailt, and that

related
I

whose courses were duly Ruled or Regulated.

too, that the

have

sometimes thought
Bodies.

Realt might relate to the Rolling

exhibits the sense of Roll, as

In Celtic, the form

true form

RL

derived from the

of our Radical

RT

and RTl.

In

Mr. Shaw's Dictionary we have Rolaim,

ceding and succeeding columns

To

Roll;

but in the pre-

Roith, Wheel; and RoiTHL^^^aw, A Circle, wheel; and Roth, A Wheel; RoTHLe/n, A Whirl. I suggest these ideas for the conwho,
I

we have

the true forms,

sideration of the Celtic Scholar,

trust,

will

acknowledge,
that

1006
that
I

^R. R. ^---C, D,G,J,

K, Q,

S,

T,

X, Z.

have never ventured to interpose my opinion on Celtic terms, without a diligent study of their relations to each other; whatever may be the errors into which my imperfect knowledge
has sometimes necessarily led me.
ture

The

adepts in Celtic Litera-

must be contented

to bear a portion of the

shame, which

is

attached to the errors and the ignorance of their disciples,

are ardent to receive instruction, and able to appreciate
It
its

who

value.

has however unfortunately happened, that the means supplied

;

when by the master are very inadequate and imperfect indeed they are contrasted with the curiosity the ardor and the pur-

poses of the scholar.

Nothing

will be

performed

effectually,

till-

a full and copious Dictionary shall appear, at least in one Dialect

of the Celtic, in which the various senses of each word shall be

distinctly unfolded

and

illustrated

by examples, produced
Celtic

at

some

length, with a
lects.

perpetual appeal to kindred terms in other Dia-

In

this

Dictionary the origin of

names should
tribes,

be diligently detailed,
illustrate

and every occasion should be taken to and policy of the

;

the

Religion

Celtic

as

the

Druid ceremonies, &c. &c.

though

all

this

should be performed

without any view to the establishment of any favourite hypothesis

on the disputed points of Mythology

In
ble,

History, or Language.
;

Welsh, Rhi

is

"A

Lord, a baron," &c.

Rhiaidd,

No-

&c., and Rhiazvdr has a similar meaning.

is

Rhial signifies
is

Noble, and Reol

'A

Rule.'

Again,

Rhwysg

"Authority,

" Rule," &c., and Rhwysgo, To Rule, bear sway, &c. In Welsh too, RHYSwr is " A Champion, a Hero, a wrestler, a warrior,
" a combatant," which belongs,
I

imagine, to the Race of words,

In the

attached to our Element, expressing actions of Violence.

same column of Mr. Richards' Dictionary we have RHYscvr, VioThe Welsh Lexicographers refer the word lence, force, &c. &c.

Rhyswr to the German Ris or Riese, a Giant, and to the British and Thracian names of Rhys, Rhesus, the Syriac 'tfn Rishai, Prascipuus.

THE
cipuus, Excellens,

EARTH.
Arabic Rails,

1007
Princeps, Capitaneus.

and

the

As
the

there are diiFerent senses

annexed

to

our Element, from which

Powerful,
I

name

of the Illustrious

Personage

the

Strong

Violent

Man the Head

I

or Chief,
to

may

be derived,

must leave
of
points

the adepts in each

this

Language

decide on particular cases

these

nature.
I

have endeavoured to distinguish

whenever

had the due evidence before me.

a term,

The Pentateuch

commences with
signifies, as

5-RAS,

^ir\:i (In
it,

the Beginning,) which

Mr. Parkhurst explains

mountain.

" Prior, First,

Principal,
in

" Chief, most excellent, the Head of animals

the
I

Head, summit,

"or

top of a

An

CEconomical, or Political Head, Su-

" perior.

Ruler,

Director,

Governour," &c.

have shewn

another place, that our Element expresses the

idea of the Raised-w/>

Top, under the

Furrow or Ridge.
its

Whether such be the

it

notion in this word and

idea

parallels, or

whether

belongs to the
I

expressed
In

by the explanatory
Syriac,

term

di-KECTor,
Arabic,

cannot
&c.
are

decide.

the

Samaritan,

^Ethiopic,

acknowledged
" Head,

parallel

terms to this Hebrew word.

(j*-lj

In the

same

column of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary, where

Raas,

"The
-v^jj

Prince,

Chief,'.'

occurs,

we have

the Persian

Rast, which our author explains by "Good, Right,

" sincere, faithful, loyal." In Arabic, Cka^j REsnid,
is

true, just,

"

One

of

" the Attributes of God," says Richardson;

interpretation of "
to the train

and the subsequent

di-RECTor, a conductor, guide," &c. brings us

of ideas
is

now under

discussion.

Hence has been

derived, as
familiar to

acknowledged, the name of Haron-Al-\\A.s\WD, so every Reader of the Arabian Tales. Mr. Richardson
Faithful, pious, orthodox,
us, to

explains

Rashid O^ilj by "

following

" the Right path," where the term Right shews

ticular idea this

what parconveyed

While

word must be referred. am examining terms belonging

it

to the idea

by Rectus, when

expresses Order and Regularity, as referring

to

1008
to the

^R.R.\~-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
Right Road, Track

Course,
&ic. Sec.

&c.,

might produce such

words as Rite, Rit/, (Lat.) Rite, (Eng.) Ratus, Rat/o, (Lat,)

with
stand
its parallels,

the

The Lexicographers underconnexion between Rectus Rite and Ritw5. They

&c. Reason,

explain

Rite by Rightly, and Ritus by

"A

Rite or ceremony,

" particularly in Religion. A Course or order. A fFay, fashion or " manner}" where, in the explanatory terms Course and fVay, we
are
directly

brought to the

Road.

The term Rat5

is

only

another form of Ritw5 and Rectm5; and in a passage produced by R. Ainsworth, " Astrorum Rati et immutabiles Cursus," we
see the true idea of the
Stars.

Right or REGular Courses or Roads of the The term Rat/o means in one sense, "A Way, or means
expedient, fashion," where in the term

"a manner, an

Way we

see

the true idea of the certain

Road. Let us mark the

I

\v or A

Expedient,

belonging to Expeditus, which

idea to

have shewn to convey a similar

Rid and Right; and thus we see, how we are again brought to the Ridded or Righted Road. It would be idle to discuss whether Rat/o means simply the Road, or the Righted

Road,

as these ideas cannot in

It is

many

cases be

separated from

each other.
idea of the

sufficient to

shew, that Ratio belongs to the

Way
it

Course Track Road, &g.

how Rat/o
making Scratches

Under

this idea

we

shall understand,

attaches itself to the words in Latin

with which
to the

is

surrounded, Rasm^, Rado, Rasth^w, which relate

Tracks or Traces

action of

upon the

Rus

or Ground.

The term
guages, as
sense

Rat/o, Ration/5,

we know,

occurs in various Lan-

Reason, Raison, (r.)

Razon, (Span.) &c. &c.

us
to

The

of Raisom,

"Ratio, Proportion," brings

&c."
is,

Ration,

"

certain Proportion of Provisions,

In the

same page of

my French Scrape, To

Dictionary, where

Ratwh

we

have RArisser,

To

Shave; Rat,

Rat,

i.e. the Scraper or Scratcher

and RAieler,

To Rake;

where the sense of the portion Rat,

pervading

THE
pervading these words,
is

EARTH.

1009

unequivocal.

In the same column with

Raisow we have Rais, the Spoke of a Wheel, belonging to Rad/5 and Rado, and "Rais, pied, terre, Even or Level with the Ground,"

which means
manifest.
I

to

Raze, &c., where

'^R

tlie
;

original

idea

is

equally

find too liaire.

To Shave

where we have th^ form

up; ^/{^-Uhr^/z, (Germ.)

of the

Element

doubled, in order to express the idea more

strongly, as in '^R-Ear, (Eng.)

To

Stir
shall

To

Stir,

move, wag, &c. &c.

We

now

understand, that the

English Rate, the certain portion, meant originally the certain

Track
'

or

Road, passed over

in a certain

time,

*He

travels at a

great

certain Rate,' &c. &c.

is

We

shall

likewise see, that

Rate, Objurgare,
the Track,
that of
is

the verb belonging to the action, of which

;

Rate,

the substantive

and that

its

original sense

Rout/^ up the

Track Road.

was

The

action of Scratching

over or up a surface, supplies the most familiar metaphor for the

idea expressed
I

by 'Objurgare,' as

in the Latin Perstringere, &c.

'

shall

shew, that the explanatory

in

which R. Ainsworth explains

Oh-Jurgare, or Jur-g-'wim,' one sense ~by Jar, belongs to

Junius has placed

Jar, Scar, Score, and finally to Scra-tch, &c.

Rate

in

the

senses
rei

of

Objurgare,

Irritare,

and

'

Statuere
in

" pretium rectae

separate articles.

venalis

estimationi respondens,"

three

Let us mark the explanatory term Ir-Rnare,

belonging to our Element '^RT, or RT, under the same metaphor. In Spanish, Rato not only signifies " Space of time," as my
Lexicographer explains
let
it,

but likewise a
is

"He-Mouse;" where
In the

us note

how

a certain Space

applied to Time.

same

opening of my Spanish Dictionary is Rat^o, " Distribution made " at a certain Rate, or in a certain proportion ;" RAT^^r, " To
" distribute or divide proportionally.

To
ideas,

trail

along the Ground;"

1

where we actually see the union of

which

same word; Rauta, a "Road, Way, Route;" Rastro, '* Track, " a mark left on the Ground," &c. &c. &c. In the same opening
6

suppose, in the

is

1010
is

^R.R.V~C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
In Saxon, RjESwian or REsiati
is

Razon, Reason.
RtET,

To

Reason.
in

Cogitare, opinari, &c., the

succeeding word

to

which

Lye's

Dictionary

is

Rat.
proprie

The

Etymologists suppose Rat/o to be so called, " quia a Ratu,

ex analogia fuerit actio Rendi."
the form '^R doubled, in order to

" (supino verbi Reor,)

In Reor or '^i?-EoR

we have

express the idea more strongly.

We

shall not wonder, that Reory

To

Suppose,

is

derived from Drazving Traces

Tracks Furrows,
which
signifies

&c. on a surface, when

we remember,

that Duco,

To Draw
*

Furrows or Hollows on the Ground, Ducere fossam,

&c. &c., means likewise "

id

To

Esteem, Reckon," "

Tu nunc

tibi

laudi Duels,'' &c. &c.

Let us mark the explanatory word

"Reckoh, which belongs to our Element under the same train of

ideas of

Rak/^ up
this
is

the Ground, whatever

to

may be

the precise

notion

in

train,

which

it

more

immediately

belongs.
referred

R. Ainsworth

among

the few Etymologists

;

who have

Latin words to the Dialects of the Celtic

observes, under Ratio,

and he accordingly

"A

Reor, Ratus, vel pot. a Celt. Rceson."

Lhuyd, under Ratio, produces xh^V^elsh Rhesiim,\hQ ArmoricReix,

and the
tionary,

Irish Reasun.

In the same column of Mr. Richards' Dic-

where RHESwm, Reasow, occurs, we have Rhes, RnEST^r,

or

A Row,

Rank

and

in

the preceding

column we have Rheid,

is

"A

Ray,

branch;"

and the succeeding word

to the

Rheidr,

Knight;

where we are brought

Rider, and the Road.

Let us mark the term Rhes, and the English Row, which belong to the same idea of the Line or Furrow.

We
lar

cannot but perceive, that Raisin and Raison bear a simi;

form

and we should be hence led

If

to believe, that

they con-

Raisin originally denoted the Dried Grape, we should imagine, that it was so called from Yet as there are other cor-Rvcated appearance. its Shrivelled
veyed the same fundamental idea.

words, belonging to our Element, relating to the Grape,

we may
doubt.

THE
doubt, whether this
is

EARTH.
;

ion
The
and the Latin
(Pa|, Vayog,

the precise idea annexed to the term.

Etymologists refer Raism to the Latin Racemus

word has been derived from the Greek Rax, Rago5,

Regwwo,
(Pa%<j,
If

Acinus,) which certainly belongs to the idea conveyed by Rach/>,

Spina dorsi, Vviyvw, Frango,) the

these words
all

Rough

Hard
I

substance.

belong to each other, they con-

veyed originally the same

idea.

On

this point

however

have

no evidence
Retine,

to decide.

In

Resin, Resine, (Fr.)

Resina, and

(P7t;hj,)
I

we

have the same form as Raisin; and these

the

words mean, Resin

is

imagine,

Rough

substance.

In

German,
it;

Harz, " Hard Rosin," as

my

Lexicographer explains
each
other.
If

where the Harz and Hard belong

therefore refers to the

to

Raisin

understand, that
the

Hard Stoiiy, Rough substance, we shall Reason and Raisin relate to different portions of
certain
to the

same fundamental idea, as the former signifies the Course Rout Rut, Routine; and the latter belongs

idea of the
into

Rough

substance, as derived from the surface Broken

Ruts, Ridges, &c.

of the great difficulties, which occur in a work of this
is

One
nature,

that of arrangement; as the writer

is

perpetually obliged
train of ideas,

to pass through different portions of the

same

and
pur-

desert in

some measure

those particular veins of discussion, which

he had destined

for separate divisions of his

argument.

posed in the present article to examine those words, which more

immediately belonged to the action of Ridding

Rubbish
;

away Dirt

and

shall

now

again proceed to consider those terms,

in which this idea

appears

more

particularly

prominent.

The

term Riddle, relating to the action of the Sieve, we shall instantly refer to
ideas,

Rid

and here we are presented with a cluster of

of

which

is

singularly applicable to the confirmation

my

hypothesis.
'

We

have seen, that Rutteln means

in
it

German
seemed
directly

To

shake, wag, or

Riddle a Measure;" and how

1012

^R.

R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
Russelw, the Roottling of the

directly to connect itself with

This connexion is strong and Ground, by the Snout of Hogs. striking; yet we know, that Riddle itself actually relates to the Rootling or Shaking about of Dirt. We cannot help, I think,
seeing likewise the idea of Noise, as annexed to this action;
thus

and

Riddle

will connect itself with

Rattle.
is

We

over, that the purpose of the

Riddle

to Separate

know moreor Rid away

one part from another; and thus we perceive, how it is attached We see then, that *To Riddle' means 'To Roottle to Rid.
'

about Dirt with a Rattling noise, in order to Rid one part

from another.'

We

shall surely

not doubt, that Riddle, the

iEnigma, means the Confused, jumbled, Riddled or Roottledtogether stuff, which required to be ww-Riddled, or, as we express
it

by the same term, to be Riddled or to be Ridded and Sifted

In old English

out.

we have

the combination

Riddle

7ny

Riddle j
still

where we have

at once the verb and the substantive,

which

remains in the mouths of our children, with an addition. Riddle my Riddle, my Ree. In Scotch they have the simpler form

Red my
The
as

Riddle;

and

in

this

Language, Ree means a Riddle.

Radels, (Sax.)
Ratzel,

parallel

terms to Riddle, the Enigma, in other Languages,

produced

by the

Etymologists, are

(Germ.) Raedsel, (Belg.) which they have referred to Rede, &c. Consilium: and 7?rf?^aw,(Sax.) "Per conjecturam aliquid indagare,
" Arcedan, Divinare."

From

the form of the

German and

Belgic

words we might think, that the Zel and Sel were additions derived from the construction of the Language, that Rat was another

distinct part,

and that the word signified the obscure sentence, &c.

which required Rede, &c. Counsel, Sense, &c. to make it out. Yet in the Saxon R^edels, and in the English Riddle, we see nothing of such a compound; and therefore we shall acquiesce,
imagine, in the plain and obvious origin, which I at first proposed. Dr. Jamieson explains the Scotch Ree, as " A small Riddle^
I

"larger

THE

EARTH.
Id.

1013
Ree
E.
is

" larger than the Sieve.'' " Gl. Sibb. Belg. Rede. " used as a v. to sift, to Riddle."

The
*

preceding word to this

is

Ree, "Half drunk, Tipsy.

kindred term, denoting
In the

Crazy, Delirious," which,

we

see, is a

Commotion, Agitation, applied to another purpose.

next

page of Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary we have Reezie, " Tipsy ;" where we have the true form, but which he considers as the
diminutive of Ree. In the same opening of Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary I see " Reid Etin, The name of a giant or monster, used " by nurses to frighten children;" and Reid Wod, " In a violent
" Rage,
violent

maddened with anger;" where Reid is used in its more sense. Let us mark the explanatory word Rage, another
same
kind.
I

term

of the

find

likewise
calf,
its

Reid,

as

denoting

"A

Calf Reid, the fourth stomach of a

is still

used for Runnet or

sense oi Commolio7i,
shall not

"earning;" where Reid

see a term, relating to

used in

referring to the operation of Curdling.

We

wonder

to

the action of Curdling, connected

with

words, expressing the utmost state oi Commotion, when

ber, that

we rememme-

the

feeling of Horror

is

frequently
'

attached by

taphor to this action, as in the phrase

My

blood Curdles with

" Horror;" and that in Greek, O^foj means Serum, and O^^uSeu,

Timeo, Formido, which belongs

to Horreo, Horror.

The
Rhidyl,

Etymologists produce

the

parallel

terms
Rissel,

to

Riddle,

Cribrum, as the Saxon Hriddle, the Swedish

the

the Welsh, the

German

Rider, or, as

it

is

now

written, Renter,

Belgic Rede, &c.

Skinner and Lye understand, that these words^

belong to Hreddan, hlherare. Rid, Sec; though Junius refers tliem to Pet9^ov, Fluentum; " quicquid enim cribro incernitur, ex ipso

" incerniculo veluti

effluere videtur."

In Welsh,

Rhyddau,

as

we have

seen, signifies

"To

set at liberty, to free, to set free; to

" deliver or release; to Rid out of; to acquit; also to loose, " undo, or untye," says Mr. Richards; to which he adds, "Q. wh.

" the

1014

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

" the Eng. Rid be hence derived." I have produced the word in this place, that it may be compared with Rhiddio, another Welsh
term, to " Repell, to drive back," which means, as
I

Rid, and with the adjacent terms Rhidyllio, "To sift orsierse Rhidyll, " A kind of Sieve or Riddle, a coarse sieve," produced

imagine, to ;"

by the Etymologists. Again in Welsh, Rhuchio is " To sift or " sierce " and Rhuwch is " A Ranging Sieve or bolter." Mr. Shaw, in his Galic and Irish Dictionary, under Riddle, gives
;

us the words Riiidal, Rillean, in which latter word the second

consonant
Cribrum,
*'

of

the

Radical

RD
A

is

lost.

In

Lhuyd, under

we have

the Armoric

Ridar.

In Persian,

Raz J\j

is

Secret, a

mystery;" and "

Maker of Mortar,

a plaisterer

" of walls." In German, REUx^r signifies " A Rudder, Riddle, " cribble, winnow, fan, range; " and Reut^/-, " To winnow, fan, " sift, or range your corn, pass through a Rudder.''
In Mr. Shaw's Galic Dictionary

" a coarse sieve;" and

*'

in the
;

we have Ridul, "A Sieve, succeeding column we have Rilleany

Riddle, coarse sieve

" and Rilleam, "

To

sift

with a Riddle."

It is
I

impossible to doubt, that these words belong to each other.

leave the Celtic

shall

Scholars

to

consider,

whether

Reil,

"Clear, manifest," and "Lawful, Rightful," as Mr.

it

Shaw

explains

in

two

articles,

does not belong to the metaphor in RiLL^aw,

dirt.

of Clearing

away

But Reil likewise

signifies

a Star; and
of a Star

what

is

Clear

Shining;
it

and thus we

see,

how
I

the
shall

name
it

may
'

belong to the Removing away of Dirt.

;

shew, that the

explanatory word Clear belongs to Clay

Clay
off,'

and that

means

'

To

as

were

as

we

talk of

Mudding out a pond.

In the

same opening

of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary,

where Rillean occurs,

we have

''Reult, Reulag,

Star;" " Reultiasg,

Fish with shin-

" ing teeth;" and " Reuladh,

side of the

Declaration."

page of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary

From the other we may gather full

and

evidence respecting the truth of

my

hypothesis on the words Rid

THE EARTH.
and Ready.

1015

We

there
Plain,

"agree;

Reidh,

in the preceding

column

"To Prepare, provide, open REiDHf^acft, A plain, level j" and we have Reidh, "A plain, Level;" and
find

REiBuam,

Reidh, " Ready, Prepared," from which we unequivocally learn, that here the idea of Ready is connected with the action of Ridding
or Clearing out a Surface. I find " words KEiGiidam, To Judge."
likewise

adjacent to these

Junius and
Expedire,

Lye

refer the old

term Read, Consilium, to Rid,

defi-

Extricare;
so that

Aradan, Eruere, Expedire, decernere,

nire, judicare;

Read
it

signifies that,

which

is

able to

Rid
itself

out or

Rout

out any hidden or obscure matter.

Eruo has

a similar meaning,

when

signifies

"To

search or find out;

it,

to

" bring forth," as R. Ainsworth explains

" Aliquid indagare,

" ex tenebris Eruere. Cic." &c.

Faculty or Action, by which
'

Thus we see, that Read is the Aliquod e-RvTum est.' Many of

the terms denoting Enquiry and Investigation have been derived

from the action of Routing or Scratching up the Dirt.

that

Rout

in

colloquial

Language
into

is

thus applied
;

We know, We know
shew, that

likewise, that Scrutor belongs to Scruta

and

we
I

talk of Delving
shall

into a subject

Routing

any matter, &c.

Search and Scruta belong to Scratch, and in- Dago, to Dig.

To

Read, Consilium, belong our Saxon names RoD-Ulph, Consilio adjuvans; Ethel-RED, Clarus in consilio Wiht-RED, Agihs in
j

Consilio, &c.
to

the

The Etymologists justly Saxon Rath, the German Rath,

refer

Read, Consilium,
the

the Danish Eaad,

;

Belgic Raed,

the Swedish Rad, the Runic Rad, &c.

Legere, they refer to

Belg.) 8fc. &c.

and Read, Radan, (Sax.) Reden, Loqui, (Germ, and

Loqui

but

To Read is To Speak, Red^, To Rid or Rout up or out

and

it

means nothing

The term Read appears familiar phrase, "To Read 0/<i,"

&c.

oRjEoan, Eruere, verba Eruere, with its original idea in our

i.e.

To Rid

out. Cast out, or,

as

1016
as
'

'^R.

R/

.-C, D, G, J, K, Q,

S,

T, X, Z.

we

express by an appropriate term belonging to Out,

To
to

Utter.'
is

The metaphor of Bringing Forth or Out, as applied

perpetually visible;
as
;

Speech,

Effari, Eloqui, Edere, Emittere,

Enunciare, Proloqui, Proferre, Pronunciare

and the philosophers

or which

have distinguished
cies

Man

from other animals by having that spe(^Aoyog

n^o(po^iKog,)

of Reason, which Bri?igs Forth,

Utters, or has the gift of Utterance or Speech, while

other animals

have only the Aoyog

svSix9btos.

It is

curious to observe,

how
still

con-

stant and faithful the dictates of the

mind are

in

those impressions,

which
to the
state

relate to

Language.

We

perceive, that

Man

recurs

same

vein of metaphor, whether in his

he invents Language, or whether in his

I

more barbarous more polished con(E^e^.;,

dition he describes its operations.

shall shew, that Er^o,

Quaero, Interrogo, Dicam,) in

its

double sense of Enquiring and

it

Speaking, has precisely the same idea as Ermo, and that

to Oro, Airo, Aroo, {O^u, Excito, Ai^u,
'

belongs
Aro,)

Sursum

tollo, A^ou),

To

Stir

up the ERa,'

(E^ct,

Terra.)

In Reo, (Psu, Loquor,) the

is

breathing before the Elementary consonant

lost;

but in REsis,
again see the

RETor,

(Psjo-zf,

PfjTU!^,)

RuETor and RhetohV,

&c.,

we

form RS, RT, &c. whether we consider the existence of the second
consonant, as arising from the analogy of the Greek Language,
or from the organical Elementary process, by which the forms
'^

and

RT

are connected with each other.

I

However

that be,

we
di-

must not

consider,

imagine, REXor,
I

(PijTWf,)

Rede, &c. to be
in another

rectly connected with each other.

shall

shew

Volume,
belong

that the Latin Dico, and

to

its
;

parallels Digo, (Spanish,) &c.

Dig

for the

same reason

and hence we

shall understand, that

Dico and Duco, {Ducere fossam,) are only different forms of each
other.
effort

In German,

Rede

refers to the strongest

and most perfect

denotes what the

of Bringing forth or Out words,

when

it

Latins and English express by the same metaphor, Elocution or

Eloquence.
I

have shewn,

how Rid

connects

it

in

the

sense

with

THE
a surface, as of Bark, &c.
talk of a
;

EARTH.
To
who

1017
Clear a

with such terms, as Libera, Livrer, (Lat. Fr.) &c.,

and hence, by the same metaphor, we

Delivers himself
radical

person
it

who

has a good Delivery,

well, or, as

might have been, according to the

Such,
I

idea,

who Rids
of Rid.

himself well.
is

imagine, to be

tjie

precise notion,

by which Rede, &c.

connected with terms, conveying the sense

Scholars
will

The German

now

understand,

why
to

RedUcIi signifies " Honest, ingenuous, Frank, Free, Open," &c.,

as

my

Lexicographer explains

it;

where we
off,

directly

come

the

idea of

what
this
;

is

Ridd^-^ out
in

Cleared

&c. &c.
is

The
Reede,

adjacent

word

to

term

my German

Dictionary

A Road

for a Ship

where the idea of the Road brings us

hypothesis

directly to the

Spot, supposed in these discussions.

That
the

my

is

well founded respecting the origin of

its

English

Order

Preparation, as
Red,

Rid, &c., and

connexion with terms denoting

&c., will be unequivocal, from

Ready, &c.

considering the senses of the

ideas, as they are explained
*'

Scotch

words,

conveying

these

by Dr. Jamieson

in separate articles.

To

To

loose, to disentangle, to unravel.

see,

Fools
clear,

ravel,
its

and

" wise

men Redd;" where we

"

how

it

passes into

meta-

phorical sense of Order, &c. from the idea of

Embarrassment

make " IFay, To put in Order. To Red thare renk, and rowmes thaym "'the way.' Doug. i.e. To clear their course; or, as we still ' say, To Red the way To Red or Red tip a House, to put it in
Confusion, &c,

To

Red, Redd, Rede, Rid,

To

to

'

" Order, to remove any thing out of tlie way, which might be " a blemish or incumbrance." " To Red up also signifies to put " one's person in order, to dress." This agrees with the sense

of the Italian Arredare,

"
''

"To

equip, adorn," &:c.

Again,
2.

Redd,
^.

removal of Rubbish. W. OwNRedd." " Red, Redd,

i.

Clearance,

obstructions.
1.

"Red,
oider,

Order.
in

Put

" cleared.

2.

Often put in the same sense as Ready.

6"

3. Distinct;

"as

1018
'*

^R. R.
to

\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T,X, Z.

as opposed

confusion, either in composition or delivery of

" a discourse.
" course,
is

One who delivers an accurate and distinct disThis, we see, brings said to be Red of his tale.''
let us

us to the sense of Rede, Talk; and

mark

the

word Delivery,

which

is

taken from the same metaphor of being Freed from an

incumbrance.
I

shall

shew, that Livrer and Liber, relating to Freedom or

Liberty,

belong to the Liber, the

Bark Liberare,
Hence
it

quasi Corticem

detrahcre, as

some have understood;

Latin of the Middle age,
'

but they have not seen,

is,

that Liber belongs to Limus, the Dirt.

that Liberare

means
' '

in the

To

equip, furnish, or to

Rid

out or Furnish a person with necessaries for his maintenance, as

cloaths,' &c.
;

and hence Livery, the dress of Servants, is derived. Menage says, that Livre'e signified in old Language, " ce qu'on " bailloit a quelqu'u-n pour son entretien et pour sa depense."
All

admit,

that

Livery means what was Delivered out, which

L/r^ry- Stables are places in which
In old English, Delievretie

brings us to the same point.

horses are Furnished w\th necessaries.

means
a Free

ylctivity,

or ^zhv>iness of motion, from the

state.

same

idea of
v.

unincumbered
see,

{Rowley

Poems, Tournament,

44.)

Thus we
meaning.

how

the

same metaphor

leads to terms of the

same

This sense of Rid, Red, &c.

To

dress, furnish, equip,

out,

&c. brings us to Array, Rig,

a Ship,) RAiment, Sec
;

(To Rig

the

RiGcing of

and

have before shewn, that

Wrigan,

Saxon, "
idea of
'

To

Rig, Tegere," &c. belongs to the same fundamental

Cast, throw, draw, turn up, out, away, aside, over, about,

'To

as the Dirt of the

Earth,' &c., whatever may be the precise

select

notion, which
peculiar word.
is

we should

as

directly

connected with this

it

When
tells

ideas are so intangled with each other,

in vain for us to separate

and distinguish.
"

Again

in Scotch,

as

Dr. Jamieson

us,

Red means

To

disencumber,

the

" same with English

Rid,

To

save, to

rescue

from destruc" tion

;

THE
**tion;"

EARTH.
"One who
clears

1019
away Rubbish^
employed
idea

and

RiE.DS=Maji,

"
'

a term particularly applied to those,

in

who
to

are thus

coal-pits."

Here we are brought

suppose in
to

the

very

and
pro-

action,

which

my
"
;

hypothesis.

Dr. Jamieson

duces
**

adjacent

these

words,

" Red,

To

overpower, master,
"
;

subdue;"

Red, " Afraid

R^DDour, " Fear, Dread

&:c.
;

Red,

*'

apparently Fierce, Furious,"

where we have the sense

Destruction, and not

of

Ridding or Routing, under the notion of

relates to

of Preservation.

In Scotch, as in other Dialects of the Teutonic,

the
Voice

Rede, &c.
&c.,

Discourse Counsel Judgement^

To Rede, To
to
this

"To
&c.
is

Red,
:

" large," &c.

&c.

To Counsel ;" " Rede, To

next

"

discourse, speak at
fate,"

Judge,
to

determine one's
in

The

word

Dr. Jamieson's

Dic-

tionary

Red, Rede, Read, "

To

explain, to unfold;

especially

" used with respect to an aenigmatical saying. Red jny Riddle " is a phrase, which occurs in old S. Songs. In an English copy " of Lord Thomas, we find Come Riddle my Riddle, dear " Mother, he said."
I

shall not attempt to

produce the various

forms, under which terms containing this train of ideas, occur in old English and the Teutonic Dialects as the Reader will from
;

hence understand the

turn of

meaning annexed

to

them,

as

Reckow, Reck, Reck/^^5, ^^wt-leas, (Sax.) Consilii expers, &c. Dr. Jamieson, under Reddour, observes, that Ruddiman has mistaken its sense, who explains it by " Violence, vehemency,
" stubbornness;" and his reason
is,

that Virgil has adopted the

I

word Metus,

in

the passage translated by G. Douglas.

is

imagine

however, that Ruddiman

right

in

his explanation;

and that

G. Douglas does not mean

general sense of the passage.
explains

to translate the word, but to give the

Skinner

in

one of
of thy

his Vocabularies

"Reddour, But

truly no force

Reddour, Vires
refers
it

" tuas et Vehementiam

parvi

restimo;"

and he

to

the

French Redeur for Roideur, Vehemcntia, from Roide, Violentus,

1020
tus,

^R. R.
It

\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.
Poems
*

&c.

appears to be used with this sense in the

attributed to Rowley.

Never,' says .tlla to Bertha on the day

wyth syke Reddoite

of his marriage, " Dydd I

fele joie

as

nowe."

(\>.

30.)

The

idea of Fear, however,

naturally

belongs to this race

of

words, denoting actions of Violence, as an effect of a cause ; and Dr. Jamieson accordingly explains Reede, Rede, by " To fear,
*

to

apprehend "
;

and Rad, "Afraid;"

In the

Raddour, and Radw^w,

" Fear, Timidity."

same column, where these words are, we have "Raddowre, Rigour, severity. Chaucer. Reddour, Vio"lence;" where, in the explanatory term Violence, we see the The succeeding term to Reed, sense of the word, as in Rowley.

To

fear, in

Dr. Jamieson,

is

Reed, the conjunction, " Lest," which,

imperat. of the
v.

as he

says,

"

is

most probably the

Reed."

In English junction
'

we

use 'For fear' in the same manner as the conas

Lest;

'Remind me, For Jear

should forget,

i.

e.

Lest

should forget.'

Why
it

Dr. Jamieson should fix

all

on the

Imperative mood, to the disparagement of

other moods, as the

source of a Conjunction,

is

not easy to conceive.

Such terms

are formed from impressions of the general sense, conveyed

by

the word, without any predilection in the mind of the inventor for

a particular mood, to which

it

should be referred.

**

"the name of some Being apparently of where I must leave the the Fairy kind," says Dr. Jamieson
In Scotch,

Rede

is

Scotch Mythologists to decide, from the qualities of the being, to which of the various turns of meaning annexed to our Element, as

Red, &c. the name should be

be regarded as the Sprightly
Destroying Being. Rad, " a general

referred,
JVise

whether the Rede should

the

the

Preserving or the

Dr. Jamieson refers the word to the Islandic

name given
as

to the Genii, supposed to preside

'over

certain

places,

Skogs-^AD, the Genius of the wood;

Imperare."

" Bergs-'R.AV, of the

mountain, from Rada,

The
Rada,

THE
Rada, Imperare, might bear
master, &c.
;

EARTH.
the

1021
as

same idea

Red,

To

overpower,

yet there

is

a class of words signifying

To
is

Rulej as
I

Rex,

REG/.y, Sec,

which are attached to another notion, as

In Scotch, another

have

already shewn.

name

for a Spirit

Wrachis,

Wraith,
" parition
Form,

Sec, which Dr. Jamieson explains by " Properly, an apin the exact likeness of a person,

supposed by the vulgar to

" be seen before or soon after death."

it

If this

word simply means

must belong
it

to Rethos, (PeScg,)

Rhode, &c., before ex-

plained, or
parallels.

may be referred to Rede, Rad, &c. &c. and its The term is sometimes used, "but improperly, to desupposed
to preside

" note a

spirit

over the Waters;" and hence

It
is

the designation fVater-WRAiGHT, says Dr. Jamieson.

not

easy to conceive,

how

a term familiarly used for any thing can

In the

be said
ley

to be used improperly.

Poems
by

attributed to

Rowand
that

we

have

" Waterre-Wytches,
explains

crownede

vvythe

Reytes;"

where

Chatterton

Reytes

" Water-flags,"
It
is

Dr. Milles

by " Wreaths of aquatic plants."

yet
suspect, that there

true,

Reeds would not be an improper covering for the head of these

Water

Spirits

JVithe-Reytes has been a corruption for

Spirits are

some mistake, and that Wraiths. The names of

is

commonly taken from their Destructive qualities, and such probably is the origin of Wrachis, Wraight, &c. In the same opening of Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary we have terms belonging to the same race of
v^'ords,

denoting Violence
&c., or

Destruction
to

Routing, &c.
"
is

&c., as

Wrack, Wrak,
sea,

thrown out of the

Reke, "whatever as broken pieces of wood, sea-weed,"

&., which belongs to our

word Wreck, signifying

Wrath,

Rake

Rout up
belongs

or about, so as to Break to pieces.

"Revenge, Vengeance.
to

Anger,
Wreek

Destruction,"

"Wraik, Wrak,
which

our word

Vengeance; Wrath, &c. &c.

annexed to Wraith, wiiich
Ruddi-

Tile consideration of these terms will perhaps decide the Scotch

Etymologist on

the

peculiar idea

1022

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
refers
it

Ruddiman has understood, when he

Infestare.

to the A.SJFrieth-att,

There
our

is

another word in the same opening of Dr. Jamieson's

Dictionary,

Wraith, which some

This sense
is

conceive
it

to

mean Waste; but

" Provision,
the race of words

Lexicographer imagines,

that

may

signify
to

" Food."

certainly

annexed

now

before us, though the notion appears very remote from the'

train of ideas,

which

am now
In

unfolding.

Nothing however

is

more easy and

" stock.

natural.

German, Vor-RATH means

which
belongs
to

"A
of,

Store,

Provision,"

&c.,

Rath,

Counsel,
just as

Thought, Sec, and means Fore-Counselled or Thought

Provision means Fore-Seen.

The term G^Rath

here

likewise

means
suc-

" Goods,
to the

stuff, tackling,

moveables;" and Ge-RATH<?,

"To

" ceed, prosper, strive."

We see
In Scotch

how we

are again brought

more general idea belonging

to this race of words, signi-

fying to Prepare, &c.

we have terms under

the

same

form, bearing a similar meaning.

Dr. Jamieson justly explains

Graith by "Furniture, apparatus of whatever kind or work, for

" travelling," &c. " used

then,
tion

and

in another sense, as to

he observes, "it
riches."

is

apparently as

equivalent

substance,

Thus,

"The

corn and

produced by our

Wraith of labouring men," in the quotaauthor, may mean "the Corn and all their
Dr. Jamieson
&c., yet
I

" Apparatus, &c. of property belonging to them."

has justly referred Graith to the

German Gc-Rath,

am

not quite certain, that he understands the connexion of that word with the two preceding terms in his Dictionary, Graith,
"
"

Ready, Prompt Straight, Direct, &c., and Graith, To Make Ready, to Prepare, to Dress, to put on military accoutrements;"
G^-RAED/a;z,
&:c.

yet he justly refers these terms to

(Su. G.) Expedire;

(Sax.)

Redj,

^^-Rad, (Sax.) Paratus, &c.

The Scotch
and
let

Graith,

in

the sense of Direct, straight, agrees

precisely with

the sense of the

German G^-Rad,

" Right, even, Di-Rect;"

THE
let us

EARTH.
G

1023

mark, how

Rad
is

agrees with the explanatory terms Right,

di-REcr.

We
:

unequivocally see

from hence, that the radical

has been derived from

form

in

^-Raith

Raith, and
this

that the
so,

the particle Ge

if

had not been

we

should have imagined

that Graith belongs to Geer,

In the

Poems
as
in

attributed to
it

and that the Radical form was GR. Rowle}^ Gratch is used for Dress or
to military

Apparel; and
nients,

seems particularly applied

AccoutrePFarriour's
v.

the explanation of Dr. Jamieson,

"

Yn
to

"
I

Gratch and
this

gear,"

(Metamorph.

v.

68,

and again
is

80.)

have before observed, that Rig, 'To Rig

race

out,'

be referred

to

of words.

Skinner has seen, that Rig has some

in Scotch,

relation to Rilitan

and Riht, Rectus, and Right; and Dr. Jamieson,

'

under a
'

term of similar meaning

has observed,
that
it

To Reik
German

out or
Richten,

forth,'

belongs to

the

Ordinare.

&c. &c., signifying Counsel Judgement,

the origin of the

The

race of words,

which

have unfolded, Rede,

Rath,

&c. &c., will direct us to

I

Greek RADA-Manth-us, which

conceive to be
the

a Teutonic combination, and to signify the

REHE-Man,

man,

who Redes, Rids Sifts

in

out Judicial matters, or any one engaged

affairs, as

an employment relating to such

Advocate, Judge,

Officer of a Court, &c. &c.

tonic,

In the various Dialects of the

Teu-

Rede, Rath, &c.

relates peculiarly to Judicial transactions,

as in

German, Rath, Richter, &c. &c. " Der Rath einer Stadt, " The Senator of a Town Einer Hof Rath, An Aulic Coun-

"
is

sellor

RATiis = Herr,

Senator, &c. &c.

as

RicHTer

in

Gerinan

Judge; and the verb Richt^-w,

fit,

we have
it;

seen,

means
frame,
I

"

To

adjust, adapt,
&i.c.,

or accommodate yourself

to, dress,

" di-RECT,''

as

my

Lexicographer explains

and

have

shewn, that such words as Ricnien,

cannot be separated from Rid,
*
'

To di-\\ECT, Right, &cc. &c. To clear out off awav, so

as to

make any

surface or thing

Right

Straight Proper Fit

'Pre-

1024
'

^R.R.\--C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

Dr. Jamieson has produced Prepared for any purpose,' &c. the judicial sense of these words in Rede, "To Judge, to deter'

mine one's
in the

fate,"

which he has justly referred

to

the Saxon

Raedan, Decernere, Statuere;

Raede, Lex, Decretum, &c. &c. &c.

exists,

But
I

Teutonic Dialects the very combination

as in

which

suppose in Rada-Man-/^-us;

the

Scotch

Radd=Man,

"A

Counsellor, a term formerly used in the Orkney Islands,"

The Radd=Man is in fact the same combination as Reds-Man, *' One who clears away Rubbish," used Dr. Jamieson has likewise two articles, Ragman, metaphorically. Ragment, and Ragman's T^ow or Roll, where we have terms
says Dr. Jamieson.
relating to Judicial

Proceedings,
to

which

signify,

as

imagine,

matters

belonging

the

Radd=Man.

Dr. Jamieson explains

Ragman

by "

long piece of writing, sometimes used to denote

" a Legal instrument, bond, or agreement.

An account, especially
;

" one given in order to a Judicial determination sense

" but

in another

we

are brought to the Person,

that the term

when our author

observes,

"
<

It

would appear,

Rageman

anciently signified

some
I

office allied to that

of a Herald, or rather of a Recorder.''

shall not attempt to

produce the various derivations, which

articles,

Dr. Jamieson has given of the words in these two

be-

tween which he sees no connexion. Dr. Jamieson is aware, that Rageman is a term used in our English Law, which, as he tells
us, according to Spelman,
is

"

statute concerning Justices, apto

" pointed by Edward

'

I.

and his council,

make

a circuit through

England, and to hear and determine

all

complaints of injuries,"
to

&c.

This Statute of

Rageman
turn

is,

we

see, the Statute relating

the appointment of Justices, or Judges.

There
idle

is

another

of meaning
I

annexed

to

the

word
It

Ragman, where we
denotes, as

are brought,

fear,

too apparently to the

and unmeaning Language of the Declamatory Pleader.

Dr. Jamieson
tells

us,

"

discourse resembling a

" rhapsody.

THE
**

EARTH.
collection
full

1025
of variety."

rhapsody,
the
in

loose declamation, a
railing

From
Pleader
Pierce

violent

language

sometimes

used

by the

matters of accusation,
to

Plowman

the Devil;

Rageman where we

has been applied by

unequivocally see the

Person.

Dr. Jamieson has produced this application of the word,

to

which he has referred

because the Devil

various terms attached to our Element,

signifying to Accuse, as JFregan, (Sax.) Rugen, (Germ.) &c. &c.,

is

called

"the accuser of the brethren."

These

word Arraign, belong to the general sense of the Element, and signify to Rout Disturb
terms, with the parallel English

Plague, &c.
pher,

" sie

The German Ruc^n is explained by my Lexicogra" To Denounce, divulge, make or render known, Er wollte nicht Rugen, he would not make her a public example (or put

" her to shame.) Eine vergessene sache wieder Rugen,

To

Stir

"the Mire,
thing;

to

Raise the remembrance of a thing forgotten;"

once brought to the idea of Routing up any
see,

where we are

at

and our author, we

has brought us to the original

action in the phrase " Stir the Mire." Let us

mark the explanatory

word Raise, which means nothing but

to

Rout

or Stir up.

From this sense of Swelling Declamatory language, annexed to the Rage=Man, Raddman.&c. might perhaps have been taken the name in Romance, Rodomonte, from which our word liodomo7itade
is

more immediately

derived.

produce however

in

another

place a different origin for this word.

I

The combination, which

in a

have supposed, appears

in various

Languages, both

bad and

Rageman, as applied to the Devil, we have a corresponding term in German Razman, which is adopted by Schiller, as a name for one of the Banditti in his Robbers. The word in its bad sense may perhaps recur to its more origiOur English name nal sense of the Redsman, the Scavenger.
good sense.

With

the

'

Raymund
our name

is,

imagine, this combination

is

in a

good sense;

and

Richmond

either a

compound

of the

same kind, or
it

60

026

^R. R.

'

.- C,D, G,

J,

K, Q,

S, T,

X, Z.

it

means the Rich=Ma}i.

latter

The Etymologists

derive the former of

these words from Reifi, Piiriis, and Miind,

and the

from Ric,
in

Os or Pax, &c. &c. Dives, and Mund, Os or Pax, &c. &c.

;

Raytnund appears
from a Legate of

Saxon under the form Ragimund

and

it is

this

name, that the Scotch Ragman's Roll

In Skinner's Glossary

is

supposed by some to be derived.

we have

Sageman, as a term attached

to the
fies

to

our English Law, which belongs

Saxon Sage-Man, Delator, from Saga, Dictum, which signiSaying-Maji,

referred

the

or us

Talking-Man.
to

Dr. Jamieson,

under

Raddman, has
Raddman,
rate the

Lagrateman, which means Lazv=

or, as

they put

it, Z,fl?x'=

Right=Man from

the

Right-Man. We cannot sepaRad=Man, the Counsel-Man. The

various combieither

diligent Etymologist will be enabled to discover

nations of our Element

to
tlie

RD, &c. and Man, which belong

the

original

idea

of the
of

metaphorical
the

sense

RedsMzw, RADDMa;z,
Glossarist,

the
the

Scavenger, or the

Lawyer.
is

Perhaps
a

name

of that

ingenious

RuddiM???,
the

combi-

nation of this kind.

In England

we have

name

of

Muddyas

Man, which has probably the same turn of meaning

REDsA/a.
sion
I

the

shall

not pursue

to
to

a greater length

my

discus-

on the terms belonging

our Element, which relate to

;

the train of ideas unfolded in this article

as

the observations

already

made
is

will

fully,

trust,

impress the Reader with every

for the elucidation of this

thing which
matter*.

necessary to be

known

* As there are some curious combinations, altogether unknown, of tlie Element LC, LG, &c., denoting the Judicial Personage ; I cannot forbear introducing, under the form of a Note, a few observations on this point. The preceding term in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary to Lag-Raet-Man is Lag-Man, the simpler form, which means the Laiv-Man,
or Laiiyer-Man.

Dr. Jamieson explains

it

by

"The

President in the supreme court

" formerly held in the Orkney Islands." From the Lag=Man, the Judge, or Laiv-Man, who decides the Fate of a criminal, we pass directly to the office of the Executioner,
another

THE
another Judicial character, or

EARTH.
inflicts
it
;

1027
and hence we have Lock=Man,
Dr. Jamieson
as if

Law-Man, who

Lok=Man,

Sec.

Scotch term for

Lok=Ma>i from the German Lockeii, without knowing it, to the origin which
Dempster, a Judge
;

"The Public Executioner." To Lock up, or Imprison but

;

derives

he were inclined,

have supposed, he refers us to the term

learn, that the office of Executioner and Judge were sometimes united in the same person. We here find the form of a petition in which a person having been appointed " Executioner and Lock- Man" prays to be

and under

this article

we

appointed Dempster, or, as

it

might have been, from the meaning of the terms, Lag=Man.

the

To

as denoting persons dispensing and enforcing the Tuscan term of Dignity, LuciziMones. Servius observes on this word, "Tuscia duodecim Lucomones habuit, id est, Rcges." and Bochart adds to this observation, " Alii Prsfectos et At-vt<rT! et Hyifto*^; explicant, id est,
this

combination of the

Lag=Men,

Laws

of a Country,

we have

" Punice

Sufetes."

{Geograph. Sac. p. 584-.)

In Dr. Jamieson, the

Lag=Man

is

called

the "President," ox Prafectus.

The

Sttffetes,

with

whom

Bochart compares the

Lucu-

him as Judices, and compared to the Hebrew Judges, w4io governed Israel, under the same name, Sophetim. We all know, that the name for Princely Power is perpetually connected with that of
are described by

MONES,

the Judge, or the Dispensers of

Laws and

of Justice

and hence

we

have such terms as

AiKflSirn'oXoi, cits

ie/jurTxt
)f.

n^o? Aio;

ei^i/jiTa..

(//.A.

238, &C.)
of Halicarnassus

The

remark, which the Commentators on

Homer produce from Dionysius

,-

on the above passage, is peculiarly adapted to illustrate this train of ideas, who tells us, that Greece was anciently governed by Kings not ruling as in barbarous nations, with despotic power, but according to the Laws and Customs of the Country ; and that he was considered as the best King, who administered Justice best, or who was the most
impartial, to
'

and most conversant with the Laws; and that from hence.
'

Homer

has applied of Justice

(*"

Kings, a term, which denotes

Justices

Judges'
E\^a<

Persons

who
it,

are conversant

in mattters

or, if

may
r,\i

so express

Laivt/crs or

Lag=Men.
m/zi/xwraro;'

Kxt a^x"'
xy.ra
JflXoi

ye
xai

a.vx.aa, cro^i,efiic-fcot;;

iZa.ai,\'.tlnt'

rXr)

my, u^m^ ra ^x^a^ic

Sxtrt>.tv(,
o

eSm, Stj-z-niyUf' a^^a

xai

vo;kov; re
^e
xcti

warfioi/;.

K.aP K^xrurre;

^ixaioraTO?

Ourfof

T(, xxXuv Tou,- BAIIAEIS, xcti EMIIITOAOYS. I ought not to Omit that \D\=Mani/ius, the RADD=^/a, or Judge, is likewise a King, who was so Rh celebrated for his imp.irtial administration of Justice, that he was made Judge of the Dead. shall not wonder, that Radd=M^;;, the Judge, has been derived from the term

Ai>uurTo\i>v<

We

Rid relating,
Rex,
0ixii7TsAoi,

as

conceive, originally to the Clearing

away of

Dirt,-

when we ob

serve, that these very terms AlKaoa7o^.oT

and

eifiinro>.ec, CAixao-iroXo,-,

Judex, qui jus tractat

reddenda jura versatur, Judex, ex Aikb, Jus et eifu?, Lex, ct iioXiw, Verto, Verso, Versor, Aro,) are derived from a word, which is acknowledged to signify the Turning up of the Ground hj Ploughing.
circa

Qui

leges

et

Festus gives us another sense of the

be

" Quidam homines ab insaniam

rent."
I

dicti,

word Lucumones, which he defines to quod loca ad que venisscnt, infesta rcddeyet
I

"

shall

not attempt to give the various opinions on this word;

shall

venture to propose one idea, which wjU perhaps decide on the question.

The Reader
has

1028
one sense
I

^R.

R.\--C,D,G,J,K,Q, S,T,X,Z.
which
I

has seen, that Ragman,

imagine to signify the Counsellor, &c., means in

a

"A

discourse, resembling

Rhapsody,

loose Declamation,"
,

imagine, that

Lucumones
If

in

its

sense of WilJness, Madness, Zic

&c. Now means the Wild

Rhapsodist or Declaimer.

the

Reader should be already inclined

to this idea, his

conviction perhaps will

be secured,
is

when he

learns,

that the term, according to the

explanation
a

of Scaliger,
verses.

actually connected

with Acuteness in Speaking or uttering

Rhapsody of

The

passage of Ausonius, in which the term occurs, contains

;

difficulties,

which

I shall

not attempt to adjust

yet
it

we

still

directly see the combination

of

theLucuMONis

acumen:

and

I shall

read

as Scaliger does, for the salce of his

interpretation,

' Scillite decies si cor purgaris aceto " Anticipesque tuum Samii LucvmOnis acumen."
Scaliger explains

the spirit of the passage thus cor purges

te
scillite

" Non
quod
tibi

poteris

eorum lenigmatum
saepe

" nodos
* '

solvere, etiamsi

aceto,

antidoti

vice

anticipare

soles

neque

etiamsi,

si

eo praemuniveris, quod est

insanus."

acumen ad versus

facien-

dos,

qui es

LucuMO

et

This explanation
the
Laivijer

is

extremely curious;

and

we

shall

not wonder,

that the

name of

should be connected with the

Rhapsodist of Verses, when

;

we remember,

that the Laius

were sometimes written in

and hence it is, as many have supposed, that No^io?, Lex, Cantilena, &c. means Verse I must observe, before I take my leave of this word, at once a Law and a Bong. Tarquinius Priscus, a Tuscan, who may be considered as laying of that the original name
the foundation of

Roman
as

Polity,

was
to

Lucu=MoN,

which denoted,

as I imagine, the

Lag=Man,
country.

either

peculiar

his

To

the

same

combination

Lock=Man, with

terms in Wilkins under the name of Heetopades, have been called likewise Sarma, published by Mr. the Fables of PUpaij or Bidpay, and Lock-Man. Though I have not the means of
their parallel

own office, or as a common name in his we must refer our surnames LLicK=MAN, the Teutonic Dialects. The Fables oi Veesfmu

tracing

out

the

history

of these

names,

yet

shall

venture

to

conjecture,

that

was the work passed in through which tlie process Dialect, of Teutonic some obtained from Whether Sartnain the name Languages. Veeshnu various into its numerous translations Sarma means a Judge or Counsellor, I know not; yet I cannot but observe, that in Sanscrit Dherma is the Goddess of Justice. The term Derma belongs to the Greek the Scotch Dem-ster, and a great Tliemis, (0!fti-,) the English Deem, To Judge, think,

Lock=Man

denotes the

Lag=Man,

the Counsellor, &c., and that this appellation

race of parallel words in various Languages.

RC,

Til

^RTH.

1029

RC, RD, &c.

Terms

Kek

^.)

Ray.
(Pers

RosHtN,
Scratches

lioxANA.

Or.

Marks Lines Traces Tracks Courses, &c.

or over the sur-

relating to the idea of

&c.)

Rod

Rud/5 Rood,
Long
Stick;

The Radiant

Beauty.
&c. (Fng.

Lat. and Eng.)

The Line

connected with the action of

or

certain

Raking up

face of the Ground, so as to

Length or measure of Land. Road Route, &c. (English,

form Rasures, Ruts, &c.

Fr. &c.)

Ride, &c. (Eng. &c.)

To

pass

Rado,

Rasi,

RAS^r,

Rase,

on the Road.

e-RASE,
See. See.

RAsiren,

RAYeren,

&c. (Lat. Fr. Eng.

Race, (Eng.) A Course. Rack. (Old Eng.) The Course

of the Clouds in motion.

Germ. Belg.) Rut. (Eng.)

Reige. (Germ.)
Sec.

line, Ftirrozv,

RCH. RKB.

(Heb.) Air in Motion.

(Heb.)
(Ar.)

Radius, Ray, &c. &c. (Latin,

Fr. &c.)

RKM.

To Ride. To Ride.
Travelling,

RAYon.
field,

(Fr.)

Furrow

in

Resum.

(Ar.)

the

Leaving

Traces

on

a Ray.

Rad/o, &c. (Latin,)

or be

To

shine

Ground.

RZM.

(Heb.) Ploughing.
&c. &c. &c.

RADiant. (Eng.) &c. &c.

JL

SHALL consider
to

in this article those terms,

especially

the

sense

of

Scratches Marks Lines Traces

which

relate

more

Tracks, Sec, connected with the notion

of KAKi?ig up or

over

Scratching up or over the surface of the Ground, so as to form

RASures, Ruts, &c. &c., without the idea of Violence and

Com-

motion,

1030
motion,
Violence and

^R.
annexed

R/ -C, D, G, J,
to

K, Q,

S, T,

X, Z.
express

that

action.

The
fully

terms,

which

Commotion have been

;

explained in the former

it

parts of
to

my Work
simple

and when therefore,

in

is

necessary for
is

me

examine words,
the

which the idea of Violence

I

connected
portion
arti-

with

action,

shall

enlarge only on

that

of the sense,
cle.
I

which relates to the subject of the present

of arrangement
still

The

difficulty

occurs

to
I

us;

and
the

shall

be obliged to produce many words, which

have beis

fore

exhibited.

The

first

term

wiiich

presents

itself

explanatory

know,

to

word above adopted, Rasure, belonging, as we Rado Rasi, and to a great race of words, to be found
Languages, which
I

in various

have before frequently produced,

Rase, Erase, Razor, &c, (Engl.) Raser, Rasoir, Rayer, (Fr.) Though in Rasare, (Ital.) Rasiren, Rayeren, (Germ.) &c. &c.

some senses of these words we

action,

see the idea of the

most violent
;

To Raze
we
see

out, &c., as in

Root

up, &c.,

Rout, &c.
explains

yet in
or

others

simply

the

notion

of Scratch
seen,

Mark Line
Scratch

Rasure.

R. Ainsworth, as

we have
up.

"To

Shave.

To

Scrape,

Scratch
see
as

Rado by To Rub against; To

of Rad///5 and
this

" Grate."
Streak;
appears,

In

Khmus we
unequivocal

the idea of the

the relation

Line
Rado
and

and
yet

some have not acknowledged

it,

relation,

even those, who have suggested

the nature of the derive R.ad/5 from Rabdos,
it

do not seem to understand

general affinity between these words.

(Pa<Jo?,
its

Some
refer

Virga)-;

and others, who

to

Rado, consider only

which they

particular sense of

"A

strike or

" stricklace,

use in

measuring corn," as being the

instrument,
is

Scratch Streak Stroke, or Litie;" and hence that oi Rad/5 means " A Beam of the Sun A Ray the RAuius of a Circle
"a.
it

"quo mensurse

Raduntur.''

The

original

sense of

" the Spoke of a wheel

kind,
if
I

Rod

or

Staft','

an object of a L/^-like

may

so say.

Let us mark the terms Strike and Stricklace,

THE
lace,
I

EARTH.
Stroke
for
to the

1031
the same reason.

which belong

to

Streak and

shall

shew, that Streak, Stroke, Strike, &c. belong

&c.,

Element
"Linea,
in Sulcus

STRK, SRK, TRK,

Scratches

as denoting

Tracks,

Traces,
signifies

Trickings,

upon the Dirt.

In

German, Reige
it;

"Sulcus lineariim," &c., as Wachter explains

where

we have

the original idea.

perceive, that in

We

some

of the parallel words to Rad/5, the

is

second consonant of the Radical

lost,
it

as

in

Ray, Rayon, (Fr.)

Rayo, (Span.) though the record of

others
it

is

preserved in the

T;

in

is

retained, as

in

the French Rais, the Italian Raggio,

of Light,
see,

&c.

From

the

Ray or
as

Rad///a

comes, as

we know,

Rad/'o,

To
is

be 'RATjiant;
it

and thus we
should
seem,

how

a term for an

idea

so

remote,

from Scratches

Ground,

derived from that source.

upon the " Raie of Gold, Bracteola

oculos Irradiantis,"

" metalli fulgentis ac subita luce belongs to

Rad/.s-,

hominum
is

Rayon, Szc, as the Etymologists agree.

The

original idea annexed to

Rad/5
though

accurately expressed

by the
Lexico-

French Raie, wliich

placed as his last
order, "

siiall

interpret in the
I

words of

my

grapher M. Deletanvillci

begin with what he has sense, and shall thus proceed in the contrary
shall

Furrow.
His
first

Streak.

Stripe.

A
is

Dash upon
a
its

writing,

"
is

Line."

sense of this word

so called from the

Rough

Furrozvs

Thorn-back, which
back.

upon

Under

we have the name of a plant called Cockleweed, which in German is 'Ra'dch. This term Khnen is adjacent in my German Vocabulary to RAD/'/tv/, " To Raze
the form

Raie

in

English

Erase, Scrape or Scratch out."

cally belong to each other;

These words, we

?^qq,
is

unequivo-

and probably theRAD^w

the noxious
refers

weed, which ought to be Razed or Torn up.

Lye
Lye

these " nihil

like-

terms for the " enim

\\

eed to Racier, Citatus, or

festinantiusque succrescit."

Vu^ioq,

Facilis,

facilius,

records

wise the Belgic Harick, Ilederick, which belongs to the form of

the

1032

^R. R.\--C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T,

X, Z.
"^R,

the Element '^RK with the breathing before the

see from what source the

We

now

name

Hederic,

known

to

our School-

Greek Vocabulary, is derived. The French Rayo, belonging to RavIus, " A Ray or Beam," is brought to its original sense when it denotes "A Furrow in
boys,
'as

the

writer

of a

"

a.

ploughed Jield," as
In Shakspeare,

my

Lexicographer explains
or

it.

Razed

Raced means Radiated

or Streaked.

" Would not this, Sir, and a forest of feathers, (if the rest of " fortunes turn Turk with me,) with two provincial roses on
"

my my

Razed

shoes, get

me
or

a fellowship in a cry of players. Sir?"

(Hamlet.)
originally

A
a

Raze

Race

of Ginger, seems to have

meant
of

Root,

as the

Commentators on Shakspeare underA.

II.

stand.

(First

Part of Henry IV.

have before observed.

S. i.)

The

relation

Rad/a: to Rado, brings us to the Spot, from which they are both
derived, as
I

In the Dialect of the North,

a horse's face," as Mr.

Raifch
explains

is

"A

snip of white in

Grose

it;

Streaks Lines.

and Ratched means Spotted.

Glossary,
I

is

These terms signify The preceding term to Ratched, in Mr. Grose's Ratch, "To Tear in pieces;" and in the same page

A Rauk with a pin; a Scratch or " Rake with a pen,"" Rake, A Rut, Crack, or Crevice;" and " To Rake a Fire " " Ratten, A Rat," which means xheScratcher.
find

Rauk,

"To
;

Scratch.

find

likewise
in

Rash, Corn, which

the straw, that
it

Mr. Grose
falls

explains

by

" Corn so dry

out with handling."

Rash belongs
pieces,

to

Ratch,

"To

tear to pieces;"

To

separate into
is

parts and pieces;

and Rash Corn means Corn, which

Broken to

or Separated from the stalk, in Handling

Crumbly Corn,
;

as

we might
In

express

it,

or

Corn

easily
its

Crumbled

to pieces

where
or

the term Crumble relates to Dirt in

Persian,

Broken

state.

Rekhsh

(jiicL^ signifies

" Lighting.

A Ray

" reflection of Litrht

Face marked with moles."

In the sue-

ceeding column of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary

we have Rekhne

THE
aX:Lj

EARTH.
;

1033
jtii aXs^j

fracture, a notch (in a sword, knife, &c.)

Rekhne

"Broken, notched, cracked, dissolved, pierced;" where we have the n, an organical addition to the K; as in Regwmo, {Pvyvvu, Frango.) Mr. Richardson in his English Dictionary, under
Dar,
" Score, (Line drawn,)" gives us, as the corresponding Persian

Thus we see, how RAD^i- and Regwmo, (Ptj^h^w, The succeeding Frango,) belong to the same train of ideas. words to ^JJsLj Iiekhsh, are \si^sLj Rekhsha, (^U/^j Rekhshan,
word, Rekhne.
Shining,

Flashing;

and
air,

the

preceding
cheek,

terms

are

ojly^^sLj

RuKHSARE, "The
*

mien,
large

face;" _;U*K2k; Rukhsar,

The Cheek,
from

especially

and round.
for the
is

The
or

Face."

We
In

here plainly see, that the

derived
the
idea of

name
what

Face or Cheek has been

Brilliant.

RAoiant

same cokimn of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary we have Rekh, " A Groan. A Disease, distress. The sound of -i; j\^\ Afraz, "a musical instrument. Rukh, A Cheek;" Rukh, "The protuberant part of the Cheek. Rukh, The Rook or
the

Here we have the Cheek, as belonging to the idea conveyed by RADiant, RadIus, and the Noise and Annoyance, as belonging to that conveyed by Rado, which
"

Tower

at chess.

Hero."

relates

to

the action of Scratching or Grating

upon a Surface.

In the sense of the

Rook

or

Tower, and the Tall Hero, we have

object.
for

the

RAiSED-up,

RiDGE-like

The

Persian Scholars will

i^jSi^jj

now

understand, that the

name

Day, jjj Ruz, and

bright,"

Rushen,

"Light,

splendid,

luminous,

&c.

\J<^j

Rushena, " Light, splendor," belong to

Rekhshan, RAniant, kc.

Rekhsh, the Ray. Mr. Richardson has justly observed, that RosHEN or RosHENA, was " the name of one of the queens of " Alexander the Great, called by the Greeks, Roxana." Thus

we
to

see,

what

imagine

we
is

little

supposed, that Roxana belongs

Rad/m5, under the idea of the

Radiant Beauty.
means
at

Again

in

Persian.

(SjJ

^^^^y,

which

quasi Ruj,

once "

jour-

"

ne}'.

034

^R .R. \- C, D, G,
The

J,

K, Q, S, T, X,Z.
air,

" ney, a progress;" and "

see the

Face,

mien," &c.

where we

two senses of the Road, &c. marked

out, RADe7ido terram,

and the RADia7it object. In the following curious passage some of the words, which I have above produced, are assembled, and
are introduced, as
to
if
I

they were attached to each other, according

my

hypothesis.
is

must beseech the Reader

and
is

to believe, that

my

quotation

in existence,

faithful.

Byaz Ruy tu Rushter az Rekh Ruz, " The Brightness of thy " face is more splendid than the cheek of Day.' (Jones' Persian

Here Ruy, RusHMi^r, Rekh and Ruz denote the Face More Splejidid Cheek and Day. Road directly brings us to the Spot, supposed in my hypoGram.
p.

27.)

thesis
is

and

it

denotes the Track

Line Course,
I

Path, &c., which

or Scratching

made by

the action of

Raking up

Routing up
think, that

up any surface; as the Ground, kc.

ceive in the

we may

per-

word Road this peculiar idea. In Rout, Iter, via> we have this sense more strongly exhibited. Hence " La Route " d'un Vaisseau" is the Track or Course of a Ship. Rout is the intermediate term, by which Road and Rut are connected.

Road and Rut differ in point, that Road relates

the

nothing from each other but in this

rather to the Path or Track formed by
the Feet in travelling.

Koviing up
is

of the

Ground by

Skinner

derives Rode, Via equestris, from Ride.

ceive,

To Ride, as we per-

to

pass

or Travel

on the Road.

The Etymologists
Riiden, Ritter, Renter,

produce the parallel terms to Ride; as Ridan, Rad, (Sax.) Ryda,

(Isl.) Ride,

(Dan.)

Reiten, Reisen, (Germ.)

justly

(Belg.) &c. &c.

The Etymologists
to
this

remind us of the Latin

Junius has

Rheda, which belongs

articles
'

race of words.
find,

two
the

for

Rode,

in

one of which we
Incursio in

"

Rode

into

Enemies' Countrie.
to Roder, (Fr.)

agrum hostilem;" which he

re-

fers

Roden, Rotteyen, (Belgic) Concursare; the

Greek

THE EARTH.
Greek Rothein,
Vodeiv,

1035
O^f^xv,
r^sx^iv,

which Hesychius explains by

the

and the Welsh Rhodio, Ambulare.

enemies' countrie, Incursio,
is

The phrase Rode into the making of an /-Road, as we

Violence,

express

it;

where we see the idea of

annexed to

this

race of words.

In another article he has 'Rode for ships,' which

Skinner likewise places separately, and which they refer to the Belgic Reede, Ree, the French Rade, and the Danish Rei, &c.
In Persian, d\j or oj Rauh,
'

Ruh,
is

means "

A Way,

Road,
"
;

a path

"
;

^-jI

dIj

Rauh Ab

"

An

aqueduct, a canal, conduit

where we are brought

Dialects of the Celtic

to the idea of the

Rut

or Hollow.
is

In

these words the second consonant of the Radical

I

lost.

In the
for Via,

find in

Lhuyd, among the terms

the Armoric Rut, the Irish Rod, Ruis.

Irish Dictionary
I

In Mr. Shaw's Galic and

find

"

A Way, Road."
a
field;"

Rad or Rod, "A Way, Road;" and Ruis, The succeeding word to Rod is Roc, " A
in

" Plain,

and

the

same

column

find

Rodadh,

" Lancing, Scarifying," which brings us to the idea of Cutting Mr. Shaw explains Raith by " He went." Furrows, Ruts, &c.
In Welsh,

Rheidr

is

a Knight, corresponding with Ritter, (Germ.)

and Rider, says Mr. Richards.

f^in

Rhodio

is

to

Walk, which the

Lexicographers in that Language have compared with the Hebrew

Radaph,

To

follow, to pursue.
it,

Mr. Parkhurst explains

" as an

in

This Hebrew word means, as one sense, to " Follow, pursue. Chase;

enemy does

" which belongs to the terms of annoyance.

The succeeding word to Rade, in the French Dictionaries, is Radeau, "A Raft, a float made of Timber," which the Etymologists

have justly referred to the Latin Ratis;

and we

shall

now

understand, that both these words signify the object, which makes Routes, Ruts, Tracks or Furrozvs upon the Water. The idea of

we know, connected with that of making Furrozvs on the Ground, as To Plough the ocean, Arare JEquor Sulcare Mare, &c. Some of the Latin Etymologists have conSailing
is

perpetually,

jectured,

1036

^R. R.

.-C, D,G,J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z.

called,

jectured, that

Ratis has been so

to

"quod Radat Aquam,"

which has the same meaning.

tionary of

The
"

succeeding terms in the Dic-

Menage

Radeau are Radier, Radizvagon, Radoter.

In old French the expression

which Le Duchat explains by

Radier from Radius.
of Carriage, which

Un beau " Un feu

in

Radier de feu" occurs,

clairj"

and he derives

Radiwagon

old French signifies a sort

they have referred to Wagen, (Germ.) corre-

sponding with our word Waggon, and Rad, (Germ.) Une Roue.

The Rad in this word &c. the German Rad,

Roiie;

the Latin
a

Rheda, the Greek Rede, (PtJr,) Wheel the Latin Rota, the French
;

where the second

letter of the

Radical

is

lost, all

denote

the object, quod

'

Radix Terram, &c,

to

RADof^r, "

To

talk

madly
to our

or

idly,"

may belong
;

the

race of words

attached

Element,
about, &c.

denoting

Agitation

Commotion Confusion,
its

To Rout

but whatever be

origin,

it is

certainly not derived

It

from Herodote or Herodotus, as some imagine.

belong to the English Dote, as others suppose. expressed by Radoteur was formerly written Redouble;

may however What is now

from

whence we might

conjecture,

that

it

belong?

to the

word suc-

ceeding Radoter in the Dictionary of Menage, Radouber, which Redouber is used for Etouper ; and signifies 'To Repair a Ship.'
to that

word

it

is

supposed to belong.

If

this

be the case, the

Redoubte will the Etoupe, the old man, whose faculties are Stuffed

up

Clogged,

&c.

With

this

idea

the

passages

quoted

by

Le Duchat perfectly accord, " Veillars Rfdoubtez et Pesans," and " Redoute et He'be'te en vieillesse." While I am examining these French words Rade, &c. I cast my eyes on the terms belonging to Radius, Ray, Rado, &c. &c., as RAoieux, KAniant,
Raire,

To

Shave; as likewise on Rais, the Spoke of a Wheel;

Raiz or Rez, Raiz Pied, Terre, " Even or Level with the ' Ground;" where we are directly brought to the Spot supposed
in

my

hypothesis.

Race,

THE
my
hypothesis
;

EARTH.
at once to the spot,

1037
supposed
in

Race, Cursus, again brings us

and we unequivocally sec the idea of the Course

&c.

Route

Road,

The
d.

Etymologists

derive

it

from Rannen,

Rennen, (Belg.) "q.

Ranee, Rence, eliso propter

Euphoniam n."
the

Run, Rennen,

Sec.

belong to our Element

RK, RnK, where

Razza,
(Ital.)

n was originally only an organical addition to the K. Race, Genus,

Stirps, with
its

parallel terms,

Race, (Fr.)

Raza,

the Etymologists have considered as directly belonging to Radix,

which appears on the

3'et
I

first

view to be an indubitable conjecture

must observe, that these words seem rather to be connected

with the metaphorical application of the sense conveyed by Rado, than of that conveyed by Radix.

They seem

to have the

same

metaphor as Line,
'

'

Sprung from the same

'

Lifie,

The

Line of

Descendants,' as denoting a

Continued

Regular Course of De-

scendants, succeeding each other.'

Thus, then, Race, signifying

Motion and a Family, will exhibit the sarne idea of a Course.

In Spanish,
**

Raza means "Race,

generation, branch of a family.

Quality of Cloth and other things.

Ray,
or

a beam of light;"
at once a

where we perceive, that the same word denotes

Family, and a Ray, Rad/w5, or Line.

Race

or

prom
the
Soil,

the idea of a Certain

Race
they

Family,

we have

the

sense of Kiiid, Sort;

to

hence

we have Race, Racy,

retain

as applied to

Wines, &c. when

the original flavour

peculiar to their Sort or Kind, &c.

Junius has adopted a similar

I

metaphor respecting the origin of Race, which

have exhibited.

After giving the ordinary derivation from Radix he adds, "Nisi " forte malis esse ex A. S. Rcecan, Porrigere, Extendere, quod
" familix
*'

propago se in longam Lineam extendat unde quoqueProgenies Gallis Lignee, et Lignage. H. Legnaggio dicitur."
adds, moreover, that
to
this idea

He
"

perhaps belongs the term

Haracium, which

Spelman

explains

by

"Vivarium Equinum,
septis

i.

equorum equarumque greges generandi causa

inclusi

"

q. d.

1038
*

^R. R. ' .-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T,

X, Z.
The French

q. d.

A Race

of Horses. G.

Haras. H.

Razza.^'

Haras, and the Italian HARAc/wm must be referred, I imagine, I ought perhaps to suggest, that possibly the to Herd, &c. original idea annexed to Radix might be that of the Rad/^, the Litte, or Lengthened-out Rod or Stem of the Plant and yet we
;

see, that Rad/;^

may be

considered as the substantive of the term

of Violence, aRAoere,

To ^Radicate, To Root
From Radix
its
is

or
it

Rout
is

up.

When

kindred ideas are so involved with each other,

in vain

to attempt their separation.

directly taken

the

English word Radish, with

Retig, (Germ.)
(Pa<J<|,)

parallel

words

Radic,

(Sax.)

Radiiss, (Dan.)

Radiis, (Belg.)

the Greek Radix,

which, according to Varro, says Skinner, signified the

Tiie

same
(Pa^<|,

as Rhaphanus.

Greek Radix, as denoting the Branch,

most
fully exhibits the

Ramus,)

consider on another occasion.

in Spanish,

The Element RS
which
I

sense,

have unfolded in Rake, Rase, Raser, Rado, &c.

"

we have Rasar,
*

To

measure corn with a

strickle.

to

Thus To Touch
off

" another lightly.

Rasion,

The

act of

Shaving or taking
Powder.
Scar,

Hair with a Razor. Reduction of any hard body " Rascar, To Scratch, to Scrape; Rascunar,
" Scratch, to Scrape;
**

To

to

to Lacerate

'i

Rasgar, To Tear asunder, to Refit, to Claw, Rasgo, Dash, Stroke, &c. R.ASGimar, To Scratch,
;

" to Scrape ; RASpar, To Scrape, to Pare off; Rasp^, Beard of " an ear of corn. Rasp, A course file," which will shew us, that
our term Rasp, belonging to
action of Scratching
this

Spanish word,
I

is

attached to the

on the Ground, as

suggest in another place

and

let

us

mark

the sense of the " Beard of an Ear of corn,"

which
rallels,

will confirm

my

former conjecture, that

belongs
to

Ear and

its

pa-

with the Latin Arista,

Ear, (Eng.)

To

Plough, Aro, &c.;

Harrow,
I

&c., Herse, &c. &c., as denoting the

quality of Scratching, derived from the action of Scratching

up the

Era,

(Efa,)

Earth.

do not mean to say, that Ear, &c. and

Raspa

THE
Raspa
directly

EARTH.
of them belong

1039
more

belong to each other, but to shew, that they are both

attached to the same idea.

They each

directly

to their several forms '^R, '^RSp;

ultimately belong to

though we know, that these forms each other. We have likewise in Spanish

RASTRar, or ARRASTRar, To Drag or Carry along; and RASTRa, " Sled or Sledge, a carriage without wheels, the act of Dragging " along; A track or mark left on the Ground. Rake," which

will

the

shew us, that Hearse, the Carriage, probably belongs to Herse, the Harrow, as I conjecture in another place;

RASTR^ar,
" Ground;

To

Trace, &c.

Rastro,

''

Track, a

mark

left

on the

Rastillar, Rastrillar, To Hackle or Dress Flax; Rastrallar, To Clack with Rastrillo, Hackle, Rake.

"a Whip;"
race of words.
I

where we have the idea of Noise annexed

in the

to this

same column with Rastro the term Ratina, "Ratteen, a kind of Woollen cloth, woven like Serge. " Musk-Mouse;" which corresponds with the French Ratine and
find

likewise

the English Ratteen, before explained.

In

the next column of

we have Rauta, "A Road, way, Rout;" Raudo, "Rapid, Precipitate;" where we have the idea of Violence, which we have seen belonging to these terms, Rayar,

my

Spanish Dictionary

Rayo, Ray, beam of light; " Radius, the semi-diameter of a Circle Raz^^o, Coarse Cloth, " made of Tow;" where we have the idea of Rough, Raza,
'
j

To

form Strokes, to draw lines;

" Race, Generation, Branch

'

of a family, Quality of Cloth and

light,"

other

things

Ray, a Beam of
signifies

before

produced.

In

Italian,

Razza

"A

Race, Generation;"

and RAzzare,

"To

Shine forth, and

To

Stamp, as horses;

Razzo,

Beam,

" or Ray;

Razzo,

Squib; Razzen/^, Tart, Sharp;

KAzzimatOy

" Decked, Attired; Razzmo/o,

"To

Scrape,

To

Spoke; Ruis de Roue; RAzzolare, Search into;" where, however diflferent the

senses of these words

may

appear,

we have

still

the fundamental

idea

1040
we have
Attire,

^R. R. \'-'C,

D, G, J, K, Q, S,T,X, Z.
In the Squib

idea of Scratching upon

or Stirring up a surface.

the notion o{ Excitement;

and
If the

in

the explanatory word

which

belongs to
is

Tirer,

To Draw

Lines,

we

see,

how
been

the sense of Decked

derived.

interpretation had

Tricked up,

To

Trick

is

neations,

as

we To we
is.

should have had precisely

Trace out

the

same metaphor.

To
it.

express
it is

make ornamental Lines or DeliTo Draw, we know, bears the

same metaphor, and

tions, as Trick

applied likewise to Ornamental Delinea-

To Route,
observed, which

the Course,

belongs Rout/^, as
in

have before
denote the

we have adopted
in

our'

Language

to

ordinary Course
plains

which things move.

from whence

My

Lexicographer exsuppose, that

RouTine by Rote;

we might

Rote has the same origin as Rout/^, and that it means the Route, usually marked out. Thus, 'To Get a thing by Rote, as * a Parrot,' would mean To get a thing by a sort of Routine,*
or
'
'

To

get a thing by the Constant Habit of Going over

it

again

and again, as a person Goe^ over the same established Route ot

Road.' Skinner expresses Rote by
'

'

Wrote,
I

as

if

from tVrite

and he imagines, that

To Get a thing, or Speak by Rote,' means have shewn, that

" Praeter vel citra Scriptum recitare."

Write

belongs to the form of our Element "^RT, under theideaof Stirring

up or Scratching the
the
'

Earth

into Tracks

Traces Lines, &c., for

(Fr.)
as

same reason that Exaro, To Plough up the Ground, signifies have shewn, that Ratw, Rations, (Lat.) To Write.' I
Raison,

Reason, (Eng.)
&c.

Ration,
or

&c.
idea

&c. &c. have the same fundamental

Rate, (Eng.) Route, Routine,

The
in

certain

Way Track

Road.

R. iVinsworth explains
.

Ratio

one of

its
is

senses by Way.

" estate, which

not noble.
to

The French RoTwr^, " An The Commoners in any country."

for a similar reason, that Racaille^

RoTunVr, &c. belongs

Rabble,
trash, &c.

Rout,

belongs to Racier,

To Rake,

&c. &c.

The
French

THE

EARTH.

1041

French Etymologists bring us to a similar action, when they

derive the word from Ruptura, Culture de terre.
iiave justly

reminded us of Rout, a
its

The Etymologists Confused Company, or Heap of

I

people, and

parallel

terms, which

have referred to the verb

as Turba, the

Rout

up,

To Rout

up the dirt in a confused state;

crowd, belongs to Turbo,

To

Disturb.

belongs to Radius, under the idea of the Line or Length. Skinner places Rod or Rad, " Mensura 16 pedum cum dimidio,"

Rod

and Rod

in separate articles.

The former Rod

;

or

Rad

he refers

to the Belgic Roede, Roedstock,

which he derives from the Latin

as from

Radius, or the

English

Rod, Virga
in

Virga

has

been

formed the barbarous word

-sure of

Latin Virgata, which means a

refers to the Belgic Roede,

MeaRoeye,

Land.

Rod, Virga, he

Roedstock, the

German

Ruthe, which he thinks

may be
to ^xov

derived

from the Latin Rudis.

" ^a-TTi^eiv."

Mjnshew

refers Rod, as Skinner tells us,

Tra^a
I3a.^i^eiv

to the Latin Rabdos,{yuQoq,')

"et hoc vel

vel

We
it

perceive, that

Rod, Rad, or Rood, the Measure of

supposed
in

Land, brings us at once

to the Spot,

my
we

hypothesis;

and that

means a

certain Strip

of Land, as

express

it,

a certain Length or Measure.

to

Rudis should probably be referred

Rod, though

the Etymologists have supposed with

some proIn

bability, that

Rudis, Virga, belongs to the adjective Rudis, as the

" Virga, nativa, impolita, ut est a stirpe revulsa."

Greek, says Martinius, Raude,
(Pau(5ij,)
is

modern
arisen

Rod;

and hence we

might conjecture, that the

from the vowel breathing
sonant of the same organ b

b in

Ra6dos,

(Pa^Sog,)

may have

U
;

having been converted into the con-

and therefore, that RAboos,

(PaQSog,)

should be referred to the Race of words

In

now

before us.
in

the

same opening of
is

my

French Dictionar}',

which

Rouage, Rouet, and i?OM^, a Wheel ;"/?o//r. To Roast Meat; Kuade, A horse's kick" ing, spurning or wincing; Rude, Hough, Hugged, Rue, A Street,
the term Routure

found,

perceive likewise

6Q

" Lane,'"

1042

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
fling,

"Lane; Ruer, To throw, to "or winch, as a Horse, &c.

;

to

kick, to spurn, to

wince
RugiV,
street
;

Rug/;z^, a Surgeon's Rasp;

;

"To
*'

Roar;

Riiine,

Ruin, &c.

Ruisseau,
Ruse, Ruse,

kennel,

" kennel

; A

Rivulet, a brook
to

artifice,

stratagem

RusTflwrf,

Clownish;"
7?w^,

which we may add " Rustre, Aclown,

;

"&c. jRuT,
" Flax or

Copulation
is

RuTofr, Standing water, in which

Hemp

steeped," which

must

all

be referred to the

same

train of ideas,

however

different the senses of these

words

may
'

appear from each other.

"Rotir, To Roast Meat,

is

To

burn, to parch, to toast bread,"

derived from the

CorRuoATED
Rug^e

Surface, or

the Surface Shrivelled or Parched up into

Routes, (Fr.) Ruts Furrows, Sec. &c. The French Etymologists derive Rot/V or RosT/r from the German Rost, a Gridiron. This German word is the derivative from Rost^w, To Roast, and
not
the original.
is

Rosten

signifies

moreover

in

Rust, which
that

derived from the

same

train of ideas.

German to The French

Etymologists inform us likewise on the authority of Buxhornius,

Rhost
is

which
"

an ancient British word of the same meaning, evident from the name of the Armoric King Dr^wRosT,
is

Ab

Ustis oculis, vel Usto vultu.''

Lhuyd, under Torreo, gives

us the Armoric " Rosta,

To

Roast,"

and the

Irish

Rosdam ;

and

under 'Tostus' we have the Cornish Rostias, and the Irish Rosta. The Latin Torridus, which signifies " Parched, burnt, scorched, shall shew, that the I torrid," means likewise " Shrivelled."
explanatory word Scorched belongs to Scratched. The French Ruer,To Throw, to Fling, is derived from the Latin

Ruo, which

signifies likewise

might have been explained. RuiTwm and Rutmw, the form

signifies

"To throw, or tumble;" or, as it To Rout about here and there. In

RT

appears.

Ruo
;

in

one sense

"

" Se Ruer

To Rush, to run headlong," sur To fall or Rush upon;"

Ruer

&c.

and so does Ruer, where, in Rush, we see

of

another

of our terms.

in the sense

'To

Kick,'

Sec,

means

THE
where the form
Ruo,

EARTH.
;

1043
we have Ruade,

means 'To Rout about with the

feet

'

and hence

RT

appears.

In Ruina, Ruin, Ruine, (Fr.) from

(Fr. Eng.)

we have another form: Rude,

In Rugir, Rugio,

means Rough Dirt

to the idea

the RvT>era, &c. Rvoine, the Surgeon's Rasp, belongs

of Scraping.

we have
words.

the

Rough

Noise,

which

we

find attached

to this race of

Rvisseau,
I

A
&c.,

Ketinel,
it,

A
the

Rivulet, &c.

means
&c.

the

Water Rut,
" Ruse,

if

may

so express

Water

Course,

Ruse,

Artifice,"

means

nothing but the

Rut

the Road, Route, (Fr.)

the Course, under

Ways or Courses of wily conduct. My Lexicographer explains Ruser by " To dodge or play shifty " tricks," which means to adopt various Ways Courses, &c. Let us mark the English word Trick, which belongs to JYace Track, &c. for a similar reason. Menage derives Ruse from Vsus; and Le Duchat seems not averse to this idea. The latter however adds, that Ruse may perhaps come from Ruptus, as he imagines Routier to do so that " Vieux Ruse" signifies the same as " Vieux " Routier." Here we see, that Ruse is directly brought in conjunction with the Route. He explains moreover in an old
the idea of the various

French translation of
" descouverte
la

Ecclesiasticus

(c.

i.

v. 6.),

''A

qui est

racine de sapience?
see, that

Et qui a cognu
is

les

Ruses

"d'icelle?"

Here we

Ruse

taken in a good sense,

and means the Intricate Ways or Paths of Wisdom.

has properly explained the passage by

Le Duchat
c'est-a-dire,

"Les Ruses,
il

"

les

Routes,

les detours.

Au

vers. 7.

est parle des Foies

" Sapience." " Via, Iter;"

verb, does,
'

Ruse
but
it

in this

sense signifies

Way Course or Route,

de

la

To

sometimes appears to mean what Rout, the scatter or disperse here and there.' In an old
qu'il pust
ils

work quoted by Le Duchat, we have "Sans

*' '

si

tost trover

les

Ruser.

Et aussi

descendentobserves,

ailleurs

sans

estre

RusEZ."

Where Le Duchat
Hence
it

"La Ruser

c'est propre-

" ment Rompre."

is,

that the Lexicographers, feeling

some-

1044

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
this

something of
Agitation

sense, explain

Ruser
"

in

terms, which express

or unsteady

motion, as

To

Dodge, to

play

i^hijiy

"tricks."
*

Ruser should perhaps be explained by *To Rout

about here and there.

To

take various

Routs

Tracks

or

Courses To adopt various IVays Tricks Artifices,' &c. &c. ^vsTuud, RusTRE, belong to Rus, the Country, Ground, &c., as some Etymologists perceive; where we are at once brought The succeding word to to the Spot, supposed in my hypothesis.
'

RusTAUD,
of
'

in

Menage,

is

Rustelle, which
Locusta.
will

in

an ancient version
trouble

the

Psalms

signifies

" Je

suis

comme
name
derives

Rustelles."
is

The comparison

shew
old

us, that the

Rustelle
Rustelle
'

taken from the idea of Agitation.

Menage

from Locusta.

been Je suis " tion," I have referred

The translation in Ruse, comme Rustelle.'

in

French might have

''Rut, Rut, Copula-

another place to the idea of Exciteup, or to the Noise

ment

Stirring up

lowing

made by

that

action, as in Ruc/r, &c.

The term Rue, "The

this

Street, Path,

" Lane," means the Road; and

gists derive

term the French Etymolo-

from Puw or

Viu, or

Ruga.

They

record likewise the

old

word Ru, which means

Ruisseau.
that

Wachter has discovered the

belongs to such words
as

true vein; and has seen,

Rue

Reige, Linea, Sulcus literarum;

British,)
'

Incisura, &c.

Rhygn, "Inde Latino-Barbaris Ruga,

Raie, (Fr.)

(ancient
Platea,

Vicus."

The

barbarous Latin word,

and the ancient Latin

word Ruga, convey the same meaning of the Rut, Furrozv, &c., as denoting either simply the Road, Pathy Sec, or the Rough,

Rugged Path, Tract, Line, &c. The French RuTo/r, " Standing Water, " hemp is steeped," must belong to one of the
our Element, though
I

in

which flax or

senses, attached to
I

have no evidence, by which

can decide

on the precise sense annexed to the word. It may either relate to the Channel of water, in which the flax is put ; or it may belong
to

THE
to the sense of

EARTH.

1045

Routing, Subduing, &c., as relating to the effects of Macerating a substance. We know, that Subigo expresses at once the action oi Stirring up the Ground, or Routing about
the Ground, and that of Macerating a substance, ''Ante Jovem

"

nulli

Subigebant

arva

coloni

Subigere

mortario

farinam."

Mr. Grose in his Glossary has " Rait, To Rait timber, hemp, " or flax, to put it into a pond or ditch, to water or season it. " North," This word Rait might be originally applied to the
sense of Softening, and afterwards to that of Hardening by water.
In the same page of Mr. Grose's Vocabulary.

we have

the North

term RhOGhbrash, "

word belongs
" Playing
at

Ragged person." Brash in this to Burst, Break, &lc. Wehave moreover Ragrowtering, romps Exm," Rag and Rowter have the same
idle,

An

meaning, and

are

placed together to

increase the force of the

&:c.

signification, as expressed

by such terms as Rout, Riot,

'

&c.

The

English

'

To Rag
I

a person
is

is

only the metaphor of the

conveying the idea of what

fForn

Rent,

Sec.

In

RUH,

which

consider to be quasi

RufH, means "

this

Rag Hebrew, rm To be wet,

it;

" soaked, saturated or drenched," as Mr. Parkhurst explains

and the term preceding

which
signifies

in the

Lexicon of
or

writer

is

Dm RHT,

"A

Gutter

Trough

for

the

conveyance of

" water," which

pressed by this
the

Water is. " Temper with idea; yet I must observe, that in the same column of Mr. Parkhurst's Lexicon, where this word occurs, I find VT RG, " To ^reak,
" Break
in pieces, rend,

may lead us to think, that the idea o{ Soaking, exHebrew word, is taken from the Channel, in which In Hebrew, DT RS likewise signifies " To moisten, moisture," which may be derived from a similar

destroy," which coincides with the sense

I

which
in the

have annexed to Rait and Rutoik.

of

must add

too, that

same column
I

occurs,

find

nn

Mr. Parkhurst's Lexicon, where nn RZH, 'To Waste, attenuate, make

RUH,
lean,

" famish," which belongs to the terms of violence, attached to our

Element,

1046

^R.

R/.-C, D, G, J, K, Q,

S,T, X, Z.

Element, signifying 'To Break to pieces Destroy, &c. I must again observe, that the terms, which denote Tempering Moisten-

ing &c. have been

,

commonly
I

derived from the idea of Breaking to

pieces
(Mxa-o-u,
I shall

Mashing, &c.
Pinso,) and

shall shew, that Moisten, Macero, Masso,

Mash belong

to

each other, and to

Mud.

produce in the next article a Race of words denoting Water,

I

which
to

derive from the action of Agitation

Commotion, as annexed
it

the

same

train of ideas,

and

in

such cases

is

impossible

oftentimes to distinguish one notion from another. have seen, that Race, the Course, Ride, Road, and Route,

We

belong to each other.

In our old writers,

Rack

is

only another

form of these words Race, Road, Route, as denoting the Track

Path

Course, when

it is

applied to the Track or Course of Clouds,

a
certain

which are commonly

Track or Course.

in motion, or passing along in

We

perpetually find, what

expect, that terms

familiar state, in
still

are derived

we should naturally from observing the common or

itself.

which things appear, and that such terms are

a different state presents

retained,

when

Thus Rack

is

sometimes applied to a Body of Clouds above us in general, whether they are in motion or at rest. In the following passage,

Rack
is

is

applied to the state of the Clouds,

when they
objects,

are at

Rest, as to a strange condition of these

Moving
violent

which
of

portentous

of

some extraordinary or

operation

Nature.
" But as we often see, against some storm, " A silence in the Heavens, the Rack stand
still."

{Hamlet, A.

II. S. 2.)

Mr. Malone has observed on

*<

the

Leave not a Rack behind," that " by our ancient writers for a body of Clouds
" rather for the Course of Clouds

passage of the Tempest, Rack " is generally used

sailing along, or

when

in

motion.

So

in

Antony

' and

Cleopatra

" That which is now a horse, even with a thought " The Rack dislimns."

Mr.

THE

EARTH.
think, that

1047
Rack
is

Mr. Malone however does not

in the passage of the Tempest,

the true

word

"as no instance has yet been pro-

" duced, where

it

is
it

used to signify a single fleeting cloud, in

" which sense alone

can be figuratively," as he observes, " apof a work, intitled

lias

"

plied here."

The Author
is

"A

Specimen of a

" Commentary on Shakspeare,"

denoting Moving Clouds,
Tempest.

shewn

(p. 197,) that

Rack,

as

the true reading in the passage of the

is

He

has observed, that the mind of the Poet

strongly

impressed with the idea of the Pageant; and that the Rack, de-

noting the Clouds in Motion, was sometimes represented in these " Here the upper part of the Scene, which was all of Spectacles.
" Clouds, and made
artificially to

swell and Ride like the

Rack,
its

" began to open," &c.

original

We

here see, that

Rack

is

brought to

idea of the Course of Clouds in

motion, and connected

likewise

with

its

kindred term
:

Ride.

Shakspeare himself has

made

the

same combination
"

Anon With

permit the basest Clouds to

ugly

Ride
I^Sonnet

"

Rack

on

his celestial face."

XKXWl.)

Racking
to that of

is

adopted

in

Shakspeare as a

participle, in a similar sensQ

Riding, (as used

in the last passage,) or

Racing,

i.

e.

Passing or Fleeting along.

" Three
glorious suns, each one a perfect sun,

" Not separated with the

Racking
(JThird

clouds."
I.

Part of King Henry \ I. A.

S. 2.)

Here Mr. Malone justly explains " Racking Clouds" by " The " Clouds which Fleet ivith a quick motion.'' In the passage of
the Tempest, the
objects of

Poet means,

that the

greatest

or most solid
like tlie

Nature and of Art

all

shall vanish

away,

most
clouds

unsubstantial of

unsubstantial

objects

the

fleeting

of empty

air,

which pass before our eyes in the empty visions

of

1048

^R.

R/

.-C, D, G, J, K, Q,
all its

S, T,

X, Z.
shall

of a Pageant.

The

great globe and

massy monuments

be utterly dissolved, and shall not leave behind them the most
inconsiderable portion of their original substance
so minute, as the most
ject
;

not a

particle

empty and evanescent portion of an obreads

in

itself

visionary and evanescent.

the

Sir
<'

Thomas Hanmer

passage

of the
see,
is,

Tempest,
in fact,

Leave not a Tract behind," which, as we

now

moving Body. The original and abstract idea, annexed to the word Rack, as denoting a Tract Track or Course, was still present to the mind
the sense of
Course, Track or

Rack

the Path,

Tract of a

of the Poet, though he alludes either directly or indirectly to

its

secondary application of a Tract or Course of Clouds, often exhibited

in

the

Spectacle

of a

Pageant.

Under one point of

view the Poet

may be

considered as simply meaning, that the

Globe

shall dissolve
it

and vanish away as a Pageant, without leavits

ing behind
explains "

a Trace of

existence.
is

Mr. Grose has justly conto this

ceived the true idea, which

annexed

word, when he

The Rack

of the Weather'' by the " Track, in which

" Clouds move.

North."

The same

Rut, Ray's South and East-Country Words, we have the following article "A Cari-RAKE. Ess. A Caxt-Track, in some counties called
as a term in the North, for
;

"A

Glossarist explains Rake, crack, or crevice; " and in

" a Cart-RuT."

produce in

another* place the Scotch

term

Raik, Rayk, Rakej which means, as Dr. Jamieson explains it, " The extent of a Course, walk, or journey." "A Sheep Raik." " A swift pace," as in the expression applied to a Horse, that he

has
&c.,

"A

great

Raik

of the Road."

Again,

in Scotch,

Raiss, Race,

mean " A strong Current in the sea;" where in the latter word we are brought to the form of our word Race, a Course,
In Scotch, the term Carry
is

applied to the motion of the Clouds,

in a similar

manner

to

Rack and

Ride.

Dr. Jamieson informs

us,

THE
us,

EARTH.

lOM)

under Carry, that the Clouds "are said to have a great Carry,

" when they move with velocity before the wind *."

We

find a series of

words

in
;

Hebrew
As

relating to the j^ir, Vnpour, &c.,

which

arc

attached to our Element

directly to Rack,
to
it

RC, &c.
may

but whether they should be considered as belonging

the following discussion will chiefly relate

is

not easy to decide.

Hebrew

terms, which
derives

Mr. Parkhurst
also us,

Rack

not interest the general

^To

Reader,

it

will

be inserted in

Note.
a.*

Rack, "To

Stream as Clouds before the wind,"

Reek
"The

and

Rekkv,

from the Hebrew

the

ni

RC//, which denotes primarily, as he

tells

action or breathing of the Air in motion.

As

N.

^Air

in

motion, a breeze,

"

breath, wind," &c.

Though

Hebrew term

cannot be said to belong directly to the

;

English
is

Rack, yet

it

must be referred

to a similar idea of Comwotion

as the

English word
nearly they
in the

derived from the idea of Motion, as in a

Course Path.

approach to each other

ing of the

in their original notion.

:

Thus we The Hebrew word is employed

see,

how

open-

Book of Genesis

"

And

the Sjjirit," ni")

RUC/;, " of God nwvai," n)-rO

>n-RChP-/', " upon the face of the waters."

]\I<ived,

the

Hebrew RChP,
tlic fl"!

Let us mark the word corresponding with which Mr. Parkhurst explains by "To Shake, move tremuin

"

lously,"
is

where

RCh

botli these

terms has the same fundamental notion.

There which
to

however one sense annexed

to the

llebrevt' PI"!

RCh,

in

which the idea of

Cojii-

mstion has disappeared,

I

am now

unfolding.

and where we are brought nearer to the sense of the words, It signifies "Space, distance, interstice;" where wt- appear

have the idea of

this family of

Path ll^tiy ; or, as we have before seen, a term belonging to a Coiir.e ; from which interpretation words explained, " Tlie Extent of a Course
''

we
and

pass to the idea of Extent or

is

Bnndth

in

general.

Mr. Parkhurst supposes,

is

that this
is

icnsc oi Space, &c.

otlicrs

derived from the notion, that wherever there

Airj^ Place."

Air, there

Space

from that of a "Spacious,

broad or wide."

In

Hebrew, ^Ptl

RChB

means

"To

" be
itself

dilated, inade

We
tlie

see,

how

the explanatory term Space connects

with the terms of motion, Spntzicren, (Germ.) &c.

there;

and thus
K

we
tlie

again see, liow

Course,
!

To Pace or Walk about here and Hebrew RCh, the Space, niav connect itself
by the smell.

with tlie Ra( Hebrew word

&c.

In Arabic, the acknowledged parallel terms to this

are

^o

Rr.vr.ii, "Smelling, discovering

Ryu, Wind,
wind. Blowing,

" Odour,

smell, exhalation," and

Rawh,
spirit."

"

Pleasant refreshing

" (Day.) Rlm, Tlie Soul, incoiporeal

Mr. Parkhurst explains tiie Hebrew word in one sense by "The Exhalation, Rei:k, " or steam of water " which would lead us to conclude, that the Hebrew term, and the English Rekk, Rkk.ky, were ilirectly connected. If this should be the fact, the sense of RicEK, the Vapour, was immediately taken from that of the Witid : yet wlien we remem;

ber the explanatory term Exhalation from Exhalo, which R. Ainsworth explains by

"To

cast

"

or send forth a

fume
\
l

or vapour,"
<;

we

shall see, that the sense

I

of

Reek

might be derived

fiom the idea of

k n

out or up, Casting up or out.

-

shall

shew, that the Latin Halo

out any thing,

belongs to the English Hale

the

German

Holen,

To

Cast or

Draw

Dirt,

6k

&c.,

1056
my
we

'^R.

R.\-C, D, G, J, K, Q,
Holloiv,

S/r, X, Z.
inclined to admit
that in the

&c., as from the Hole

&c.

idea respecting the relation of

Reek

The Reader perhaps will be more to Rake, when he learns,

"

same
be

column
more

of Lye's Saxon Dictionary, where Racu,

Pluvia, procella, unda.

Humor"

occurs,
will

have likewise under a similar form RAC/a/;,

particularly considered in a future page.
'

To Rake.
tremulously,'

The term Reek

is

The Hebrew n3n"l3 M-RChP-T, To Move

to the indescribable Motion of the Divine Spirit

applied, as

we

perceive,

on the Waters in the process of Creation.

Hence, possibly,

the

eK\c ^vaws,

(E^ixaTraio?,)

Greek Mystics have derived their illustrious personage, the about which term so many conjectures have been formed.

He is

described by Orpheus, as the Air-Wandering Deity

his

as adorned with golden Wings,

and as Whirling about the World by thefapping of

Ylqtiirayotnf

Wings

xaXsw

oiiput;,

ftiya',

AIQEPOFIAArKTON,

noyiyr,,

XPYSEAISIN ArAAAOMENON nTEPYFESSIN,

HPIKAIIAION,
tji'oj'

0<rrE !roXtifMo-io, !to\uo^ui,

A^fijTov, x^ij(pio, {oi^>iTOa,

wap^aE;

nANTH
The Reader, who

AINHEIE

nTEPYmN

PIOAIS KATA KOSMON.

[Hymn V.)

wishes to

know

the difficulties of the Critics on this celebrated name,

I shall

must consult the Commentators on Orpheus.

properties ascribed by the

not trouble myself with the various

Mystics to this Deity, but shall be contented with having

suggested an origin, from which the fable

but note the observation of some Critics,

a

may perhaps have arisen. I cannot however who imagine, that Ericapaios, (H^ixa^aio;,) is
et

compound

of

H^-,

Ver, and

K^o.-,

Hortus, quasi "Hortortim Vernus quidam Prxses,

alias

" numen, auctor

a

fertilitatis

omnis, idem

Priapus," &c.

It is

not improbable, that

; word might exist in Greek under this form, signifying " Hortorum Cultor " and if so, the ERj=CAFa;w, would be the term Kep-Our-o/, Kep-O\\\\osy (Kr,BOYPoc,) in a contrary order, Hortorum custos, Hortulanus, ex Ki-o?, el Ou^o?, Custos, Kdttw^o I^ortulanus,
,

Hortum Colo.) If such a term really existed in Greek, and became confounded with the Hebrew word, we may well imagine, that the Hebrew word would be accommodated to the Greek form. The Ouros, (Ot-jo-,) in Kep-Ouros, (Kijwoi/fo?,)
ex
K>i7ro-,

et n^:^,

Cura,

KK-or^ea',

belongs indeed, as the Lexicographers suppose, to Ouros,

(Otjo-,

Custos,) as they are

(n^tu,

both to be referred to Ora, Oreo, (n^a, Cura,

n^iai,

Curo.)

Let us mark Oveo,

Curo,) under the form of our Element *R, which means nothing but *To take Care of, or 'Cultivate the EitA,' (E^a); and we see, that in the compound before us, Kep-Ovneo,
(Kr.ToLf!!',

Hortum
idea.

colo,)

'To

Cultivate a Garden,' the

word

is

brought to

its

original

Spot

and genuine
I

shall

produce in

this place

RKB,

Sec, where the sense of our Element

signifies to

some Hebrew and Arabic words, under the form In tliis Language, ^y^ is fully exhibited.

RKB
when
.5.

of Agitation
it

Commotion, &c.
Isa.

relates

18. 34.
is

mode of applying it we unequivocally see the idea The term seems to be peculiarly applied in its full force, upon Clouds, &c. (Psalm Ixvlii. to Jehovah Riding upon the Heavens upon the Wind," says Taylor, Ride six. 1, &c. &c.) In Job, "To

Ride;

and

in the

"

to

be tossed about

in

it

like a straw."

"Thou

liftest

me up

to the

Wind."

(nn
RUK,)

THE
RITK,) "Thou causest me
to

EARTH.
it."

W5l

Ride upon

RUK,

as

we have

seen

its

kindred term QTVi

" the Lord Ridet/i upon a swift Cloud." Here Cloud, which might lead us to suppose, that ^^"l RKB, denoting Motion, &c., and partiThe cularly applied to Air, is a compound of liUK and HB, signifying Air, Vapour. " move wth Vibratory or tremulous motion, Hebrew jjy HP likewise means to Vibrate,

Here 3D1 RKB is connected with nil RChP to be. In Isaiah xix. 1. "Behold ^^n RKB is connected with 3J? HB, the

"

to flutter."

The

RK

however
signifies

is

probably only significant, and the

I

is

organical.

In

Arabic,

Jfli Rakj/;

"Writing, a Writer," which

imagine to be derived
y

from the idea of Rakj^ or Scratching on the Ground.

Rauib, "Riding,

Rider."

Again, in Arabic,

An adjacent word is \S\j j,y*ij Resum, means "Travelling

)(

" day and night, leaving Traces in the Ground (a camel.) Rusum, Inscriptions, written " laws, canons, custom." We here see, tliat the original sense of Resum is that of a Mark, Rut, Road, &c. upon the Ground, and that the idea of Travelling is Trace

taken from these

Ruts, Roads, &c.

rule, regulation.

find likewise the

Arabic

" precept, canon, " The rrj or

'

*>*jJ

Resm, "

law,

model, design, drawing,* description, writing.

vestige of a house, &c.

on the ground."

Again, j,wj1)

Rasim means
again

Sealing, marking, delineating, writing."

The

primitive

idea *of these terms

appears in

Rezm >Jqj
now

"Ploughing."

We
see,

shall

understand the origin of the term

Rhythm, Ruthm-w,

which,

we
is

has precisely the same sense as the Arabic

Resm,

and relates to the idea of what

Marked or Traced in regular lines, form, or order, (PkO/xo?, Rhijthmus, Concinnitas, Numerus seu Modulus certa dimensione et proportione constans." The Lexicographers have explained RuTiiM-/za, Vv^u.i'Cu; by " Tempero, Formo, Compono, et Effingo," which might have been, Formo et Eflingo, quasi justa lineamentorum Descriptionc, Rite formam Describo where we should have had the same metaphor. The word Scribo and Grafo,
,-

(r^a^i',)

and Grave, belong

to a similar action

of Graving or Grubbing up the Dirt.

{Pi^mt^u,) is

In the

sanie

column of

my Greek

Vocabulary, where liwi^niizo,

found,

we

have

llUGcAtf/, {Pvyx?-,) RosTr;,

which

have shewn to belong to

Rout The

RouT^-r up

of the Ground, and which expresses

a similar idea,

applied to a different purpose.

They
and

have the same relation to each other, as Grub has to de-Scribo,

Grave.

Scribo, Grafo, (r.-a^w,")

Let us mark the explanatory word, which

as I

to the idea of the Trace

explains \\\tus by

" Rite,

Rut or Road, shew another ;" where, Course order; Wat/ ox A A

in

have adopted. Kite, whicli belongs

place.

R. Ainsworth
in

Sec.

Course and

Wayv/c have

still

the same metaphor.

UuiiiMo/,

(i't.O/<oi,)

appears under another form in

RusMw,
(AfiSfior,

which has been explained by Eix.i, iha, tryrniici.. The Greek Aritiimo/, Numerus,) to which, we know, belongs AniTii M-t'/;V, is still only another form of
(PKo-/io,-,)

The Etymologists 'RuTiiMoj-,(Pi/Oftoc,) where our Element appears in its full form 'RT. who derive Kuthwx, (PiS/ao,,) from Ruo, Vvu, fluo, **ut sit tenor aquse, quae lineam Cursus " sui tenet," have exhibited the true metaphor, and have even hit upon one of tlie words belonging to this race The terms Ruo and Reo, To Flow, {Puw, Pm, Pn/aw,) belong to the form 'R, but we seethe form RS in Ueuso, Roos, \i\:\>v.omai,{V(v<T<c, Pji-, Flucntum,
Poiyxofwci,

Fluo,) &c.

Wc

105-2

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S/r,X,Z.
now
see the
;

We
**

origin of the

Hebrew

Q."?"!

colour or figure

to

be variegated, diversified.
;

To
to

RKM,

which denotes Variety of

to

be variegated or worked as cloth, ivith be brocaded, or

" "

various colours and figures

broidered."

either ivith the shuttle or the needle,

to the idea

em-

This word belongs

of making Trates, Maris, Scratches upon the

this

Ground, &c.
Recamer, "all

Mr.Parkhurst has justly referred

the Italian

Hebrew word

the Latin of the

middle ages Recamare,

Rlcamare,
"

tlie

Spanish Recamar,

and the French

signifying to Embroidery

In Hebrew, Qj;*l

RGM

means

"To

be vio-

"

lently

moved, disturbed, or troubled

of words,
Psn^oi,

when

it

denotes Agitaiioii

where we have the strongest sense of this race Mr.Parkhurst refers this word to Commotion, 8cc.
;

"To

whirl round," conceiving, that the

J?

Gnain corresponds with

vowel
here be

breathing; and that the form of the

considered as representing the
a similar idea of Commotion

Hebrew word is KM. The y Gnain should G. Some words with the y Gnain after the ^
Violence, as

have

and

ing"

yj?T IIGZ,

"To

Crush, to break by Crush-

tJ^jn

KGS, "To
Frango,)

tremble, shake,

quake;" and jn
to

RG, "To

Break, Break
(Paj-a-w,

"off, Break in pieces," &c.,

Collido,
\'r,yt:i.;

which belong

such words as Kas~o, Kec5,

Rout, &c. &c. &c.

"

The

preceding word to
I

J?"l

\\G, in

Mr. Parkhurst's Lexicon,

Subduer.

is JD"),

Bridle

"

which denotes,

imagine, the Breaker, or

The Hebrew QJI

that

WGM,

signifies

"To Whelm,
Heap

heap together, accumulate."

I

This
to say,

contains a similar idea to

Rout,

a confused

of any thing.

do not mean

Rout

and

YiGM belong

directly to each other, but that the

Hebrew word
idea of

contains

the sense of the Element such as

signifies

we

find

it

in the

English term.

In Hebrew, ftyi RZi*,

"To

Stro-w, or

Spread;" where we have likewise the

RoiJiNu

over

a Surface, under a different turn of meaning.

The term

QP RZM,

"

To

be contracted,

" scowl, as the eyes of a person in anger," belongs to the words Rt.siM, &c., signiTraces, RuTs, &c., and applies to the idea of Scowling, as connected fying Marks with the Traces Rirs or RuGJi, or Co URU cations made on the Countenance by RChM, which signifies " The Womb, Pity," I conceive anger, &c. The Hebrew

Dm

to

belong to the Element

RM.

The

true form

is

in the Ar.ibic

R/;M .^

Tlie

He-

brew

n Ch becomes n ^Y ^ slight variation in form, and the c>^ becomes ci. by adding a dot to the top of it. Taylor explains the Chaldec Dti'1 RSM, as used in ; Daniel, by " Exarare, Consignare " where we mark in the exphinatory term Exarare,
Mr.Parkhurst explains the belonging to the Plough, the original idea of the word. sign, designate." mark, to mark, In Hebrew, impress a word by "To make or

" To bind, tie, fasten by binding nrr\ RTM, means, according to Mr. Parkhurst, and hence " the Genista or Spanish broom, so called from the toughness or tenacity of " its twigs." 'Ihis word signifies ''To Bind, as I imagine, for the same reason, that Stringo does, which, we know, actually relates to the idea of Scratching upon a surface. " Strepitus, Tumultus, Fragor " Castel, among the interpretations of this word, gives us
;

where we $ee the idea of Commotion Confusion, &c. The corresponding Syriac word he explains by " Balbuties, blsesitas, harsitantia Lingua. Nutus oculorum, Nictatio," which Arabic word, which he produces as refers to Confused Speech or Motion ; and the first " " Confregit, Comminuit , where we see the idea of Braking parallel, he explains by
any

THE
any surface, substance, &c.

EARTH.
is

1053
the
first

This Arabic word

is

j,Ji

Ret.m; and

sense which
;

Mr. Richardson gives of the term

are brought to the very idea.

Breaking,

Bruising, (the Nose," &c.)

where we
round

Other senses of

t!ie

word

nre

" Rolling

a thread

remember anything. Rf.tkm, Furze (ir broom." We have here the senses oi Binding, and the Furze or Broom, as in the Hebrew word. I must leave the
" the
finger to

Eastern Scholars to decide,

how

these senses are to be reconciled with each other, and

it
I

may be. cannot however be very remote from the The Furxe or Broom may be the Prickly substance Brealing or Scratching orRAS//;^ the Skin, 'Carnem Exarans, Perstringens," &c. Rkj.m, "StonIn the same opening of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary we have .^^ " ing to Death " where we see the action of Violence. In some* other senses it means
with the original idea, whatever
primitive notion.
i

" Strewing a grave with Stones. Putting up a sepulchral monument. Repulse, de" testation, reproach, execration. A tomb, a grave, a monument. A well, a pit, a ditch, " or trench." The succeeding word is A,^i^ Rejmc?, " 1. A Sepulclire. 2. The den

" of a liyena, (which is often " over a grave, a monument.

words might be
stones, &c. &c.
tlie

tomb.)

3.

Death by Stoning.

4.

Tumulus

of stones

5.

Sign, a mark."

Perhaps the original sense of these

Sign or
will

This

Mark, and afterwards a Tomb or Memorial made by throwing shew us, that the Sione Jerkin of Paris is tlie Heap of Stones,
liis

which would be thrown over

wliich
Jie

grave,

if

he had been put to death, for the bad,

to his deserving to
lo

committed, with an allusion perhaps

AX^a
Aau&y
fjLa\y.
i:7c7Q

be Stoned to Deatli.

T-'Ul;

iiiir,fjiCi>i;

\\-t
i^i'/^

net
otrtr

^tTuna,

v.aKuit

iopyxc,

(T.

06-/.)

In

Hebrew, "^y^ RKB,

Perhaps
I

signifies

"To

Rot,

become

Rotten, or putrid," wJiich brings

it is

us

to the
it.

Dirt of the Earth, whatever

it

may be

the precise idea, by which

connected with
"

means

to

be

in a

Broken

state.

In the same opening of Mr. Parkhurst's

;

Lexicon,

see By"i "

To
'

Strow or Spread, Sternere, as a coverlet or the like

where

we

are again brought to the

a

same

spot,

under

tlie

idea of

Routing

or Scattering about.

It signifies, as

noun,

Live coals or embers spread out," says Mr. Parkliurst.

The

Hebrew
" " bow.
I

t^tyi

RSP,

signifies, as

Taylor explains
;

it,

"Pruna,

Scintilla.

very quick,
a strong

rapid, brandishing, and penetrating motion

as that of an

arrow shot from

That of the vehement heat or flame of raging fevers and calentures," &c. &c. shall now consider some Hebrew and Arab'c terms, belonging to the form KGL.
"tiJ"!

The Hebrew
denoting the

means the
But

Foot,
it

which we should

at

once refer

to

our

Icment

RG,

as

Ground.

belongs

particularly to the

idea of

making Alarki

or

Impressions or \{,\fiures

R'

rs,

referred to the race of words,

now under
;

&c. on the Ground by Treading, and therefore must be Mr. Parkhurst explains ^y\ RGL, discussion.

by "To Smite, strike. Impress " and " as a N. The Foot, which by continually Striking " against, or Treading upon, some solid obstacle, supports, and moves the animal forward."

We here see the

the purpose.
will lead us to

genuine idea, though the mode of reasoning on

a

this

idea

is

foreign to

As

Noun

''7JI

liGLI, means "

A man

on

foot, a foot soldier,"

I{f.(;ui,,

which
is

understand the origin of the Arabic ,^:^>^

Man, which
first

derived from his strong powers of fi'alking.

Mr. Itichardson

gives us, as the

sense

of

1054
of this word,

^R.
"

R.V-C,D,G,J,K,Q, S,T,X,Z.
intrepidity
is
;

A Man, A Man of
The

potent in venei7

" where

we

see nothing'

of the original idea.

,

Rejl, An Army, which means, I imagine, the /aa/-Soldiery but in some of the other senses of the word we are directly brought to the' Foot in Mr. Richardson's interpretation, as " Binding the Foot Hanging up a Sheep by
next sense

" the Fict. Bringing forth a child with the Feet first. Standing on Foot. Having " a large Foot.^A Horse with the forehead or one Foot white." I must leave the adepts
in the Arabic

Language

to reconcile the other senses of the

word with

this idea.

In the

same column of Mr. IJichardson we have the term aX^^i Rejii.^/, which this Lexicographer interprets by "1. Firmness of Tread in walking. 2. Purslain. 3. Flowing " waters, aqueducts. 4. Being on /^^fl/. 5. Virility. 6 Manly." In the same column we
have 1^1 ^_}:i^ Rejl.\n, "Infantry.
original idea of the

TwoFeet." This

will

be

sufficient to decide

on the

word.

The

Critics in Biblical

Learning by considering the Hebrew 7J")

RGL,

in

the con-

fined sense of the Feet, without a

knowledge of

its

original idea,

have been led on manydenotes, as

occasions to forced interpretations of the word.

I

conceive, the Feet, the Treading

The Hebrew 7J^ RGL, Member from the Road Route, Rlt,

&c., Trace,

Track,

Path, made by
difficult

the Feet in Walking, just as Tread belongs to Trad, Trace, &c.

lias

very

passage occurs in Deuteronomy, which

much

divided the

Commenta^

tors.

"For

the land whither thou goest in to possess

out,
a

it, is

not as the land of Egypt,

" from whence ye came " Foot," (yil RGL,) " as

where thou sowedst thy seed, and wateredst it with thy But the land whither ye go to possess it,. garden of herbs
:

"

is

a land of hills and valleys, and drinketh water of the rain of heaven."

(Chap.

xi.

ver.lO, II.)

Dr. Shaw explains

it

thus, as quoted

by Mr. Parkhurst, "

When their
(all

various

" sorts of pulse, safranon, (or carthamus,) tnusa, melons, sugar-canes, &c., commonly planted in Rills,) require to be refreshed, they strike out the
"

which are

plugs that are

fixed in the bottoms of the cisterns (wherein they preserve the water of the Nile) ; and " then the water gushing out is conducted from one Kill to another by the gardener, who is " always ready, as occasion requires, to stop and divert the torrent, by turning the Earth " against it iv'tth his Foot ; and opening, at the same time, witli his mattock, a new trench " to receive it." Mr. Parkhurst objects to this interpretation, since the process alludes to ' Seed in general, plainly including, if not principally intending, corn ; and he agrees
''

with Niebuhr,
foot.

who imagines it to refer to a Machine for conveying The Hebrew ^iTS RGL, does not mean the Foot, but
Track

water, worked by the

is

original sense for the

Trace,

Course,
I

Ro.\d,
shall

Rout

^Rut,

used

in

the

more
is

&c., the Furrow,

Channel, &c.,

made
and

for conveying water.

this

shew, that the English word Ri//

Welsh, for the same object, as quasi Rigl; Nothing can be more probable than furrow." trench, a Ditch or RiiiGOL, "A little word, which becomes certain, when Hebrew this conjecture respecting the sense of the
very form

we

actually find in

we

consider the parallel Arabic term iCXs*^

Riljilc/,

which not only

relates to the Foot,

Castel gives us some parallel Syriac but means likewise " Flowing Waters, Aqueducts." term to this Hebrew word, where we find the interpretations, "Foramen, Hiatus " spelunCcE. Torrens, vadum, flumen " where we have the idea of the Ho/low, and the

Holloiv, as

connected with Water.

Another

THE
Another sense of the word 73"!

EARTH.
RGI^
"

1055

corresponds to our word Times and the

Several distinct Strokes or Impressions on

Latin Fices, which Mr. Parkhurst explains by

may be rendered Times." This idea relates rather, I believe, to the regular Path or Traces made in walking, or the Regular Channels or Ftirroivs, if we " A Foot. suppose, that it belongs to its more original sense. The Persian Pet,
the senses, and

"

"

Footstep,

track,

trace,

mark, vestige," has a similar meaning,

'/

jd

-J

Pei der Pei,

" One

after another successively."

This

is

taken from the action of one

signifies, says

Foot following another in walking.

The Hebrew 7JT RGL,

Taylor, "

The

" Movements,
Eccles.v.

Affections, Inclinations, Dispositions of the mind." Job xxxi. 5. Prov.vi. 18.

7.
;

1. Isai. lii.

and likewise

"Common

conversation or business,

iSam.

xxiii.22.

" His Haunt, where he commonly convcrscth."

H^ai/s

The word

Courses,
" To

often signifies nothing but

&c., the familiar

Wm/s and
(Hjl"!

a similar

meaning from the Route, or Road.

" and

see his place

whore

his

Haunt,"
or

which a person takes. Routine has " Go, I pray you, prepare yet, and know RGL,) " is." As a verb, this Hebrew term
Courses,
;

" That is, either To says Mr. Parkhurst " folloiv by the Foot, as it were, or rather, q.d. To Foot round a country or city in order to " Spy." This sense of Spying may cither belong to the same metaphor as Investigate, from Vestigium, To Trace or Trad out, or that of Footing or Padding about a Country, as Mr. Parkhurst observes. The latter is probably the true idea. The same Hebrew word means " To slander, calumniate," which Mr. Parkhurst imagines to be derived from the
signifies

Investigate, search

sjpy out,"

famifig belongs to the idea of acting

tliinks, that the sense of Slandering and De"the Spy in common life in a bad sense." This sense is derived from the metaphor of making Tracks Traces Afarks Scratches, RAsuresupon the Ground. If R.ml and its parallel terms do not directly bclon'^ to it, the Hebrew word must be considered as having a similar metaphor. Taylor explains the Hebrew word in this sense by the Latin Obtrecto; which is attached to the Element TRC, under the same metaphor, as it belongs, we know, to Tracto, Traho, Tractus, " A Trace, Mark or Streak," as R. Aihsworth explains it.

idea of Smiting with the tongue.

Taylor

We
Rejijl
;

shall

now

understand the origin of the familiar Arabic word

(J .an)

Rr.sui.,

an Apostle or Prophet, which belongs to the

Hebrew hy^ RGL, and

the Arabic
ij.

and

signifies the Traveller

the Footer,the Walker on the

Resul, by

J^a.

Ro a

Mr. Richarda Missionary

is

son justly explains the Arabic <Jv*j_^

"An

Ambassador,

" Apostle, Prophet.

REsWfw,

Messenger, Courier."

An

adjacent Persian

word

/..(Aaj^

To

Arrive; where

we have

still

the idea of a journey

meaning of the Persian term is "To Hum, (as flies);" Noise, annexed to this race of words. In the preceding column of Mr. Richardson's Lexicon we have (3^wjJ Resl, A gentle Pace Risul, Prophets. The succeeding

on the Road. Another where we have the sense of

word

to

RKB

^^"1 '^o Ride, in Mr. Parkhurst's Dictionary

it
;

is

^y^ HKL, To

trade,

"

traffic,

merchandise," as our author explains

which
the
is

is

derived, as I imagine, from

the idea of Travelling.

nects itself with Tread
*
;

We
and

cannot but note,

how

explanatory term Trade conapplied fo the Road,

to
this
'

wc

all

know,

that Trajic

There

is

great

Tra^c on

this Road.'

The

succeeding

terms

in

Mr. Parkhurst's
Lexicon

1056
" To

^R.R.

\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
"To
bind hard Or close, to join, connect;"
t*3"i

Lexicon are DD"I

connects
itself

l^KSH,

RKS,
in

earn, acquire by labour, or industry."

We

have seen

how

the sense of Binding

;

with that oi Scratching upon

a surface in the

Latin Stringo

and

an

explanation of one of the senses of the

Hebrew word, Mr. Parkhurst

when he
explains the verb by

has adopted the

terms
Castel

Rough

and

Rugged, where we
to the true idea,

are directly brought to the Elementary idea.

however brings us

"

vit,

constrinxit," and the substantive, belonging to

the

Raised, Ridged, Rough

" Elevavit, Liga" it, by Excelsa, Salebrosa," i. e. places; and moreover, when he gives us, as the sense

of the parallel Chaldee term, " Triturare, contundere."

The

sense of
;

To

Earn,' &c.
it

may be

taken from the metaphor of Rak//;^ dirt together, corMweiidi

and hence

is,

that the parallel

^thiopic term, produced by Castel, means " Immundus, abominabilis, " Pollutus," the Foul object ; and that in Syriac the parallel term means A Horse, i. e.

the

Rakkr

up of the Ground.
as parallel

ought to add, that the senses of the Arabic terms,

produced by Castel,

to

RKL,

the Traveller, bring us to the

Ground, as " Percussit Pede.

Pedam

impegit.

Via

"

cat eques
It is

" or, as

he might have added,

Pedibiis

" Ungulis jumenti

Latus jumenti, pars

ea,

Fed and the quam fodi-

calcata Terra''

marvellous to observe the powerful

effects,

which Language has produced

on the operations of the mind, and how veins of imagery and even modes of action have been formed from the impression of words, which continue at once to exhibit the
primitive and the derivative idea.
If

from

this

union of the Missionary the Preacher or

the Prophet with the Foot of the Traveller, that the peculiar imagery has arisen in the

following passage, which

is

alike

remarkable in

its

original

and secondary application:

"
to
is

How

beautiful are the Feet of

"tidings of good things."

which

St.

Paul aliudes,

is

them that Preach the gospel of peace, and bring glad (Rom.x. 15.) The word adopted by Isaiah in the passage, Hence it '^^i'^ RGL, the Foot, which has been just examined.
'

likewise, that

when

the Apostles are sent forth to Preach the glad tidings of the King-

dom

of Heaven, they are enjoined

act of denunciation against a perverse people,

a Mission.

To shake the Dust frona off their Feet,' who should reject the blessings
is

as a

solemn

of so great

A
other
;

name

for an

Astronomer
u.

in

Arabic

the idea of the

Uo a

These notions may

(AasIj Uassad, which is derived from the seetn on the first view very remote from each

but the interpretation of the Lexicographer will prove the truth of

1. An observer (of the stars, Mr. Richardson explains this " 2. One who lies in wait (an assasin, robber, informer, &c ) a. The Lion. l\ a ss a d, An " Astronomer. 4. A mathematician. 5. An observatory." This word may shew us, how impossible it would be in many cases to discover the leading idea, by which such

word by "

my hypothesis. Roads, &c.)

different senses arc connected, unless the Lexicographer,

in his
If in

who is supposed to be an adept Language, either by chance or by design, had supplied us with the original notion. A Lion and an this case we had only seen, that R. ass ad meant an Assasin

Astronomer,

it

would

have been im^iossible for us to have discovered the idea,

by which

these senses were connected, unless by the most intimate knowledge of the Language. RassAd, in the sense of a Robber, " t)ne who lies in wait " on the Koad, corresponds

with our phrase

''

"An

High-lFai) Man."

In Arabic likewise

Oyyijr Rl.siUD,

is

"One
which

of the attributes of

God

Director, conductor, guide, sag.icious, intelligent,"

belongs

THE
belongs,
another.

EARTH.
the person,
justly

1057
who
points

we see, Hence

to
is

Rassad, and means

derived,
as

out the

Road
of

to

Mr. Richardson

observes, the

name

Haron

Al Rashid,

(<Jyk>*jJI i^tJiHrun Al Rs/iid,) "The fifth Khalif of the house of " Alabbas, contemporary with Charlemagne." In the same colomn of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary we have Ressad tiL^ " 1- A Patrole. 2. A Collector of toll. 3. Au " astronomer." We little imagined, that the name of Haron Al Rashid, with which we are so familiar, was derived from the idea of the RoAD-Man. In the next column of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary to that, in which Rassad tX*.ol_^ is, I find Oo|_^ Rakyb, " 1. An Observer. 2. A Rival;" which belongs to the idea of Watching on
the

Again,

Road. The Rival is the jealous person who we have V^i' Rekub, "Contemplating,
i

Watches the actions of another.

observing (the
stars.)

Waiting,
leading

"

Expecting."
to

Havmg

obtained the original idea,

must leave the adepts in the Arabic

with
this

Language
notion.

discover the origin of the other

senses, as connected

6s

RC,

1058

^R.

R/

.-C, D, G, J, K, Q,

S, T,

X, Z.

RC, RD, &c. &c.

Rad^. (Germ.)
to

To

Run,

to

be

Words denoting Water

or

Moist

carried forward impetuously,

other

Exhalations Va-

Rout up the Ground.

Rhud. (Pers.)

River. Syr.

pours, &c. &c. &c. connected

with the action of Routing,

RHT. (Hebrew,

Chald.)

Raking
Ground,

up

or

Gutter,

Trough,

about
the

the

To Run

under

down.
various

ideas, of Stirring

Cutting up, Scattering

letice

up or about
about,

with different degrees of Fio-

Hregg, Regg, Regen, Rigo, Raino, Rain, &c. (Run. Germ. Lat. Gr. Eng. &c. ) To Dash
or Sprinkle with Water.

Noise

Coimnotiori, or

Routes,

so as to

make Ruts
&c..

Roads

Razo
Ros

Ratha -Miggs,

(Gr.)

Furrows

Splashings of Water, Dirt, &c.

Channels, &c. &c.

Eerse ARROs^r, (Latin Gr. Fr.) Dew To Sprinkle,

&c.,

R0TH05, R0CHTH05, R01Z05, &c.

(Gr.) Noise,
of Water, &c.

To

Cast or Scatter about

Commotion,

as

Water.

RiTH, REiTHron, RAiD^r, &c. &c.

(Sax. Gr. Welsh, &c.) a River,

Reek,
or

Rzcan,

RAVCuen,

&c.

(Eng. Sax. Germ.)

Exhalation.

To

Cast

Channel, &c.
Ruiss^i:. (French,)

Emit a Watery or Foul Rak,

Kennel,

a Rivulet.

Racu,

Rawk,
&:c. &.c.

&c. &c.
Rain,

Rad. (Germ.)
impetuously
a River.

the

river

running

(Sax.

Scotch, &c. &c.)

course of

Mist, Fog,
&;c.

&c. &c.

HAVE

THE
X HAVE
in

EARTH.
one of the greatest

1059

had perpetual occasion to observe, that the order of arto the writer
I

rangement presents
works of

difficulties

this nature.

shall in this article consider a

Race of

words, belonging to our Element, which relate to Water

or other Exhalations, Fapoiir, Sec, though
that all these
other.
I

Moist

do

not.

attempt to prove,

words are
are

to be regarded as directly

belonging to each

Many
be

probably derived from different portions of the

train of ideas;

same fundamental
certainly

though some
in

of

them may
to

considered, as
I

more immediately belonging

the

same

series of terms.

have supposed,

my

general hypothesis,

that the Radical

Raking
it

about, with various degrees of Violence Cast up Noise Commotion Agitation, or so as to make Ruts Roads Routes Furrows Hollows Channels, &c. we take into conup
the Gtou7id, so as

aboutalong, &c.
Scatter
it

RC, RD, &c. expresses the action of Routing

'To

Stir up

If

sideration these various circumstances,

the

Race of words, under the

fVater

Exhalations Vapour, Spouting

We
;

we shall see the origin of Radical RC, RD, &c. denoting

under the various accidents, at-

ix.c.

tached to such objects, of Noise

Sprinkling

Agitation Dashing Splashing up jorth out of Running

in

('hannels,

&c. &c.

shall

oftentimes be enabled to perceive, which of

is

these turns of
tain

meaning

most prominent

in the

sense of a cerideas will be

word though frequently some or all of these combined an^ inseparably blended with each other.

Among
tus,

the terms, denoting Noise connected with Water,

{PoSo?,

we

have the following; as the Greek Rotho5,

Undarum
PoxSeu,

strepi-

Remorum; Strepitus, Tumultus, Impetus);

(Po/^oj,

Kocnrhos, and
Strepitum

Wociirheo, (Vox^og, Fluctuum Strepitus, Fluctus,

seu Stridorem edo); Roizo5, Roizo,
tus,
Poi^iw,

Stridor, Sibilus,

Impe-

equum in Flumine vel lacu ad abluendas sordes.) Among such words we must class REirnrow, (Ps/fi^oi-, Alveus; Flumen, Fluvius; Rith, (Sax.) Rivusj the Welsh Raidar, a CataVoluto
ract
}

1060
ract;

^R.R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
and Rhedeg,

"To Run,

to flow

or stream as a Rjver."

The Welsh Lexicographers liave referred us, under Rhedeg, to the Hebrew tDH") Rahat, 'iT\ Rutz, Currere t^Ti Rhedaph, Sequ'r, mse;

qui the

the Chaldee jDi Reten, Cursor;

Ftu,

K-n Reda,
in

Iter facere

ai>d

Greek

Rheo, fluo.
to this

The preceding word

and

Welsh term

Mr. Richards' Dicsignifies

tionary relates to Noise in general.

RuEcuain

Pedere,

"To make

a Noise."

In the

column adjoining

to that

where

these words are found,

we have Rhawd,

" a Troop, a

company J"

on which Mr. Richards observes, " Q. wh. the English Rout be " hence derived and O. wh. Rhodio come from hence, aw being
;

" turned
*

into o, as

usual."

The Welsh Rhodio

signifies

To

Walk;* and in the same column of Mr. Richards' Dictionary, where this word occurs, we have Rhochan, " A Grunting," belonging to Rhoch, " A groaning or grunting, a roaring " Rhodl, Rhodol, "An oar to Ro-w with;" Rhodol, "A Paddle, Staff;" Rhodwyk, " The river Rlione m France " Rhod, " A Wheel. So in Arm. Cor. RozJ" belonging to the Latin Rota, from the Route, Road, or Rut made on the Ground. The succeeding
; ;

''

word

to

Rhod

is

Rhodazvg, a Shield, which

is

perhaps taken from

we have Rhuo, To Roar; Rhuad,A Roaring; and Rhuadwr, A Roarer. The preceding term to Rhoch, "A Groaning or grunting, a roaring/' is Rhoccas, "A Young Lad," which probably belongs to the idea of the Roaring or Noisy Boy. The Celtic Rhoccas directly brings
the round form of the Wheel.

In the succeeding column

Ragazzo, the Boy, &c. In the same column of my Italian Vocabulary, where this word is, I find Raggio, a Ray, Beam; and Ragghio, the braying of an ass." I have shewn, that Ray, RAviuSy &c. denote the L/'w^i, which are made by Scratching
us to the Italian

upon a Surface, and that the sense of Noise, attached to our Element, is derived from this action. In the same column of Mr. Richards'

Dictionary,

where Rhodivyn, &c.

is

found,

we

have

RuoDreSi

THE EARTH.
R}iOT>res,

1061
vain-glory,
give,

" Poinp, ostentation,

or

shew,

glorying,

"bragging, boasting;"
to the Noisy

and

Rhoddi,
and

To

bestow.

The

Celtic Scholars will consider, whether these words

may

not relate

Swelling Braggart,
belonging

to an ostentatious

Bragging

mode of conferring favours. The French Roo^r, "To rove

considered as
directly

or ramble about,"
to

the

Celtic

may justly be Rhodio. The

French Etymologists, under RoDer, justly produce these Hebrew and Chaldee terms Rats> Rahat, together with the Greek Rornein,
(PoSeiv);

and they add likewise the Syriac Rdo, "Marcher, voyager,

the
the
all

"cheminer;"
Rhedeg, and

German Raden,
Bas-Bretagne

Courir, se Hater-,

the

Welsh
Courir,

terms Rhedec,

Rheden,

which we see

brew
*'

RZ

belong to the sense of our Element. signifies, says Mr. Parkhurst, " To Run,
to

The HeMove or

Run, to cause to Run, to Drive or Force one " thing against another, to Dash, crush. As a N. with a formaRide
swiftly,

ARZ, "The Earth, or Earthy Matter," &c. 5:c. Hence he adds "German Erde, Saxon Eorthe, and " Eng. Earth, and perhaps Greek Eja, the same." The succeeding term in Mr. Parkhurst's Lexicon is y>^ R-ZZ, "To Run
" tive n" a,
''\-in"

" here

and

there,

or

with

swiftness and violence.

" break or Bruise by collision."

"
Pao-c-i-,

He

Dash, adds, as Derivatives, " Gr.

To
.?

To Dash;
Also
Risk.

Vria-cru,

To

Break, to Rush.

Qu.

Compare
Eng.

" under WV^.

German Risdh Quickly;

Ou. ?"
of

Sax- Raus, and

"Race.
In
occurs,
tl>e

same opening

we have Rosser,

"

my French Dictionary, where RoDEJt To bang, to lick, to thrash, to maul.;"

it
;

as

my

Lexicographer explains

where we have the

is

fullseiise be&:c.

longing to these terms of Commotion and Violence, Rout,

&c.
for

Le Duchat
RoD^r.

observes, that the French Rouer

sometimes put

My

French Lexicographer explains Rouer by "

To
*'

break

" a

man on

the

Wheel. To Jade,

to tire, to

Harrass. Rouer de
Coups,

1062

^R.R.V-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

" Coups, to bang soundly, to maul unmercifully."

Roller,

We

see, that

'To break on
;

a Wheel,' belongs to Roue, a

is

Wheel, quasi

Rota

but the sense of to Harass, &c.

attached to the

more

general idea of the Element.

Let us mark the explanatory word

to

Harass,

which
Stir

have

shewn
is

be

derived

from

Harrow,

Herser, To
which

up the Earth.

The

preceding term to RoD^r in

the Dictionary of
I

Menage

Rodomontade, belonging to Rodomont,

'

have conjectured in one place to signify

The Rover
this

about the Mountains,' as in Passamonte, &c.;

in seeing these terms for

and perhaps the

in
its

Reader
idea;
I

motion might be inclined to

have however proposed a different origin of the word

I

another place.
parallels,

have before prodiTced the

will unequivocally
is

German
I

Rad^;? and

which

unfold to us, that the

name

for a River, &c.

derived from the idea which

in various
articles

have proposed.

Wachter has placed Rad

diiFerent

with the following

significations;

"Rad,

Cito,

celeriter;

Rota, Currus,
et

" Fluvius impetuose currens

**

Rad^w, Currere, Properare,

cum
id

impetu

ferri;

and Rad^w, Exstirpare," bearing the same meanHere we unequivocally

ing, says

Wachter, as RoTTt?, or aus-Roiien, " Extirpare, sive

"

fiat

destructionis, sive culturse causa."

perceive, that the River

the
is
it

Rad
a

is

derived from or connected

with the idea of Routing up the Groimd.

RoTHER,
observes
;

in old British,

name

applied to Rivers, as

Baxter

He imagines, that RoTH^r- H/7/ig is " Ripa Limitis ;" and Rotter=D^w, Agger and Lye supposes, that KoTHEK^Hithe may be derived Limitis from Rethra, Nauta, and mean "Nautarum Portus." {Saxon Diet, Rother means here, I conceive, A PFater or sub Rethra= Hythe .^
who
derives

from Tr Odr, Limes.

River.
says,

Junius has an

article,

under the term Rei, which, as he

"olim Anglis Flumen denotabat.

G.Ru, Ry.

H.

et

H. Rio.
Peo?,
Poij,

" B. Ruye.

Sunt a

Feeiv,

Psiv,

Currere, de aqua: unde et

" fluxus.

THE
" fluxiis,fluentum.
" est Torrens. Gr.
Pud^ov,

EARTH.
Rith
est Riviis. Al.

1063
Ritha "Cur non
i

A Saxonibus quoque

Fluentum;" and Lye

?

adds,

"

ausa-ug derives a

C. B. Rhe, Fluere, Currere

"

In Persian, ti

RuD is " A River, a torrent, flowing water," An adjacent word The Intestines and otij_j Rude, "An Inis RuKH ^j^t(Pers.) testine; The string of an Instrument." Run means a River,
;

from the Hollow or Chaiuiel or Rut,

it

in

which
;

it

nins;
in a

and hence
secondary

signifies the Intestines, the

Hollow vessels

and

sense "

The

string of a musical instrument," from the idea of the

Intestines, of

which Strings were originally made.

Rud

likewise

means " Song, Cheerfulness,

word
to

jovial conversation, convivial mirth,"

from the string of a Musical instrument.

The

preceding Arabic

Rud

is

C^jj Rawd,

" Moveable, Moving.

Rud,

Slow,
in

" easy Pace."

Here we have the idea

is

of. Race or motion

RoAD; and
River.

thus Rud, the River,

the

Route

or Course of the

In the same column of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary

we

have Rvobar, " Torrent, &c.

"A
;

River in a valley,

Channel formed by the

In the

and Rvokhane,

The

bed of a River."

same opening of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary I find Rut, A River. In the Greek Reo and Ruo, (Psu, Pvu,) we have the form
'^R; but the form
vatives Roos,

RS

appears in Reuso,

{Peva-u,)
(Poog,

and

in

the Deri-

Rous, Reusto^, Roiko^, &c.

PoiKog,

Pou?,

Fluentum,

FIuxus,

Peva-Tog,

Fluidus.)

The

Reo,

{Peu,

Loquor,)

To

Speak, might be derived from the idea of Noise ; but we

I

shall find,

imagine, that

it

belongs to the sense conveyed by Eruo, (Hovu,

i.

Traho,) or the

Latin Eruo,
in the

d.

Proferre verba.

Tiie term tarn

RHT,
it.

signifies

Chaldee and Syriac

Hebrew "A Gutter, or Trough;" and in "To Run down," as Mr. Parkhurst explains
is

An

adjacent word in the Lexicon of this writer

nn RZH,

"To
is

waste, attenuate,

make

lean, famish,"

which must be referred

to terms of Violence, as

Rado, Rase, &c.

The

succeeding word
;

nn

Ruch, "

To

cry out or shout, for grief or joy

"

where we
have

1064

R. R. .-C, D, G, J,
in

K,Q, S,T, X, Z.
The
next word
is

have the idea of Noise, as

Rug/o, &c. &c.

on RZM, "To

be contracted, scowl, as the eyes of a person in

" anger," which belongs to the notion of a Face contracted into Ruts, RuOiE, &c., as I have before observed. The next word is
in

RZN,

ing,

which, as some imagine, relates to the idea of WeighBalmicing, &c., though Mr. Parkhurst observes, that " it
to refer this

" seems better

next word

word

to the

root, ryn "

RZH, which
The
have

means, as we have seen,

is

"To
in

Waste, Attenuate," &c.

&c.,

nn RCh, Air

motion Reek,

which

before fully discussed.

We

have seen, that the

it,

German
Stir,

'Rzoen signifies, as
agitate, excite

my

Lexi-

cographer explains

"To

move,

something,"
it

which accurately expresses the sense of the Element, as

been unfolded
in these discussions.
is

has

The

succeeding word in

my

German

Dictionary

Reg^, the Rain, which we now see belongs

In the English i?a/;i,andin

to the idea of Agitation, Commotion, &c.

some of its parallel terms, the Radical consonant G is lost, and the N, which is only an organical addition to the G, remains. The
Etymologists refer us, under Rain, to the parallel terms in other

Languages
the

as the

Saxon Hregn, Ragn, Ren, the Gothic Rign,

or Regnen, the Belgic Reghen, the Danish and
the Runic Hregg, Regg, the

German Regen

Islandic Regen,

the Swedish Ragn,

Greek Raino,

(Ptxwu,

Aspergo, Irroro); and they remind us, more-

and the Greek Reg^mo, REcnumi, (Ptiyvuu, Pausanias, "RAGoaios Uetos, PiiyvvfA,!, Frango,) and the phrase in " (Vay^ccioq viTo; Pluvia impetuosa et cum quadam vehementia pro" rumpens.") These terms may be conceived as belonging to
over, of the Latin Rigo,

each other, under the general idea of Commotion, Agitation, but in

some we

are directly brought to the original action of Scratching

upon a Surface.
In Italian,

Riga means "

Line, a

Dash

"
;

and Ricar^,
to

To
my.

Water, Sprinkle;

and RiGagno, Rioagnolo, a Rivulet;

which

THE
my

EARTH.

10G5

Lexicographer puts, as a parallel term, the French Ruisseau.

The Etymologists derive Rigo from Piyu, Algeo, from Peog, and Ayuf &c. &c. They record likewise /?a/o, (Pa(i/w, Aspergo, Irroro,) quasi
Rajwo, a term which
of words, with which
as Raio, Raiso, Pa^w,
I

have already illustrated by producing the race

it is

accompanied
a

in the

order of a Vocabulary,

Razo, RATuarnigx, &c.

Pccivu,

(Paw, Pxta-u, Profligo, &c.,

Vyja-a-u,

Perfundo, aspergo,

vel

Frango,

Vx^xfiiyl,

Gutta.)

Here we

see, that these terms, denoting the Sprinkling or

Dashing with Water, are connected with words expressing actions

of Commotion, as of

Routing up

or about, or Breaking up.

We
the

have seen, that Ratha=M/_vv, (Pa^ap^-^, Gutta,) relates to

Splashing up of Dirt by Horses in running,
iQxXXov.
(II.
4/.

502.)

Perhaps the Migx

KONIHS PAOAMirPEZ Miggs m Ratha-M/^.v,

(U.iyviiu,)

Migg-os,
parallels

may

belong to such terms as Mignuo,

and

its

Misceo, Mix; See, words, under the Element

Agitation,'

MG,

de-

noting

&c which

shall

shew

to belong to the idea

Let us mark the explanatory term Ir-RoRo, which will bring us to the Latin Ros, Ror-w, from whence we pass to the French ^r-Ros^r. The Latin Ros has
of Stirring

up the Mud.

been referred by Martinius

Chaldee D1 RS,
the
Stillare;

to

the

Greek Erse,
tri

(e^o-i;,)

to

the
to

to the Arabic

RS, Aspergere;
D")

Hebrew

d'D"i

RSIS,

Stilla,

Gutta, which belongs to

RS,

To

Moisten, before produced.

us, as a

Mr. Richardson, under

Sprinkle, gives

corresponding term, the Persian i^Oo.jf.j ^EEzedun, which signifies " To dissolve, To Break in pieces, to pour, to diffuse, to

" scatter: To be scattered, bruised, melted. " Flowing," which unquestionably belongs

B^izide,

Dispersed,

to

such

words as
the term

Regwmo,

(Priyvvu,

Frango,) Rout, &c. &c.

explains

Lye produces

Ragg, which he
which he
Riggy

by "Substillum, Pluvia Roscidula;" and

Rakia, {Isl) Pluvia;
the Runic

from Roka, " Unda sursum ventis dispersa," and the same Lexicographer refers to these terms the Scotch words

Hrigg,

refers to Racu, (Sax.)

6 T

used

1066

^R.

R.^.-C,D,G,J,K,Q, S,T,X,Z.

used by Gawin Douglas Rak, Roik, Reek, "quae idem signifi" cant " where we are brought to the English term Reek.
;

The English Reek

has been referred by the Etymologists to

the Saxon HeCy Recall, the

German Ranch, Rauchen,

Riecken, the

Belgic Reuck, &c., the Islandic Ruika, the Danish Roger, &c.,

who
the

inform us, that

Martinius derives the

German Ranch from

P)ceXof,

Hebrew
" chio

nil Rnch.

Lye

however observes, " Dispice interim annon

" A.S. Rec magis videri possit abscissum ex

exp.
^KXyj^oq,

quod Hesy-

Durus, Asper;

vel ex PuiKe^o;,
Difficilis:

quod eidem

" doctissimo

Grammatico

exp. ^aXETrcj,

atque adeo hue

" pertinent quae

" lestia
(PoiiKeoog,)

fumi."

Regum sapientissimus habet Prov. x. 26. de moThe Greek RakcIos, {PuksKo?,) and RAiKeros,
it

belong to the sense of our Element when

'

noyance

Disturbance, as
In the
is

denotes An~

To Rake

up the

feelings,' &c.

Rakelo^

has the same form as the French K^cher, " Scrape, shave or

Raze

"

off."

Fumus,
" lica;"

same opening of Lye's Dictionary, where Rec, found, we have Rec^^^, " Domus, aula, palatium, basi-

on which Lye observes, " Domus, autem ideo forsan

" Reced dicebantur, quod focos habentes in centro Futno plene,

" {Fumosa,) esse solebant."
this idea in the

We

shall perhaps

approach nearer to

Saxon Reesn, parallel

signifies

to the

Gothic Razn, Domus,

as

the

Saxon term

a Roof, Rafter,

"Asser;

Lacunar,
is

" Laquear."

We

shall

now understand how

which
I

the sense of
at

Reek

involved

in the train of ideas,

am

present unfolding, and

it

impossible
said

it

is

to select a

peculiar notion, to which

how may be
term

more

directly to belong.

V/e plainly perceive

in the

Reek
larly

To Reek, &c.
a.

the idea of a Vapour or Exhalation

moist vapour, Cast forth

Emitted Rising
Raked
up
or

particuup,

or

Raised

as

if

connected with the idea of Dirt

of

state

some commotion and annoyance.

*

Routed up, in The fundamental

Raised or

idea of Reek,

To

Reek,'

is

that of Rising

being

Raked

THE
Raked
this
'

EARTH.
annexed
to
'

1067
objects of

/>,

and

this

is

the familiar notion

nature.

Hence we say
and from
steam,
in the

The Reek Rises

this

The

Vapour
the

begins to Rise;'
is

metaphor, as

we know,

term Exhalation
" to
evaporate,

derived;

Exhalo, "
to

To

Exhale, or breathe Out,

or

to

Cast

or

Send forth a fume,

" vapour;" where,

explanatory terms " Cast or Send forth ,"

and

in

the use of the prepositions Ex, E, and Out,

idea.

we

see the

fundamental

We
it

of this word Reek, as

tion,

cannot separate likewise from the sense is sometimes applied, the idea of Commoto
it

and we often perceive annexed

if
I

the sense of an Annoy-

ing or Disturbing Commotion,

may

so say, or Foul species of

Commotion;

which brings us more

directly to

the original idea.

We

shall find too, that

halation;

and thus

Re<k particularly refers to a Watery Exwe see, how it connects itself with Raku,

Let us mark the explanatory term Disturbing, expressing at once Annoyance and Commotion, and beR.T.KiA, &c. &c. Pluvia.

longing,

as

we know,
actually

to

Turbo,

Turbidus, which

latter

word

R. Ainsworth
I
*

explains
is

by ''Muddy,

Thick,

Foggy.",

derived from the idea of 'Stirring up' the Foul or Turpid(Turpis,) Dirt of the Ground or Turf
It

shall shev.', that Turbo

was not necessary that Lye should have had recourse to a Greek word denoting Jsper, for the origin of Reg, &c. Smoke, as

Rough, &c. would have at once supplied him with the same idea; and in German the senses of Rough and Rrc are actually represented by the same term, or by terms under the same form, Rauch, Rough; and Rauch, Smoke. These
the Teutonic word
ideas are so involved with each other, that
sible to
it

is

oftentimes imposthey are distin-

mark
I

the shades of difference, by which

guished.

have shewn, that

Rough
or

is

J{o\ning,

J\AKing

Casting
see,

derived from the idea of

up

Breaking

up a surface

into

Ridges
mental

and thus we
idea.

In

how it agrees with Reek in its fundaEnglish, Reek signiiies at once the Rough
Ridge

1068
Ridge
tion.

^R.R.\--C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
or Protuberance, as

Nathan Bailey " or smoke," in one article; and in another, "Reek, A Mow, or " Heap of corn." We shall now understand, that the one may
be considered as the passive participle of the other;

we might explain it, and an Exhalaexplains "To Reek" by "To Cast a steam

To

Reek

Rake or Raise up or out; and the other sigtheRiocE Protuthe Raked or Raised up nifies 'TheCast out To Reek or wear Our author has another article berance,' &c.
means 'To 07^^ out
*
'

''

away. His
Casting up

Sickness

Reeks him;

i.e.

wastes or wears him away,

to the action of
Velli'

where Reak has the metaphorical sense, annexed

EAKing

or Scratching up, about, &c.

Tearing,
;

eating. Fretting, &c.

In Scotch, Reik means Smoke

and

it

means

likewise " Metaph.

Disturbance;

tumult," as Dr. Jamieson

See.

explains
us,

it.

This sense of Disturbance,

idea o^

unequivocally shews

how the Raking up

'

Smoke

is

connected with that of Routing or

the Dirt;
'

and accordingly the Latins say equally

Excitare.'

Pulverem' vel
Reach,' and

Fumutn

In Scotch,

Reik means 'To

"To Reik

out

foorth,"

corresponding with our term

Rig,

To

fit

out, &:c., as

Dr. Jamieson explains them in separate

articles.
*

have shewn, that

To Reach means
out,' &c.,

To Rake

or

Draw

out
to

along, &c. Stretch

and that Reik out or forth

Rid or Rake out a surface; and thus we see, how all We cannot these terms belong to the same fundamental idea. but perceive, how the words Out and Forth, annexed to Reik,

means

bring us to the true notion, and are alike applied to Reik, the
Exhalation,
Tract, which to Reik, the Reeks Out Stretches Out and to Reik, the term of preparation,

which

Reaches or what Rids Out. Dr. Jamieson refers us, under Reik, to other forms of the same word, Rak, Rawk, &c. "A thick mist or fog,
;

*'

a vapour;"

and here he has collated various words signifying

Irri-

Moist f- Humid, &c., as Rak-ur, Rek-ia, (Island.) Humidus,

gare, &:c. &:c.
I

have already produced the

terms

under our
Element,

THE

EARTH.

1069

Element, relating to the Sprinkling of Water ; and I have shewn, that they alike belong to the idea of Agitalion^ Cotnmotion, in

Routing up

the Ground.

Dr. Jamicson, under

Rak, produces the English Rack, before

it

explained, with a disquisition, which

is

not necessary to record.

Our Lexicographer has

a Vapour

justly

referred

the

Islandic Rok-r,

the

Twilight, and Rokv=a, Vesperascere, to the race of words, denoting

Fog,

&c,

and he has properly reminded

his readers

of the Scotch phrase,

A Rooky

day, "

" the light of consequence feeble."

when Hence

the air
it
is,
I

is

thick,

and

imagine, that

Rato,
Irish,

in

Gipsey, means the Night; and that

;

in

Gothic
fieri

we have
j

Riwis, Riwiz, Tenebrae

Riwizaw, Caligare, obscurus

Purblind.
to

and

in

Reag,

Niglit

Reag^/u?//,

In

the

succeeding
Irish

column of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary

that in
;

which these
I

words are found,

Celtic Scholars

is

Reall, Realt,

Star

and

must leave the

not be quasi

to

consider,
is

whether

Reall
I

may

Reagll, that which

seen in the Night.

have offered however

a different conjecture in another place.

lects,

In the Hindostanee Dia-

Raut

\s

Night ; and Rauk, Ashes;

where we are at once

brought

to the idea of Dirt.

The
as

terms Dusk

Dusky
is

and Dust,

&c. &c. have a similar relation to each other.

The English word Reechy,

Reeky,
it

'Reechy

Bacon,'

nothing but
;

as the

Commentators on Shakspeare understand

though
it.

does

not always
surface
is

mean
that

Sjnoky, as

Mr. Steevens
arises a

interprets

Reechy

from which there

Foul Exhala-

some Foul matter is collected, like a foul Exsudation. In the first and more original idea it is used by Shakspeare, where he talks of " Reechy Kisses," (Hand.);
tion,

or rather Exsudation, or on which

and the "Reechy neck of the Kitchen Malkin," (CorioL); and

the second sense,

in

when he

talks of a

'

Reechy

Painting,'

(M Jdo,
the

&c.)

cannot help adding, that Shakspeare has used

Reek with

1070

^R. R. \--C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T,

X, Z.
according

the due metaphor of "

to

Drawing

or Casting

upforth,"
them,

my

hypothesis, in the following passage;

" For there the sun
shall greet

"And

Drau- their

Reeking

honours up to heaven."

Whenever
idea of
*

the terms Reek, &c. relate to the Foul or Dirty

out,

Vapour

Exhaled or Cast

we

are brought

more

directly to the original

Dirt Cast out.'

perceive,

We

how

these words Reeky,

themselves with terms signifying a Foul

of things, as Rust, Rusty,

Filthy
;

Rechy, &c. connect

or Corrupt state
(Eu^of,

Resty Bacon, Euros,

seem

Situs,

mucor)
in

Roccia,

(Ital.)

Rot, Rott^w, &c.

and they

differ

only

this respect,

that these latter words

'

to relate

to Dirt

simply, without including the idea of

'

Dirt, as Cast or
it is

Thrown
scarcely

up.'

Yet

this

is

a minuteness of distinction, which

necessary
(Ev^us.j

to

propose.

In

another

form

of

the

word Euros,
is

the term Eurus,

Thrown
out;
as

(Ev^vg,)
I

we

pass into the idea of what

it

Cast or

have before shewn, that

means the

RiDDED-OMf way, so as

to be Spacious

and Broad

for

any purpose;

and

in the adjective

Eurod^^, (Eu^woV, Putris,

situ

obsitus; teneideas

bricosus,

obscurus

Amplus,
as

latus,)

we have
word

both

bined.

Let us note likewise, how

idea of Dirt,
is

this

relates to
I

comwhat is
here

Dark from the

we have
in

just seen.

remark, that Rot

derived from Dirt in a

Rovgh Broken
at

may

RovTED'Up
signifies

state;

and that Rott^?z

German
the
;

once actually

'To

Rot,' and

'To Rout up

Ground;'

" Rott^w

Rumpere " terram, sive id fiat Aratro, aut Fodiendi instrumento, quod " faciunt coloni, sive Rostro, quod faciunt sues." {Wachter. sub So allied are the ideas annexed to Reek and Rotten, that voce.)
"
et

composite

Ver-RoTien,

Putrescere

RoTT^n,

these words are

"

combined by Shakspeare.
cry of curs
!

You common
o'

whose breath
fens."

hale,

"As Kkek

the

Rotten

The

THE
The
' *'

EARTH.
Dr. Jamicson's

1071

succeeding articles

in

the thick mist," are Rak,

from the

Rawk, eyes during sleep, or when

and

Dictionary to Rak, " Tlie rheum which distils

they are in any degree

"inflamed;"
words belong

"The

greenish scum, which covers water in

Dr. Jamieson has understood, that these

" a state of stagnation."

to each other;

and he cannot help seeing, that one

relation
to

of them at least has

ThroxL'iiig

some

the

idea of Casting or

Rak, The
*'

This Lexicographer observes under tlie word rheum, that it may " be allied to Isl. Hrak, rejectaneum
out.
;

" quid, from Hrek-ia, Reka, pellere

Su. G. JVrak, Whatever " shore."
is

Reka, ut Ejicere; hence Rek,

out

Thrown

by the

sea

on the

The

succeeding word to Rak, the Scum,

it;

is

Rak, "

Stroak

" or blow," as Ruddiman explains

of Violence, which

where we have the action

we have

so often seen annexed to this race

it

of words.

Dr. Jamieson has seen, that "

may

be referred to

" the

Islandic

Reka,

Propellere."

Rak Saiich,

Rake, Rake, a swift

The succeeding terms are pace Rakyng, Rakket,

;

^akUss, Careless. Dr, Jamieson observes, that Rak Sauch is " a reproachful term" from Rack, To Stretch; and Sauch, the Willow, " the twig of willow, the instrument of execution, " anciently used." Under this idea the term corresponds with
our expression Crack-Rope.
*

Rake
Turn

is

so used in one
it

passage;
an error
or
in

Torn tow Rake,'

that Dr. Jamieson conceives

i.

to be

for

"Torn

to

Wrake,

e.

or bring thee to

Wreck

"ruin."
Reg7zwo,
in

We

have seen the same idea under both forms, as

Frango,) &c. &c.
In

Raik, the swift pace, and Rakyng, which our author explains by fFanden'ng, we see the
{Vriyvxjui,

genuine idea of Raking about.

ing "Blow,
Violence;
relate to

Some

consider

Rakket

as denot-

box on the

ear;"

where we

have

an action

of

but Dr. Jamieson imagines, that the word

may

cither

Racket,

the term of Hurry, or

it

may

express the idea

of

1072
of

^R. R.

\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T,X, Z.
and belong
to

something

Vile,

the

French Raque,
;

Filth,

Ordure, and the Teutonic Rack^w, Purgare latrinas

are directly brought to the
idea of Dirt, and of
I

where we

Rak/^ away

RakUss is These occasion.

Dirt.

ReckIcss, which

have explained on another

I

observations, which

have made on the terms

denoting Water, belonging to our Radical, will be sufficient to

elucidate the nature of the subject;

nor will

it

be necessary to
they will be
all

enlarge the catalogue of this race of words, as

found to be impregnated with the train of

endeavoured to unfold with
precision.
all

ideas,

which

have

possible

diligence

fidelity

and

<r*^:>^

RL

THE

EARTH.

1073

RL

belonging to the form

RCL,

an enclosure, from the idea

of the enclosing Hollow.

RTL,

&c. &c.

Raguled. (Heraldic

term,)

Terms relating to the action of Tracks, making Hollows

surface Notched or jagged.

Rallar. (Spanish,) To Grate

upon a
surface.

&c.

in

the

Ground

Scratching

upon

of

Grating

Raler. (Fr.) To Rattle.

^Railler. (Fr.)
(Eng. Fr.

upon a

surface, &c. &c.

To

Scratch.

Rail RAiLL^r,
RACLer. (Fr.)

RAiLL^;_y,

To

Rake.

Eng.)

To

utter

Rgl. (Heb.)

Track, Course,

Harsh

Grating

Language,
Pales

&c. &c. for Water.

Perstringere.

RiGAGNOLO.

(Ital.)

A
Fluere.

Rails Railings. (Eng.)

in the G;-^/^-like form.

Rill, &c. (Eng.)

Rail. (Old Eng.)

Rhigoli. (Welsh,)

Raillon. (French,)
share.

Plough-

To Hollow

into Furrows, Trenches.

Roll

Roller, &c. (Eng.) To

A

AmaRYLLis. (Lat. Name.) The

Rill.

Grate upon a surface.

RoiTH, RoiTHL^m. (Celtic,)

Rhigol. (Old Eng.)

crown,

Wheel.

X SHALL

consider in this article a Race of words, under the form

I

RL, which

conceive

to

be originally derived from

cScc.

the

form

RC/, RT/, RcL, R/L, &c.

We
too,

have seen various

words

under the form

RCL, RTL,

&c.,

as RACLer,

Rootle, Rattle,
readily underlost,

Rustle, &c.; and we have seen

stand,

what we should
ivc.

how

the Radical

Consonant C, T,
6 u

has been

and
the

1074

^R. R.^

-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.
/,

the added Consonant

'

L, has remained, as in
I

'

Reaula,' EeGULa,

iieguLay'

'

liUhe,' Sec.

&c.
;

have before shewn, that the English

in the Italian Ricagjiolo,

term Rill
I

is

quasi the

Rigl

and

we

see the

Lye refers Rill to the to the form used by Gawin Douglas, Ralis, the Belgic Rioole, term in Chaucer Rayled, and the Islandic Ryll. Lye likewise
added
to

Elementary form RG.

produces

another place Rail, as the term used by Spenser and Chaucer for " Fluere, Decurrere;" which he refers to Rill. I have
in in a

produced
at
^^

former page the Arabic RE]ilct &\^j which relates

have
conjectured

once to the Foot, and means likewise "Flowing waters, Aqueducts;"

and

moreover, that

tlie

Hebrew
also

^T\

RGL, which
Track,

is

acknowledged

to signify a Foot, denotes

Rut, i?///,' &c. In Welsh, Vihill is "An " order, a Rank, a Row," which I conceive to be quasi Rhig/, and to be derived from the regular Furroxvs or Ridges made in Ploughing up the Ground. But however this may be, the adjacent

'A

Course,

Welsh words Rhigol,

Rhigoli,
with

"A

little

ditch or trench, a

furrow;"

"To

Hollow into trenches or Furrows,''

directly coincide

my

general hypothesis, and will place

my

conjecture respect-

ing Rill almost beyond doubt.

or Furrow, without the Noise.
to be derived from Amara,

Here we have simply the Channel

The name

y^maryllis

is

supposed
in prato,
liyllis

(A/^afa:,

Aquse ductus, Sulcus

per

qucm Aqua
is
{A[/.ot^cc.)

ducitur Irrigandce terras caussa.)

The

Amaryllis
j^tnara,

the Rill, the

We
per

Rhi^oL, a word of a similar meaning to see how Rigo is brought to the spot,
quern

supposed " Sulcus

in

my

hypothesis, by the interpretation above adopted;

in

prato,

Aqua

ducitur
crater

Irrigand^.
as

terr^-e

" caussa."

Every

one acknowledges

the

source

of

names, as Mr. JVater, Fountain, Brook, Rivers, Sic. &c. Rigol occurs in Shakspeare, and signifies, as the Commentators observe,

Crown.

Its

original sense

conceive to be

tiiat

of

THE
of a Channel or Hollow; from

EARTH.
whence
it

1075

denotes in general that,

which

Contains

Encloses hifolds,
" This
is

&c.

The word

occurs

in

Henry IV. Second Part.

a sleep,

" That from this golden Ivigol hath divoic'd

"So many
"

English Kings."

(Act IV. S.

4.)

Mr. Steevens observes on

I

this

passage, "

Rigol means a

circle.

know

not, that
it

it is

used by any author but Shakspeare,

who

" introduces
"

likewise in his

Rape of Lucrece:
Rigol
goes."

" About the mourning and congealed face

Of

that black blood, a Wat'ry

Here Rigol seems

Course;

to

mean

little

and we may perceive, epithet Wat'ry "A Wat'ry Rigol," the original sense of the term. I must here observe, as I have perpetually had occasion to

more than a Channel Furrow-^ think, more strongly in the I

do,

that

words

have a marvellous

propensity

to

retain

their

original meaning.

Raguled, as Skinner observes, is the same as Ragged, and means " Crenis seu Incisuris exasperatum " where
In Heraldry,
;

Ragul conveys a similar idea to that, which I affix to Rhigol, the Rut or Hollow. We here see, how Ragged connects itself with Rough and Rugged. The preceding word to the Heraldic term RhGcy^hed in Nathan Bailey, is "Raggouled or Couped,
" a term applied to a Branch that is sawed from the tree, or to " a stock so separated from the Root." Here we see the word simply signifies Cut, and to this idea

we

should probably refer the

partly

term Ridgle,
trated.

for a

Horse, which has been

is

Cut or Cas-

In Scotch, the term

RxaLan, or ^loLand; where the

Ling,
as
in

Lan
or

or
it

Land

originally denoted perhaps the very Spot, the Laiid,

to

belongs

the

English
of

Ridgling,

Sec.

Sec.

In the

same column

Nathan
this

Bailey's

Dictionary,

where the
" the

words above produced from

writer are found,

we have Rag,

107t)

R. R.

\-C, D,

G, J, K, Q,
or

S,

T, X, Z.
colts
;

" the Tatter;

*'

Rag,

A Company
play

Herd of young
Rogue,

Rag,

Bolts, Iron Pins full of

Jags or barbs on each

the

side

Rage,

" Furyj
"
or

To Rage, To

Chaucer.

RAcm^,
sorry Ras-

" Roguery, wanton tricks, Chaucer.

cally,

RAGAMuffin,

Ragged Fellow;" where we see in all these words, however different some of them may appear in sense from each other, the same fundamental idea of that, which is in a Ragged,
Broken-up
of
condition

Disorder

Commotion.

in

Rough

Rugged Riotoz/^
that

state

We

are only different forms of

Rogue and Roguery Rage and Ragerie. We may see,

see,

how Rage, Fury, connects itself with the idea of what is Ragged Broken up Jagged Notched, &c. &c. when we look

back to the explanation of Skinner, " Crenis seu Incisuris Exaspe" ratumi' which literally means so say,

"A
to

s\xr{?Lce

Exasperated,"

if

made Ragged and Rough by Ruts

in

Hollows, &c.

may The

Muffin

Rag A=Mujffin

belongs

such
idea of

words as Mob, Mop,

Muffin, &c., which convey the

tiofi

same

Commixture

CommO'
this

the

Stirred-w/> or together object

is

Swelli?ig

up substance, &c.

In Spanish, Raiz
in

2?ooi,is

and the succeeding word to

my

Spanish Dictionary

"Raja,
I

Chink, Crack,
"

Fissure,

"Opening;"
Rasa, &c.
" &c.

where we have the idea of the

In
the

same column

have

Rut the Terra Raer, To Scrape,

RAEoera, Scraper,
In the

" Grate; Raido, Scraped; Radio, Radius, Ray

;

Rata,
I

small Cut or opening in a canal."

same

column

Raigal, "Belonging or relating to the ''Root;'' and Rajuela, "A small splinter or chip of wood;" The succeeding word is Ralea, where we have the form RJL. " Race, Breed " where the second consonant J, G, &c. of the Radical RG, &c. is lost, as it is in the adjacent terms Rallar, To " Grate, to reduce a hard substance to powder To vex, molest;
find likewise
;

"

and Ralo, Thin, not

close,

compact," &c. &c.

We

shall

now

understand the metaphor annexed to the English Kail, " Convitiis

"incessere;"

THE EARTH.
"incessere;"
under which
i

1077
us
to

the

Etymologists refer

the
"

Belgic Rdllen, Gavr'ire

the French Eailler, Irridere;

the Danish

Rylle and Uagler, " Gracillo seu Glocio instar gallinae incubantisj

and the

Italian Ragliare,

Rudere instar
this series

asini.

The

idea of Noise
'

cannot be separated from

'Grate upon a surface.'
RAoliare,

of words, signifying

To

In the Danish YxAoler, and the Italian

we

see the true

To

Banter, belong to

Elementary form RG. Rally, Railery, the French llailler, Raillerie ; but Rallv,

Rallie r, (Fr.) " ordinos turbatos instaurare, Restituere," are supposed to be derived from Re and Lier, Realligare. This is probable
}

but

we

see, tliat Rallier

may

belong to the action of Stirring

up

a.

surface, with another application,

and may mean

to
this less

To

Excite,'

&c. &c.

Rail,

Railler,

Raillery,

belong

metaphor of

Grating upon a surface, with more or

use Harsh, Grating

degrees of violence

To
is

Language

to

any one

Perstringere aiiquem.

The
to these

adjacent

word

to Rallier, in the

French Dictionaries,
idea of Noise
in the

Raler, To Rattle, &c., where we see the

words, and the true form

annexed

RT

English Rattle.

The French Etymologists Gracculare. They might

term Raille;

derive Railler from Ridiculare or from

se^n

the true sense of Railler in

the

which are words adjoining to each other in the Dictionary of Menage. Thejoues Raillees, Le Duchat explains
by Ridees; and he derives
" de joues sont
it

from Rad/m5, " parceque

les
is

Rides
just;

comme

des especes de Rayes."

This idea

but our Etymologists might equally

'Rinees,

have referred the \\ord to a term of the same family-, and they should have reminded

us of their ordinary term eRAiLLe/-, where the original sense fully

appears.

My

Lexicographer explains ^Railler

"muslin, gauze, &c.

see, tliat

To

Scratch;''
is

Fray and thus wc unequivocally

the metaphorical sense of
is

by

"To

Railler,
in

To

Jeer, Banter,

Railler
all this
is

^Railler,

To

Scratch.

It

most marvellous, that

is

not as visible as the unclouded Sun

at his highest

noon.

1078

^R.R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

noon. Menage derives Erailler from Radere, " Rado, Rasi, " Kasnm, Rasicum, Rasiculum, Easiculare, Raculare, Railler, Exracu" tare, Erailler."

Menage having
all this

seen that Erailler belongs to

Rado, might have saved

of his process the

Jabour by adopting as the medium

Scrape, &c., Raler, Railler.

Racler,

To
in
is,

The
sucin old

^R*AiLL^r

is

nothing

but another form of RAcL-er.

The

ceeding word to Railler French, means a Dart; that

Menage

is

Raillon, which,

the Scratcher,

quod Cutem Radix.

Menage informs
and
that
a Plough.
Reillanette

us, that Railloji likewise signifies

Ploughshare;

Railhe in

Provence,
it
is,

and

Reille in

Languedoc, means
the

Hence

as

he

observes,

that

Family of
of Relhan
is

have a Plough

in their

arms.

The name

derived from this source.

In the sense of the Plough

in

we

are

brought
Raillofi

to the

Spot supposed

my
:

hypothesis.

Menage deduces
de

from Radius and Radillus

ces

"

De

Radillone, ablatif
:

" Radillo, dit pour Radillus, on a

fait Raillon

lequel

mot a

aussi"

"
I

ete dit du fer d'un dard:

fers

ressemblant a un Rayon."

am

surprised, that the term Raillon, a Plough, did not

remind

the French Etymologists of the Latin Ralla or Rallum, signifying

"

The Staff wherewith the ploughman in tilling putteth the Earth "from his share;" which we now understand to denote either
that,

which belongs

to the

Plough or Raillon, or

else the Scrap i^ig

Instrument.

The term Rails or RAihings, the sharp-pointed Stakes of wood fixed in the Ground for the purpose of Defence, seem to mean the Instruments, which are capable of Grating Scratching
or Tearing the Flesh, the
'

Valli

cutem KAoentes.

derived from the action of Grating upon a surface,

That they are is most certain;

and

only

express a doubt,

because there

is

another idea an-

nexed to

this action,

from which they may be taken.

Rails and

Railings may have the same form as the Iron Grate, which seems to mean the figure composed of Lines or Bars, like the
Lines

THE
Lines

EARTH.
The
Latin

1079
Crates

made by

Grat'nig

upon the Ground.

"

means for a similar reason A bundle of rods wattled together. *' A Drag or Harrow to break clods. A Grate of brass or wood." the Rack of Hay, belongs to a similar I have shewn, that Rack,

notion of Rak/?;^ or Scratching upon the Ground.

it is

Thus, then,

evident,

that

the

terms Rail, Railings, are attached to

a race of words, which signify

I

'To Grate

or Scratch upon;' and

shall leave the

Reader

to decide

on the peculiar notion, from

which they are taken.

It is

impossible perhaps to divide a fundait,

mental notion into two different modes of conceiving

the object expressed admits both.

when

In Scotch, Ralis means Nets,

which Dr. Jamieson

Grate-\\ke form.

refers to Rails, as

denoting the Enclosure.

denoting
the

They probably however belong

In the

to each other, as

same column of our

by Chaucer

author's Dictionary

we

have

To Rale,

"

To

spring, or gush forth, to flow," which he justly

in

refers to

Rayled,

as used

the same sense, and to

Rill.

We

have likewise Rallion, Noise, Clattering;

idea,

have the same

race.

which we have seen

Grille, the Grate, is

in

where we other words of this

The French
Craticula,

supposed to be derived

from

which may be so;

;

yet the

or ge might
to the

be

a Teutonic addition
before us.

and the Rille might belong

see, that

words

Rail, the verb and the substantive, contain the same fundamental of Grate, 'To Grate The Graters

We

now

'or the Grated.'

lel

The Etymologists
In the

produce under Rail, the paralthe French Verrouil, and the

the

terms, as Riegel, a Door Bolt;

Belgic JVervel.
form.

German RiEce/ we have

more

familiar

Etymologists have derived the word Verrouil from Veruculus, a diminutive from Veru, which may perhaps be

The French

The Ver in Verouil, is certainly taken from I'eru, but the Rouil may belong to the race of words now before us. In the quotation produced by Menage from Rabelais, under Raillon, we find Virolets among the terms for weapons.
the fact.

The

1080

^R. R.

\-C, D,G,J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z.

is

The Land-^wh
lando.
a

so

called,

quod
takes

Radat
its

Terrain

WoRail,

Skinner imagines,
Dress, which
I

that

it

name from

Woman's
to

have before explained.

Skinner,
is

The
(i.

preceding

word

Rail, Tignum,
exasperatum."

in

a term before produced,

e.j

Ragul^^, "Vox Faecialium, idem quod Ragged,

" Incisur.is

Crenis seu'
true idea.

Here,

as

we

see,

is

the

In Scotch,

To Raggle means 'To

Ruffle,

to tear the skin,

In

" architecture, to jagg, to make a groove in one stone for receiving " another," says Dr. Jamieson, who adds, "Most probably of the

" same family with E. Ragged, a term applied to stones that are " indented or jagged." The preceding term to this, is To Rag,
"

To

Rally; also to Rate, to reproach," &c. &c.

where we are

re-

ferred to

BuIH-Rag.

In

Rag and Rate we

see the simpler forms

is

of

Ragg/^ and Rally; and the succeeding term

" Raghmereisle,

" In a state of confusion, higgledy-piggledy; a term used in " some parts of Fife. But it seems merely local, and is now

" almost obsolete," says our author.

Here Ragh and Reisle

have the same Radical

idea, as in the
in

words 'To Rout

Root and
tumbling

'Rootle
ing;
about.

about.'

The Rig
or

RicHmeroll has the same mean-

and the Roll belongs

to the idea of Rolling or

The Me

Mer

in these

words
or

is

probably derived from

Mire,
to

an impression of the use of

&c. &c.
'

Me

Mer

in

The

Bully in

BuIU-Rag belongs

MurMur, Marr, terms of 'CommoBullio, &c.,

tion,'

under the form BL, as Bully

Bellow

which

shall

shew

to be derived

from the idea of Stirring up the Bolos,

Pelos, {BuXog, gleba, nijXoj, Limus.) Dirt,

Mud, &c.

In the North,

To Banter," says Mr. Grose in his Provincial Glossary, where we have the true form RD. The succeeding word to Raddle is Radlings, Windings of the wall. North. Called
is

Raddle

"

" IVatlings."
" or Hurdles."

Nathan Bailey explains Wattles by "Spliced Grates

Here we see Roil has the same sense

as the

Spanish Ralar, "

To

disturb by harsh Grating conduct,

To

vex,

" molest,"

THE

EARTH.

1081

" molest," &c. Mr. Grose explains Roil or Royle by "A big, " ungainly slammakin, and great awkward blowze or Hoyden. " To Roily upon one; To traduce his character. In Yorkshire,

"

To Roil

is

used to signify the tricks of a Rude, playful boy."

I

Nathan Bailey explains To Roil by 'To Range;' which

to the

refer
little

Welsh

Rill,

"

An

order, Rank,

Row

Rhigol,

" ditch, trench or Furrow.

in

Mr. Grose explains Roile or Royle

North."
i?/^o/o, (Ital.)

another place by

"To

perplex or fatigue.
its

The English Roll, with

RoUen, (Germ.) &c. &c.,
is

parallels Role, (Fr.)

acknowledged to belong

to

Rotula
is

and Rota.
gists

The Rowel

of a Spur, with Rouelle, (Fr.) &c.,

likewise acknowledged to have the

produce the Welsh

Rhol

have the Armoric Ruilla, &c.,

preceding column of
Ruilla
is,

The Etymoloand in Lhuyd, under Volvo, we and the Irish Rolam. In the
same
origin.
to that,
in

my

Armoric Vocabulary
;

which

we have Roll, A Rowle

and Rot,

and likewise Rodella,

To

where we have the true form. In the preceding and succeeding columns of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary to that, in which RoLa/w, To Roll, is, we find Roith,
turn or wind about;

Wheel;

Wheel; RoiTHL^d-^^w,

Circle,

Wheel; and Roth,

Wheel,

RoTHL^/w, "

Whirl."

The form

RTL

brings us

to

Rattle,

Ruttle, &c. To Roll belongs Reel. In the Poems attributed to Rowley, Rele is used; and it seems to be applied both to the Disturbed state Rolling surface of the Sea, and the Rolling

of the Sky, as the Clouds.

said
(v.

In iheEjiglysh Metamorphosis, a ship

is

to

appear
it

"Soft

11.) where

boundeynge over Swelling azure Reles," surely denotes the Rolling Sea; and in Mlla the
is

same expression
tjje

used, accompanied with

the Lightening and

the
in,

Thunder,

(529,)
is

where
told

it

probably

means

Sky.

In

Godwin, the Queen

by the pious King to go

and "View

" the azure Rele," as supposing, that she has no mind to pray.

6 X

Here

1083

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
In the second Eclogue,
to

Here probably the Heavens are understood; though the sense of

it is

not very manifest.

Rele

is

used as

a verb, in a

manner corresponding
Row,
to ply the

Role
tion

is

"To

Reel or Roll. In Scotch, oar;" where it refers to the Agitain

of the

Water.

The

succeeding words
;

Dr. Jamieson's

Roll yd, Enrolled ; and Rollochin queen, "A lively young woman," &c., which he justly refers to Rollack, To Romp; where we have the term of Agitation. In our vulgar combination Rolly Foley, the same idea is likewise maniDictionary are Rolk,
fest.

A Rock

Dr. Jamieson appears to see no connection between these

words.

He

has however produced, under Rollochin, the Islandic

RuGLA,

Effutire;

where we have the true form.

The Rolk may

Crag, or
It
;

belong to the simple form Rock, the

Rough

it

may
not

belong to Roll, as denoting the Swelling -out object.

necessary to produce any more terms under the form

is

RL

as the

Reader

will

from hence be enabled

to

understand the source, from

which they are derived, and the mode by which they may be referred to
that source.

Certain terms with

/,

the breathing before

the '^R, and the organical addition

future occasion.

L, will be considered on a

R-GG,

THE

EARTH.

1083

R-GG,

&c.

RmG, RNG, RN, &c.

Runt. (Scotch.) The Trunk of
a Tree, originally the Root.
Stir,

To Rout, Root,
about, &c, &c.

Turn

up,

yJgitation

is

Runt

Rind.

(Eng.

Scotch,

Commotion

Noixe what

Germ.) Tiie iS'/Mw/y animal the little Cow.

Rough,

Szc.

RuGCHOi

or RuNCH05, (Greek,)

Ris, RiN,

RosTrm. (Latin,)

The
RiCTW5,

Snout, Beak, Nose, the

Router up of the Ground.

Writhe, Wrest, Wriggle, Wrestle. (Eng.) Wrong, Wrinkle, Wrangle, Wring, Wrench, &c. (Eng.) Ring. (Eng.) To Wring or Turn
about, Round, &c.

Wreath,

RiNGo.

(Latin,)

The

Mouth, To gape, &c.

Regko, R0GK05, RONCIW^^, &c.
(Gr. Lat.)

Snoring.
(Gr. Lat.)

RuKANE RuNciNA.

REmigen. (Germ.) To Clear, Cleanse, &c., i. e. To Remove dirt by Stirring it

about

Saw.
&c.
(Latin,

away.
To
clean a

RuNco, RoNcar^,
Ital.)

Rein. (Germ.) Clean, &c.

Rinse, &c. (Eng.)
bottle by JVrinsing or

To

Root out.
^zRoiNT.
(Latin,

fltrRRuNco,

TurnFile

Enghsh,)

To
out

ing

it

round.

Root
&c.

out

Drive
Rough.

away,

REiN^m. (Gr.)
off,

To

File,

To

Polish.

"RoNchiose. (Ital.)

RuGG^^
RoNzare.

RND/W'w.(Pers.)To clear away Mud with a shovel or Rake

(Ital.)

To

Buzz,

Hum,

To Dig To

Polish.

To

Ramble, Roam.

&. &c. &c.

SHALL

1084

^R.H/.--C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
in this

SHALL
or

article

consider the words under the form

RG,

RNG,
Work.

RN, which have

not been discussed in other parts of

I

my

In the

words wliich

shall

examine,

conceive that the

thus they

n was generally an organical addition to the

G; and

may justly enough be considered RD, RG, &:c. We find that the
and sometimes follows the G.
n follows
;

as belonging to the

Element RC,
Frango,) the

organical n sometimes precedes

In Reg?2z/o,

{Vviyvvco,

and

in

some of
follows.

the parallel terms to Rain in other

Languages, as the Gothic RiGji, the Saxon EaGn, the German

ReGen, &c., the

difficult to

?i

In
?i

this

latter

word however,

it

is

decide,

whether the
and

be an organical addition to the

G, or the record of the Infinitive mood.

The union

of the sounds

represented

by

is

perpetual.

French

it

is

peculiarly apparent, as in

know, that in oN, pronounced oNG, &c.

before

We
G

and that

in

Greek
as

the sound

of

Ji

is

expressed by

G
the

doubled;
71

TegGo, (jeyyu, Tingo.)

;

In Latin, as

we know,
find,

is

adopted, as in TinGo
is

though we sometimes

that

the Radical form

likewise preserved.
;

Hence we have FreGi

some of
the

belonging to FraJiGo or FragGo

In Greek, this union of sounds

TetiGi to TanGo, or TagGo, &c.

is

applied to

consoTinGo,
I

nants Cognate to

and hence we have among the Grammarians,

as

"r

ante r, K,

X sonat N,"

TegGo,

{Teyyco,)

becomes

AgKura,
the

(AyKu^x,)

AnChora, and EgChos,

(Eyx,o;,) EnSis.

ought

likewise to remark on

the formation of this Race of words with

it is

N after

the ^R, that

not always necessary to suppose the

is

previous form of Rg, as the n, that

in

fact,

the go,

may

at

once be organically attached to the R, by the same process, that

the G itself
firmo,
is.

Thus we
Pou,

see, that RoNniio

and Roo, {Puwuu, Con-

Roboro,

Roboro,)

may

be considered as directly be-

longing to each other.

We

cannot but note,

how Rome,
Thus we

(Pwjwij,

Robur

is

attached to these words;

to the

and we cannot but observe

series.

likewise,

how Robur belongs

same

see, that

the

THE
the

EARTH.
as

1085
Consonant, and that

R^ might be regarded
m,
b.

the Kadical

Eoo, Roti^^uo, RoMe, RoBur, are kindred terms, with the organical additions of n,
I

must observe however,

are once formed, they

that

when

these forms

R\n, Mors,

&:c,

may

be con-

sidered under one point of view, as totally distinct Radicals.

I

have before produced the terms Rxjgcho^ or Runchos,

Rictus,)

(Pi/y^o?,

Rostrum,

and Regko, Rogko5,

(Viyycu,

Sterto,

Voyxo?,)

or Renko, Roncho^, where

into the form

RN.

we perceive, how the form KG passes Hence we have, as it is acknowledged, Runco,

Koachus, RoNchisso, &c. &c.
the form

fl:.'^RRuNCO, RuNc/;za,
(Puxai/ij,

In

Rukan^,

Runcina,)

we have

RK, with

the organical addi-

and Ringo, and in Ris, Rin, (P^?, Piv, Pivoi,) we have both forms RS, RN. I have before shewn, that all these words for the Nose or Snout, Rugc/io5, Ris, RosTrum, &c, belong ultimately to each other, and that they mean the Router
tion
71

to the K.

In Rictm.?

or

Rooter up

of the Ground.
is

In Italian, RoNcar^

is

'To Weedj'
in the

and the adjacent word

explanatory words

Ronchioso,

Rugged, Rough, where

I

we have

the true form.

find

likewise in the

same column
"

of

my

Italian

Dictionary

RoNzare,

"To
at

Buzz,

Hum," and "To Ramble, Rove;" where we have

Irish

once the

idea of Noise and of an Agitated Motion.

In Mr. Shaw's Galic Snore.

I

and

Dictionary

we have RoNca/, To

shall not

attempt to produce the various words under this form relating to

Noise, Agitation, &c., as the Spanish

RoNc^r, &c. &c., which are

acknowledged

to

belong to
\s

this source.

The term

of superstition
to

Avernmco ox auRv a CO,

on a similar occasion.

referred

by the Etymologists

Runco

and hence we have our old English word Aroint or Roint applied

As Root, under the form RT, is the substantive of the verb " To Root up," &c., so under the form RN we have Runt, as
a

substantive,

belonging to Aroint, Runco, &c.

In

Scotch,

Hunt

1086

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
"

Runt means

The Trunk
it,

of a tree.

The hardened Stem or Stalk

it
;

" of a plant," as Dr. Jamieson explahis

word, "Sibb. derives
'

who

observes on this
It is
;

without any probability, from Root.

perhaps radically the same with the German Rinde, bark also " crust for what is a Runt, S. but the stalk hardened into a sort " of bark ? " The term Rinde or Rind will be considered in a
;

future
tlie

page.

Runt

meant,

imagine, originally the

part,

Root
it

of

Tree; and then the RooT-like substantial

&c., just as
out.'

and

belongs

to
'

RuNcmo,

Root

the substantive belongs to the verb

To Root
Runt
in

The

explanatory word Stem means,

we know,

the Stalk and the Stock or Stump of a Tree.

to

The succeeding word

word under the same

Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary

is

form Runt,

"An

old

Cow," and

in

English

"An Ox
it;

or

Cow

of

"a

small size," as this Lexicographer explains

who

justly

refers the

word

in these senses

to

the Belgic Rund, a Bullock;

and the German Rind,

that the

An Ox

or

Cow.
will

Dr. Jamieson imagines,

English and Scotch senses of the word are " evidently

" quite different}" yet the Reader

animal,' either as referring to
is

now understand,
'

that they

both contain the same fundamental idea of the

*

little

Stumpy

its

original diminutive size, or as

denoting 'what

worn down to the Slump,' as we express it. Dr. Jamieson does not seem to understand, that Runt, "the Trunk " of a tree;" and Runt, "An old cow," have any relation to
words, the sense of

each other, though he gives us, as a secondary meaning of both

"An

old

Woman."
Lima,)

The term Rine,

{Pivi;,

File

the

Scratcher upon

a surface, belongs to Rin,

Plane, belongs to Runco.

(Piv,

Nasus,) just as Ruacina,

(P/ov, is

Saw

or

The Greek Rion,

(P/c,)

Montis cacuderived from

men, promontorium,) the Projecting Promontory,

a metaphorical application of Rin,

the Nose, which projects

from the
cutis,

face.

This metaphor

is

perpetual.

Rinos, {Pmg,

cv,

Pellis,

corium;

Clypeus,

scutum,) might originally denote the

Shield,

THB EARTH.
shield,

1087
which was Projected
case the Skin or

and be derived from the idea of

its

that,

before the person for

defence

and

in that

Hide, as denoting the usual materials, of which the Shield was

made, would

be

its

secondary sense.

We

shall

find

however

another idea, from which the term

may

be derived.

In Welsh,

Rhyn

signifies

"A

Mountain, a
proceeds

hill,

a cape, a promontory," says

Mr. Richards;
" Scotland,
*'

who

thus:

"In
is

the
their

Highlands

of

it

is

Run, as our Din or Dinas

Dun.

Rhyx,

perhaps signified anciently a Nose, as the Greek, P;v, Rhin^

To
is

" this

Rhyn answers

the old English Ness, as in Sheerness in the

" Isle of Shepey, Cathness in Scotland, &c.

" called by the
*

And

promontory

same word, asNose, in other Languages. Hence the compound Penrhyn, our most common word for a Promontory." I have shewn in a former part of my Work, that Wreath,

Wrest, Wrest/^, are derived from the action of Stirring up the Earth (p. 609.) I have supposed, that Wrench, Wring, with their parallels, are quasi Wrigch, Wrigg. I have
Writhe,
imagined,
that

Ring, the

Circle,

is

that,

which

is

Wrung

or

Turned round, just as

Wreath,

in its gentler sense, belongs to

Writhe,

the term of Violence.

The
I

verb
(Sic.

To
is

Ring, (Pulsare,
the Noise

Tinnire');

Hringan, Ringan, (Sax.)

&c.

in the violent action of

Wring/k^.

have shewn, that

made Wrinkle,

with

its

parallels IVrincle, (Sax.)

Runtzel, (Germ.) ^c. relates to

the Surface

made Rough
just as

or Corrugated, by

Wring/w^

or Turning up

Kvgosus or corKvGated denotes the Surface made Rough by throwing it up into Rug.e or Furrows, i.e. Ruts
that Surface;

and Ridges.
aside, or

What

is

Wrong
its

is

that,

which
;

is

Wrung Turned

Perverted from

true course

and hence we have the

word produced by Junius Wrenches, "Deceitful Tricks, frauds." In Saxon, Wring, sc. Eagas, is " Ictus oculi;" which means the ' Wring/w^ or Turning about of the eyes." The Wren, Regulus, Trochilus.

belongs to Jl'ring, To Twist or Turn about, for the

same

1088

^R. R.

\-G, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X,

Z.

same reason as it is called Trochilits ; and from the name of the Wrangle is a Bird, the Saxon Wrcene, Libidinosus, is derived. term of Jgitation, denoting Strife, &c., belonging to the same
idea of Twisting

Turning

or Stirring about, as in the action of

The Etymologists, under Wrench and Wring, justly refer us, among other words, to the German Ring^w, which my German Lexicographer explains by "To strive, struggle, In the explanatory term Wrestle Wrestle, fight, contend."
Contention.
'

we

see again

the sense, annexed

to the action

of

Wrestzw^

Turning or Twisting about.

Wachter explains RiNG^n

" torquere,
''

in

various

articles

by " Flectere,
Belg^e

stringere.

Anglo-Saxones

dicunt

JVringan,

Wringen, Angli, To Wring ;Luctan;

Pugnare,

certare,

Vin-

where we have the same fundamental idea. In 'Lucrari' we still see the sense of Wri?jging something from a person.' In German, Ring, or ^^-Ring, signifies " Mean, sorry, " pitiful," &c. which belongs to Ring^w, and denotes the person
'

" cere;

Lucrari;"
;

'

in a

'Wrung, Reduced

state,'

and need not be referred

to

Pyjyvuuj,

Rumpo, as Wachter conjectures. This Lexicographer explains Ring in one sense by " Annulus, Concilium procerum, consessus
" judicum. Solent enim,qui rei publicae causa conveniunt, Circulum " facere considendo. Gloss. R. Mauri: proceres Hriiiga." To this idea he has justly referred the Italian Rengare, Arengare, Aringare, the

French Haranguer, to which belongs, as we know, the English Harangue. In Harangue we have a breathing before the ^R, as
in

Hringa,

Wring.

We

cannot

but

note,

how
is

the

Haratig,

HareJig, the fish called the Herring, agrees in form with

Harangue

and we
from
its

shall

now

understand, that the

Herring

denominated

Pickled state, or Pungent quality, as denoting that, which

Pricks or Excites the palate.
to a similar metaphor.

Wrings,
In

We
in

know, that Pickle and

other
ancient
writers,

Pungent belong

Shakspeare,

Writhle, and

Wrizle

THE
Wrizle,
{First Part of

EARTH.
II.

1089

occurs for Wrinkle, "This

Henry VI. A.

Weak and Writhled Shrimp," S. 3.) In Scotch, Wringle is

well explained in Dr. Jamieson, by

"A Writhing

motion," td

which he adds, "either allied to E. Wriggle, or to the follow" ing word." This word is Wrink, Wrynk, which he again

A Trick, a fraud, " subterfuge; " and justly refers to the old English word fVrenche,
properly explains by

"A

Turning, Winding.

the

Saxon

JVrenc,

fraus,

dolus

and the German

adjective

" Rancken,
Intri-

" Rencken,

To

Bend, Turn."

The

Wrinklit, "
Douglas
to

" cate, having

mieson's

many

turnings," the succeeding word in Dr. Jais

Dictionary,

applied
is

by Gawin

the

Labyrinth* of Crete.
impression the mind
is

It

curious tb observe,

how by

a just

directed to the original idea conveyed by

a word, and how precisely the imagery of the Poet unfolds and
confirms the conjecture
passage,
of the Etymologist, In

the following

the origin of the term

Wrong

is

most accurately defined.

*
ceive
it

suspect, that the

to be

word Labyrinth itself is of Teutonic compounded of Laube, (Germ.) the Leafy Spot
&c. &c. Wimling.

origin.

We

might con-

the Arbour, &c. &c., and

of

RiNTH, Ring,

In the Teutonic Dialects, Laub meM\s a Leaf, and

Laube, &c. signifies any Place covered with Leaves

'
'

culuin, pergula frondibus coopcrta

contextuni.

Casa, tugurium,
explains
as
'

An
it.

Arbour

Wood, &c.
It is

'

Umbraword

ex frondibus et ramis arborum

Silva,'

&c. &c.,

as

Wachter
is

Various compounds of

this

Laubi are familiar

that the
that,

in the

Teutonic Dialects,
a

Laub-Wnttc,

Tent,' &c.

curious,

German term
have

for a Labyrinth

combination, precisely coinciding in sense with

which

imagined, as Irr-Gartcn, the Err=Garden, the Garden in

I

persons Err or Wander.

Leafy

Rural-like Spot,
leave this

as

which must add likewise, that in a Teutonic mind the idea of somt Arbour Garde", &c. is certainly connected with of a Boauer

our conceptions of

a Z,<j^n/////.

Perhaps we might conjecture, that

jM,
I

belonged directly to

Err EN,

and then the compound would be

theYniN m Lab:: Lai be = Ehren.

forms of the

must

point to be adjusted by the adepts in the

-,

more

ancrt;nt

Teutonic Dialects
this

yet I persuade myself, that

a

am

not very remote from the source of

word, and that

combination will be discovered, which will confirm

my

ideas on

tlii-

subject.

6 Y

1090

^R.R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
what
is

fined, as denoting
state, or its

Wrested
"

or Perverted from

its

proper

due and right course

And
to
I

beseech voh,

"

Wrest "To do a

once the law

your authority
little

great right, do a

Wrong."
as

The English Round, and

Span.)

its

parallels,

produced by the
(Ital.

Etymologists, Rotid, (Fr.) the Teutonic Rundt, Ronda,

and

Tonda, (ha\.)

Raund, Clypeus;

Run, Rond, Umbo, &c.,

If that

are supposed to belong to the Latin Rotundus. the fact, they ought not to

should be

be considered as directly connected

with the race of words before us.

They might however be

up, as
if
I

at-

tached to such terms as Rand, the Bounding Ringe, or to

that

Ring

which

is

Ringed

up, or

Wrenched
Round, so

might so say.

Turned up

about over,

or

to ^w-Ring, or sur-

The Rind of any thing seems to signify, that which The Etymologists have referred us to the Saxon 5Mr-RouNDS. Rind, the German and Belgic Rinde; and they have produced
Round.
likewise the Greek Rinos,
Pellis
(P/to?, Pellis,)

and Ren,

(Piji/,

Ovis, q. d,

Ovina,) and the

Saxon Reon, Stragulum,

remember, that Rino^,

These words
that,

may

all

belong to each other, under the same idea of

which
Pellis,

5Mr-RouNDs.
Clypeus,)

We

ought

to

(P/vof,

means likewise a Shield; which sense appears to connect the Greek term directly with the Danish Raund, Clypeus.
If this
{Vivoi,

should be the true relation of the above words, Rino5,

is

Clypeus,)

not directly derived from Rin,

(P/i/,

Nasus,) as

denoting the Projecting object, but the one should be referred to

the other, as containing the
of Turning up

over

same fundamental idea; namely, that about, or Round about here and there, or

Routing up, and that of Turning

Round about

or sur-RoviiDi7ig.

In the Celtic Dialects the term for the

form RS,

ike.

Rind appears under the In Welsh, Rhisg and Rhisgl signify the Rind or
Bark:

THE
Bark; and
in

EARTH.
Irish

1091

Cornish and Armoric, Risk and Ruisken have the

Dictionary

same meaning. In Mr. Shaw s GaUc and have RuisGcm, To Strip, peel, undress; and
this are RuisGflW,

we

the terms succeeding

"

To

smite, strike, pelt;"

and Ruisaw,

"To
is

" tear

in pieces
is

"
;

where we

perceive, that the

action of Peeling

off the bark

attended with terms of violence, just as

Rend

\n the same column of Mr. Shaw's Dicattached to Rind. tionary I find RuiSG, RusG^rt, "A Vessel made of the Bark of " trees;" and so in Welsh, Riso^/i is "A sort of deep Dish."

This may remind us of the Greek Risko5,

pelle inducta.)

{VKrKog,

Riscus, Cista

The

sense of Cleaning or Clearing has been perpetually derived

off the

from the idea of Clearing

Dirt, &c.
about.

unnecessary or encumbering
it

upon a Surface by the action of Turning or Stirring

the term Rinse> and
its parallels,

Hence we have

produced

by the Etymologists, as the French Rinser, the German and Belgic Rein, the Armoric Rincal, the Islandic Hreinsa, and the
Gothic
'

Hraingan, Mundare, &c. &c.

In

the

phrase 'Rinse a
a Bottle,'

Bottle,'

sometimes called

'

Rench
;

or

Wrench

we

see

the peculiar sense of the word

'

as the term,

we know,

directly
it

means 'To Clean

'

a bottle by the process of

Wring/?;^ or Turning
cloaths,'

we have the same process, though in a stronger sense, of WRiNcing Turning or Twisting them about, in order to Clear away or Remove the
about.'
In

the phrase

'To Wring wet

unnecessary water.
Rainein,
this
{Vecn/av,

Junius,

under Rinse, produces

the

Greek
If

Aspergere,)

and

liansis,

(Paj/o-rj,

Aspersio.)

Greek word does not convey the precise idea attached to Rinse, it must however be referred to the same action of
up
or
about,

Stirring

so as

to
in

Bespatter

Sprinkle,

&:c.

Tlie

preceding article

Rink, Homo,

Etymologicon of Junius, is produced by Lye, which he refers to the Saxon

to Rinse,

the

Rinc,

1092
Rinc,

'^R.

R.\--C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
miles
;

" Strenuus,
a

Vir,

Homo,"

and

to

the

Islandic

Reckur,

term

of the

same meaning.

These words denote

personage
;

probably

the wREi^cher

the

Strong,

powerful
In

or

under the form RC, RT, &c. the Router.

the preceding

column of Lye's Dictionary we have RiKoaw, (Goth.) Rastro,

*'

colligere,

congererej" which brings us to the genuine idea of

Routing
*

more directly with the idea conveyed by fVrench or Rench, so Rack, in the phrase To Rack off wine,' might seem to be more immediately attached to a term under the same form, Rack, in its more Thus it strong sense of 'To Twist or Torture,' as it were.
about.
itself

As Rinse connects

would appear, as
the
diligence,

if

'

To Rack
which

oft wine,'

was intended
quasi
'

to express

with

the

Extracted or Forced from the

'

Dregs

Wine

was endeavoured
'

to

be

fcecibus

Exprimere.'

We

see

Vinum however, how

Torqitendo

wine from the Dregs,* brings us to the original

off or

To Rack off idea, To Rake

'

'

away

Dirt.'

My German
"

Lexicographer explains Rein by "Clean, pure,

" neat, free from Filth;

and ^Eiaigen,

To

clear, cleanse, purify;

Erzte Metallen
;

Reinigen,

To

try or refine metals, clear

them

" from dross

"

where
is

in the

phrase of Clearing Erz, Metal or

Earth,

the word

brought to the original spot, supposed in

in the sense

my

hypothesis.

Wachter,

which Rein bears of Callidus,

Polire,)

produces the Greek RiN^-Zn,

kindred term, where
a
surface.

{Viviiv,

which

is

indeed a

we have we

the very idea of Scratching upon

In

another article of Wachter

still

we have Reinein,
action performed on

denoting Tangere, where

a Surface,

see

an

though of a
this

different kind.

In a passage produced by

Wachter,

term expresses the most violent action of Touching

it is

oT Striking on a Surface; as

applied to a Hatchet, Destroying

article signifies

whom

it

Strikes.

Rein^w, in a different

Castrare,

which

THE

EARTH.

1093

which Wachter refers to Runcinus, " Equus Spado, sea Canthe" rius." I have supposed in another place, that these terms for
a
'

Horse,' as Runcinus, Rouncy, Rozinante, &c. &c. are attached

;

some of them may perhaps belong to the notion supposed by Wachter and we cannot but note, how the
to a different idea

yet

form Runcinus connects

itself

with that of Rujicino,

where we are brought

I

to the Spot, in

supposed

in

To Eradicate; my hypothesis.

conceive, that the

Rein

Rein^w conveys precisely the same

idea as the

Rung
mark

in

Runc/mo.

Let us

the explanatory

word

Castrare,

which

shall

shew

in

another Volume to belong to such terms as Cast, &c.,

it

and that

originally

signified
see,

'To

Cast out
is

up

or away, as

'Dirt,' &c.

Hence we
the

that

Caslrum
it

nothing but the

substantive to

verb Castro, and that

means the Cast out

for a fence or

Dirt, as denoting the Ditch or

Mound, made

guard
that,

Hence

too,

we have

Castus, Chaste,
is

which signified originally

from which the Dirt

Purified, Pure.
relation to

Cast out or

Removed, what

is

Cleansed,

Thus, then. Chaste and Castrare have the same each other, which we see in the two senses of Reinen,

Castrare; and Rein, Purus, mundus, a sordibus purgatus.

The
Cast

word

is

brougiit to
i.e.

its

original
it

idea in the expression

'To

'a Pond;'

To

clear

of

Mud.

One
is

sense of the word

Retrench, where in

Castrare, as given

by Robert Ainsworth,

To

Trench, which

conceive to be the meaning of the substantive

It is

Caslrum,

we

see the original idea.

curious, that the

word

hilrenchment in

English
at

is

applied to a

Camp; and

in
off,

French,
to pare

Retrancher means

once

"To

Retrench,

To

cut

" away;" and

"To

Intrench a Camp," as the Lexicograplier,

it.

now
the

before me, Deletanville, explains

tions of the

So uniform are the opera-

Human mind
The

in

deriving the

same

object from

same

train of ideas.

coincidence of the Persian

Language
with

1094

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
;

with the German has beert perpetually observed

find
in

and we

shall

the Persian

form of Speech a term, which directly conof the Teutonic

to us Dialects,

nects itself with

RsiNm and Rinse

This term
is

and which

will unequivocally point out

the source, from

whence they are

"

derived.

(^tXxJJ^ RESDiden, which

Mr. Richardson explains by

"To

polish, to

smooth, to chip or
with a Shovel or

hew with

a hatchet;

To Clear away

Mud
I

" Rake; " to Saw,

To plaster or smooth

with a trowel, to Rasp, to Grate,

could not have de-

to Dig, to carve, to engrave.''

vised a term which so fully unfolds and confirms

my

hypothesis,

respecting the original sense, which

have conceived to be an-

nexed to

this race of words.

Mr. Richardson has likewise here

adopted two terms. Rasp and Rake, which belong to our Ele-

ment under the form RS, &c.

Rend/^^,
RiNeo,

We

see,

how

the

sense

of

To Rasp and
Lima

to Polish, agrees with that of the

Greek

(PivBu,

polio,

Limo,)

Let us mark the explanatory

should

terms Lima and Limo, which belong to Limus from the same idea
of Clearing away
the Dirt.

Inevitable

as

this

relation

seem,

it

appears not to be acknowledged by the Etymologists.

Some

derive

Lima from

Vivrn

and others from Limus, Crooked, &c.,

" quod obliquis aciebus secat."

;

Hence we have Limpidus, Clear, and the Greek Lampo, (Axx[/,7ru, Luceo,) Lampas, Limpid, &c. (Aa^^Traj,) the Lamp, &c. &c. In the same column of Mr. Richardson's
'

Dictionai'y,

where the

Persian Rend/c/^w,

'

To

polish,

to

smooth, to chip or

Hew

with a hatchet,' &c. occurs, we have the

familiar

word
shall

in

that Language, Xjj

to

Renk

or Rung, Colour

which we
Shape

now understand

Form appearance,

be derived from the idea of

&c., as

produced

by the action of
In the same

Polishing a surface, just as

explanatory

Hew or Hue, word Hew To Htw with a

Colour, belongs to the

Hatchet.

column

THE
column we have (jJoksr|^
" choly.

EARTH.
Renj/</^w,

1095
be sad, to be melan-

"To

To be
this
is

angry, enraged, to be

filled

with indignation

"
;

which

is

only a metaphorical application of the idea annexed to

the action of Rasping or Grating upon a surface.

The succeeding

term

{^j^f^j Renj/w, A Ploughshare^ which brings us to the very Spot and operation supposed in my
to

the

Persian

hypothesis.

Wherever we turn our

all their

eyes, the

same strong

confir-

mations

still

present themselves of that universal action, to which

peculiarity of force and meaning.

Languages owe

^^

RN,

1096

R.

R/ -C, D, G, J,

K, Q,

S, T,

X, Z.

RN, denoting

the Balk, Ridge,

Water, &c.
Channel.

in the

Riujie or

Rig or Furrow, &c.

Row,

Reige, (Eng. Germ.) Order,

as derived from Recurring

Rank, Arrange, Rang, &c. (Eng. Germ.) What belongs

to

Regular Ridges, &c.

the

recurring Ringes, or
;

Rows, &c.
Rein, &c. (German,)

and hence Order,

&c.

Balk or

Ridge
rows.
field
;

two FurThe boundary of a i. e. the Boundary of

between

Rhann Rheng. (Welsh, Arm.)

division of Lands,

Rank,

a Streak.

the Balk.

Rhint

Rhewin.
little

(Welsh,)
gutter,

RiNGE. (Norfolk,)
relating to the

Row,

as

Notch, a

where

water runs.
field,

Ridges or Furrows of a
&c.

RuiNE

Ruinn. (Gal.) a Streak,

Division.

Rinne. (German,)
Kennel.

Channel,

Rang, RAiNNa/w, (Gal.) Rank,

To
RioN
or

divide.

Run, Rennen. (Eng. German,)

Rioaaigham.
To carve,

(Gal.)

The Course

Motion of

Road;

engrave.

In

one

article

of

Wachter we have Rein,

Rain, Rainz^^,

" Margo
tibus

y^gri,

Agrum

claudens, et limitans, et liberam transeunit;

semitam relinquens," as our author explains

where we
hypothesis,

are unequivocally brought to the Spot, supposed in

my

whatever may be the precise meaning annexed

to the

word.

The
and
it

Ran

however appears

to

have denoted originally the Separation,

its

made by

the Excavated Furrow, ov

attendant Ridge

seems particularly to refer to

this latter idea.

In the Norfolk
Dialect,

TUP.
Dialect,

EARTH.

1097

RiNGE means

the

or the raised Ridge.

Row, either as relating to the Holloiu Mr. Grose explains Ringes by "Rows of
and
in

" Hay, quick, &c.

sary

Norf. ;"

the

same page of
as
in
is

his

Glos-

we have RiGGfw, "The Ridge

Ji

of a house.
the G,

North.;" where
it

the

is
it.

an organical addition

after

in

Riwge
the

before
" RiNE,

The preceding terms

;

to

Ringe,

Mr. Grose, are

To RiNE
Norf.
its
;

to

touch or

feel.

North, j" where

we have

sense of the
*'

German
"

Reinen, Tangere, before explained, and Rin,

Brine.

which means probably what makes a person

Feel from

Pungency

What
Rig

Vellicates
this

where we come nearer

of Stirring

to the original idea

conveyed by

race of words
article,

up

Exciting,

Sic.

Mr. Grose has another

dale or
in

Rean, which he

explains

by "

field.

North."

My German

Lexicographer explains Rain or Rein by " A Balk or Ridge " between two Furrows or Plough Fields " where we are
;

brought

to the

genuine

idea.

Let us mark the term Balk, which

we know, to a Beatn likewise. This will explain to us, why "Rann^/ Tree means, as Mr. Grose explains it, a " Cross" Beam in a ciiimney on which the crook hangs sometimes called " K\^n^^Bauk. North." The terms directly adjacent to this word in Mr. Grose, under the form RN, are Randy, "Riotous, " obstreperous, disorderly. North. " where we have a term of Violence, as in Rend, and likewise "Ranish, Ravenous, Exm. ". and " Ranny, The little field-mouse. Norf.;" where we come to
refers, as
;

the original idea of Scratching

;

Fretting, &c.

In the

same column

we have J^atten, A Rat where the n is an organical addition after the Radical. The idea, from which Ratten, the Rat, is derived, will be manifest Irom the succeeding term "Rauk, "To Scratch. A Rauk with a pin; a Scratch or Rake
" with a
hibited.

piuj"

where the original notion

is

unequivocally ex-

The

primitive

meaning of the German Rein,

()

&:c.,

with

its

parallels,

1098
parallels,

^R. R.

\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T,X, Z.

and the connexion of such words with the form RG, will be likewise illustrated by considering a term which occurs in
the same opening of Wachtcr's Glossary.

This term

is

Reige,

which
*'

is

explained by "Linea, Sulcus literarum, vel numerorum,

Italis et

" Gallis Raie,

Latino-Barbaris Riga.

Proprie est linea

in Sulcus the true

Incisa, vel ex Incisione facta j"

where we see

idea.

Wachter

adds, moreover, the Celtic terms Rhygn, Incisura;

Rhygnbren, " lignum oblongum, in quo inciduntur numeri, Rygnu,

*'

Serrare;"

and

he justly
{Prryvvu,

compares
In

them

with

the

Greek

Rege and Regnuo,

into that of

Rumpo.)

these terms

with the

crganical n after the G, &c.

R^N

or

become RhyN.
Reyhe,
explains
*'

In

we see how the form RG has passed RN, or how such terms as Rhy^N, &c. may the same column of Wachter we have Reihe,
refers

and Reige, which he justly

to

each other, and

by "Quatenus Li?ieam

notat,

eleganter transfertur ad

Seriem et ordinem rerum

quarumcunque."

To

these

words

belongs our term Row, which our Glossarist should have produced.

"Wachter has justly observed, that Luther applies Reige

to the Strigce

Agrorum

that
in

in

Welsh, Rhych means

de charrue ;

Sulcus, in

Barbarous Latin Riga,

French Raie

and that
Plica;

from hence we have the Barbarous Latin words Riga,

Ruga, Platea, Vicus;

and the French Rue.

^'Sixi-Rcewe,

He

exhibits likewise
litera-

the Saxon
'

combination,

Alphabetum, ordo

The same Etymologist produces next to Reige the term RniG^r, "Ardea, avis Diomedia;" where he supposes, that the Latin Ardea is so called "ab Arduo volatu " and that the German word is derived from Reige, " ab Ordine volandi." The Ardea might belong to Ordo for the same reason. Wachter might have produced as parallel terms to Rein, &c.
rum."
;

the

German Rinne, " A Channel,

signifies,

or Kennel
&:c.,

"

where we have the

"

original idea of the Excavatio?i, Furrow,

and Rand or Ran//,

it,

which

as

my

Lexicographer explains

The Rand,
" utmost

THE
'

EARTH.

1099

utmost

part,

extremity, margin, edge, side, brink or brim of

" a thing."

Let us mark the term Rand, a3 an English word,

refers us

which Lye explains by "Crepido, Margo," &c., and

Belgic and Islandic words under the
gists understand,

to

same form.
and
this

The Etymoloits

that our English

word Run, with

&:c.,

parallels

Rennen, (Germ.) Bender, (Dan.) &c,

German term

RiNNE, belong

to each other;

though Wachter considers the verb,

as supplying the original idea.

vation,

These words, denoting the Excain

it,

and the motion performed

belong to each other, just

to the

as

Rut, Road, Race, &c. are terms attached

same

series,

under the form RT, &c.

We
Row
now
the

have seen, under the form

KG,

as Reige, &c. to

which
is

belongs,

how

the idea of a certain Series or Order

;

conshall

nected with that of Recurring Lines, Furrows, &c.

and we

be prepared to understand, that our term

idea,

Rank

belongs to

same

under the form RN.

or Order,

We

shall see, that the

words
form

denoting

Rank

Range, Arrange,

&c., under the

RN,

belong for the same reason to such terms as Rein, Ringe,

the Balk or How, &c.

The Etymologists
Rencken,

refer
;

Rank, Ordo,
the

to

the Belgic Rancke, Ordo;

Flectere

French and

Swedish Rang, the Spanish Renglera,

&c. &c.

and

the

Welsh Rheng,
Ring, Annulus
;

Menage

derives

Rang from

the

German

and we see that they belong to each other, under the idea of that which is Stirred up or over Turned up or over, as the Regular
Ringe, Furrow, Balk, &c.
virons, as the Ring.
j

and of that which Turns over or En-

In
Ra?ijt

my German
is

Dictionary the succeeding

word

to

Rand and
is
;

Rang,
either

the

Rank,

Place, &:c.

An
In

adjacent term
" or satchel

Ranz^w, "

foot-traveller's pack, scrip,

budget

" which
is

means

what Encloses or

Rises up.

Welsh, Rhann
" So in

"A

part, or portion, a share," says

Mr. Richards.
" and
in

Arm.

division of

Lands into shares among brothers."

In the same column

we haveRwANDWY,

"A Part or portion

100

-R.

R.\-C, D, G, J, K, Q,

S, T,

X, Z.

in

the succeeding page

a Row, Streak;
too,

we have Rheng and Rhengc, A Rank, where in Streak we see the true idea. In Welsh

Rhint

is

a Notch; and Rhewin,

"A
is

little

gutter, wherein

" water Runs."

The

preceding term

Rhewiniazv,

"To Ruin;"
Let

which must be referred

us

to the terms of Violence,

Rend, &c.

mark the word Ruin, derived from the Latin Ruina, which
Again,
in

should be considered probably as directly attached to Ruo, from

the analogies of the Language.

Welsh, Rhill

is

"An

" order, a Rank, Rozu;" which belongs to our Radical RG, and This however is not a mere conjecture. The is quasi RGL.
preceding terms are

Rmowm, A
my

long Row; and Rhigo//, 'To

Rioo/,

" Hollow into trenches or Furrows;" " trench, a Furrow " as

I

"

little

ditch or

author explains them.

These words

have examined on a former occasion, and referred to them the

Rill,

term

&c.

In Mr. Shaw's Galic and Irish Dictionary

we have

Rainn, a Division;
Ranges, Ranks.
tionary

and

the

preceding

word

is

Rainnesidhe,

In the succeeding column of Mr. Shaw's Dic-

we have

Ranc, Rank, Order

Rainnaim,

To

divide, share

and Rann,
article,

"A

part, division, song,

genealogy;" and in another

"A
if

verse, stanza, section, a song,

poem."

Here
yet

it

should

seem, as

the notion of a Sotig

its

Poem was

taken from that of

;

Division into

various parts, as Stanzas, &c.

shall pro-

duce on a future occasion a race of words belonging to the form

RN, which denote

&c. might belong.

Noise-,

and

to this idea the sense of a

Poem,

same column we have Rannan, " The " Lowing of a Deer;" and Raona, " Breaking, Tearing;" where
In the

we have
Rend,
Green;

the idea of Noise and of Violeiice, such as

we

shall see in

&:c.

To

Stir up.

In the

same column

Raonadh,
supposed
in

Raon, A Field, Plain or Way, Road^ haunt; and Rang, Rang^w,

I

find likewise

Wrink/^;

where we are brought to the Spot, and

train of

ideas,

my

hypothesis.

The same terms Rang,

IvANGaW,

THE
TVinding
tion
;

EARTH.
if I

1101
either as signifying
in their

RANGaw, mean too "The bank of a River,"

Turning

or JVrinkled,

may

so say,

direc-

or they

may denote

those objects, which serve to keep the

River Separated or Parted off from the adjacent land, as within

its

due Ranks or Bounds.

have here, as

imagine, unfolded

to the Celtic Scholar the true sense of the

will be

Element RN, and he

no doubt able

to unravel the original

I

words, which appear under the same form.

that
I

meaning of various must add moreover,

find in the

same Dictionary of Mr. Shaw the terms " Riane,

"A

Streak;

Ruitin,

Division;
see

Ruhmecc, Grass," succeeding

idea confirmed respecting the
;

each other, in which

relation

we

my

between the Streak or Line and the Division

to the

and we
hypo-

are moreover brought

thesis.
*'

very spot, supposed in

my
I

Again, in Mr. Shaw's Dictionary,

Carve, Engrave;"
of

we have RiONaigham,
find
is,

To

and Rion,

way, Road,"

in

the

same column
to

Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, where Ruinfi

terms

Element RT, coinciding with the sense attributed to that Element, as RuiTHaw, To Run ; Ruith, Running; and likewise "An army. Troop;" which corresponds
belonging
the form of our

Rout, a Ram, and a tribe of " people ;" where we see, that the word Rout has been properly adopted. The terms preceding these two latter words are RvsTan,
Herd;
"

with the words Ruta,

"A

lump,

Hillock;

Rvsrach,

Boor,

Clown,

Churl;

and

" Rvsiaca, Rude,

Rustic"
will

These observations
origin

unfold

to the

Spanish Scholar the

of various words, which appear

in that

Language, under

the form

RN.

Rinco7z

means a "Corner, an angle formed by

" the meeting of two walls.

" House, Dwelling;"
*

Place

of privacy or retirement.
I

which means simply, as

Divided from

imagine,
In the

Spot Separated and

other parts.'

'The same
File;

column of

my

Spanish Dictionary

we have Rwolera, Row,

where

1102

'^R.

R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q, S,T,X,Z.
idea of the Litie connected with Order
is

where we perceive the

" with a pen.

and

Rank. The succeeding word

have
still

Ringorango, " Flourished, formed

in

Extravagant nicety
The terms
more
forcible.

point of dress ;"

where we
with Order
order

the idea oi Lines nicely formed or are doubled,

Ranged
I

and exactness.
to

Ringo Rango, in
same column
in
find

make

the idea

In the

Rina,

" Quarrel, denoting

Scuffle,

Dispute; " which belongs to the race of words,

Commotion

Violence,
;

&c.,

as

the

German lUngen,

To

Strive, struggle, Wrestle,

&c. &c.

In the next column of

my

Dictionary,

Row, file; a series of things ' following one after another " where we have the genuine form RS, and likewise " Rixa, Scuffle, dispute, disturbance;" where
again

we have Ristra,

"A

we have

the true form.

We
to the
this

have seen, that

Rheng means
I

in

Welsh

"A

Rank, Row

" a Streak;" where

in Streak, as

have observed, we are brought

genuine idea of the Trace or Line.

Mr, Richards adds

to

word the. hxmonc Rhengen, "ARhein-,'' where let us note the word Rein, which we shall now see signifies simply the Line. In
the old French term Res?^^, the second letter of the Radical
served,
is

pre-

and we there see likewise the organical addition of the n. In the modern term Rene it is lost, as in the English Rein ; though

the / remains as a record of the lost consonant J. In Italian we have REo/wa; and all these words the French Etymologists derive

from Retina, and that from Retineo.

The

Latin Retina,
is

"

The
from

" coats or tunicles of the Eye, like a Net,"

*

justly derived

Rete, which means nothing but The Z,/^-formed object that Lilies or Strings lying in a certain which is made up of Radii
'

'

order.'

The French
Ruter,

Etymologists, under Resne, have produced

(Putij^,

moreover the Greek Ruter, Ruta, or Reteina,

Futk,

VeTBivBc.)

The word
occurs in

(PuTfi^,

Retinacula, Habena;

Custos,

Defensor,)
St

Homer,

as the Lexicographers understand, Ev

Vvrrj^a-t

tv\jff$ev ;

THE
ravutr&ev;

EARTH.
refer
it

1103
to

and the Etymologists justly

Eruo, {E^vu,

Tralio.)

The

adjacent ^vord Rustjzo,

{Vvo-tcc^u,

Traho,)

To Draw

or Drag, brings us again to the same idea of

Traces upon the Ground.

RuT^r,

(Puttj^,)

Drawing Lines or perhaps means rather

the Drawer, than the Line Drawn, or Line in general.

jacent word to these Greek terms
Furrozv.
is

The

ad-

RuxzV,

(Purj,)

Ruca, the Line or

from Ruo,
^

The Lexicographers
;

derive Rusxasro,

{Vva-Tut^w,)

(Pu, fluo)

where, as in Eruo, (e^vu,)

I

we have

the form

R, R^.

The observations which

applications of the

have above produced on the various

Ringe the Balk, Ridge or Rig, under the forms of Rein, Rand,&c. Sec. will illustrate to the Scotch Antiquarians the origin of a combination familiar to their

Language, the

compound we have both forms RN, and RG, referring to the same object, and conveying the same fundamental idea, whatever may be the precise turn of meaning annexed " Lands are to Run, as relating to its kindred term the Rig. " said to Tie Run=Rig," as the Scotch Lawyers inform us, "when
RuN=RiG.
In this

" the alternate Ridges of a

(Erskifie's
Institut.

field

belong to different proprietors."

&c.) Dr. Jamieson, who has produced this passage, observes, that " the name seems evidently derived from " the circumstance of these lands or Ridges Running parallel to

" each other."

This explanation

is

curious

as

it

will

shew us

how how

the mind

may be
what
is

entangled in the

toils

of Language, and

a just impression of the original meaning annexed to words,

direct us to
first
is

may
the

right,

through the medium of what, on

palpably wrong.

view,

manifestly and

The

sense
not,

which Dr. Jamieson has annexed

as
it

to the substantive

Run, does

should appear, at
in

all exist

in the verb of motion

in the

To Run, any
term Parallel,

more than it does

other verbs of motion, but

which our Etymologist has been pleased

the very point intended to be enforced.

to add, in order to express

Yet

have shewn, that

it

Run

is itself

attached to this

race of words, and that

belongs to
the

1104

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
Thus
it

the idea of the Hollow Channels, or Parallel Furrows, from which

the RiNGES or Rigs or formed.

its
it

is,

that Ruti recurs to

primitive idea in the phrase

"To

I\un Parallel;" and hence

was, that this combination originally existed.

relates to Parallelism,

If

Run
Ringe

in

Run =

Rig

we must
Yet

refer

it

to the

or Rig,

under the sense of Rank.

this is

surely not the precise idea

annexed

to

it

in this case, as Parallelism is a general property of

Recurring Ringes, and does

stance

not describe

the

peculiar circum-

belonging to

this tenure.

Run
j

probably means the Rein,

&c. the Boundary or Bounding Ringe

that disposition of Lands,

and thus the Run-Rig

is

is

where every Rig

;

Run

or Boundary,
is,

or has a Boundijig Ringe or Rid

it

that
its

is,

where every Rig

as

were,

its

own Boundary,

or has

own Boundary.

The

terms, which precede and follow

Run

in Dr. Jamieson's Dic-

tionary, are Runches, Rund, or Roon, Rundge, Rung, Runk, Runkle,

Rmit, which

all

convey the same fundamental

idea,

and belong to
that

the terms already unfolded,

idea

however various the application of

Wild Mustard,' as applied both to the "Sinapis Arvensis et Raphanus Raphanistrum; and Runt means the Trunk of a Tree. I have shewn, that Runt,
be.

may

The term Runches denotes

signifies the 7?oo/,

and belongs
or

to

Runco,&c., just

as

Root belongs

to the verb

'

To Root

Rout

up.'

Runch

is

only another form of

Runt, denoting the Root.

mieson,

In the quotation, produced by Dr. Ja-

we have "On

Ruits and

Runches
is

in

the field."

shall

shew, that Raphanus belongs to Rapio, Rip, &c. &c.

for a similar reason.

The

Raphajiistrum

called

by

To my

pluck up
Botanical

Guide, "Bastard Radish, or white or yellow-flowered Charlock;"

where the term Radish belongs, as we know, to Radix, the Root.

Another Scotch term, corresponding
which Dr. Jamieson has justly referred and
Sax.)
to to

Runches,

is

Skelloch,

the Irish Sgeallagach;

he has moreover seen, that the English Charlock, {Cerlice,

has

"some resemblance"

to

it.

The

Skelloch

is

derived

from

THE EARTH.

1105

In the same from a similar idea of Plucking up, Routing up, &c. column of Mr. Shaw's Celtic Dictionary, in which " SoEALLA^acft,

"Wild Mustard,"
"
split, to

occurs,

Pluck, snatch."
is

we have SGEAL/>-aw, "To The next article to Skelloch

a shrill voice;"

tear, rend,

in

Dr. Ja-

mieson's Dictionary
explains by

word under the same form, which he

and
to

"To

Cry with

which he has
verb Skelloch

justly referred the English Squeal, Squawl, &c.

is

The

nothing but the Noise made by Scratching up. Tearing up a sur-

face;

and thus 'To

Skelloch' belongs

to Skelloch, the substantive,

just as Rojtchus, Ronchisso, Ronzo, Sec.

To make

a Noise, belong to

Runco, Ruticina, &c., (as

to

have before shewn,) and consequently

I

Hunch, Runt, &c. &c.

Squawl, &c. &c.
Scale,

shall

prove in a future Volume, that

Skail,

Squeal,

belong to

(Scotcii,)

"

To

Skail

" a Rig;" mately

to

(Eng.)

To

Scratch up a Surface, &c., and ulti-

Skallo,

{XkuXXu,

Fodio, Sarculo circumcirca

Sarrio);

and thus we

see, that,

wherever

we

turn our eyes, every part of

Language

is

uniform and consistent.

RuND

or

RooN means "The Border

of a

Web,

the salvage of

" broad cloth;"

which Dr. Jamieson has justly referred to the German Rand, the Islandic Rond, Raund, " Margo, extremitas
;

which

have before explained, and which

I

is

the very sense,

annexed, as

imagine, to

Run

in

Kxja-Rig.

The word Rundge

though Dr. Ja-

has been explained by

"To

Rajige and gather;"

mieson justly doubts of this interpretation; and he explains it by " To Gnaw, to consume," as belonging to Rounge, Ranged,
"

Gnawed,

Fretted,

worn away, Fr. Ronge,

id."

Here we have
surface.

the very

idea of Scratchi?ig or Fretting

upon a

In the

quotation, produced by Dr. Jamieson under

persons
'

who heap

"

Up

to

Rundge, are described themselves grit store, By Rundging

Thus, then, Rundge and Rounge

and spunging" the poor.

are

the verbs, metaphorically applied, of which

Runche
'

is

the

substantive, just as

'To Root

up.
7 A

Rout, To Tear

up, to pull to
pieces,'

1106

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
&c.

pieces,'

belong

to

Root, the substantive.

;

Rung means
first

" "

Any

long piece of wood

says Dr. Jamieson.

but most commonly a coarse, heavy

staff,"

This seems on the

which
I

view very

remote from the

train of ideas,
its

am now
in

unfolding; yet

we

shall at
us.

once understand

relation to the race of words,

now

before

Long
fied
;

Coarse

Our author has

well

inserted

his

explanation

and Heavy, as applied

in

to the piece of

wood

speci-

and he produces a passage

laid

which we read about

"Quhen

"

Rungs wes

on Riggis;" where, as Dr. Jamieson observes,

the word " evidently signifies any rough poles or pretty gross " pieces of wood, as the cross spars of barns." 1 have already

shewn, that RAHHE^Bauk means "

and

this

is

the sense of

Rung.

Beam in a Chimney ;" The Ranne and Rung belong to

cross

the Ringe, or Balk, just as Balk, or, as

it

is

here written, Bauk,

means
Riggis

at

once the Balk in the Field, and a Beam.

The term

itself

means the Ridge or

Top

of the Building, as derived

from the Ridge, Rig of the Field; and thus we see, how similar terms Rungs and Riggis are again brought in contact with each
other, as in

Run=Rig.

It is

marvellous to observe,

how congenial

" To Runk means," says words are associated with each other. Dr. Jamieson, " To deprive one of what he was formerly in " possession
of,

whether by

fair

or foul

means

as, in play, to take

"

all

one's

money."
;

Our author
and
I

refers this

word

to the Islandic

Keinki, Crafty, &c.

have before shewn, that those terms

^RNK, RNK, Sec, which express a Crafty, Wily conduct, such as Wrong, Wrenches, Tricks, Frauds, are taken from the idea of Wrenching up, Turning or Twisting up or about. Yet Runk probably belongs to a similar idea which we find in Rundge, To Rout or Tear up, lay Waste, Spoil, Plunder, &:c. The succeeding words in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary, are Runk, Wrinkled; To Runkle, v. a. Runkle, A Wrinkle; wherein Runkle we see the form of the English Wrinkle, and in Runk we have
under the form
the

THE
the simpler form.
idea,

EARTH.
in

1107
to the

These words unequivocally bring us

supposed

in

my
once

hypothesis, as

Runk we
the

manifestly

recognise the Ringe, with the same relation to each other, as

Ruga means
Furrow, &c.
I

at

the

JVrinkle,

and

Ridge or Rig,

have supposed, that Rank, Arrange, as relating to Order,

belong to the Stirred-up

tion of the word,
idea,

Raised-up

Ringe.

Under

this applica-

we seem only

to perceive that

portion of the

which

relates to .the

Eegular Rows of the Ringes

Furrows,
itself;

&c.
as

Yet sometimes another portion of the idea presents

it

"

Rank expresses the Higher order, A Man of Rank," &c. and thus
;

or the Raised-up condition,

English,

when

the term

is

applied to

Range; as in old Buildings, we can scarcely

is

in

distinguish,

whether Altitude or Order be the

In Antony and Cleopatra,
" Let Rome iti Tyber melt, and the wide arch " Of the Kang'd empire fall."

prevailing

idea

annexed

to the word.

we have

The

use of the word

Rang'd has appeared

that Rais'd

so extraordinary to

some of the Editors, Others however have

has

been

substituted
is

for

it.

seen, that the original reading

the true

one; and Mr. Steevens has remarked, tliat "the term Range " seems to have been applied in a peculiar sense to Mason-work,

"

in

our author's time."

In a passage produced from Spenser

we

have "

Raunges Rear'd along

Range,

the wall."
referring to

In the sense of
'

as

motion, 'To

Range

here and there

up and down,'
I

we have
on

the the idea of Excite-

ment, or

of being Stirred up, as applied in a different manner.

think,

Yet even here we seem,

the idea
of something

many

occasions, to have

Regular

Recurring,
'

&c. &c.

Hence we
of a ball, the

have 'To
*

Range

up and down,' Sec; 'The

Range

Certain Line or distance, through wliich a ball moves,

shot from

the

mouth of a gun;'

and

in

The Ranger's

Jf'alk in a Forest'

we

108

R. R. .>-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z.
the idea of the Certain Spot, and the Recurring Operation.

we have

N. Bailey explains Range by " A Rozu or Rank, a Ramble, or " Jaum; also a Beam which is between two horses in a coach."
In the sense of a Beam,
in

we

are brought to the use of these words

Range, " Bank, the Cross Beam of a " Chimney;" and the Scotch Rung, which I have shewn to be directly connected with the Ringe or Balk. Range in the sense
the Provincial

term

of " Vagari, Errare," has been compared by the Etymologists with

the
Belgic
;

Rannen,
to
this

Currere,
latter

vel

Ranghen,

Movere,

quassare,
tiie

&c. &c.

and

word they have referred

term

Range ''To

sift

through a

sieve.

To Range meal;" where we

have unequivocally the idea of Stirring up or about, and as applied moreover to Stirring up a substance of a Dirt or Dust kind. But
here too

we seem

to retain the notion of Order, since this operais

tion of Stirring up
if I

performed, that the Meal

it,

may

be

Arranged,

may

so express

or that one part

may
is

be Separated from
expressed by terms
the

the other.

under the

Welsh this form RC, &c.

In

idea of Sifting

Mr. Richards explains

Rhuwch by "A Rafiging Sieve or bolter," as likewise "To Sift or Sierce;" and Rucnion by "Bran, gurgeons;"
where we are brought to the form RC, RD, as
dle, &c.
in

Welsh Ruchio by
Rid, Rid-

RN,

THE

EARTH.

1109

RN,

vvliat is

Stirred up

liaised
its

Rane. (Old Eng.)

verse.

up or Rises up above

ordiif in

RN. (Heb.) To
fro, to

vibrate to and

nary

size or surface, as

Shout.

RiNGEs,
the

What

is

Ringey
is

to

RGN.
make

(Heb.)

To

Break,

the feelings, or what Ringes

feelings,

To
ear.

a loud Noise.

or

Rough,
to

Rugged, Harsh, Grating any of the senses.

Round

or

Rown

in

the

(Old Eng.)

Runian, Run, &c. (Sax. &c.

Rank

Rancid, Rancidus, &c.

&c.)

Muttering

sound,

(Eng. Lat. &c.)

Incantation, &c.

Rancour, Rankle, &c. (Eng.) RGN. (Heb.) To Murmur, To

be
liaficid

Runic.
tions.

Belonging to Incanta-

or Rusty.

Terms

of Commotion

Violence,

The Harsh

or Grating Noise.

&c.

Stirring up, Routing up,

&c.

Ranco, Rana.
Ring. (Eng.) Rant. (Eng.)

(Lat.)

Rend

Rent,
&c. &c.

Ran-</o;,

Ran-

sack,

Skinner has divided Rank into four different articles, as applied to the 'Taste' to 'Order' and to to 'A Field too Luxuriant a 'Rank Rogue;' all which he refers to different sources. Rank, as an adjective and a substantive, belongs to the same fundamental notion, however remote their senses may appear; and as an adjective we shall at once understand, that its different
'

meanings must be only

different applications of the

same

sense.

As a

substantive,

Rank, denoting

Order, refers, as

have shewn,
tQ

1110
to the

^R.

R/

.-C, D, G, J, K, Q,

S, T,

X, Z.

RiNGES considered only, as Regularly recurring; and as an adjective, Rank means WhatRiNGES up, or is Rjngy,' if I may so

'What is Stirred up. Raised up, as in Ringes,' under the idea of the Rough Rugged surface; and from hence it is applied Rugged, or Ringey to the feel*in general to what is Rough ings, or what Ringes the feelings,' &c., if I may so say, What is Harsh Grating Disagreeable or Annoying to any of the senses.' I have shewn, that Rough, Rugged belongs to the Ridge or Rig, under the form RG. We shall find, that in the sense of the adjective Rank, the original idea of Rising or Ringing up beyond
express
'

it,

'

'

'

the ordinary size or

applied in
its

surface,

is

often

visible.

Hence Rank
it

is

more primitive meaning, when Nathan Bailey has

justly

expresses

the

Luxuriant vegetation of plants Rising up or Growing beyond their

ordinary
size.

explained

it

in
;

this

sense by " That Shoots forth too

he has likewise in " i. e. full. Sh."

idea.

many branches or leaves and another article, "Rank, full; as a River Rank, In this application too, we have the original
and

"

In King John the following passage occurs:

" And
**

like a bated

retired flood,

Leaving our

Rankness and

irregular course,

" Stoop low within those bounds we have o'erlook'd."

Mr. Malone has produced on

and Adonis

this occasion a passage

from Fenus

" Rain added to a River that

is

Rank,

" Perforce
It is

will force

it

overflow the bank."

marvellous to observe, with what

felicity

the

mind of the

Poet conceives the original sense of the word, and how precisely
it

by the combination of terms, which are impregnated with the same train of ideas. The following passage
exhibits that sense,

of Shakspeare

is

singularly

adapted to

illustrate

this

position,

where the attendants of Lear are described

as

''

Breaking forth
in

THE
" in

EARTH.
endured Riots."

nil We
here see the

Rank, and not

to be

term
*'

connected with the very idea of 'Rising up' or Breaking forth ;" and combined Hkewise as an epithet with
is

Rank

Riot, which
belongs, as
I

one of the strongest terms of Excitement, and

have shewn, to the idea of Routing up the Ground.

In the North,

Rowty
;

means, as Mr. Grose explains

it,

"Over

" Rank or strong

spoken of corn or grass."

Here we have the

forth

very form of Riot, Rout, &c.

From

this

idea,

annexed
the

" Branches,"

we have
by "

Rank, of " Shooting German Ranke, " A Branch.

to
et

WeinRangifer

" Ranken, the Vine- Branches, or Tendrils."

plained

Wachter has ex-

Rank

Ramus

Cornu Ramosum.

Ragen, pro-

" minere, inde Latinis Khticijer, Cervus Lapponicus."

To

belong the French Rangier, Renne, the English REiN-Deer, the

German Reen

or Renn-Thier, the Saxon Hranas, &c. &c.

to

Some

have supposed, that the ^Ein-Deer belongs

Rennen,

To Run.

The succeeding words

Palmes, which

in

"Wachter are Rank, Plexus, and Rank,

he has referred to Renken, Flectere, Torquere.

belong to each other; and
in
it is

These words
adjust,
'

all

a vain attempt to
Stir

whether

the

same fundamental sense of 'To

up,' the
is,

up

Turn up, Ringe or Ring

or

sense of Up prevails, or that of

Turning or Twisting,
Shooters up,

that

whether the
the

Vine-Tendrils

are

Tzviners.

In

same column we have Ran,

Here perhaps
is

" Gracilis, tenuis, subtilis," as explained by Wachter, wiio derives

it

from Renken, " quasi

Tornatilis, agilis, volubilis."

a similar doubt

might occur, whether the Thin, Tall figure

the

Shooting-up object, or the easily Turning or Twisting-about object.

Next
toris,
I

to

Rank, Palmes, in Wachter, we find Ranze, Bulga via&c. where we have either the idea of Rising or Enclosing.
;

find in the

Coire,

and

same column of Wachter's Glossary, Ranzen, Salire, Range, Scrofa which our Etymologist refers to
;

Rennen^

1112

^R.R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
In the Glossary of Sherzius

Rennen, Coire.

we have

adjacent to

Ranken, Se movere, both Ranse, Rostrum, and Ra?ig, Scrofa. In Ranse and Range we unequivocally see the idea of Ringe/m^,
R\tiGing,
if I

may

so say, or Routing
(Puyxo?,

remind us of Rugchos,
&c. &c.
In

up a Surface; and this will Rostrum,) or Runcho^, and Runco,

Salire,

RANZ^n and Renn^^,

'

Coire,

&c.

we have

terms of Excitement, signifying

To

Break out into actions of a

Rank Riotous

nature.'

We

know, that

Rank

is

an appropriate

term to such matters. In Rancour and Rankle, which belong to Rank, we hkewise mark most strongly the original idea of Scratching up
Fretting

up or upon a surface.

When we

talk

of

wound
In

Rankling we
Shakspear

unequivocally perceive this

notion o[ Exasperated
surface.

Excitement, or of Stirring up

Fretting
applied
as

on or upon a

we have Rancor,

Rank

is,

to the idea of

Breaking forth, as belonging to a Swelling or Rising-up object ; and it refers moreover to the sense of Rankle, as it seems to
allude

to

the

Breaking

of a

Festering
I

Sore;
shall

'The

Broken

Rancour

of your high-swoln hearts.'

(EXjco?,

shew, that Ulcus,

(At;Xa|,)

Ulcer,

and Elkos,

Vulnus,) belong to the Aulax,

the s-Ulcus.

The

verb Elko, {exku, Traho,) from which, according

is

to the Lexicographers, Elkos, (exko?,)

derived, ("quia

humores

" ad partem sauciatam Trahutitur,") expresses the action of DrawThere is no metaphor so ing the Aulax, (AuXa,) or Furrow.

common

as that of the ^Founds, which the

operations of the Plough,

'Terra
in

Earth suffers by the

saucia vomeribus.'

The term

RANCoi^r connects

itself

with Ranc^o,

RANcidus, (Lat.) RM^cid;

and the
(Fr.)

parallel

terms

modern Languages, Ranee, Rancune,

RAHcid or Rank to the taste, we the idea annexed to what is Harsh or
In Latin,

Rancore, &c. &c.

In

have another application of

Grating to any of the senses.

Ranco refe^

to

what

is

Grating

THE
Grating to the ear.
In
a

EARTH.
line

1113
it

quoted by Martinius

is

justly
for

combined with Rug/o, where we have the more usual form

the

Rough

Noise.
"Tigiidcs
iiuloinitEE

Rancant, Rugiuntque
in

leones."
is

The
the

adjacent word to

Ranco

our Latin Dictionaries

vel

Rana,
est,'

which means the animal, 'quod Ranc^^

animal which
derive

quod

RAUCwm

makes a Rough Noise.

Rana from Ra Ra, or from the

The Etymologists Hebrew jn RN, "quod est

article

" exclamare vehementer."

The

preceding
vel

to

Rafia

in

Martinius

is

"Ran,

indeclinabile, ira

locus ires,
et

wide etiam
deducit

" evenit,

quod

ejficitur

rabiosus

homo.

Cathol.

inde

" Rabies, item Rancor, item Rana, quasi Iracunda. "

est,

Suspecta vox

quales multi sunt

in ea

rapsodia errores.

Finxisse videntur
sit

" ex

prima
p"i

syllaba

vocis

Rancor,

tanquam

ira cordis."

In

Hebrew,
**

RGN,

signifies, says

Taylor, " Murmurare,

To
is

be

Rancid

or Rusty, as bad butter or bacon."

Hence

it

ap-

mind Rankled or Exulcerated with discontent, envy, " or malevolence and which uttereth itself in words suitable to " such bad dispositions. Thus Schultens (upon Prov. xviii. 8.)
;

plied " to a

" from the Arabic giveth the sense of

this

word."

Let us mark

the word Rusty, under the form RS, which denotes

what Frets or

CoRRODKs

a surface.

In the
A'';

RG
RG,

with the organical

R^''N,

Hebrew RGN we perceive the form where we again mark, how the forms
That such terms
as

and

RN

pass

into each other.

Rancid, &c. arc connected with the action of Scratching up Tearing up or Kouting up a surface, 'a Rv^cando," will be
unequivocally manifest by considering the parallel Spanish terms.
In the

same column of

my

Spanish Vocabulary, where ARiiANcar,

"
"

To Pull up by the Roots," is found, we have AKRANCwne, and it is impossible to doubt, that these To grow Rancid;
The same
bile,"

Spanish words belong to each other.

term, ARRANcar,
&c., which
will

means

likewise,

"To

force

up phlegm,
7 B

shew

1114
shew

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
my
conjecture
is

us, that
I

right respecting

Sec, which

have supposed to belong to

the

Ructo, Eructo, the idea of Rovring or

Root/^ up

Ground.

how Row and Rank, in the sense of Order, belong to each other and we find likewise Row, as applied to the Spawn of Fish, which appears too under the form RN, as Roan, (Eng.) Raun, (Dan.) though in other Languages we have the regular form KG, as in the Belgic Roghe, the German Rogefi, and the Saxon Hrogn, vvhere in the two latter terms we see the
have seen,
;

We

organical n annexed to the G.

Skinner derives Roa?i from the

its

Latin Renes, but Wachter confesses his ignorance of

origin,

"Qua

notione non liquet

;"

though he adds,

'*

Forte est ab O^yav,

These words might belong to the idea of the substance disposed in regular Rows, or they might refer to the yet I have suggested in another Rough, Ridgy substance place, that the Roghe, &c. may belong to the idea conveyed by
" Turgere."
;

such words as Reatch, Ructo, &c. from the sense of Casting up.
Voiding, Sec
,

just as

Spawn

is

connected with Spuo, Spit, &c. &c.

Let us mark the explanatory word Ren, which belongs surely to the

French Rocnon, where we have the true formRG; with the organical n. The Rognow is directly attached to Rogne, " Mange, scab
;

RoGN^r,

"To

cut, pare, clip," &c. &c.

where we unequivocally see

the idea o{ Scratching upon a surface.

To Rogne,

&c. belong the

English Roine, as used

used
"
in

in

Chaucer, &c.

Royn/^A, Rony/ow, as

Shakspeare, &c.
as
I

("The Roynish Clown

I

The

Rump-fed

RoNYON,")

have before shewn, where

have suggested,

Kenard, the Fox, denotes the Roynish animal, and that Dnmk-Ard,' &c. In RECwari, Ard means Nature, as in REoinard, the proper names, from which Menage has derived In Rongee, the Radical Renard, we have the true form RG.
that
'

of

Wooner

is

lost before the

N, and inserted

after

it.

In another

French word, RoONO/zw^r,

"To

grumble, mutter," we have the

idea

THE
idea of Noise attached
to

EARTH.
the action of Scratching
I

1115

Fretting
it.

Tearing or CoKKovifig a surface, as

1

have before explained

have here again inserted the words before produced, under the form RN, as unequivocally connected with RGN, that the Reader

may

be perfectly familiar with

this species of
;

mutation.

Under

the form

RN

we have Roan,
'

the colour

Rouen, (Fr.) which

may

belong to Ravus,

Ravanus,

color,' as

the Etymologists suppose.

We

shall find a race of words,

late to Noise, as in

under the form RN, which reRanco, Rana, &c., denoting what is Harsh or
I

Grating to the ear.

discussion,
that

have shewn through the whole of

is

this

the idea of A^ise

perpetually connected with

the action of Grating upon a Surface.

Personare, directly connects

itself,

as

The term Ring, Tinnire, we have seen, with Ring,

Wring, and Wrench, &c., just as and we hence see, how Ring, Torquis belongs to Tor que o Tinnire, is associated with Wring, expressing the action of Stirring up or about, as it might be in Ringes. The term Rant must be classed among these words denoting Noise, as connected with the idea of Commotion. Lye explains Rant by "Bacchari,
Annulus, which
is

attached to
;

"

Furere;"

and he

refers

us to an article in Junius,

" Frisiis

" fVrantig est litigiosus, querulus,

article, to

morosus."

Lye has another

Nescio an
sint

which Rant or

Raunt

should have been likewise recantare.

ferred,

as

Rane,

To

Rane,

"Carmen

"ab Hib. Rann, Versus, carmen.

" Editori videtur vel factum ex

Scoticum proverbium.

You're
one.
nuitato,

" like the gowk, (the Cuckow,) you have not a

Rain but

Rame,

Vociferari,

in

" vel derivatum ab "

ficat

Isl.

Hryn, Exclamatio,

Hrina quoque signi-

Grunnire,
'

Concinunt cum Hebr. p," RN, "Cantio. njl,"

a

RNH,

Cantus, clamor,
shall

p," RUN,
to

" Cecinit, Cantavit,"

the
force

We
original

now

be enabled

understand

of

an

Reading

in Pericles, Prince

of Tyre, which the

Commentators

1116

^R.

R.^-C,D,G,J,K,Q, S,T,X,Z.
modern term, which does not express
this,

tators have rejected for a

the sense of the passage.

" The sum of
" Brought hither to Pentapolis,

" Y-Kavkhed the regions round,

" And every one with

claps 'gan sound," Sec.

(A. III.

S.

1.)

T-Ravished

is

the emendation of Mr. Steevens.

The
is

first

edition

reads Iranished; which, as

we

shall

now

understand,

^T-Ranished,

and means, that the account brought

or was Noised around the Country.
to these

to Pentapolis,

Rung
see,

round,

Ranished, we

belongs

words denoting Noise.

Another copy from

this Ira?iished

has formed Ironyshed, which

we may call perhaps a

corruption.

The

Commentators have frequently noted the corruptions of and have endeavoured to supply that evil by emendation.
are certainly

Pericles,

There

some corruptions

to be

found

in this play,

such per-

we have in Irotiyshed, but they are commonly imaginary faults such as we see in Iranished. The Hebrew p RN, exhibits in the strongest manner the idea
haps as
of Agitation

&c. conveyed by this race of words. Mr, Parkhurst explains this term by " To vfbrate freely, move to " and fro, with quickness and freedom. To move to and fro, or

Com7noiion,
to exult.

" leap for joy,

To
\T\

cause a brisk vibration in

tlie

Air,

" by sound, to shout, cry aloud, in order to

make
in a

otiiers

hear;"

and with another

sense,

71

added,

RNN,

it is

used

more
as

intensive

"To
this

shout aloud or intensely,

latter

to cry

or proclaim aloud."
derivatives,

Under

word Mr. Parkhurst produces,

a Song, and

" Rant, Run, the old English Rane,

To

Rane, Sing.

" also the Rein-Deer from his swiftness." "

An Ark

or

Chest,"

Mr. Parkhurst has

The term pj^ ARN, supposed to be so

called

from "its reverberation of sound, or hollow sounding," and to belong to p RN. The Hebrew .A.RN belongs to the English
Urn,

THE
'

EARTH.
JErti,
is

1117
secretior, habitacu-

Urn, the Latin Urna, the Saxon

"Locus

lum, domus, casa."

The

ARN

nothing but the Hollow made

by the action of Excitement, just as Rinne, the Channel, belongs

to liun,

as

we have
is

before seen.

Let not the Reader conceive,

that this idea

the suggestion of hypothesis.

The

succeeding*
it

word
that

to the

Saxon

Mm,

is

Mrnan, Currere
Hollow

and hence

is,

Urna particularly

relates to the

for

holding Water, as

originally denoting the Holloiv or Channel, in which

Water Runs.
modulating
signifies

J Kenem, means "Sounding, "Twanging as a bow-string;" and

In Arabic,

Singing,
{,^y<jj

Renin

"

Twanging

(as a

bow-string.)

Groaning. Vociferating, crying*

In the

" out, making any sound with the voice."

of

same column

Mr. Richardson's Dictionary we have likewise ^^j Kenen, "A Frog; " which brings us to the Latin Rana. The succeedingterm to p HN in Mr. Parkhurst's Lexicon is HJ") RNB, or n^linx

ARNBT,
RG,
" the

the Hare, which

noting Quickness of

may belong to the above word, deMotion. An adjacent word is y"i RGn or
pieces,

"To

Break, Break in

Rend, Destroy;

To

Break

order of the air by a loud

sound, clangere, vociferari, to

" cause to resound, to

make

a loud sound, as with the voice, to

" Shout;" where the sense of the

Radical fully appears, as

in

Rout, Regwo,

(i^-^yivu,

Frango.)
to the
is

Let us mark the form RN.

explanatory

word Rend, which belongs

the sound of
as

The Hebrew yOnain, which

sometimes considered as having

with that of w preceding or following that sound;

j?-|

RG, RGw, RnG, will shew us, how the Hebrew RGn, and R71G, may coincide at once with Regmio, {Vriywu,) in Greek, and
in English,

Rend

Mr. Farkhurst acknowledges, under

this

word

that though the Hebrew Gnain had anciently the power of a vowel, yet that ' it had also frequently somewhat of a Nasal or Guttural

" sound,
" in
it."

like the h reiich

On, an obscure n or
the

7ig,
is

being included

Under

yj?"i

RGG, where

Gnain

doubled, he produces.

1118
duces, as

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
derivatives,

" Ring,

fVrong, Wrangle, IVrifig,

Wrench,

" Range, Rend, Rent, old English Ran, seize.

*'fle,

Rugged, Rogue. Qu.

all

Welsh Rhwygo, To
Rujffle,
I

Also Rough, RufRend, Eng. Rag,

considered as
all

"

Ragged;"

which words, except

way be

ultimately

belonging to each other.

shall

here introduce

Hebrew words, belonging to y"i, or to R, and the Hebrew The succeeding term 2^1 RvB, means " To riunger, Gnain,
the
jr.

" be hungry;" to which Mr. Parkhurst refers Rabies.

Whatever

we may

think of the relation between Rabies, and this

Hebrew
;

word, which cannot be discussed on the present occasion

shall agree,
I

we
itself

imagine,

that

this

Hebrew word connects

;

with the term in the same Language, just produced

it

and that
&c.

signifies, as

we might

say,

" Fame, Fractus,

;

Conjectus,"

njn

RGD, means "To

Tremble, Shake," &c.

I

nvn

RGH, To

Feed, which, on another occasion,

idea of Commotion

have shewn to belong to the

to be derived

Agitation,

and

from the action

of Cattle Straggling here and there in feeding.

The

succeeding

word

is

bj?-!

RGL, RwGL, "To

be violently Agitated, or Shaken."

Roll, Reel, Rill, Wriggle,

To

this

word Mr. Parkhurst has referred

and Hurl, Whirl, which indeed, under one pomt of view, may be considered as ultimately belonging to each other, though he has
added
other terms
;

as

Troll,

Twirl,

which are attached

is

to

a
or

different order of words.

The succeeding term

refers
to
it

Dn RGM,
To

RGM,
" or

which denotes, says Mr. Parkhurst, " Violent Commotion,

Concussion."

He
if it

the

Greek

P/.tw,

whirl
in

round; a relation,
place.

exists,

which cannot be explained

this

The next word is jjn or pn RGN or RnGNN, To thrive, Terms conveying this idea have been sometimes conflourish.
nected with words denoting Agitation, as Blow, To Flourish or Flower, belongs to Blow, the Wind, and the Stroke. The next

word

is f\T\

RGF,

"

To

Distill,

Drop, or

let fall in

drops," which

Mr. Parkhurst

refers to Rivus.

This union of the

with the
labial

THE
labial will

EARTH.
in

1119
The words
fol-

be fully considered

another place.
VV"^

lowing the Hebrew term just produced, are

RGZ, "To

Crush,
shake,

"Break by Crushing;"
" quake, as the Earth."

and

tyV")

RGS, "To Tremble,

Mr. Parkhurst produces,

Rush, Rash.

as derivatives
its

from

this

latter

word,

"To

Also a Rush, from

" moving motion," which are discussed

I

in their

due places.
the

have conjectured on a former occasion, that Round,

is

adjective,

connected with Ring, &c. which

have supposed to

be derived from the idea of WRiNcivg, \VRENCH/w_g- or Turning a surface, as the Ground, up, over, about, or
to

Round
in

about, so as

make Rjnges, Rands, &c.

is

and

have supposed too, that

terms for Noise are derived from the Noise

made

this action;

and that Ring, Tinnire,

reason.

attached to

Ring, Circulus, for that

form, as
'

Hence we shall understand, why a verb, under the same Round, signifies To make a Noise,' as 'To Round or
'

The Etymologists have justly produced the parallel terms to Round in this sense, as the Saxon Runian, Mussitare; the Belgic Roe?ien, the German Raimen, the Welsh Regain,
in the ear.'

RowN

Susurrare; the Saxon Rtin, Rune, Geryne, Mysterium; the Gothic

and Runic Runa, Mysterium Magica incantatio.

idea annexed to these words
*

The

original
in

is

that of Sound,

'To Ring

the

ear,'

&c.

-,

and as Magical incantations and the Mysteries of

were delivered
in

Religion, &c.

obscure

Muttering sounds
to

in

"Hideous Hum," hence the word was applied

tions

Magical Incanta-

and Mysteries

in

general,

speech or by writing.
Incantation belongs to the
his

We

whether they were delivered by know, that the explanatory word

same

Saxon Dictionary explains

Lye in Runian and Runigean, by "Susuridea of

to Canto.

Sound

" rare, mussitare, in aurem sive mystice loqui."

We observe

in

the

G
"

of this latter

word

a record of the original Elementary form

RG.

The Saxon Run Lye has

explained by " Litera, character. Cimbr.

sc.

Run: unde Lingua Cimbrica appellatur etiam Runica,

a ve-

" tustis

1120
" tustis
illis

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
Uteris,

quas patrio sermone Riiner, Runas, vocabant.

" Run etiam specialius apud Cimbros significabat Characterem, sive " literam, Magiciim." The word likewise means " Concilium, Col" loquium
"
;

and hence Runymede, as Lye observes,

i.

is

derived,

" Rune-med,

e.

Concilii

pratum, in
iliud

agro

Surriensi,

ad ripam

" Thamesis, ubi augustissimum " diploma, quod Magna Charta

" turn."

Anglicanarum libertatum

dicitur,

condkum

est et sanci-

In Welsh, Rhegain, which Junius has produced, signifies "

To
is

" Whisper, to Mutter, to

a
Quail.

Murmur;" and Rhegen means

term,
in

likewise

The preceding

Mr. Richards' Dictionary,

one;" which may be derived from the same source. In Rhegain we have the true form KG. Hence is derived perhaps the name of Regan, as deRhegu,
curse or ban, to wish mischief to

"To

noting the Railer, the daughter of the Celtic Prince Lear.

The

name
as

Cordelia, or Creirddylad,

is

likewise significant, and alludes,

Mr. Davies thinks, (^Mythology of the Druids, 206,) to a portion of Mystical History, which it is not the business of this discussion
to

unfold.

The Welsh

terms, which

Junius should have pro-

duced, as parallel to Run, &c. are Rhin,

*'

"A

Secret, a Mystery,

and

Rhinio, to whisper, to speak in secret."

The succeeding word

In the sucis

is

Rhinge,

"A

Noise, Crashing or Creaking noise."

ceeding column of Mr. Richards' Dictionary

before produced, where

Rhint,

Notch,

we

are brought to the genuine idea, from

which these terms for Noise are derived, that of Scratching upon
or

making Scars
In

Notches,

&c. upon a surface.

In Mr. Shaw's

Galic Dictionary
the

we have Run, " A

secret, secrecy, mystery.''

same column of Lye's Saxon and Gothic Dictionary, where Runian occurs, we have the Gothic Runs, Cursus; and in
the succeeding

column we have Ryne, Cursus

Ryn, Fremitus;

Rugitus

and Rynan, Rugire.

terms belong to

We

here again see,

how Run and

and

its parallel

this race

of words, expressing Noise,

THE
Runa, Alveus, Sulcus,
Sec.

EARTH.
&c.,

1121

and likewise to words denoting a Channel or Course, as the Danish

which
in

have before produced,

sense
I

and

which,

as

we
I

see,

is

parallel

to

the

Welsh

Rhint, &c.

While
derived

examine the word Run,

observe Runnagate
as

which

is

from Run and Gate,

Iter,

some Etymolo-

gists suppose,

and not from Renegado,

Rain, whicii
to the

a Retiegando Religionem.

The
is

succeeding word to Rin, Cursus, in Lye's Saxon Dictionary,

Rinan,

To
and

(Germ.);

RG, Regen, Gothic and Saxon Rinnan, Currere, we find

appears under the form

annexed the Gothic Rinno, Torrens.

referred Rhenus, Fluvius, the Rhine.

To Rin, &c. Lye has justly The Rhone is derived from

the same idea; but in Ruooanus, the true form

RD

is

preserved.

In W^elsh,

Rhodwyn

is

the Rhone, Rhosne, (Fr.) &c.

In the

name

of the river Eridanz^5 before the '^RD.

we have

the full

form with the breathing

separate the sense

In these v/ords

we cannot

of Noise

Commotion,

&c. from that of the Course or Channel.

Among

the terms denoting Actions of Violence

Commotion, &c.
as parallel terms

under the form RN, we must class Rend, Rent, RAVisack, Ran^ow,

RAudom, &c.
to

The Etymologists have produced

the Saxon Hrendan, Lacerare
;

Rend and Rent,

Rendan, Scindere
{Pi;yvvu,

and they have

referred us likewise to the

this

Greek Regnuo,

Frango); where we may observe, that

Greek word shews

us,

how

the Radical
article.

RG

has passed into the form

as

RN.
pete

Lye has
Septen-

another

Render, which,
Dissipare,

he

says,

"Anglis

" trionalibus
" Rinda,

est

Dissociare.

Omnino

ab
in

Isl.

Pellere,

propellere."
is

The

succeeding

word

the

Lexicon of Junius by Lye

Rennet or Runnet, which belong to

that,

these terms of Separation, and signifies

Scatters or Separates one part of the milk

whicli Disperses

from the other, or makes

If

one part
words

to

be Separated from the other.

we

refer

these
the

directly to

Run, the term of Commotion

as
it

or Excitement,

same meaning

exists,

relates to the substance of the

Milk

7 c

Running

1122

'^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

Running here and there

ticles.

or Separated by the
refer us,

Commotion of

its

par-

The Etymologists
j

under Riinnet, to the Saxon

Rynning, Coagulum

the Belgic Rensel, &c., the Saxon GerimneUf

Coagulum; and
" ejusdem

the Gothic Garinnan, Concurrere,

"quod

partes

generis in

unum
the

coalescunt."
as

This

is

only another

mode of conceiving
similar kind

same action;

certain particles of a

Run

together, because particles of a different kin4-

Run
as

here and there or Separate.

;

Race

is

a Northern word for

to Race, Cursus,

Runnet

where we have the form RC, belonging

it

Runnet belongs to Run; and Lye considers

under the same

point of view.

The

preceding term to Runnet, in Lye's Edition

is

of Junius
taken, as

is

Runnel, " Sylva csedua, sive arbor Ccedua;" which

observes, from the
Islandic Runnul,

Lye

Dumus; and

Runne, Saltus.

The Runnel,

the Sylva Cadua, the

Wood
tear,

used
break

to be Cut or Lopped, belongs perhaps to Rend, &c.

To

down.
'

In Persian, i^OJ\j RAiiden,

means " To Draw,

plainly

lead,

Ex-

pel,

Drive, Banish

"

where we

see

the sense of the

words above produced, Rinda,

Pellere, &c.
its parallels

The English term Rent, and

(Ital.)

Rente, (Fr.) Rendita,

Rente, {Dzn. and Belg.) Renta, (Span.) &c., are supposed to

be derived from the Latin Reditus, or Redditus, "quantum, so. " pecuniae Reddunt fundi, vel Iledit e fundis, hinc A Rental pro
" Uedituian catalogo;" and Render, with
its parallels

Rendre, (Fr.)

Render e,{\\.2i\.)\s supposed to be taken homReddere, "perepenthesiu " Tov n." Though this is indeed probable, yet still such doubts exist,

which may perhaps

I

incline us to a contrary opinion.

We
'

cannot,

think, help perceiving

how Render seems

when
it

to

connect

itself

with

the term of Violence, Rend, in such expressions as

To Render

a thing malleable;' and

mission,

is

employed as a term of sub-

'To Render up myself into a person's hands,' &c. Thus, then, Render would agree with the primitive idea supposed in my hypothesis, as signifying To Rout, Turn, Cast up, about,
down.

THE
down, &c.
to be Rooted,

EARTH.

1123

Cast up, down, &c., with various de-

grees of Force and Violence-,

belong to each other,

and hence Render and Rent would as referring to more Fiole?it or IFeak actions.
and Produce.

Render means both

ists

to Reduce

Now

there actually ex-

a term under the very form

Render, which

directly refers to an

action of Fiolence, as in
to

Rend, &c., and which has

certainly nothing

do with the Latin lleddo ; as in the article before produced. " Render, Anglis Septentrionalibus est Dissiparc, Dissociare.
"

Omnino

pete ab

Isl.

Rinda, Pellere, propellere ;" and Mr. Grose

in his Provincial

Glossary explains Render by

"

To

Separate,

" Disperse.

Also to

Melt down

To

Render

suet.

North."

In Spanish too,

we

see the genuine idea of these words.

My
Re-

Lexicographer explains
*'

Rendir by " To

Subject, Subdue, to

duce

to

submission.

To

Yield, to Deliver up.

"to
*'

Restore.

To

To

Return,

vomit or throw

up from the stomach;

submission.^
to

" Rendimiento, Rendition, the delivery of a thing into the hands

of another.

Weariness,
my

faintness.

Humiliation,
is

" Rent, income, the yearly produce."

this latter
''

The preceding term

word, in

Spanish Dictionary,

Rendija, " Crevice,

where we have the Rent or Hollow, which fs made, according as my hypothesis supposes, hy Routing orREND/w^
crack,

cleft;"

up a
I

surface.

In

the

same column of

my

Spanish Dictionary

find Reng/o;z,

"A

line

written from one margin to another;"

where we unequivocally see the idea of Scratches or Marks upon a surface; and what is curious, the same word signifies " Part of
" one's
chards'

Revenue or Income."

The

succeeding word

in

Mr.

Ri-"

Welsh Dictionary to " Rhengcio, To Rank or put in " order;" and " Rheng, Rhengc, A Rank, a Row, a Streak," is "Rhent, Rent, Houses or Lands."
Ran^^c^ Skinner considers to be quasi Reinsaccare, "siRe. Neg.
" In et Saccus, hoc
est,

Saccos expilare, excutere."

Junius howwords, as the

ever understands, that the

Ran

belongs

to such

Runic

124

^R.

R/
tlie

.-C, D, G, J, K, Q,
Spolia, Rapinae,

S, T,

X, Z.
the

Runic and Danish Ran,

Raan, spolium
;

Deprsdatioj the Islandic

;

Saxon ''Ran vvyrcan" Rapere

French

Randonner, the Swedo-Gothic Ransaka,

Rem

furtivam in

ahena

domo

perquirere

{Sax.) Ouaerere.
to this the Sack
Irish

which he derives from Ran, (Sax. J and Secan, 'To Sack,' we know, is 'To Plunder;' and
in
I

RanSack belongs.
find
to

In

Mr. Shaw's Galic and

Search,
is

Dictionary

RANsuio/^iiw,

"To

Rummage."

The succeeding word

Ransolen, and the

Ransack, in Junius,

Ransotne, which he

has referred to the French Rancon, the Italian Ransone, the Belgic

Swedish Ransiin.

The Ran

in these

words
from

must be referred
understood,

to the terms of Violence before us, as

some have

Junius

records

the derivation

of Loccenius

Ran, bearing the same meaning as in KA^^Sack, and Sona or

Suna, Placare.
tion.

The n

in

On,

is, I

beJieve, only

an organical addiin the first

My

French Lexicographer explains RANco/m^-r

sense by
*'

'To Ransom;"
to Exact

and

in

another sense by
is

"To

Extort

money from,
is

more than

due;"

where we see the

In Rabelais, the

genuine idea of an act of Rapine and Violence.

term RANcon

brought likewise to
i.

notes a species of Spear, Tears the flesh.

will

e.

(Menage, sub
that

when it dethe instrument, which Rends and voce.) The French Etymologists
its

original idea,

now

understand,

Ranconner and

Rancune,

denoting

Rancour, are only different forms of each, other, applied with the

same fundamental

idea to different purposes.

In the

same column

with Ransom, in the Lexicon of Junius, Lye has produced the " phrase, " Rap and Ran, Whatever a man can Rap and Ran
;

and he observes hkewise, " Skinnerus pro Ran scribit Rend,

"

alii

Run for. Utrumque falsum." He supposes, that the phrase means "Quicquid vincire et auferre possisj" and he derives Rap from the Saxon Rcepan, Vincire; and Ran from the Islandic Ran,
Rapere,
&:c.

The Rap
;

belongs to the terms of Violence, Rapio,

to

Rob, Rip, &c.

and even Rapan, Vincire,

which our term Rope

is

THE
is

EARTH.
I

1125
shall

to

be referred,
fully

belongs to the same words, as

page.

shew

most
terms.

and

unequivocally in a future
Islandic

The English
seen, parallel

Rend, and the

Rana,

are,

as

we have

The Etymologists
" cursus
" rens, cataracta,

reier Rafidom to the

French Randon, " Rapidus

impetus a Rentdiui, Tor-

fluvii, fluvii rapiditas, torrentis

catadupa quod verbale est a Rentian et DuUy

" Fluere deorsum. Hinc Allei- a grand Randon, Instar rapidi " torrentis cum festinatione et impetu currere, prscipiti cursu " ferri. Hinc nostrum To Run at Random. Haec Hickesius
"
P-

233, Gram.

Saxonicae."

{,Lye

ad Junii Lex.

sub voce.)

Skinner produces the Italian Randello, as the term from which

Random

is

derived.

Randello signifies a Cudgel

and Randellare,
Randio?ie

To

Cudgel, Bang; and Randagio, a Vagabond.

;

means
Dic-

Gerfalcon

where we have the name of the bird of Violence

or Tearer,

the

Render

In the same column of

my

Italian

tionary,

where these words are found, we have likewise liangoloso.

i.

Diligent, eager,
Lie,

e.

the Runner or Bustler about

Ranno, Rannata,
Ranto, RantolOy

Soap Suds, that which Rins^5 or Cleans

in

Rattling

the throat

Ra7itoloso,

Hoarse

and Ran?iochio, the

is

Frog.

have already shewn, that Kana,

the Frog,

the animal

with the Harsh Noise.

In a portion of the succeeding Chapter
the form

RN

will

again

fall

under our discussion, when considered as having arisen

'^R,

from the form

with the breathing before the R, by the organin.

cal addition of the

This however

is

only a /nodus coyicipiendi,

spirit of the ar-

which

is

but
If

little

concerned with the force and

gument.

we

should suppose the organical addition to the M^,

it,

with or without a breathing before

to be represented

by the

Hebrew

V Gnain, nGn, in
to be

which these kindred sounds of

and

N are supposed
indissolubly

combined, we shall at once understand, how

the

forms

RG

and

RN

are

connected with each

other.

1126
other,
I

*R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

must again and again press on the mind of my Reader, that all these forms and changes are effected without error or confusion, and that the fundamental affinity is distinctly and
unequivocally visible through this great Family of

Words without

disturbing the particular relation, which exists between the various

branches, into which that Family
I is

divided.

This metaphor, as

have before observed,

is

singularly adapted for the illustration of

our argument.
obscure,

The

resemblance, which might be doubtful or

when

the kindred objects were distant from each other,

may become

strong and impressive,

when

they are presented to

the attention under the

same group, and exhibited together under

the benefit of contrast and comparison.
is

the same view, with

all

The Theory
sway;

of Cognate Consonants

the great and the only

is

Talisman, by which the World of Words

brought under our

by the

force of

which the

different Races, of

which

it

is

composed, may be made to pass before our view, in distinct and

separate classes, according to their various degrees of affinity

and

resemblance to each other.

ciple
*
'

By

the operation of this potent prinat

the

numerous Tribes and Families of Words are

difficulty or disorder

once ar-

ranged without
places,
-tions,

all

marshalled in their due

and

all

discharging their various and corresponding func-

with the most perfect uniformity, precision, and regularity.'

CHAP.

1127

CHAP.

V.

^R,
Terms for
the

R\

the

EAR'fh, or ERA,

(e^^.)

Ground
up, as

Land

or EAR-ift, ^6'., as

ERA, (E^a.)

Tenns expressing the

0/ Stirring
it

operations, which are performed in the action

Ear, Harrow, (^.) To Plough; Arc,

relating
to

{Lat.) &c. &c.

Terms,

the

Rise

Source First
as 0^ior,{Lat.')

beginning
&c. ^c.

the Extremity of any thing,

denotiiig

&c.^c.,

Terms
race

Agitation

Commotion
Harrie
Terms,

actions

ofi

Violence, &c., which are connected with zvords,

action 0/ Stirring

expressing
"f.

the

up the Ground,
are

as

Hurry,
which

&c.
the

Under

this

comprehended

denote

Possessor by Force and Violence

the Master, &c., as Her?/^, ^c.

Terms of mental Irritation, as Ira, (Lat.) &c. &c.&c. under the forms "Rn, ^R/, expressing likewise Agitation
motion, as Or/mo,
(Ooivui,

ab O^u, Concito,)

Hur/, &'c.&c. &c,^

Com-

JFords--.

n.

1128

R. R.

\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.

'^

R,

R''

the

ERA,

(E^a, Terra,)

Aroo, Aro.
Plough.

(Latin, Greek,)

To

or EAR-th.

Ar,

Terms expressing the Ground, Land or Ear-/A, under thie

form
'^R,

Ar=Ar, Yr=Iar,&c. (Celtic,) Terms relating to

\i^at,

Ploughing.

and the operations

it.
.

attached to

Ear, ARm;z, Ep/an, or E-Rigan, 'EKKen, Ar, Are. (English, Gothic, Sax. Germ. Scotch,
&c. &c.)

Era,

Ar-Oura,

(E^a,

A^ou^x,

Terra.)

Harrow, Harre, Harcm, Her^^,

Rhea. (Gr.)
the Earth.

The Goddess

of

Harc'^^,

HER^/a, &c.

&c.

(Eng. Dan. Corn. Fr. Germ.

Sax. &c.)

Ur, Uir, Ire, Er, Herri, &c. &c.

(Celtic,) the Earth,

Land, &c.

&c. &c.

The

difficulty

of arrangement

may

be considered as one of the

most important and frequent sources of embarrassment, which Whatever a writer has to encounter in a work of this nature. diligence and deliberation he may have employed in forming the
original plan of his discussions, nothing but the actual operation
itself

can fully unfold to him

all

the bearings of the question, or

his enquiries

prescribe to

him the

precise

mode, by which

would

be most properly and

efficiently conducted.

Various circumstances

may

likewise arise in the progress of the work, that are placed

out of the controul of the writer, which must either necessarily

or almost inevitably disturb the original plan in certain portions

of his Volume; and

when

this has

once happened, the future ar-

rangements must likewise be changed, and be accommodated to

the

THE
the modifications, which

EARTH.
before arisen.
It
is

1129
not to

have

be

understood, that these

deviations from

the original conception,

with respect to arrangement, have operated with any considerable

force on the general effect of the work,

which perhaps, considered

nearly the same.
to
I

under

all its

parts,

may have remained

to

liad

originally

intended

have

first

presented

the

Public

an

enquiry into those Terms, which appear under the form "^RC,

*RD,
'^C,

&c.,

and when the sound of

;

is

not heard,

VC, ^D,

or

purposed to discuss at a future period, in another Volume, the terms under the form ^R. I found however,
''D,

&c.

and

as

proceeded in

recur to

was necessary perpetually to the form of the Element "R; and the circumstances, which
that
it

my Work,

accompanied the preparation of the Volume, rendered

this appeal

more frequent and minute.

During the long continuance of
as

my Work

in

the Press, the

materials naturally and almost necessarily increased in

I

my

hands,

considered

it

a bounden and indispensable duty to improve

all

the original stock by

the means, which chance or meditation had

presented to
discussion,

my

view, sometimes by the addition of

new

topics of

and sometimes by the production of

"^R,

collateral evidence

from terms under the kindred form

served for another Volume.

which might have been re-

By

these additions the

Work

insensibly

swelled beyond
I

its

destined bulk, and lat last began to perceive, that

had already comprehended within

my
it

discussions the great lead-

ing features, which belong to the whole compass of the Enquiry

and that having proceeded so

advance
still

far,

was necessary
through
I

for

me

to

further,

and

to consider the subject

all its di-

visions, under

one view,

in the

same

publication.

perceived like-

wise, that the additional materials might be detailed according to

a plan of greater brevity than that, which

had adopted

in the

former parts of the Volume, as the various processes, by which

words are connected with certain

trains of ideas, ^lad before

been

7 D

most

1130
most
fully

^R.R.V-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
and minutely discussed.
In this part of the

Work,

therefore, nothing

more appeared

to be

necessary, than to arrange

the terms, in their due classes, under the train of ideas, to which

they more immediately belonged, with a brief explanation in less

obvious cases of the precise mode, by which any term was to be
referred to
first
its

particular class.
is

The Elementary form ^R

will be

examined, which

so intimately connected with that of the

Elementary form

^RS, '^RT, &c., that they cannot in a great

I

variety of cases be separated from each other.

must however

observe, that though

it

is

just

and proper

to

consider them on

many

occasions under one point of view, yet that they ought to be

I

treated separately, as

have before done, because the Elementary

form ^RS, when once existing, may be said to generate a Race of

words by

its

own

powers.

Both modes of considering the subject

are to be adopted in their due places, that the Reader

may

at

once

understand their difference and their coincidence.

ray

In this part of

Work

shall likewise contrast the terms

I

belonging to both
the form

forms with each other, though here

'^R,

shall

commence with
if first
is

and proceed

to

that of

''RC,

&:c.,

as

beginning from

the simpler form, and advancing to that, which

cated.
a
I

more complithis
is

have before suggested,

concipiendi,

(p.

529, N.) that

rather

modus

formed perhaps on a contracted view of the

principle,

subject,

than a

legitimate

which

is
1

necessary* to

be

adopted for the basis of our reasoning.

jection
to

Yet
this

can have no obif it

consider the

subject

under

point of view,

should be found to supply to the conception of the Reader a more

easy and intelligible
In the
first

mode

of considering the question.

I

part of

my Work
is

considered the terms under

the forms Rl, Rn, as directly connected with those of

RgU Ron,
I

when no vowel breathing

to be

found before the R.

''Rl,

shall

here consider the words under the same forms

a vowel breathing precedes

'^Rn,

when
see.

the

R; and

the Reader will hence

THK EARTH.
see, that

1131
the breathing

some terms under the forms Rn, Rl, when

before the

does not appear,

''Rl,

may be

conceived to have arisen

from

the

forms

'Rn, without the

all

medium of RgI,
cognates, and
l,

Rgji.

When

the terms under

these forms Re, &c. Rl, Rn, in which

its

the different Consonants, as c with

n,

are

annexed
shall at

to

the

Elementary R,

shall

have been considered, we

once
first
is

see, that the

only remaining form, where R appears

as the

Radical Consonant of words,

that, in

which has not been

m, v,

examined,

which the Labials

Rap/o, (Lat.)

b, f,

are anin

nexed to R, with or without a preceding vowel breathing, as

ARvz^m, AKpazo,
I

(A^rra^u,)
in

Rav/j/j, (Eng.) &c. &c.

shall

therefore

another Chapter

arrange, after the briefest

;

manner, the terms under this form Rb, Rf, &c. and thus I shall have examined in the same Work, under one view, in a variety of
Languages,
to be found.
all

the Radical words, in

which the Elementary "R

in the

is

Though we
yet

shall frequently perceive, that

the form

'^Rb, &c. directly connects itself with the other forms

series of

same

words
as

we may

in

general consider the form '^Rb, or

distinct,

Rb, &c.
others.

more
shall

We

and separated from the immediately understand, however, how readily

particularly
'^R,

the Labials become attached to the Elementary Consonant

or

how we have

the form ^Rb, Rb, &c. has arisen;

when

it is

recollected, that
lips

only to conceive the mouth to be shut or the

'^R
;

closed

during the enunciation of the

takes place, the sound of

and when

this

simple process

The Reader

will

RB, &c. is at once necessarily produced. perhaps be still more readily inclined to imagine
'^R

from this further view of the question, that the form

ought

to

be considered as the more original and Elementary form, and that the other forms should be regarded as derivative or dependent.

view of the subject, the whole arrangement might have been thus adjusted; ^R, R,|The ERa, (E^a.) R, R,|c, d, &:c., b, f,

Under
&c.

this

The EAR=T/i,

kc.

Ali=V'um, "C,

''D.

&c.

Esiia, (E<rT;,)&c.
I

must

1132
I

^R.R. .-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
repeat, that
I

must again
as a

can have no objection to

if
it

this

mode

of considering the question,

should
simple

be

conceived by

my

Readers,

convenient

or a

method of stating the

argument of
into
its

the

Work.

This mode of resolving Language

original

Elements might be carried much further, and

But
merely a modus concipiendiy
but which might perhaps

perhaps, under one point of view, with some advantage to our

conceptions on the subject.

this

is

which

at present

would

profit us nothing,

be aptly introduced at the close of our Discussions on Language,

when

all

the Facts, which

It is

we

are capable of learning, have

been

fully unfolded.

the discovery

of Facts only, as far as they

I

are describable or intelligible, about which

am

sollicitous in the

prosecution of
or

my Work;
v^^ith

and

am

unwilling to entangle myself

in the

my

Reader

unnecessary refinements

mode

of arrang-

ing or conceiving the original Elements, from which the objects of

discussion have been formed.

On

a careful review of the whole

Work,
Facts
I

do not conceive, that under any other arrangement such

faithfully exhibited.
'^R,

would have been more profitably or

shall first

produce the various terms under the Element

which express the Ground, as ERa,

(E^a,) &c., as likewise those

its

words, which directly relate to an action performed upon

face,

sur-

by Ploughing, &c., as Aro, (Lat.) &c.

and

shall

then

consider the Element ^R, under two general divisions, according

to the

arrangement of the form 'RT, either as conveying

relate
to the

ideas,

which might seem to

Commotion or
labours

ERa,

(E^a, Terra,) in a

state

of Rest, or which belong to the

Agitatio7i

same Spot, regarded

is

when

it

Stirred up

Agitated
its

in a state

of

by the

various accidents and operations, belonging to

the
I

surface, as

by

of agriculture,

in

Ploughing,

Harrowing, &c. &c.

produce

this division

because

it is

necessary, that

some

division

should be made, and that words should be arranged to a certain

degree according to their apparent and ordinary meanings.

Yet
all

THE
all

EARTH.
Words
all

1133
are so involved with

the terms belonging to this Race of

the idea of Agitation, that perhaps

original notion, from

we might

consider this as the

which they were

derived, or at least this

In the first divi-

idea ought to be prominent in our explanation.

sion
I

shall

produce the terms, which denote the Rise

First

Extrejnity of any and the Front Behind and Before the Bottom or the Base and the Top the Edge, Point: A Boundary or Border: What Prior First Before, as relating to Time. These words might belong the Era, (E^a, Terra,) simply, as the Grou?id or Base the
Origin

the

Beginning

Source thing the Back

is

to

Bottom.

have adopted the word Rise, which belongs to the notion of Stirring or Raising up; and we shall see from hence,
I

Vet

might be derived from that of Agitation, as denoting the Spot, from or on whicli things are Raised or
Erected, as
the
idea.

that the idea of the Base

we express

it.

We

cannot

but perceive

too,

that

term Source belongs to Surgo, whence we have the same Yet we find, that whatever may have been the original
in
;

idea of the words

this

class, the sense

o{ Agitation has

com-

monly disappeared
from words
to that
this
it
;

and those terms, which have been derived

secondary sense,
I

in their

may

be justly said to belong

idea alone.

have had frequent occasions of expressing

if

embarrassment, (825, &c.)

the Reader should so conceive

though he may perhaps imagine, that when we have brought our terms to the Spot, from which they must be derived, distinctions like these are idly
to add, that the

and unnecessarily minute.

have only

Reader

will see all the

their bearings and relations,

words before him, with all and he must be contented to take

of such decisions. In the

upon himself a share

second
relate
I

in the difiiculties

Division

shall

produce

those terms, which

to the idea of Agitation

Co?nmolion Violence,
or

generally

and which

conceive to be derived from or inseparably connected with the

(Efa,) Stirred

Era,

up

Agitated,

Harrow^^/ by

the accidents

and

1134
and
a

R.

R.V-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
belonging
to
it,

operations,

as

Harry Hurry,
shall

&c. &c.

Under

this division

we

shall see the

idea of Agitation, applied to

find

great

variety

of purposes.

We

Terms denoting
and afterwards
Personage,

the Possessor of any thing by Force and the

as

Violence,

Master

in

general,

the

Powerful

or

Superior

Herw5, (Lat.);

Speech

and hence have arisen Pronominal Parts of Intensive Particles, &c. &c. Terms expressing Mental
as

Irritation,

Ira, (Lat.)

&c.

Names

of Savage animals,

Ur,

(Germ.) Bos ferus;

(Eng.) &c.

Words

expressing the Wiiid, &c., as Air,

Disorderly motions, as Err, (Eng.) &c. with various

other applications, which will best be understood

detailed in their

when they

are

due places.
''Rn, ^Rl,

shall finally

produce some terms,

'^R,

under the forms

with the breathing preceding the

where the same idea of Commotion or Agitation is apparent. Among the words, which under the Element ''R, denote the
Earth

GroimdLand
performed upon

Soil,
it,

&c., and
are

the operations of Plough-

ing, &c.
(E^a,

the following:

The Greek Era,

Terra); Ar-Oura,

(A^ou^a,

Tellus,)

where

in

the

Arvum, Arata Terra, Ager, Terra, we have the Element latter word
Rhea,
Aro,
(pa,)

doubled, quasi
(p^v<rcru,

Era-Era,
the

Aroo, (A^ow,)

Ok-usso,
the

Fodio,)

Latin

ARutrum, AB.ea,

ARena,

Irish

Ur, Uir, "Mould, Earth, Dust;" Ire, " Ground, Land;" ARaim, "To Plough;" the Ar, "Ploughing, Husbandry;''

" Welsh Erw, " An acre of Land also Land, estate, inheritance; Er, " Fallow Land;" Ar, " Plowed Land; also Ploughing;" ARedig, "To Plow ;" Ar^^w, "To Plow;" ARodr, A Plough;" Yr-1ar, "A Plough;" the Cornish Aor, Terra; HARau, Occa;
;

hRaZyAro;
Plough
;

the Armoric

Ar=Ar, AR^^r,

Plough

ARat,

To

AR^r,

Ploughman, &c., the Cantabrian or Biscay,

its

Herri, Terra;
hRian, (Goth.)
(Fr.)

Ear, (Eng.) To Plough, with

Er/aw,
Y^Rigan,

parallel terms

(Sax.)

Err^w, (Germ.)
Ett/Vr,

ARer,

ARare, Aaar,

(Ital.

Span.)

AERen, (Belg.)

(Dan.)
Metere,

THE
Metere, &c. &c.
Sec.

EAUTH.
by the
Etymologists,

1135
Harrow,

produced

HEnse, HARcke, HERgian,&cc. (Fr. Germ. Sax. &c.) Harre, (Dan.) &c. Ar, Are, Ere, (Scotch,) " To

(Eng.

with

its

parallels

" Ear, to plough, to

till."

Beside the sense which the Irish Ur, Uir, bears of "Mould,
" Earth,"
articles,

Mr. Shaw has placed the term Ur in various other under the following meanings; "A beginning.

" brink, border. " chief, hurt.

Very. Generous, noble hearted, Evil, mis Slaughter. Fire. Fresh, new. A Moist
We
shall cer-

" place
tainly,

'

and \jR-ach, "Earth, a beginning."

agree, that
it,

think, all

Ur

is

the
all

same word,
these

as

we

are

accustomed to
different

express

and that

senses are only

it

meanings of the same fundamental notion, whatever

may
sense

be.

We

shall

likewise,

conceive,

all

agree,

that

the

of Ur,

as

"Mould, Earth," supplies us with an

naturally consider
as

object,

which we should
mental notion.
but
it

expressing that funda-

In Scotch,
likewise,
as

Ar

not only

means "To Plough,"

it,

signifies
article,

Dr. Jamieson explains

also

placed in
refers

another
to Air.

"Formerly;

Early;"

where he

us

Under Air, divided

Hair,

the following senses:

" Expl.

"An
shall

Heir." "An
I

used for

"Before, formerly, Early." "Early." a thing of no value." " An Oar."

court of justice,
E.
in

into six articles, he has

given us

itinerant

Eyre."

We

here,

think, not doubt, that

Ar, and Air,

idea.

these several

senses, have the

us, that

same fundamental
sees, that

Dr. Jamieson has told

the Swedish ARa,

some derive Air, the Oar, from

Gromid, though he obtains
this

To

Plow; and he himself

to

Air, the Heir, has some relation

idea

the

from

the

ancient

Swedish word Arf,

which " primarily signifies

appears totally unconscious, that

has any relation to Ar,

Arv-um;' and he the Scotch word Air, An Heir,

To

Plough,

belong to each other, and that

That Air and HjER-es, &c. they refer to such words as Ar,

To

1136

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
(E^a,) &c.
is

To Ear, Era,
supposed

most certain; yet

it

is

not easy to
I

adjust the precise idea, by

(p. 93,) that
;

which they are connected.

have

they

mean simply
see,

the

Possessor of the
is

EARth, or Land

yet

we cannot but
'

how Hjekcs

con-

nected with Herw5, Herr, (Germ. Lat.)&c., which seem to attach

themselves to words signifying

'

To Harrow up
;
'

Spoil
in

Rout
all

Plunder

To

possess by force and violence

in

though

these

terms denoted

secondary sense,
all

'

To

Possess
I

general.'

When
all

it is

proved, beyond

controversy, as

should hope, that

these words belong to each other, as referred to the

same

Spot;
are

perhaps

the

Reader may

consider,

that

such distinctions

minute and unnecessary.

Dr. Jamieson has

parallel to Air;

produced a race of
in

words signifying the Heir, as

sound succeeds the
"^R,

which the Labial

Ar/, (Su. G.)
all

as

Ar6/,
it is

(Maes. Goth.)

Er6^, Yr/, (Germ. Sax.); and

not possible to doubt, that

these words directly belong to each.

Thus we

see,

how

the forms
fact will

^R

and

'^Rb

are immediately connected;

and the same

likewise be unequivocally visible in various other instances.

Terms

THE

EARTH.

1137

Terms belonging
&c., the

to

'R, "^R^,

Ora.
Or/5,

(Lat.)

The
S:c.

Extremity,

ERA,

as denoting the luse Source Origin the

(Efa,) Ear//z,

edge, brim,
Os,

(Lat.)

The Mouth,

First begi?ini?ig

entrance into any thing.

the Extremity of any thing,

&:c.

Ear Ear.
OiR. (Gal.)

(Gal.)
tail,

Head End,

&c.

Behind and Before

is

What
Ur.
(Celt.)

First

Before,

conclusion,

as

&c. Hem, border, &c.

Initium,

relating to

Time.

Or, ORd,
Origo.

&:c,

(Cimb.)

Earth,

Beginning,

a brink, border.
IjRach.
(Celtic,)

R-Ear. (Eng.) The Prior or BeEarth,

Be-

hind part, from which things

ginning.

may
Oiidior.

be said to

Rise

To

Or-Ior
ARche,

ORigo,
ARchos.

Raise up.

ORdo. (Lat.)
(Gr.)

Arr-Ierre, Arr-Ears,

5:0. (Fr.

Funda(Sax.

Eng. &c.)
Er^, Er^^ ARist,
Anise,
Bise.

mentum, &c.
Ear5, ARSch,
&c.

&c.

(Eng.)

Germ.) Podex. OuRA. (Gr.) Cauda. Orgs. (Gr.) Terminus.

Heri HiER,
y-ORE. (Eng.)

(Lat. Fr.)

&c. &c.

&:c.

i SHALL now
tremity oi

produce the terms under the forms 'R,

""Rt,

which

denote the Rise

Source Origin the

What
is

First

Begiiining

the

any thing the Back and the Front Beforeand Behind Bottom or the Base, and the Top the Edge or Point

the
to

Ex-

Boundary or Border
I

First, Before, as relating

all

Time,

conceive, that these terms are

to

be referred to the ERa,

(Ef,

7 E

1138

R.R. .-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
denoting simply the Base

(Eoa, Terra,) either as

Bottom,

&c., or

as referred to the

Ear'^ or Raised up Era,

this

(E^a,)

under the idea

of the Rise,
their Origin.

if

may

so say, the Part, from which things Rise, as

Among
(Gal.)
it

Race of words we must

class the fol-

lowing:

UR,

" Border," as

is

Beginning. "Mould, Ear/^. A Brink^ explained by Mr. Shaw in difl^erent articles

-,

VKach, {Gz\.) "EARth, Beginning:

" begin
;

Or-Ior, Onigo, ORclior,

tenor

To

OB.do,

beginning,

series,

and succession of

" times and things,

has justly explained

An
it;

Order or law of nature," as R. Ainsworth

except that he has placed the sense of ORdino, ORdain, &c. &c., kRche,

a Beginning as a secondary idea.

(a%ij.

Principium, Exordium, Initium,

ArcJios, (A^x?>

Fundamentum,
Princeps,

Principatus,

&c. Caussa, Origo,)

Dux, intestinum
subjecta
(Ov^eu,

rectum,) Ear5, ARsch, &c. &c. (Sax. Germ.) Podex, to which our
vulgar word for the same part belongs; Orro5,
testiculis);
(O^fo?, pars

Oura,

(Ov^x,

Cauda); and hence Oureo, Ouron,

&c.
;

Ou^ov,) Urina, Urine, Urethra, Ureter,

Ou^ijTijf.

(Ov^rid^x,

Urinae meatus,

Meatus
ov.

urinarius.)

OuRa, (Ou^a, Limites,

O^og,
loq,

termini,) Oroj,

(O^of,

Terminus, limes, &c.,

mons
sense;

collis,)

mn HRH,

"
It

To

protuberate, swell, be tumid, or elevated, to luse in height."

this

occurs not as a verb simply in

but hence, as a

noun, "

Mountain, a protuberance. Rising or Elevation of the

it
;

" EARth,'' as Mr. Parkhurst explains

precisely explained.
'"

where
(Lat.)

my

hypothesis

is

Or, (Welsh,) "

Border or coast, the edge,

brim or margin of a thing;"

Or a,

"The

Extremity,
Os,

" edge, brim, margin, hem, or border of any thing; "

ORis,

"
*

The Head,

or Fountain
as

The

mouth, passage or entrance into

it

any thing,"

Robert Ainsworth explains

liadical

in

some
Ora.

of

its

senses;

where we see the same

idea, as in

The
it is

Latin Oro,
>

To
yet

pray, might
it

directly belong to Os, Oris, as

imagined
the

seems

to

belong to some Celtic terms bearing

same meaning.

Or, (Gal.)

border, coast;

which means
likewise

THE
likewise

EARTH.
Gold, as

1139
it

P'oice,
;

Sound, and

Mr. Shaw explains

in

various articles

and we have likewise in the same column of his

Dictionary Oracuil,

An

Oracle;
;

Or^/w,

To

Pray;
;

Orati,

Song,

&c

Oraid,
;

An

Oratioii

Oradli,
I

Gilding
shall

Oragan, The Herb

Organy

Oraise,

An
is

Orange.

shew, that the sense of

Or, Aurmw, Gold,

derived from the idea of Routing or Scratch;

ing up the Surface in the search of Metals

and the sense of

it

Sound, whicli these words bear, might be attached, as

com-

monly
and
in

is,

to this action, just as Scriech

belongs to Scratch.
O^Biyavov,

We
Ear,
bounit

see, that the

Or

in

the

Herb Oragan, Organy,

to

ORiganon,

Oraise,

the Orange, belongs (Gal.)

;

the

Gold

colour.

(Gal.)

A Head; Earr,
;

"End, conclusion,
tail,

tail, limit,

" dary

Champion
EiRRiiT^,
;

noble, grand," as Mr.

Shaw
sin.
;

explains

in

different

articles.

Err, Earr, An end,

Eir, Earr,

Emsam, To Arise; EiRgham, To Arise, &c. EiRigh, A Viceroy, chief, governor; Emghe, Emigh, A Rising, Mutiny. Eirr signifies too *a Shield,' and
(Gal,)

End;

trunk, stump;

Snow, Ice/ the former of which

it

denotes probably, as meaning

;

the

End

or

Extreme covering of the person

and the

latter

it

probably denotes, as referring to the idea of Rising

&c.

Commotion,
end, conclu-

the
;

Stormy, Snowy weather.

tail.'

Irr, (Gal.)

'An

*sion

a fish's

In the same column of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary

;

w6 have
Anger;

Ire, Ground, land

Ir,

iRionn,

Field, land,

ground

Ir,

satire.
iRis,

Lampoon;
Ir,

Ir-Ire,

curse, malediction,
&:c.

blame, anger;
^V-Iar, Back,

Brass;

An Mra,

epoch, &c.

Iar,

Backward, the West; from whence we should conjecture, that in Celtic the Element ""R denotes the West, as signiHence we have fying the End or Extremity of the Sun's course.
lARthar, the Wegt, West country, &c.
border.

Oir, (Gal

A Hem,
ORigo,

"Or, Or^. Cimb. Ar, And,

(Lye sub
Or.)
(AfJf,

Initium, Principium.

" Auctor."
Aftdis,

ORd, (Sax.) Initium, Onigo, &c. Ur, (Germ.) Cuspis,) ARden, {A^$i}v, Funditus.)
\jR=SprunQ\

1140
\J R = Spnaig, cle,

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
{Germ.) TheORigin; and hence the intensive
partiis

which

sometimes applied negatively

quod alias scribitur Ar, Er, Ir, in under the form '^R. " veteri Lingua Francica, perinde ac A et Ge in compositione
" usitatur, et

" Ur,

in different

Languages,

simplicem vocem

facit

cum

effectu

significare."

{Lye sub voce Or-Deal.)

cause
it

signifies First

Chief,

It

has this intensive signification, be-

both as applied to objects o^ Reve-

rence and Detestation, as Anch, Enz, (Germ.) &c., in ARch-Bishop,

A^ch-Fiend ; ERZ-Bischof,ERZ bosewicht, a great knave, &c. "Ur, " adv. OR^f/Vzw, significans Principatum in existendo etoperando;
;

"

significans

Optum

et

initium

rei.

idem

significans

quod
;

ror,"

v-Or, " coram ;" Er, " Particula Francis et Alam. propria et per " omnes vocales Ar, Er, Ir, Or, Ur audita, variae et latissimae sig" nificationis
in compositis.

Interdum utuntur anastrophe, dicentes

" Re et Ri pro

Er

et Ir.

Olim
se,

erat prepositio significans

Ex

" Super
" rei
;

'ERheben, EfFere Adverb

ERbauen,
Extruere
rei.

ORcIinis, significans initium

e fundamento.
referri

ORdinis,

significans

" ultimum terminum

'

Hue

debent ERstechen, ERSchlagen,

ita

percutere atque

ita

fodere, ut

mors inde sequatur:

et quae-

"

dam

mentis actiones, cujusmodi sunt, ERgrunden, Perscrutari;

" ERSchopfen, Exhaurire cogitando. " qualitatis ut auf.

" brechen, Effringere,

Er, Adverb. Aperiendi, ejusd.

Hinc promiscue dicimus ERbrechen, et Aufaperire rumpendo." {IVacht. Prol. Sect. 5.)
illustrate

No interpretation

can be more pointed to

my

hypothesis.

Here Er bears the precise idea of Routing or Breaking up a surface, as in the explanatory term /i-Aur/o, the Latin Ero, the Greek
Erj/o, (Esuw,

Traho.)

Wachter has moreover

resembles the Greek
ut

seen, that

Er

in

its

intensive signification,

Ari,
A^*
1

(Ao*,)

" Adv.

" intendendi, sensum reddens fortiorem,

1

apud Graecos."
have
laid

shall produce the

Intensive Particles,

when
relate

before

the Reader
to the

some of the terms, which

to

Violent actions,
see,

HARR/Vr, or HhRROwer, the Router; and we

how

the

Er,

THE
Er, as denoting
I

EARTH.
when considered
as the Rise

1141
part, if

tlie

Rase,

may

so say, connects itself with the Fioleut or Intensive action,

it

which
'

sometimes expresses, and which we may represent by

'

To

Raise up

or

To

Rout up.'

Among
Prior

the

terms,

which

relate

to

the Back

Behind,
'

the

and

the Former
at

Time, are the following:

and the Prior

''R-EAn, (Eng.)

which conveys

once the idea annexed

to Rise or Raise,

To

'^R-'^EAR,'

or Raise up;

Former

part or Ex-

tremily left Behind us, from which, under

one

idea, the object

may

be said to Rise or Spring;

Arii-Iekre, (Fr.)

Arr-Ears, (Eng.)

J'-Err-Ierre, <^'-Er/z-Ier, (Fr.) A/Ra5, (Span.) d'-EtRas, di-Etno,

(Ital.Span.)

AnR-EdRo, (Span.) Backwards; Ke,Re-/ro, R-Unsiim,

t,

(Lat.); where the

'^

d,

s,

have been introduced with

JEr, (Sax.) Prius,
at

tlie

kindred

Air, (Goth.) Prius;

Mane;
once

A^s, JERis

where we have a Saxon term signifying

Before

the
we

Morning and Brass;

all

which senses

will be reconciled

if

suppose, that these words are taken from the idea of

Ear/^ or
/Euista,
;

of Raising or Stirring up, as the Era, (E^a,) from which action

metals are
(Sax.)

brought

forth.

Ere,

ERst,

(Eng.)
''Rise
;

ERSt,

Primus;

ARist, (old

Eng.) ARise,

f-lRst,EARly

Ehe, or

Eher, (Germ.)

Her/, (Lat.)
(Ital.)

Die

vel

nocte pra^terita;
lately;

HiER, (Fr.) Jfri, Ieri,

Ilesternus, quasi

Ayer, (Span.) Yesterday,

(Germ.) with
its

ElERsternus, g-Estern,

parallels
ct in

produced by Wachter, " Anglo-Saxonibus g-Ura, g-\Rsta,

" Anglis

" compositis Gistrondccg,Gyrstandcvg, Francis G^5/r^, Belgis Gisteren,

Yesterday-

Gloss. Pez. Perendie Engestre."

It

is

im-

possible not to see, that the

MR

in

Trsta,as in ER5/,

is

the connectall

ing point between Her/ and these words, which are ledged to belong to each other-

acknow-

The

initial

in

these words,

and the English y in T-Esterday are derived from the Teutonic prefix Ge, and the h in the Latin /i-ERi, h-Esternus, has ari.sen
from the same source.

The

Latin Hesternus

is

nndmibtedly taken
from

142

^R. Tx/ .-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T,

X, Z.
;

from the form Gistron, &c

Yestreen, (Scotchj) Yesternight

Herf:^
before

Testreen, HERi:=Testerday, (Scotch,)

The

night

and day
be a

Testerday.

Wachter

thinks, that Crastinus belongs to these words,

and so

imagine:

T'-Ore
;

is

acknowledged

to

compound of
compound.
(Lat.)

Ge and Ere, &c. Before

Gear, (Sax.) &c.,

T-Ekk is a ^ar, (Dan.); where we have

Former,
(Scotch,)

similar

the simpler form.

.'Era,

Air, Ayr, Ar, Are,

Before,

formerly.

with

its

parallels in various

Languages, which means the Time,

In the Spanish corresponding

from which things

'

may

be conceived to take their Rise or ORtgin,

Tempus, ex quo

res ORiuntur-'

term we are brought to the Spot, from which it is taken. My Lexicographer explains the Spanish Era by " Era, Era, a certain

" computation of years from any particular date or epoch. Age, or " long space of time. Spot of Ground, paved and liaised above
**

the level for threshing corn," &c.

Thus we
form of Ear,

see,

that the English Ere, Prius,

is

only another

To Plough, To Stir or Raise up the Ground; and it In Ere, Erst, means the Ear or Rise Time, if I may so say. Arist, Arise, Rise, we see the process, by which the forms '^R,
^RS, RS, pass into each other.
It is

impossible not to perceive,

how Erst and/=lRST.

shall

are connected with each other;

and we
likewise

hence understand,

how

the p,

f-^R and ^R

are

connected with each other in Ere, p-Rce, p-^^ior, p-'^Rifnus, (Lat.)

p-Roi,

Mane, Mature,) /-Ore, /-Or, (Eng.) with their paralThe sense of ^^r, Prius, and lels v-Or, /-Ur, (Germ.) &c. &c. Mane, brings us to Ear, EER,(Eaf, Ver, sanguis, pinguedo, H^, Ver,
(U^cot,

Dikiculum,) v-Er, Aur-Ora, the Sanscrit Aur-Oor*?;;, relating to

the Ere, the Rise,
if I

may

so say, or the
is

or the dayto

In Galic, EarocJi

Ear/^ time of the year "The Spring," which is adjacent

signif}'-

E\RRaidham,

"To
It is

Spring;" where we have the verb

ing

'To Rise
is

or Raise up'

Ere,

Spring.

In Scotch, t^-|Eir, Er, Or, wJAir, impossible for the Teutonic Scholar not to
see

THE
see
in

EARTH.
call
is

1145
we

the representation Vor, the famihar term Vor, "For, be-

" Fore;'' and when the Germans

Fri'ili,

Spring, Fruhling,

see in

or f-'^Ruh, ear/)', which

apphed both to the Morning,

f-Ruh Morgens, and to the French Vi\intemps we have

fice.

In

Even in the the PR, or p-^R, bearing the same ofPersian,_^l^ Behar, or 6-ehar is the Spring. In the sense,
Spring, a kindred term.
(Ea^, Sanguis, Pinguedo,)

which the Lexicographers give of Ear,

Blood and Fat, we see the Foul gory, and Slimy Matter of the

Era, (Ef,) EarIIi, Dirt, Mud, &c. and Aristo^. {A^kttov, Prandium,
mus,) which
I

Perhaps the Greek Aristo,

A^/o-to?,

Optimus, Prsestantissi-

have examined on a former occasion, {^gg,) may be directly taken from the Saxon Crista, and mean only the
First or Early Meal,

and the First Personage.

We

see in

the

explanatory term Prcestantissimus, that the p-Ra; bears a similar

meaning.

The

Aristeros,

(A^ta-re^oc,

Sinister,

infaustus,)

must

surely belong to Aristos,

(A^tcrrog,)

as originally relating to
situation.
In
in

some
Art,
k^es,

opinion, in wliich the Left

(Af<,

was the Preferable

Vakie, vehementer,)

we have

the Intensive particle

(Afjf,

Mars,) we have the more violent sense of the Raiser

if I

tiie

Raser,

may

so say, or the Router;

and

in

ArIs,

[A^ig,

Instru-

we actually see the Raser or Scratcher upon a Thus we perceive, how under all these senses the funsurface. damental idea still remains, and how my hypothesis solves all the difficulties. The French word Raser actually contains the two
fabrile,)

mentum

different senses of Scratching upon a

surface, and of iioutiug, such

(Af<f,

as

conceive to exist in Aris and Ares,

A^r?)

Terms

1144

K.K.\-G,D,G,JJ\,Q,S,T,X,Z.

K,

R\

^R^, &c.

Hurry. Hare,

the Animal.

To Hare, To
rernis, wliicli relate to Aclions

fright,

HAR/Vr;
(Scotch,)

of Violence

Commotion /^gidegrees
sig-

the Dog, (Eng.)

Herry, Hery, &c.

tation, &CC. in various

To

and manners i and which

nify

Rob, Pillage, &c.

To

Stir

up
or

Rout up

Here, Her, &c. (Germ. Sax.)

S-'c.)

Harrow
about
der

up,

Harry
Irritate

An army,

host,

i.

e.

the

Annoy Vex Disturb Terrijy, &c. &c.,

action of

To

Devastate

Plunall

Plunderers, Ravagers.
ViEKde, Her(/, &c.

(Sax. Eng.)

Troop, of

men

or animals,

ultimately connected with the

the Plunderers, and the Plun-

Harrow/;/^ up, or Ear/w^ the Era, (Ef,) or

Ear^/i.

dered.

Herr,&c.,Herw^, Heir,H>t:r^5, (Germ. Lat. Eng. Lat.) The

Possessor by Force and Violence, the Harrier,

Ear, Aro, Aroo, &c. (Eng.

Lat. Gr. &c. &:c.)

afterwards
in

Master

or

Possessor

Harrow
To

Weiksc,
To

&c.

&c.

general.

\\TA\gian, (Sax.)

Harrow,
spo-

Old Harry. (Eng.) The Devil.

iiout. Tear, vastare,

TA^ Harrowing 0/ Hell,

Name
Lat.)

liare.

praedas agere.

of one of the Mysteries.

Harry.

(Old

English,)
Pull

To

zc'^Er,

z'-Ir,

&c.

(Sax.

Harrow, or
&c.

up

about
about,

The

Violent or Powerful Per:

away Drive away,

Harry, Vex, ^c.

sonage

Hence

the illustrious

Personage.

Har/>', AHURiV, (French,)

To

tt;=EARY,

w-Orry.

(English,)

&c. &c.
Ire,

THE
Ire,

EARTH.
6cc.

1145

Ira,

Erre, Er/V,

iS:c.

Irre. (German,) Turbare. confundere, Irritare

;

(English, Latin,
Sec. &:c.)

Saxon, Gr.

Errare.

Oar Ore,

.\-c.

(Eng.)

What

Ara. (Greek,) A Curse. ^Ruo, Ruina, &c. (Lat.)

Ears up or Ploughs up the Water what is obtained by

Hyre, &c. (Saxon,) Ruin. R^=Ear, &:c. (English,)

Excite or Raise up.

Earing or Digging up

the

To

Ground.

HoRR^o

HoRRor,
cSCC.

5:c.

(Latin,

Err, &c. &c. (Eng.) Desultory

motion.

English.)

&c. &c.

I SHALL now
ment

consider the Race of words belonging to the Ele-

'R, which generally jelate to the notion oi Agitation

I

Com-

niotion Violence, Sec, and which

force from the action
is

conceive to derive

all

their
it

annexed
Sec.

to the

Era,

(Ee, Terra,)

when

Stirred up

Jgitated,
it.

by the various accidents and operadegrees,

tions belonging to

This Race of words relates to Actions of

in

Violence

Commotion Agitation
They
signify

various

and

manup,
Irriin

ners

'To

Stir

up Rout up To Harrow

or
tate

Harry

Disturb
(Eoa,)

about

To

Devastate

Plunder Annoy Vex

We
have
seen
the

Terrify,

Sec S:c

terms

various Languages, which express the action of Stirring up

the

Era,
(Lat.)

by Ploughing, Sec, as Ear,

;

Aroo, (A^ou,) Sec kc.

(Eng) Harrou', Aro, and we may well imagine the ex-

tensive influence of such important terms in the Languages, to

which they belong.

tion,

conceive, that these words denoting Agitatheir force

from the terms, which express this important species of action, and that they may justly be considered as metaphorical applications of sucli significant and
&c. have derived
all

operative terms.

have already
"^R,

discussed

some

of the

words

annexed

to the

form

(page ^66.) under a train of reasoning, which y F

1146

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
I

which the Reader should well consider; and

trast the

must again con-

terms with each other, which are attached to both forms,

as

before did, that he

may

fully perceive,

under every view of

the question, their indissoluble union at those points where they

become connected.
articles,

shall divide this

Race of words into separate

because they are too numerous to be at once considered,

and because they exhibit on many occasions turns of meaning

sufficiently distinct

from each other.

Yet

it

will

be at once seen,

that

these divisions

do not always contain terms, which are

difference

marked by any material

not to suppose, as
of words
I

of meaning.

The Reader
affinity,

is

may

be well imagined, that in detailing a series

attempt to adjust the precise degree of

All,

which
is

such words bear to each other.

to exhibit together those

which

in

general attempt,

words, which bear the same fundamental

idea from the

same

original source, with a turn of

meaning

as nearly
to admit.

similar to each other, as such collections

maybe supposed

tio7i

Commo Force and Violence, ns To PVaste Plunder Annoy Terrify Vex, &c. The Plunderers The Possessors by force, and afterwards
Among
the words, which express actions of Agitation

Possessors in

general, A Troop of Plunderers, or the Plimdered

in general,

and

tlien a

Troop

we may

class the following:

Harroz^;,

WzK-g-ian, (Sax.)

To

Harroiv, Vastare, spoliare, praedas

agerej

Her^^, (Sax.) Turma, Prtedatores;

Rout,
tear,
pull,

Harry, (Eng.) To Harrow,

&c.
;

drive out,

about, away,

HAR/Vr, (Fr.)

HARt'(7r, (Span.)

Torquere,

affligere,

fugare, as Junius explains it;

to tease to spoil,

Ahur//-,
pillage,

{r,)

"To

surprize, to astonish, to maze,

j"
to

Herry, Heiiy, Hirrie, Harrie,

Bello aliqucm infestare, depraedari
Heii/u,
a
;

(Scotch,)

To Rob,

under, which Dr. Jamieson

produces HAER-/a, (Su. G.)

Her<?, (Germ.)
HER/'a, (Isl.)

name

of Odin,

"The Mars

of the Northern nations

" borrowed from his warlike

(Fr.)

devastations."

Har^/w, WAvmsser,
(Scotch,) Avaunt;

Hurry

Scurry,

Hiry Hary, Ore-Ere,

EiR,-

THE
EiR, (Scotch,) Fear, dread
HAR/>r, (Eng.) the Hunting
tlie
*
;

EARTH.
Dog
;

1147
,

Ery, Eiry, (Scotch,) Affrighted

Hare, Auro/,
flies

(ku^oi,

oi

>.ccycoot,)

Haried animal, or the animal which

with a Hurried step

To

Hare,' " Perterrefacere, percellere, tnetu consternare; "

Hier,

(Fr.)

To

drive with a beatle;

Here, Her, Heer,

Sec. Sec.
;
'

(Germ.

Sax. &c. &c.) through a great variety of Languages

'

An army, HERde, (Sax.) Her^/, Grex, (Coetus Exercitus,) the Plunderers, and the Plundered; and hence a comhost, plunderers,' &c.
Sec.-,

pany

in

general of Animals, as

Herd

of Cows, &c,
It

and hence

the Keeper of those animals, the Shep-ViEKV).

*

afterwards means
&:c.

To

Keep or Treasure, as
'

in a heap,'

as

To Hoard,

&c. (See

page 87, &c.) In the Horde of Barbarians' we at once see the Company and the Plunderers ; Herr, Heer, Herz/^, &c. (Germ. Belg. Lat. &c.) through various Languages, which originally de-

noted, as

imagine, the ViAKKozvers, the Plunderers, the Possessors

violence
;

by force and
*

Master,' in general.

and afterwards the terms denoted A Lord, Heir, (Eng.) HmKes, &c. &c. (Lat. apud
'

antiquos pro Domino ponebatur,) the Lord, Master, (see pao-e 93); Herp/w, (Germ.) Domiiia; to which Wachter has justly referred
the idea conveyed

by Hera, (Lat.)

Eera,

(H^a,

Juno); Her,
(Scotch,

Herk, (Scotch,) "

Lord, a person of distinguished rank, a Leader,

injury,

"a
**

Master.

Loss,
still

damage;" Herie, Heary,

"A

compellation,

used by some old

women

in

addressing their

Harry, which have only an accidental appears to connexion with Henry, HenriBlind Harry, ^Scotch,)" Blind man's buff," that is, The cus, Sec.
'

husbands, and sometimes vice versa."

The name
it

person blind-folded, whose business

catch
the
;

others.
is,

Old

Harry,

Harrie, seize, or Auld Harrie, (Scotch,) the

is

to

Devil

that

the Harrozver or Devastator.

From

this

name

for

the Devil, the term

Harrow may
In

perhaps have been peculiarly

attached to the same spot in the expression,

'

//W/,' (see

page 569.)

the

'The Harrowing of Scotch combination Puck Hary, " The

1148
"

^R.R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
designation anciently given to

The

some

sprite or hobgoblin,"

says Dr. Jamieson,

In Pierce

we

again

see the

same sense of the DeviL

;

Ploughman, Hell-Powke occurs

'

and

in

Swedo-Gothic,

Puke
*'

is

Satanas.'

In

Scotch,

HARi-galds

or

HariCUs
;

is

The

heart, liver,
is

and

lights of

an animal, the Pluck

"

which

means what
term
is

Harried

or Plucked from an animal.

The same

used, says our author, "metaphorically and ludicrously,

" although improperly; being applied to the tearing of one's hair,

'

a rough handling."

This

is

the true idea of the word, and the

rightly seen, that

Commentators on Shakespeare have

Harried

means " Pulled and Lugged about," (p. 567.) Dr. Jamieson observes, that this word "has probably received its name from the Fr.
"Haricot, a dish of boiled livers
;

this

forming part of wiiat

is

is

in S.

" called a Head and Harigals."

The

Har/Vo^, theRagout,

the part

Harried or Pulled to pieces; just as we talk of a dish called a 'Pw//^^ Fowl;" and it is applied to Kidney beans; either as commonly making a part of this dish, or as meaning the Plucked Vegetable, just as Karpos, (Ka^Troj, Fructus, Carpus,) means at once the

Cropped and the Cropper

the

Fruit and the Hand.

The
that,

Galds, in

Hari-GALDS, seems
Plucked
*'

to be significant,

and

to

mean

which
"

is

from the parts adjacent to the Goule, (Scotch,)

The

throat, the jaws," or Gullet, as

we

call

it.

The
to the

following terms under the form w,

v,

^R, must be referred

same

original idea of the HARRier,

Vir,

To Harry,

&c.;

as

w-Er, (Sax.)
/-Ear,
sesiimatio;

Homo, Mas, with

w-Er,
(Sax.)

its

parallels z^-Ir, (Lat.)

^-Ur,
Firi

(Celt.) &c.

"Capitis a;stimatio,"

i.e.

wEar, w-Eary,
w-EKia7i, (Sax.)

w-lRRY,(Chauc.) Perdere; w-Orry,

Conterere;

&c. (Eng.)
parallels

w-Ar, (Eng.) with

its

cere,

^-Uerre, &c. &c., w/j-Irr, the Noise; zv-ERgan, ArDefendere w-EuRen, (Germ.) To Keep otF, defend yourself,
;
;

&c. &c.

and hence we have terms, denoting Defence, Security,

from the action of Driving
off,

Caution, &c.

as

explained

in

page

THE EARTH.
u'-Arh
off,

1149
w-AuKen^
which be{e^vku,

page 623, &c., as aw-AK, w-Ary, w-Ier, t;-ARR^, zv-AKRant,

&c.,

W'AKd

off,

g-\JAnd, y~ARd,

Sec.

&c.,

(Germ.)
long

To

be

made Strong and

Lat.)

Secure, so as to last, hold, &c.

is

w-Ahr, v-ERus,(Germthe

What

Sure,

True;

to

terms,
;

Akcco,
of
all

Enkos,

(E^xo?,

Septum,

ERvko,

Inhibeo,) &c, &c.

the

German
w-

'cu-ERe?i,
it

which words the true sense appears in "Arcere, prohibere, Defendere," &c., as
different
articles.

Wachter explains
Fr.)

in

i'-Eer,

v-lRer, (Eng.

^RiE, &c.

To

Stir or

Turn up, round,

aside,

away, &c.
;

v-ErIo, zu-And, as in To-Ward, Turned to any place

h-ORSum,

v-ERSum, &c. &c. i^-Erro, v-\Res, i;-Ir^o, which latter

in
its

word means
the

first

sense "

To

be Lusty and Strong," and afterwards to

T;-ERt^^x,

be Green;

v-ERetrum, v-Eru, v-Errcs,

Router;
(Scotch,)

v~ERRUca,{Lat.) the Raised-up object;

zc-Ar^,
;

w-ARd,

"A

Tumulus

or

mound

thrown

up," &c.

r/Z-ty-ERRA,

the

f-ERRet or animal, which f-^Rets or Scratches;

Stroke, Stripe, &c. &c.

t;-Er=6-Er, the

Powerful Personage, cither as referring to the Plunderer, HARR/Vr, the Raser, if I may so say, or
for

Names

the

Illustrious,

Router, or

tlie

Person,

who

is

Raised or Rises above others

if
I

who

Precedes others, as

tiieir

Rise or origin,
before

may
and

so say

HER7/.y,

Herr,

&c., Vir,

Sec,

produced,

Aire, (Gal)
this

"A name

" given to the different ranks of nobility;"

word means

likewise
Seizes

"A

fishing fi'eir;"

Catches,
a

&c.

where we have the idea of what Ur, (Gal.) Noble, generous; and it means

likewise EARth, the Beginning, Slaughter

evil,

mischief, /^^ry;

Er,

(Cial.)

"Great, noble;"

Era,
and

denial, refusal;

which the succeeding words are AiRE-ach, (Gal.) " Noble, a noble perto

"sonage;
in the

AiRigh, (Gal) Chief, Sovereign;

Air^,

Prince;"

same page of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, where these two last words occur, we have AiRgim, " To Plunder, spoil, drive " away," and Aniiom, Ploughing; and while I examine these
words.

1150
words,
I

^R.

R.V-C,D,G,J,K,Q, S,T,X,Z.
A
Tyrant:

see likewise Airri,

Her- Kol I e,

(\s\.)

Dux;

Her-CuUs, ARes, (A^ij?,) Mars; Eero5, (h^w?,) Hero5, (Lat.) Ar-Wr, (W.) Hero^; which the Welsh derive from Ar, the article,

and ^-WR,

Man

and

in

" Flying away, also pillaging,

Welsh we have likewise Heric, plundering; " Er-Yr, An Eagle.

et ordinis, Ante, prius,

Er, (Germ.) Pronom. temporis

says Wachter
;

Dominus,"
its

from

whom we

learn, that

some understand
Sec.

connexion with

Herr, Herus, and likewise

with HERilis, (Lat.)

Ear/, (Eng.) Eor/, (Saxon,) Iar/, (Welsh,

&c.)

To

these terms, denoting the Superior Being or object,

for Being,

must

be referred the terms

Particles

under the Element ^R

intensive
sense,

and the
signifying

bearing

originally

an

or

Above, Over, &c. though afterwards they become on some occasions

'

what are

called

Expletives.

The term
to

Re-Ar,

'

To

Rear

the
all

Rear,'

might be adopted

shew the
if

original notion,

by which
say, i.e.

these

words are connected,

'

originally to

mean

we suppose them all The Rear Personage or object,' if I may so

Rears, Harries or Routs up, about,
object,

The Personage, who

&c.

or in a gentler sense, the Personage or

which

is

Reared up, Elevated, &c., or from which

on

which other persons

and things are Reared or

class the following
;

Arise.

In this race of words

we must

Terms

used as Articular parts of Speech, or

I

as Pronouns,

Ike.

&c., which

have before produced

;

as

and Yr, Ar, &c, (Welsh, Armoric) wise Er, which Mr. Richards has placed
as

in

page 342, Welsh we have likein

in four different

articles,

denoting

"Though,

although, since, ago, for;

An

assevera-

" tion in S.

W.

for

Ys.

Truly, The

used in N.

W. A
in '^R,

particle used
E^/,

"
*'

in

composition, which enhances the sense, as the Gr.

Eri.

Er, Fallow

ground."

terminations

which

exist

through a wide compass of

Agetits

Human
in

Speech, originally denoting

Beings,

&cc.,

or Ititensive of the signification, whether as

relating to praise

or

blame, as

Sing-^K, (Eng.)

Cantat-OR,
CLat.)

THE
(Lat.) SoI-Er,
(2<iiTi7f,

EARTH.

1151

Salvator,) &c, &c,, and in the degrees of

Comparison, through various Languages, as /F/5-Er, SoJoI-'Eros,

(So(?OTEfo;,)

Sapient-loR, &c. &c. Ihr, (Sax.

rallels HiF.R,

The Pronoun Her, with its paGerm.) Your and Our, (Eng.) Eower,
;

EuER, Ihr, (Sax. Germ.) Of you, you. Ure, Ar, Hor, (Sax. Hira, Heora, (Sax.) Of them Gal. and Ir. Arm.) Of us Ihr, d=ER, w=Ir, w=Er, Er, (Germ.) He (Germ.) Their, &c.
; ; j

(Germ.) The, We, Who, &c. &c.

Among

the terms for Being

we

must

class the English

(e^<,

Are,

The

Particles Eri, Ari,

Ara, Ar,
quibus
prasfixa
Ao'

Ra,

particula,
Af<,

augens significationem vocum,

inseparabilis,
A^a, Utique

cum

componitur,

particula

quae

vocabulis

significationem

eorum auget,

nempe.

An

utrum,

apud Poetas pro

A^a, Pa, Certe,

omnino,)

" much, over much,

excessively,"
llhzvf,

Rhy, (Welsh,) " Too which likewise means "Did,

over much, &c.
lioimh,
first,
;

"made;" and Rhwy,

"Too much,

Ro,

" (Gal.) Very, Very much, over much. " For Do, sign of the past tense.

For
go

before.

To

to,

reach;" where

we

have the idea of Excitement or Motion, as in Ire, &c.

(Gal.)

"To.

word Ri,
(Gal.)

Riogli,

Ri, Ris, Against. An interjection of surprize;" and the same means "A King, sovereign, prince;" Rae,
and the same word

"Much, plenty;"

means likewise

"

Battle, Salmon, a Field, plain ;"

original spot.

where we are brought to the In the same column we have Rai, Motion; Rai,
(Gal.) " For Le,

Ad
"

Rai,
by,

He x\R05e; Re,
of,

With; For
Re,

Ri, Ris, at,

to,

against;"
life,

and

it

means
Re,
to

likewise

"The Moon.
;

"Time,
"Rus
is

duration,

existence;

Ad

He Arosc
;

Sign
in

" of the future participle To,"

likewise means "Slaughter.

attached, as A7nat-\jRus,&ic.
t\Rise

Air, (Gal.) Upo?i which Number thou Destroyed;"

A Hem,
border.

which the Latin

Future

OiR, Air, (Gal.)

" Upon, over, above;

At,

Iar,

"(Gal.) For

Air,

upon\^

and

it

likewise means

"West
" the

"Dark, black A Bird After." I AR-^^ar, "Back, backwards,

152

^R. R.

\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T,X, Z.
different as

"the west;" where,

are
all

these

senses

may
is

appear, they
the animal,

reconciled by nny
flies
it

hypothesis.
;

The Bird

which
fVest,

or

mounts Up
to

and with respect

to the sense of the

seems

denote the Back or /^/ernoon-part of the day;

and from the West quarter we directly pass to the signification of "Dark, black."Ar, (Welsh,) Upon and the same term like;

wise means
cally decides

''

Plowed Land ;

also Ploughing

;''

which unequivosense of Upon or

on the origin of these terms.

The

Up, and Rise or AKise, which of words, conveys, as

I

we

perceive to prevail in this Race

conceive, the original idea.

Among
(Efwof,

the terms, relating to Animals, which

Harrie, &c.

in

various degrees and

manners, are the following: ARies, Erroo^,

(Lat.)

Aper,)

Hara,

Pig-Stye;

which means the

is

place,

in

which the Harrying or Routing animal

kept;

n")N'

ARH, To

" pluck, to tear, or pull in " Lion," as Taylor explains

the Lion of

pieces, in order to eat or devour,

it
;

and hence has been derived Ar/>/,

Aur, Ur, bos ferus, "Latinis U'-us, Bos sylWerw, antiqua Francorum lingua "vestris; AR-fFerno, Aper;
" est Verr?5, ut demonstravi
sub voce Aur.)
this celebrated
in

God;

voce JVarnio Verres." {Wachter.

is

The

term Warw/'o

adjacent in the Glossary of

Etymologist to the word WARuen, Defendcre, ca-

vere, &c., belonging to our

word War;z, which

is

derived from the

idea of a violent action, as

'

'To

Warn

off;

i.

e.

To

Drive

off,

or

away.'

We

cannot but note here likewise, how

the form

^R
and

passes into that of r'-R, as in Ur,

Aur, and v-ERRes.

Hence we
(Germ.)
(Lat.)
still

obtain

the form
for

VR, BR,
Animal

for the
in

name

of a Fierce animal,
as

afterwards

the

general,

aPer, Farr,
Fera,

Boar, Brawn, Farrow, (Eng.)

Feer, (^,o,)

Ferus,

Bear, &c.&c., of which Wachter has

imperfect collection under Bar.

made a

valuable, though
(l^a|, Accipiter,)

In Ierax,

we

have the Bird of Prey, the Render

Sorex, Mus,)

Tearer;

and

in Ur^.v, (T^a|,

we have

the Scratching animal.

The term

I^rux,
(lEfiZr,)

THE
(If^al,)

EARTH.
(Ib^bvu, Sacrifice,

11^3
U^vx, Victima, hostia,
I

brings us to Ier^mo,

U^og,
*

Sacer,) which

originally

signified, as

imagine,

'To

de-

stroy

Kill, or Sacrifice the

is

Victim

'

from whence we obtain

the idea of what

Sacred in general.

In the Latin,

Harw^^,

the

Har, has

the

same force*.
terms,

Among

tlie

which belong
&c., as relating

to

the idea conveyed

the

by

Harrow, HarrzV, &c.

iRsian, iRsung, (6ax.)

to

sense of Strife

Contention, &c. &c. are the following;

Ire, (Eng.)

Irra, Erre,

signifying Ir^, ]Ratus, iRascor, iRacundus

which are
in

all

kindred terms.

The

succeeding words to iRsung

Agricola,

my

Saxon Dictionary are

Lacesso,

\Rth-ling, or YRth-li?ig,

wBath, "Rage, (Eng.) ERetho, ERizo, Er/5, ERethizo, E^escheleo,

(Ef5to,

Eff^w,

Contendo,

E^(j,

Contentio,

E^e6(^<D,

Irrito,
(E^eo-o-w,

E^(r;!^eAw,

Cavillor,)

which are terms adjacent to Er^mo,

Remigo,)

To

Row-,
'

where we are again brought

kick

to

Row, under
it,

the sense of

To

up a Row,'

as

we

express

Heyrc/,

Hfyr^,

It

is

impossible not to perceive, that s-Ov-ex and Ufiax, (Y^al,) are directly con-

*R and /-R pass into each other. Dr. JamieSon will now understand, that the Eyrt Falcons may not be a mistake for the ' Gyre Falcons,' and that the name of these animals may alike appear under the forms of Et/te and g-Tre. Under the form GR we have a great race of words conveying the same idea. Our author observes, that the Gyre in Gy>v-Carlin,' the queen of the Fairies, may either belong to
nected, and thus

how

the forms

'

'

Geir or Gyre, the Vulture, and other terms conveying the idea of Voracity
(Su. G.)

as Gaera,

"To

eat voraciously," or to

"

Geira, the

name

of one of the
to have

Valkyriar

or

" Fates of the Gothic nation, whose peculiar province seems

been

to decide the

"

fate

of battle."

the

Kyr

in Kyr-i^r,

that the

Fal

in

It will now be understood, that the Gyre in ' Gy>Y-Carline,' Geira and Gyre, or Geir, the Vulture, have the same meaning ; and moreover, Falcon has the same force as the Val in Val-Kyriar, so that Gyre-Fal has

or

precisely the

same fundamental meaning,

as

Val-Kyr,

in

a difierent order.

The Fal
Keer

Val belongs to such words, as

I trust,

Velio, Veliico, Pull,

Pluck, &c.

Dr. Jamieson will now,

in tiie

perceive and acknowledge, that to the

Kyr

in Kyri^x, belongs the

;

Greek Keer-os, (Kr^ot, Sors, Fatum, K<if(?, Parcic) Kyr Gaer-a, &c. &c. &c. belong to such terms

and that
as

all

these forms Gyre

Keir-o, (Kn^i',

abscindo,
**

populor,
i.

vasto,

diripio, insatiabili voracitatc

voro,)

Tondeo, scindo, Kor-eo, (Ko^it', " Satio,

Sturo; "

c.

avide voro upcjue ad satietatem,)

Sheer, (Eng.)

&c. &c.

7 G

1154

R. R. .-C, D, G, J,

K,Q, S,T, X, Z.
To
storm, to fume,

WEYfiif, (ScotcK,)

"To

gang

or gae HEYR^i,

" to be in a violent Rage'' as Dr. Jamieson explains it;

who

pro-

duces the following parallel words;

Hyra, Hira,

Vertigine agt,

To become giddy; \^K-ast, Furere; Aeir, (Isl.) Furiosus; Yra, (Su. G.) Cum iinpetu ferri, To be HurrzW away; Yr, Furiosus;
Hyr, Fire; Hyra, Heat; Ur, (A1.) Ferus, Iratus Ora, Orra, Erre, (Belg.) Iratus, with the Hurra, (Goth.) Se movere We see, how Ii-Yr, Saxon terms before produced, Erre, Trre.
;
;

Fire, brings us to /-Ire, /)-Ur, {Uu^,) to the

Hebrew

"nK

AUR,
Uro,

Light, Fire,
(Lat.)

To

Curse;

-nx AR=''R,

To

curse greatly;

To
"IN*

burn,&c.

"To

grieVe, tease, or vex."

The same Hebrew

&c,

word

AR, means
lampoon

likewise

'To Flow

Stream,'

&c.

Hair, (Fr.) To Hate;

a satire,
:

Ir, (Gal.) Anger, HYRZc/aw, Exprobare; Ir=Ire, (Gal.) " A Curse, malediction, blame,

same column of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, where these Words occur, are Ire, Ground; and iRionu, "A Field,

"anger;" and

in

the

" ground, land,"

Aoir, (Gal.)

Curse, a satire, railing.

Aoire,

(Gal.)

Satirist;
is

the succeeding

word

to

which,

in

Mr. Shaw's

Dictionary,

AoiRizm,

Ploughman; which coincidence of forms

is
'

would alone prove from what source the idea of Cursing

derived.

We
is

know,

that
;

'

To Plough

'

is

'

Terram

Exagitare,"
si

and

To Curse'
dirae,

Exagitare

as in

" Di Exagitent me,

quicquam, formula ju(A^a, Preces,

" randi

ap-Hor,' says R. Ainsworth.

Ara,

imprecatio:

noxae, damnum,
(a^o,

A^oiof/.ui,

Precor, imprecor, maledico.)

(A^uofiai,)

We
either

cannot but see, that Anaomai,

Aro,)

connects
Latin

itself in

form with Aroo,

To

Plough.

The

Ar^ may

where Prayers were offered, or the Prepared or Appointed ARca, or Era, (E^a,) on which Religious Rites were The term AR^a does not seem to mean the Ground performed.

mean

the Spot,

simply, but the Ground, with

quasi

'

some process performed upon it, Locus ARatus,' The Cleared-out Place; as when Aro

means "

To

dig up Ground, to dress or order

it,"

as ,R. Ainsworth
r.btvf.

explains

THE
expkins
it.

EARTH.
Ara means
it.

1155
"

In Arabic,

l_

A
In

court-yard, Area,

" Piazza,'' as Mr. Richardson explains

Armoric, Err^5,

means "

flat,

even plot of Ground, the floor of an house."

Adjacent to the Latin kv^ea

the sense of Dirt in a
(A^a(o?,)

we have

Ar^o, Ar^ma, where

;

we

see

Dry

Scattered state

as in the
is

Greek

ki^aios,
It is

and the Latin '"'Ra^^Rus, where the ^R

doubled.
to

curious to observe,

how

the terms,

which seem

mean simply
it;

the Ground, are connected with an operation performed upon

as Ploughing

Reaping, &c.
strong

and

it is

marvellous likewise to obfully feels the force of

serve with what felicity the writer,

his

who

own Language,
of a

applies words under their original idea by the

influence

and predominating

impression.

In

the

" Proprio conditur

Horreo Ouicquid

de Libycis YEKKitur Areis,"

we

see three words, ultimately related to each other, applied in

their

genuine and original sense, z'-Erro, A^ea, and h-ORKeum;

is

and we likewise understand, that the h-OKKeum

the Crop Depositary, the place, in which that,

nothing but
is

which
is

Ear'^

from the Era, (E^a,) or quod v-Y^KKitur de AR^a,

The term Ear

Harvest.

relates to the getting in

of the Crop

"into the barn;"

and N. Bailey explains

Ear "Ear/w^ Time" by

same

"To

deposited.

Let us mark, that the

in

Har

in

Harz^^^^ has the

meaning; and so has the "R

in

"K-eap.

one sense "

To Reap

or gather."

The Latin Aro signifies The adjacent w^ord to the

Armoric Erres, before produced, in my Armoric Vocabulary, is Ero, Ert^o, ^Kven, " A Ridge, or high furrow." We see, how
ERV^Ai brings us to Arvz^w.
in the

Adjacent to these Armoric terms,

same Vocabulary,

are Er^^/,

To Hate;
ior

and Erf,

band

ortye; Er^w,

To

tye.

The terms
is

Tying Rinding,
E/^/ov,

bring us

to Eiro, (Zt^u, Necto,) and E1R05, Eir/o, (E<oof, idea of Tyihg

Lana.)

The
VolvOy

a Surface

or Winding about Stirred Turned Roiled

wc know,

connected with the action of

up or about,

as

in

Voluto, yvh\c\\ relate,

c^iioL-d

to the action of pyallowing in the

Dirt.

11 56
Dirt.

^R.

R/ -C, D,
;

G, J, K, Q,

S, T,

X, Z.

The Latin Ar^^ means likewise " An

ulcer or scald, which

" causes baldness "

Fretted Surface.

which probably belongs to the idea of the

We

know, that the explanatory word Ulcer beEXku,

longs to Elkos and Elko, (EXko?, Ulcus,

Traho)

and we

see,

how

these words
A>vo|,

connect themselves with Aulax, Alox, (AvXa|,

Sulcus,

word we directly see the combination of the IVound and the Furrowed surface. Hence we have belonging to our Element '^R, the Scotch Arr^^,
Sulcus, Vulnus,) in which latter

Scarred; Arr,
its

Scar;

which Dr. Jamieson has justly referred to

;

corresponding terms in other Languages

/^rr,

Aerr, (Su. G.) Aer^

Or, (Isl.)

(A. Bor.)

The

adjacent words to this term in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary

are ARRace, Ara^,

"To

snatch, or pluck
is

away by force;" where

AKHondelle, " the swalI

the full sense of the Element

" low, a

visible,

bird," belonging to the

HiRundo.

have supposed on

a former occasion, (p. 640,) that the

the idea of Noise, attached to this
in the

Hir

in
;

HiRundo, belongs to

Element

and

have observed

same

place, that

Hir^o, " the Horse-leach, a blood sucker,"

have shewn likewise,
that

means the

Pricker.

ARundo, the

7^?^^, is derived

from a similar idea of the Bristly object.

The

term HiRtPido must be comprehended within the sphere of the

Element, and the only difficulty
to
its
is

to discover the peculiar sense,

which

it is

more
;

directly attached.
this idea

The Swallow
Arr, Hir,
the

is

noted for

Swift flight
as

and to

the

Sec.

might be

referred,

denoting the

animal with

HvRRied, HARRied

In the very passage quoted by Dr. Jamieson we have motion. The adjacent words to " The Arrondelle so swift of flight."

these in our author's Lexicon are the following

ARRan=y^ke, the

Speckled diver, Mergus stellatus; which belongs to Arr, the Scar,

or

Mark

AR-niit

Earth-nut,

or Pig-nut,

i.

e.

the

Nut ARRed or
i.

Scratched out of the Ground,

Prickers, from

Arhs, the Beards of corn,

is

e.

the

which form Awns

directly taken;

and the

Ar

belongs

THE
belongs to the

EARTH.
S:c.,

1157
the ARR^r, or
;

Ear
;

of Corn, the Anista, &c.

EAR^r, the Pricker,

Fretted, painful

Ar,

jire,

the third person

sees, that

pi.

AkUcJi, Sore,

where Dr. Jamieson

tree,

Ar may

belong

to y^err, Cicatrix, Anly, Ear/j, explained

and Ar, the Alder

Uer?i,

with

its

on a former occasion, parallels in other Languages

g-Uernen, (Welsh,) v-Ern, gu-Ern, (Arm.) f-Earn?i, (Gal.)

Alniis, (Lat.)

Erlen-haum, (Germ.) Aulne, (Fr.)

not know.

What

portion
I

of the Elementary sense the Ar, Er, &c. bears in these

words

do

We
L
is

perceive however, that the terms for this tree,

the
first

when
which

the

consonant, are quasi ^Kl, as in Er/^.

is

In the

West
latter

of Scotland, the tree

called

Ellet and

Aarj

in

word we have the simplest form.

the terms, which signify what
is

Among
tation,

Stirred up. Raised up,

either simply, or in various degrees of Commotion

Violence Agiare the

Harried following: Rmo, (Lat.) Hyre,

be in a

To

WvK^ied
Puwvu,

State, &c. &c.

'^Roo, (P^w,

(Sax.) Ruina;

Roboro,

sed

pro eo usurpatur,
Irruo, Festino)
;

Pmvvfii, vel

Vooofjcat,

Agitor, et med.

Ruo,
or

from which form of terms, denoting Strong

are

Violent

Agitation

derived

words

relating

to

what

is

Strong

in general, as

^Rome,

{Pcofinj,)

"Robur, &c.
is

In

the cele-

brated passage of the Iliad, a word of this Race

used in the

sense
oLvuKToq

of Violent /Agitation,
K^ocTOi utt'
ccScivocToto.

A/jl^^oo-icu

^ u^a.

x'^nut

EITEPPfiSANTO

^Ro=

'^Ros,

(Pwfof,

(T^to^oi,

Vehcmens,

"Ra-'^Ros,

{Pu^oi,

Robustus, venter,)

'^R=Ear, (Eng.)

To

Raise
to

up;
Stir,
'

'R-Oar, (Eng.) ""Ruh-^Ren, (Germ.) To Touch a

thing,

move;
is

^Roh,

(Germ.)

^Raw, (Eng.)

"^Rauh,
;

(Germ.)

What
J

Rough, Rugged, scabrous, uneven," &c.

i.e.

What

is

in

a Stirred-up, in a Ridgey state, &:c.

Hence R-Ere Eggs, Raiv

xhe'xt

Eggs
part,

Hr=Ere,

(Sax.)

shew

in

another place, that the '^R-Ear

were, things take
Rise

is

the part, from which, as

it

and the R=Ere Mouse, the Bat, either

has a Flitting

Agitated

signifies the animal,

which

motion, or which appears in the Rear

of

1158
of the

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
Day;
R'^=EAK'acht,
Senior,

Rising, Rearing up
see,

'^=Ear/(//i,

(Gal.)

"A

elder;"

where we
belongs
to

how
of

the

idea
up.

the

Illustrious

Personage

that

Raising

of

Ar-Wyre, (Welsh,) To Ar/5^ cent to Roll, in my German

or Cane, which belongs to the
ing- up,

or spring, as a fountain-

AdjaReed,

Lexicon,

is

^Roh^'^R,

idea of the

Reared-up, Stick-

Rough, Bristly object; and

in general, as

from the Hollow Reed we

have the Hollow

nel, unless

Rohr, a Gun, and Rohre, a Chan-

we suppose,

that the sense of the

Hollow belongs
is,'
I

to

the idea of the Furrow.

true notion.

The former however

is

believe, the lash,

The

preceding term to "^R^Uhr^w

^R=Uhr, "a

" flux or looseness with wringing of the bowels," says

my

cographer; where
tation,

we have
(Ofw,

the strongest idea of Commotion

Lexiy^gi-

&c. connected likewise with that

of

foul

matter.
{ki^eu,

Oro,

Or-Oro, OR-mo,
turbo,
everto,
{Ai^u,

O^u^u, O^ivu, Concito,)

Aireo,

De-

corripio,

capio,)

Ama,

(A(^a,

Malleus,

securis,)

Airo,

Sursum

tollo,

attollo,

toUo de

medio, erigo,
suspendo.)

porto,

gesto,) AioReo, (Aiu^eu,

Sursum,

have the idea of Bearing

sense of Suspension

Carryi?ig Supporting;
is
;

tollo, elevo,

Here we

and thus the

Hanging

attached to the idea of Raising

up, as in the following terms likewise

AERetho, AEKtazo, ARtao,

Ai^Toc^u,

AERdeji, (AffsSw, Tollo, suspendo,

elevo, aufero,

Ae^rau,

Tollo, attollo,

A^tuu, Suspendo, appendo,

see,

Ab^^jiv,

Portando subiate,)

where we unequivocally
tached to each other;
funis,) the

how

the forms

'^R,

and

^RT

are at-

Aor, AoR^^r,

(Ao^, Ensis, Ao^tj;^,

it,

Lorum, seu

Sword, or Hanger, as we

call

and the String, by which

Arteria magna, A^ni^ia,

any thing Hangs;

Arteria,)

Aor^^, ARteria,
A^rog,

(Ao^tij,

what

is

Raised up; and thus

we

see,

how we

are brought

to ARtuo, ARtios, ARtos, {A^rvu,

Apparo,
I

A^noi;,

Par, paralus ad

aliquod faciendum,

Panis,) which

suppose to be derived

from a similar idea of being Stirred up or WoRK^tf up about or compact form state or together, so as to be made into a due

consistency.

THE
consistency.

EARTH.
{H^iov,

1159

OvReus,

(Ov^eug,

Mulus,) the Mule, the Litter up

Bearer or Carrier:
the

ErIoji,

Monumentum, sepulchrum,)

Tomb the
means To

'^R

Raised-up object, as of the Era, (E^a.) Drive Push, &c, as iRa/, Ier//i/, (W.) " Frequently

" HxRiai, because of "

its

length
to

and an adjacent word

this

aGoador staff, to Dm'e oxen with ;" in my Welsh Dictionary, is Iro,

To

daub, smear; where

we

are again brought to the Era, (E^k,)

In the same page we have Iwrc/i, " A Roeunder another idea. " buck," the Driver or Pusher with his horns to which we must
;

directly refer the

in this

Greek loRcAo/,
the

(lo^;;(^o/,)

Caprearum genus;
Ir^^/,

and

page

find likewise Ior,

Lord, Prince; and

to

Terri-

ble, dreadful.

Among

terms, which relate

the

idea of

Driving,

we must

record the Latin AvKiga, and the French

com-

pound
'

V{\]Tn-Haut, "

word used by carmen

to their horses,

when
That

they have a mind to

make them go

to the right
is

hand."

the sense of

A iro,

(A/^w, Porto,)

To

Bear, carry,

connected with

the idea annexed to the

Aro,
bear,

{k^ota,

Aro,) of Stirring or Raising up

Ground by Ploughing,

Sec.

will be

manifest from the Welsh

terms ARV^edd,

To

Galic Ar<2, a Bier,

and ARwydd, a Plough; and from the and Arj Ploughing.

Mr. Richards explains Umiai, the Goad, as supposing, that it belongs to the idea of Length. In Welsh, Hir means " Long,

"prolix;"
of Lefigth
I

Hir/o,

"To

lengthen, prolong, to delay."

The
I

idea

conceive to be derived from the action of HARRozcifig

up or Scratching Traces
say,

Tracks Lines

or Lefigths,

if

may

so

Under the idea of the Line or Length, we have the Wqlsh HERwth, "The Long gut, the straight gut;" which does not come from Hy and Rhywth, as the Welsh Lexicoupon a surface.
graphers suppose,

the

Latin

Hma,

Gut;
Ih
it

the

Greek ORua,

(0^u, Chorda, Intestinum coctum,) &c.

Latin

we have Hir,
terms denoting
Action,

the Hollow of the Hand, belonging, as

rectly to Cheir, (X^^,)

is

justly supposed, dito the

which must be referred

160

^R.R.\- C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X,Z.

through a wide compass of

Action,

Human

Speech, as in Chair==

Woman
&c. &c.
as

Gare, (Scotch,) To effect, cause a thing to be done, The Hebrew T>K Ar^, means " To be or grow long,"

Mr. Parkhurst explains it; and the preceding term to it in this writer's Lexicon is niN ARH, which signifies "To go in a Track; ' where we are brought to and as a N. a common Road," &c.
;

the original idea. "

To

this

belongs the

Hebrew term

n"i*

IRH,

To

direct,

put straight or even, point forward, guide, aim, or the

"

Here we may observe, that the Latin Duco, Ductus, &c.. as Ducere, " To Lead To Draw To
like,"

says

Mr. Parkhurst.

" Protract, Prolong," &c.,

I

Ducere fossam, Ductus corporis

which

shall

prove to belong to Dig, under the Element

DC,

will suf-

ficiently

shew
'^R.

to

us

the

relation

of these

words

under

the

Element

The Greek ORua,

is
;

(O^ua,)

which might be explained

(O^ua-a-u,

by " Ductus Intestinorum,"

adjacent to Orusso,

Fodio,)
see, that

To
the

Dig, Ducere fossam, &c, &c.

from whence we

may

Or

in

both these words has the same fundamental meaning.

the idea of being Stirred up

From
Elevation
relate

Raised

up, as

in a state of

or Agitation we must refer the following terms, which to the Elements fVind Sky, &c. &c., as Aer, (Gr.) Aer,
modern
in the Celtic Dialects,

(Lat.) with their parallels in various forms of Speech, the

Languages, Air, (Eng.) and

AiriAuyr, {Corn.)

Auyr, (Welsh.)

Ear, (Ar.)

Aear,
Ouro5',

(Ir.)

recorded by Lhuyd:

OvEanos,

(Ou^avos,

Coelum,)

(Ou^?,

Ventus

secundus,)

livRB.acan,{Eng.) ORage, OvRaga7i,(Fr.)

EiRzt/, (Welsh,) a Cataract.

Hv Racon, (Span.)

Eirw,

term

in the

The succeeding word to Welsh Dictionaries is Eiry, Snow; which

;

this latter

appears in

other Dialects of the Celtic, as ER,(Corn.) ErcIi, (Arm.) produced

by Mr. Richards

all

which,

imagine, belong to

the idea of

Commotion

the

Storm, &c.

Our

familiar term to express objects,

which belong

to the Sky, the Meteor,

Met-EoRos,
btti

(Mtreu^oi, Sublimis,
Ou^aviuv,

excelsus, PenduluSj Vagus, &c. Mereu^og

rm

(de rebus

coelestibus,)

THE
coclestibus,) Supernus, &c.)
is

EARTH.
acknowledged by some
to

ilb'I

belong to
as

Aeiro,

(A=(fw, Tollo.)

before produced.

Under the same form

OvRos,

Wind, we have Ovros, (Ou^o?, Alveus, fossa,) the Ditch, Furrow, Channel; where we are brought to the spot, supposed
(Oufo?,) the

in

my hypothesis,

the

Ground

Stirred up or Excavated.
it is

Our

familiar:

Greek Vocabularies produce an example, where

of the words, which are conceived in

joined to one

my

theory to be kindred

terms,

as

Airo,

(A^w,

Tollo,)

To

Stir or

Raise up

OuRo?/i-

t'Exekath-AiK07t,

(Ouj^o? EPeKocSan^ov,)

They Cleared

out the Ditches

Furrows,

Sec.

The
obtain
;

action of Routing up the

Ground supplies a Race of words,

Enquiring
to i7ig

which express Searchitig after

Seeing Producing Bringing

and hence Desiring or

o\xt

Desiring Find or Loving Finding Discover or forth; and hence Uttering

derived from Rima, the Hole or

Speaking.

We know,
Among

that Scrutor belongs to the action expressed

is

by Scruta Eruere ; and Rimor

Chink.

the terms under the Element, which belong to

Haur/o, (Lat.) Aruo, Er7io, (A^ui>, Ex profundis traho, E^uw, Traho,) Ermo, (Lat.) where we have a similar term to that, which we see in ERao, in the comthis train of ideas are the following:

pound Ex-ERao,
EvRon,
video,)

{E^e^aa,

Evacuo, expromo,) which

is

acknowEvRisko,

ledged to be derived from ex and Era, (E^a, Terra.)

{Ev^ktku,

Invenio investigando, et inquircndo,) Oruo, [Ooxu,

see, look;

nK"i

RAH, To

Er^o, Eros, (E^aw,

Amore Pro-

sequor, E^ws,

we

see,

Amor, quo Prosequimur aliquem,) where in Prosequor how the idea of Love is connected with the Excited

action of Searching after, (" Prosequor,

To

follow after, to pursue,

" prosecute.")

Ero^^o, (E^wraw, Interrogo,)

Erco, (E^ew, Quaero,

{Et^u, Interrogo,)
I

Interrogo, nuncio, quaeram, nunciabo,)

ExRomai,

EiRO,

{Ei^u,

Dico;

i.

e.

Profero, vel

Edo sermones.)
(Ef,)

have shewn,

that EiRO, (E(fw, Necto,)

To wind

round, Tye, belongs to a similar

as in
rolvo,
Voluto,

metaphor of Stirring or Turning up the Era,

7 H

1162
Voluto,

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
To
Roll about,

Wallow.

The

senses of Eiro,

(E<fw,

Necto,

Dico,)

'To wind round, To

Speak,' bear the

same

relation to each

other, that Iti- Volvo,

"To

entangle, envelope, to ravel, to entwine,

" Involve, bears to E-Folvo, "

"
tell,

To

unfold, to expound, to declare,

or Utter," as R. Ainsworth explains them.

(Ei^aiv,

Let us mark
loquens;

in

EiRON,

Dissimulator in
sharp and

oratione, dissimulata

Cavillator,)

the

secret Searching or

Probing of the

Ironical Caviller or Disputant.

to

This word was admirably applied

In

the character of Socrates.

(E^eu,
Avsi^of^oci,)

Homer, the terms Er^o, and

An-E\Komai,

are connected with another term of

Enquiry, which actually relates to the metaphor of Searching for

Metals in the Ground.
TooTo
Se

TOi

EPEfi,

o>'ANEIPEAI

HAH METAAAAS.

We
E<fw,

see,

that all these

verbs Er^o, Eiro, &c. (E^ew, Ouasro,

Interrogo,)

may

be considered as different forms of the verb

Erao, in ^jt-Erao, (eI^ucj,)

say.

To Era

up, (E^a, Terra,)

if I

may

so

The
(Et^u,

Lexicographers understand, that Urr/^, VkkIssos,

(f^^ii,

Sporta,

T^fifTcro?,

Vas vimineum,) the Wicker-basket, belong to

see, that the

Eiro,
to
it,

Necto); but they do not

{r^ov,

preceding word

Urow,

the 7/7f/{:fr-basket
in

Examen,) belongs probably to the same idea of or Skip ; and hence it means a Swarm of Bees,

general, with their operations, as Ur/o, (y^wv, Favus.)

in a

The
Ollae

words next to these

Greek Vocabulary are VRter,

(T^%i7,

(T^tij^,

operculum,) and IjRche,

bajulant,
r^xv>
I??.

Instrumentum

in

quo nautae onera

Sed

Vas

fictile,

imprimis, cui imponuntur salsamenta-

^>

est porca seu porcus femina, a sono grunnitus ita dicta,)

I

which related,

imagine, originally to some Wicker Covering, or

Implement;

but

sound, denotes
of the Ground.
(Toa|, Sorex,

when U^che, with some minute difference in the Sow, we directly see the idea of the Router up
In the

same column of

my

Vocabulary

is

Uaax,
in-

Mus,) where we have the Scratcher up

in a less

tensive sense.

To

THE
To
the action of

EARTH.
(E^a,)

116.'^

Routing up the Era.

as

or E\k//!, belong
;-

the terms for Metals;

Ore, (Ung.) Erz, (Germ.) Minerals

Ital.

AuRMW,

(Lat.)

Ok, Oro, &c. (Fr.

the
parallel

&c.)

Angentum, (Lat.)
as given

Afiguros, (A^yv^o;,) with

Celtic

terms,

by

Lhuyd, Ayr, Oyr, Our, Aur, Ou,

(Lat.)

for

Aurum, and ARiant, Augan,

ARghans, Anghant, AiRgid, AiRgedd, for Argejitum:

Brass;
AiKaiii,

/,Kis,

JEs,

(Fr.)

Ikoh,

(Eng.)

with

its

parallels

Haiarw,

\\Rv.iin,

&c. (Gal.)
;

\^en,

hern,

&c. (Sax.)

Hierro,

(Span.) f-'^KKiitn, (Lat.) &c,

into S, and

where we

see,

how

the

how
its

the iorm f-^'R connects itself with

'^R.
I

R passes The term

believe, to

Harness and

parallels Haniois, (Fr.) &c. belong,

is

Iron; but on this point tliere

some

difficulty.
is

The

precedin'^

term to Iarrmw, Iron,

in

Mr. Shaw's Dictionary,

Iarr^w,

"To
re-

" ask, seek, look after;" and

lation,
I

we

see in these

words the same

which
in the

exists in MeraXXov,

find

MetaUum, and MirccXXau, Scrutor. same column of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary "lAROf^.

"

weasel," and "Anguish, grief ;" where

we have

the material
;

and metaphorical idea of Scratching up or Soliciting a surface

or EiR^^,

\AKag,

A Hen;

i.e.

the Scratcher
is

and lARRA=taiche,

where the original idea

as

same sound Ore we have Oar, Remus; and they have both the same funthe

fully manifest

Under
is

Probe;

damental meaning.

The Ore

is

that,
is

which
that,

found by Routing

which Routs up. Ears up, or Ploughs up, the Surface of the Water. The Pirates Menecrates and Menas, says Shakspeare, " Make the sea serve them.
'

up the Era, (E^); and the

Oar

which

(Ant.

Ear and wound With In the term Wound we and Cleop.)

they

keels
see,

of every

kind."

how Arr,
In

the Scar,

before
*'

produced, connects

itself

with Ear.

Galic,

Anach

is

P/oz/^/i-

share;"

and A^acair means Rozving.

In

Row

the
that

breathing

before the
itself

is

lost;

and we cannot but note,

Rem-\is connects
'I4ie

with these words.

following terms relate to Commotion, /Agitation, as mor^'

particu-

1164

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
HvnRted, or Desultory motion, as of Water
or

particularly expressing

flowing;

of things Cast
feror,

Thrown;

of

Persons Wandering or

Straying about here and there, from the straight path, sometimes

under the idea of the

fluo,

HAKmed
'^R,

condition, as Ero^o, (E^waw, Eo,

Impetu

Impello,) ''Reo, {Viu,

as

Fluo,)

The

names of

Rivers,

under the Element

Ar-Arw, &c.
cast

&c., Iar, (Welsh,)

River; which means likewise a Hen, as denoting the Scratcher:

YAK-Mouth, &c. j{-\ IRA, To

"

; nn IRH, To

Cast, shoot;

the latter of which signifies likewise

"To
still

Direct, put straight;

in the

To

place, Erect, as a pillar," says

Mr. Parkhurst; where,

explanatory terms Direct and Erect,

we

see the original idea

Ire,
in Ire,

of Raising up, as connected with an action of Excitement.

(Lat.) &c. &c., which

commonly means simply

regis, &c.,

to

Go; but

dejectum

Monumenta

where the

effects, arising

from the

we see the more original idea of Fiolefice and Commotion. Erro, (e^^w, Abeo in malam rem, facesso in malam crucem, pereo, intereo, pessum eo,) To be in a Harried state; and here let us mark the combination of
irregular course of a swollen River, are described,

prepositions
inter=lRE,

with

the

verb of motion, as

it

might be per^lRE,

where we see the original

irritare:

idea of Ire.

iRRen, (Germ.)

Turbare, confundere,
it;

Errare, vagari, as Wachter explains

where we perceive the genuine notion, though Wachter appears surprized at this variety of meaning, annexed to the word,
and
calls
it,

"

Verbum obscurym
multiplex."

et

difficile explicatu,

quia non
in

" unum,

sed

Erro,

(Lat.)

with

the

parallels
in

modern Languages, Err, (Eng.) &c. &c. "Justices

i.e.

Eyre;"

Itinerant

Justices.

w-Arry,

(Chaucer,) "Errare,

To go

" astray or
fiiRRant

wander;"

JERe?id, (Sax.)
Iros,

Nuntius
(ifo?,

ERRand, "ERRant,
mendicus quidam
fatigue, or be fa-

Rogue, the Vagabond;

Irus,

apud Homerum;
(Pars.)
'

Pauper, mendicus quivis.) |^tX>j!jl AwARiden,

stroll.

"To walk, wander, stray, tigued. To bring or cause to

To bring. To

be

lost,

to

be

"ruined."

THE
" ruined."
shuden,

EARTH.
Krden,

1165

ojl.l Aware Aware

To
it.

To

Harrass,
lazy,

Aware
indolent,

"

be oppressed,

injured.

An

idle,

" slothful fellow, a vagabond, vagrant, poltroon,'' as Mr. Richard-

son explains
'

Erro,

(Lat.)

"A

wanderer, a

loiterer, a stroller,

a vagrant, a vagabond, a starter aside, a straggler, a land leaper,

it.

" a gadder, a fugitive," as R. Ainsworth explains

Her=Wr,

(Welsh,)

"He

that fleeth or

is

driven out of his country, an out-

" law, a fugitive, a vagabond;" term Herw, " A flying away

before produced.

which belongs
the

to the adjacent

also plundering or

pillaging,"

The sense
AwuRtf^w,
it

of

Persian

Av/ARiden,

"

To

" bring or cause to bring," will direct the Persian Scholar to the
familiar

word
has

^j<3^mI

"To
is

bring, bear, carry;" and will In

the sense, which

shew him from what source

derived.

engagement, combat, war," we perceive the more original idea of Violence and Commotion ; and in the compound jjljti Dil Awur, " A Ravisher of Hearts,"
battle, conflict,

Awur^

of "

we
so

again see the term applied with great force and propriety.
{Au(iv^tvQoq,)
is
is

La6-YRiNTH,
say;
as
it

literally the

Leaf-Y.KRant,

if

may

compounded of Laube, (Germ.)

(Island.) &c. &c.,

"An

arbour,

" bower, bowering," from Laub, a Leaf, and

Errant, iRREND^r,

and denotes the Leafy Spot or Garden, in which persons are Errant, or Wandering. It is called in German, \RR-Garten ; and it is curious, that ERRor in
Latin
is

(Germ.) Errende,

the

appropriate

term

to

express

the

mazes of the

Lab-YRinth,

Inobservabilis
is

Error
it

Labyrinthi, produced in the

is

ordinary Vocabularies.

In Vagrant

understood, that Errant,

Errans, &c.

the second part of the composition, quasi

this

Vagof

Errant.
Lab=Trinth,
that the
is

have before produced

1089,)
in

idea

for

the origin
It is

(p.

which

am now
;

confirmed.

curious,

compound Laub-Irron

actually occurs in

interpreted

by Wachter, Haeretici

German, but it and the Laub is supposed

he-Lief- Err ants.'
I

to belong to

g-Lauben, Credere, quasi

must

submit

1166

^R.R.

--(,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
Critics,

submit to the consideration of the German

or Leafy places.

whether
in

this

term did not originally mean L^j/-rra^5, or Wanderers

Woods

Among

the

terms relating to Noise

we have Hirrio, "To

" HiRR, snarl, or grin like a dog;" which the Etymologists suppose to be formed by the principle of Onomatopceia, because R is
a Canine letter.

Yrr, (Scotch,) "To snarl, or growl as a dog;" Hyrr, Herb, (Welsh,) "A word used by one that puts a dog " forward to fight; also the gnarring or snarling of a Dog;" 'The door is off o'Har,' (Orkney Dial.) Out of Har, (Scotch,) which Dr. Jamieson has referred to the term Hearre, (Sax.) Haerr, Herre, (Germ.) Cardo, a Hinge; ^R=Oar, (Eng.) Oor?/o, (flfu**,

Ululo, Rugio, ejulo.)

OKiau, (Welsh,) " Cries, from Goriau, the

pi.

" from Gawr, a cry, a noise," as Mr. Richards observes;

in the

same column of whose Dictionary we have ORohian,

*'

cry of joy;

ORsin, the hinge of a door or gate. D.

Gorsin.''

According to others the

Gorug, he made, he did.

" same as

ORug, the same

as

how the form '^R has passed into the form ^--'^R or GR, in these Welsh words; and we cannot but perceive, I think, how the term /j-Irr/o, in which the Rough or Guttural sound has
see,

We

already

commenced, connects

itself

with the words for Noise, under

the forms gh-'^R, j-'^R,

GR,

JR, &c., as ^-Arr;o, (Lat.) which

Martinius gives us as the sense of /i-Irr/o, J-Ar, c-^Ry, g-R-in,

g-R-owl, (Eng.) sc-^R-ietch, &c. &c. We have various terms, belonging

relate to the idea of

to our

Element ^R, which

what
I

is

Grating or Rough in sensation or ap-

pearance

and which

conceive to be derived from the action of

Grating upon a surface, as the Era, (E^a,) the Ground, or from

the

appearance of the Ground,

in a

Rough

Rugged Grated
the following
stare,
:

Critty

Foul Filthy
matter.

state, either

regarded as consisting of Dry or

of

Wet

Among
its

these terms
bristles, to

we must rank
have the

Horr^o,

To

Set up

Hair

to

be

" Rough,

THE EARTH.

1167

Rough, and look terrible, To shiver and tremble for fear at, To shake or quake for cold; HoRR^iiro, "To grow Rough and " ^^^gg^d. To wave to and fro," (Et Campum Horrentem fractis Ujerco, (Lat.) Harrow, (Germ.) which seem invertere glebis.)
;

to have related to the

Rough

or Bristly object, sticking out or up;

in

{HjERet,

lateri lethalis

Arundo); where the Ar

in HjEReo.

ARundo has
in

the
for-

same

idea as the

H^er

Orro^^o, (O^^uhu, Timeo,

RvE-fuU, (Eng.)

mido.)

Orro^,

(O^foj,

Serum,) from the Agitated motion

Hreo-///, (Sax.)
produced.

the

act of coagulation.

Raw,

R-Ere Eggs, (Eng.) before H^R, (Sax.) Haar, (Germ.)

Hair, with

its

parallels

&c. &c.

Hence

the words, under

the form '^Rt, produced in page 672, Har5/i, Hir^m^, HiRsutus,

&c., and '""R-ough, ''R-ugged,&cc. under the form Rg.

HuRE,(Fr.)
man."

The Head
dirty head.

of a wild

boar,

bear, wolf,

&c.

An

ill-combed and

Haire, (Fr.) "

A Hair

shirt,

worn by some monks,

"nuns, &c. by way of mortification."

Haire,

"A wretched

Hair, (Fr.) To Hate.

" frosty."

Hair^z^v, (Fr.) "Cold, damp, foggy

and
mari

Haar,

(Scotch,)

A Foggy,

Sea Harr, a

chilly, piercing

fog or mist arising from the Sea.

.SVa-HARR, Tempestas a

ingruens, (Skinn.)

Oorie, OurzV, Our/V, (Scotch,) "Chill, cold,

" bleak, primarily applied to that, which produces coldness in the " body, as anOoRY^ay. Having the sensation of cold, shivering

"

Our

lach,

Shivering with cold.

Having the

Hair on end,
;

like

" horse, overcome with cold," says Dr. Jamieson

;

who

refers us to

Ur, (Isl.) Rain Ur, Yr, (Su. G.) Stormy weather.- "l"^ R- 'R, " To " Excern, Ooze with, Slaver, Drivie;" to which Mr. Parkhurst refers
the English Rear and

Raw.

Euro^,

{Ev^ug,) Situs,

mucor,

caries.

Hair,

(Scotch,) "

very small portion or quantity, as

'A Hair

of

we unequivocally see the idea of the Gritty substance; and hence we have HiR^e, &c. Millet; ER.y, (Fr.) Pulse; HoR^eum, ORuza, (O^u^a,) ORyza, Rice, Sec. Hair, Har, Hare, (Scotch,) "Cold, nipproduced in page 638.
" ping.

" 'Meal,' a few grains;" where

1168

^R.

R.^---C,D,G,J,K,Q, S,T,X,Z.

" ping. Keen, biting, severe. Moist, damp. This sense remains " in HAiR-Mould, a name given to that kind of Mouldiness, which " appears on bread, and in HAiR-rjw, Hoar-irosK. Hoary with

" age." Here Mouldiness belongs to Mould, ]\.\sX. as

suppose Hair to

belong to Era, (E^a.)

the English

To

these words are attached, as

we

see,

Hoar, Hoary, which have justly been referred to the Saxon li\uung, the Islandic Har, Canus; Hor, Mucor. Hence we have the Vile Foul Immoral woman, the Whore, (Eng.)

Hure, {S&\.)

Hur, (Germ.) &c. &c.

(Occ^oi,)

and Skinner observes, that

to these in in

the -Greek Oaro/,

Lusus Venerei, may belong

I

words.
Galic,

Such may be the case; yet

ought to observe, that

Ara
;

signifies Conference

and that the adjacent terms

^^

Mr. Shaw's Dictionary are Ar,

Slaughter

Ploughing, Husbandry;"

Ar,

and hKac,

Conflict.

We

know,

that

ORaistus,

(O^uKTTv;, Confabulatio,

peculiariter maris

cum

foemina secretior,)

means a and we

Conference, and especially that of a

Man
in

with a

Woman
between

shall certainly be struck at this union of ideas

the Conflict

Slaughter,
or
to

and the Conference,

to a Conflict,

the Celtic terms,

when we remember,
idea of a Congress in

that OARistus, (Oa^ia-Tu?,) refers alike to the

War, or
a

and to a Ccyigress

in

Conversation,
OocDia-Tvg.')

Conference,

as in

the expression iToXf^cu

We

shall not

wonder, that the idea of a Conference or

Conversation belongs to the action of Ploughing,

that the term Con-Versation itself
is

when we

recollect,

derived from the same meta-

phor, from

Con and
the

Fersor, Verso, Versari

Terram.

In Poleo

and

Poleuo,
habito,)
I

{JloXiu,

Verto, Verso, Versor, UoXtvu, Verso, Versor alicui,

we have

same metaphor.
and which
will best

shall here

produce some terms, which are derived from the

Era,

(E^a,) considered as in a state of Culture;

be understood by observing the senses of the Latin Colo, from

which

my

explanatory word Culture

to the

is

derived.

Colo

signifies,
till,

according

interpretation

of R. Ainsworth,

"

To

or

" husband

THE
" husband ground;

EARTH.
trim, or

1169
adorn.

" revere

To

To

deck,

To

worship, to

exercise, practise, or study.

To
'^R,

follow,

and Use."
for
il^x,

The

following words, under the Element

belong to the same

Cura,

action, as signifying originally

'To Ear the Ground,' and

fi^u,

the same reason

Orco, Orj, ORaizo,(n^eu), Curo,

n^ui(^a,

Tempus, certum anni tempus,

concilio,
*

decoro, venusto, venustate

Onto, &c.

n^ai^oi^ai,

Excolo,

seu
of,
;

To

Dress, Cultivate, Deck, take Care

to a

Exorno me,) signify to Elaborate, work up,

and hence

'

bring

due Temper and consistency

'

we have

the

sense of a due Season or Time, the

parallels in

modern Languages, as Fr. Ital.) and in the Celtic Dialects Aur, Our, Uar, &c. produced by Lhuyd. We know, that Time, Tempus, Temperies, &cc. belong to Tempera, To Temper, mix, mingle; which is particularly applied to the amelioration of Soil by working it, as Temperat arva.

Hora, (Lat.) &c. with its Hour, Heur, Ora, Sec. (Eng.

To Temper ?nortar. I have shewn, that Tempero belongs to the Element TM, as denoting the Ground. It is curious to observe,
how words
derived.
to be the

are attached to the original Spot, from which they are

In the Mythology of Orpheus, the

Hours

are supposed

Daughters of Themis,

(Qsfug,) the

Daughter of the Earth

and they are adorned with the various colours and the odours
the dews

with
Hymn

the flowers and the blossoms of the Earth, (Hymn 42.)

rifij^a^of,

Hence we have
quadro,)
*
'

as an epithet to Ceres, in

Homer's

to that Goddess, (ver. 54.)

Aro,

(a^oi,

Apto, adapto, Congruo,

things in a due state of

To

Prepare, compose, or

make up

preparation

consistency and
perfectus
in
;

fitness >with each other;'

and hence
Apparo,

we
Par,

have

ARoma, (A^u^a, Aroma,) and ArIuo,

(A^to?, Panis,)

(a^tuw,

Adorno, instruo, Condio,) ArIos,

integer,

ARt-ios, {Aanoi,

Paratus
7
I

ad aliquid

faciendum,) Ar//,
'

(A^/,
*

Modo, &c.
work up,

compositione notat perfcctionem,)

To make
*

up,

A Composition,

What

is

of a due consistency
Perfect

1170
'

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

Perfect

Com

pleat,'

&c. &c.

We

cannot but mark,

how Par
;

belongs to Paro, for a similar reason.

EhR(??j, or Ev.en,

Ehre, Ere, Honor, cultus

To Honor;

and here Wachter explains Er^w by

" Colere terram, Arare," &c. and " Honorari, venerarl;"

and he
to

cannot help seeing, that this word

ORein,
{n^siv,

may have some

relation

Curare,)

"quomodo etiam

Latinis Colere prime est

aniicos, Deos," &c.
'

"Curare Terram, mox etiam Curare parentes,

Ar, (Sax.) Honor;

'

which likewise

signifies

Ms,

JE^is, Nuntius,

Substantia, opes, &c.

Remus, Usus, Primo;'

Here, (Sax.)
;

Ar/^/z, (Sax.)

Par-

cere,

Honorificare;
W-Eiigan,

Faraa;

HERmn,

Laudare
to

HERwn,
tores

Laudare

which words seem directly

connect
Praeda;

themselves with Here, Exercitus,

;

Turma; Her^^, Turma,

WEB^giaii,

whence perhaps
is

To Harrow. Vastare, spoliare, praedas agere from we should imagine, that the idea of Praise Fame

rather attached to Military glory.

Ore, (Junius,)

Laudare.

Orno, (Lat.) which probably

directly belongs to the

Teutonic Eren.

To Orno we

should perhaps refer Honor;

where the Elementary

former
of these
Use,

is

lost.

Ure, ^-Ure, which agree with the sense of the Latin

Exercise

Coloy

"To

Practise Use^ The

by "
Use,
shall surely refer

terms, Ure, N. Bailey explains

Uxor, (Lat.) which forms ^R and

'^S

we

Custom;" where in to Ure, we see, how

the

pass into each other:

Dr. Jamieson
fortune
in relation

has placed

Ure
'

in

eight different articles, as

if it

consisted of eight difPractice,

ferent words,
Toil.

under the senses of "Chance,

point of a weapon
of

The

Ore,

to metals.

"

denomination

Land

in

Orkney and Shetland.

Colour,
Soil,

" tinge.

Ure,

Soil.

Sweat,

perspiration."

In the sense of

or the EAR//i,

we

see the Radical idea,

which conducts us

to the

other senses.
parallels,

We

cannot doubt,

think, that Advoiture,

and

its

Aventure,(v.)

Aventiira, Ventura, (Ital.

and Span.) &c.,

by

belong to the

German

Abentheur, which has justly been derived

THE
by some from Abend,
it

EARTH.
Hour
;

1171
or rather

tlie

Evening, and Ure, the

in
its

should be referred to

Ure

sense of Accident, Chance, Forto

tune, Sec.
tionary,
Toil,
is

The succeeding word

IjRisum,

Ure,

in

Dr. Jamieson's Dici.e.

"Troublesome, vexatious;"
this

full

of Ure,
seen.

trouble.

Even

relation

Dr. Jamieson

has

not

The various senses attached to among other things, the Era,

principles of

the

same word Ure, denoting,

tend to

(E^a,) will

confirm

the

my

hypothesis.

The English Hire,

the Use or

Hire//^, &c. with their parallels Hyre,

to signify Use,

HYRan, HYRli?ig, (Sax.) seem

To

Use, or to have

Ure of any thing or person. Lye explains the Saxon "Conductio it. Usura, To Hyre, Ad substantive Hyre by " Usuram.'' The succeeding term to this, in Lye's Dictionary,
is

H\'RE-Man, Parochianus,

cliens, fiduciarius

which he derives

H\Ran,To Hear. Audire, auscultare, obedire, &c., and Man, Homo; and to which he refers the Barbarous Latin word Erimannus, and another Saxon term UYR=Man, "Auditor, obediens,
from
" subditus.

Item

i.

q.

HiRling,

sc.

Mcrcenarius."
its

We

cannot

but note the term Hear, which according to

position in this
to,

place seems to have had originally the sense of Listening

or

he'ingObedient to another, as his Hire//?z^.

have given the word

(p.

a different turn of meaning in another place

795) and have

Soliciius

supposed, that ^=Ear, and Ear, denoting Attention, are nothing

but Ear,

To

Plough, or Stir up the Ground, just as

to R.

means "Earnest," according

as he might have said,
'

Ainsworth's interpretation,

or,

Attentive,'

from
I

Solicito,

"

To

Stir or

Dig

" up the Ground," as he observes.

meant

originally

Hear
I

ultimately

Hire or Ure to Ear and thus under both ideas we have belonging to the same spot, though by different
suppose, that
;

processes.

The evidence on both sides

to

is

before the Reader, and

must leave him

form

He

will consider likewise

own judgment on the question. whether Ear is derived from /j-Ear, or

his

whether

1172
whether
it

R.

R/

.-C, D, G, J, K, Q,
Ear

S, T,

X, Z.

belongs to the

of corn, the Pricker, that which

object,
'

Ears, Pierces or Pricks, as denoting the

according
to

our familiar

phraseology
too,

which Pricks up,

Prick

up your Ears,

*Arrige Aures.'
series of

He must decide
to
it.

whether

A.\JKes is in the

same
are

terms with Hear, and whether

Heark and Heark^w

directly attached

more embarrassing than to separate words, conveying the same idea, which may be perhaps
Nothing
is

derived from different sources.

writer,
subject,
is

All that can be performed by the

to collect the evidence,

to leave the

which can be obtained on the

and

Reader

to his

own

decision.

Words

under the

form Rn,
Agitation

Orion, Erynn?^^, &c. (Gr. &c.)

Commotioji HhViViying, Rout-

*^RN, signifying

The

Harryer.

w-Arn/o. (Germ.)

A
To

Boar.

ing into, about, &c.

Driving

w-Arn

away, &c. &c.

Terms, which

off.

(Eng.)

Drive

off,

&c. &c.

relate to the action of EAB.ing

a surface for the purpose of Reaping Gathering.

EAR,

Er^, ERd^w, "ER^deUt

&:c.

ARn^w,

(Eng. Germ. &c.)

To
ORo, Orino, Ornmw/. (Gr.) To
Stir up, Excite.

Reap, Gather.

Earn, &c. (Eng.)

get, obtain, &c.

To

Gather,

Earnest
(Gr.)

Ereino, Ereun^o.

To

(Eng.)
the

Earnest-Mow^^)/. Earning Diligent

in

Rout into, Search, &c.

first

Earnings in a bar-

Herian. (Teuton.) The God of

gain.

War.

&c. &c. &c.

shall

THE
I
SHALL now consider

EARTH.
'^R.
I

TI73

the terms

under the form Rn, or '^RN,

have before discussed the

with the breathing before the

words, which appear under the same form with no breathing before the R,

and which

have conceived on

many
is

occasions to be
the process,

derived from the form RGji, or

RgN;

This
yet

often

from which the form

that
it

RN

is

derived

we may
tlie

well imagine,,

has arisen from the form '^RN, with

breathing before
O^ivu,

the R.
O^vvfit,

We
Excito,

see

in

Oro, Orino, Ornm;m/, Ereeino, {Oou,

Interrogo, ab E^ew, Interrogo,)
I

E^seivu,

how
that

the forms
all

'^R,

and '^Rn pass into each other.

suppose,

these

terms are derived from Routing up the surface of the Era, (Eaa);

and

Ereun^o, (E^ewau, Indago, investigo de canibus, Scrutor,) another of these words, we are brought to this spot and action in
in
its

gentler operation.
cast

While

am examining some
{E^xvog,

of these words.

my
latter

eyes on

Branch, Eran/zo,

Collatitia

coena,

E^uvi^u,

Peto ab amicis collationem, atque adeo obtineo Corrogo,)

which

word means precisely what the Latin Corradere, To

together, does
;

Rake and Scrape

which
I

is

indeed the exact sense

of the explanatory term Corrogo.

have shewn, that the Latin

ARAuea, the Spider, with

its

parallels, is derived

from the same

in Spanish,

idea of Scratching about the

Arana

is

a Spider,

Arena or and AnAnar means

Dirt;
"

and that

To

Scratch, to Scrape, to

" gather by

trifling or

penurious diligence."

Though

the term

ERanizo, (E^avi^u,) appears adjacent to Era, (e^, Terra,) in the

order of a Greek Dictionar}'

yet the Lexicographers see no con-

nexion between the two words.

The

English word Earn,

is

if it

does not directly belong to this Greek verb,

lar action performed (Ofxf,

derived from a simiof the Greeks,

on the same spot.

to

The Ornw

Avis,)

belongs

the

idea of Excitement,

conveyed by

ORtiumi,{0^wfii, Excito,)
fore the n
is lost.

and

in Oion^os, (Oiuvo?,) the Radical

be-

The
*'

Ornz^5, the Ash, seems to be taken from

the idea of Agitation,

Nee

veteres

Jgitantur Orni."

Thus-

it

will

1174
shewn

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
fundamental sense of Orno, which
I

will coincide with the

to be that

have

of Stirring up.

We

have seen, that the terms

5:c.

of Security, under the form "^RN,

Warn, Warren,

are de-

rived from the notion of Driving away, as in

the expression to

Warn

German Warn^w, Defendere, cavere, in Wachter's Glossary, adjacent to Ar-Werno, Aper, and where we see in likewise that Wern and Warn/o mean Verres the Ar, />-Er, v-Er, andwjER, Ar, the simpler form. The Greek
off.

We

have seen

the

Arn^owza/, and AKtiumi, {a^vbo^ui, Nego,

referred to the

A^i/u^(,

Capio.) must be
;

same

idea of Drivi?ig or Taking azvay

of which

words we see the simpler form in Airo, Aro, (a^^, A^u, Tollo e Dr. Jamieson has justly referred Herian, a name of medio, &c.)
Odin, the Mars of the Northern nations, to the term Herry, To Rob, to Spoil, to pillage; which corresponds, as we have seen,
with the English Harrie,

To Harrow,

Rout, Vex, Tease, &c.

{A^vi, Aoyix.)
Sec.

The
this

simpler form of Her/aw appears in Ar^j,

To

form Herian,
{Amv,

as

denoting the HARRier, Router,

Giant, Hunter;
A^^Tjmv,

belong the

following terms Orion, the

Arren, Aren,
conviciis
ssevire,)

Mas,

Fortis,

virilis,

Rixari,

Eerano^,

[U^avog,

Rex,)

Orean^5,

(a^eavr^g, Vir, teste

Plut, Suicer.)

OvKAN-Outang;

"Erinhus, (E^wu?, Furia,) which the Lexicogra(E^iu,

phers have supposed to belong to an ancient word Er/o,

Cio,)

To

name Horn in the combination ChildHoRN, the Knight or Champion Horn, which has afforded the title to a well-known Romance: Horn, the part, with which animals Push, which brings us to the c-Orhu, where we see, how Drive, &c.
Stir up, &c.
;

The

we

pass

into

the

form c-''RN,

HoRN^f,

the Stinging animal;

Urn, (Scotch,) To pain, to torture; Huron, (Span.) A Ferret; HuRON^ar, To Ferret, To hunt with a Ferret; where in the /i=Ur we see, how we pass into the /, i/|ER of Ferret and vi-Verra.

The Spanish
serves
the

scholars will see, that the

Hur
of an

in

HxiKonear preobject,

same fundamental meaning

action or

which

THF
which Harries,
in

EARTH.
head;

1175
Hura, Furuncle, an
a

HvRano, Disdainful;
boar's

angry

pustule,

wild
to

HuRAcan,

Hurricane;

Uvngar,

To
&:c.

Stir,
:

move with

a stick or iron, to Stir up disSteal, to

turbances,

HvBgon, a Poker; HuR/^zr, To

Steal,

Rob; and

we

see in the Spanish

f-\5Kt-um,

To

Hur, how we pass into the Latin /-UR-or, and/-URo, To be Mad, in a Rage; and the
Ajigry Pustule.
(e^^iji')?,

/-Ur in FvRunculus, the The Greek Eirene,

gine, that they all

Pax, Qwies,) bearing the form of

still
I

these words, seems very remote from their sense; yet

ima-

convey the same fundamental

{E.i^r,vvi,)

idea.

The

original

sense of Eirene,

conceive to be that of Routitig and

is

Subduing your enemy, so that he

I

reduced into a state of Peace.

will

fear,

that

the history

of

mankind

place
I

this

derivation

among

the most probable of

my
;

conjectures.

shall

shew, that
such as

the Latin Paco belongs likewise to terms of Violence,

Pash Push Poke,

&c. &c.

and R. Ainsworth has accordingly

in the
first

rightly explained this Latin

word

sense by

"To

Sub-

" due, to bring into subjection."

in

Adjacent to Erinnz^s,
(e^vo,',

(E^/wy?,)

my Greek
still

Vocabulary,

is

Erno5,

Planta, germen, ramus,)

If
I

which

belongs to the same idea of Excitemejit.

<

plained the Elementary sense by

'

To

Stir up

Cast up

had exShoot up
I

or out,'

we should have seen

adopt,

in the
is

term Shoot, which

have

ventured to

because

it

sometimes used as an active

should have been brought to

verb in a sense similar to Cast,

the idea of the Shoot or Plant.

we

We

cannot help seeing the rearisen from

semblance
the

between

Ramus and Remus, which has

same common

idea of an Excited action.

The

Latin Hern/u

may belong
the
is,
I

to Erno5, (e^w?,)

from the idea of Shooting out or

Bursting out, as the Etymologists suppose; just as liamex, bearing

same meaning, belongs

shall

to

Ramus.

Probable as

this conjecture

suggest another origin.

We

have a race of words, denoting the Szcelling

Risi}ig-u\i

object,

176

^R. R. \-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T,

X, Z.

object,

which seem directly to belong to the terms for the Ridge or Furrow, as we have it in the Armoric Ero, Ervv, Erven, before

produced.

Among

these words

we have

the

Welsh Aren, The

Kidneys or Reins, which, in Armoric, is Ere, as Mr. Richards obEiRiN, " A Plum, a Prune, or damson, a sloe, or bullace. serves j

" So in Armoric. Also a man's stones:" The Galic Aran, "the " Kidney, and Airne, Sloe, Plumb Kidney;" which Mr. Shaw

has divided into two articles.

Hernia might be
its

the disorder be-

longing to the parts adjacent to the Airne, &c.

think, that the Latin

We

must surely

Ren, with
;

derivative Reins, belongs to

the Celtic

Aren, aRen

and

if

we

should imagine, that the French

Rognon
the

is

directly attached to these words, then

as an organical addition to the n, quasi

we may consider Ro^Non. I have

already produced these terms, (p. 984,) and stated this difficulty,

which consists merely in adjusting the precise relation of forms to each other under the same fundamental idea. The Greek Erin^o^, sylvestris,) which is next to (E^iveo?t Caprificus, arbor, ficus
Erinnus,
(E^ivvvg,) in

my Greek

Vocabulary,
fruit

may

directly belong to

Eirin, the Plumb, as bearing the

of a Swelling or Risifig-up

and thus these words will belong to each other, just as Rise does to Rase or Rout. The term Erin^o^, (E^weo?,) is assuredly
form;
connected with the idea of RisingShooting Swelling
:

up out,

whatever may be the precise notion annexed to it We know, that Caprificus is certainly connected with a similar idea of Excitement from
its

kindred word Caper.

The

natural history of the tree

brings us to the imagery of Rising^Swelling Bursting Breaking " Caprifiout or forth; and thus the Etymologist understands it; " cus appellata, eo quod parietes, quibus innascitur, Carpit. Rumpit

" enim

et

prodit c latebris, quibus

in

concepta est."

The

Welsh
term

AKen
a

succeeds,

the

Dictionary of Mr. Richards,

the

AKedig,

To Plough; and adjacent to Plum, we have Eirion^w; which our

Eirin,

sing.

Eirin^;*,

author explains in one

sense

TfiTE

EARTH.
is,

1177

sense by " kidges or borders." In the same column of Mr. Shaw's

Dictionary, where

Aran,

the Kidneys,

we have Aran, Bread

Loaf form
Lofos,

which probably belongs

form.
I

to the idea of the

the

Rising

shall

shew, that Loaf, Hlaf, (Sax.) &c., under the Eleto

ment LF,
editum

refers

the

same
in

idea

to

(Ac^o?,

quicquid

est et elatum")

Levo, (Lat.) Lift, &c. &c., to which words

belong Lord and Lady;

Saxon and old

English, Hiaf-Ord,

Lov-Erd, Dominus
of a Lofty nature.

Hlaf- Dig, Dom'ina; which mean personages

The Ord Erd signifies Nature, as yird in Drnnk-Ard, Sec. Sec. The term Aran is explained by Mr. Shaw in another article by " Familiar conversation. Aran bodaigh air
" bothar,
a

clown's

conversation

on

the

highway "
;

and

in

Welsh, Aren means "Witty, We may see, I think, in these

that
talk,

eloquent, talkative, pert, tattling."

senses, that the idea of the

of a Szuelling-out Breaking-out

word

is

species of discourse,

Loud

&c.

The
it
;

Latin

Cd:/>r/^a^5

means

in one sense, " Vain-glory,

" or a

foolish ostentation

of useless learning," as R. Ainsworth

explains

under which sense he produces the well-known passage of Persius, " Nisi Rupto jecore exierit Caprificus; " where the

writer alludes to the Bursting property of the Tree.

in

Under Prunum,

Lhuyd, we have Eirinen, Per-Eirinen, (Ar.) Prynen, Eirinen^ and it is impossible not to Pdr, in Welsh, means Ripe, mellow
;

see, that

the Armoric Pryneti, the Latin

Proune,

(n^owri,

Prunum, and the Greek Prunus, Arbor,) are compounds of Per-Eirinen, or

this idea of the

Per-Eirin.
to

From

Plum-like form,

we

find attached

Prunum
;

the Latin Pruna, the Live coal, and Pruina, the

latter

Hoar

Frost

which

word means the Icy coagulation or concretion,

Concresceret.)

(Neque nive Pruinaque

Earn, with its parallels EARN/aw, &c., directly belongs to Ear, in its sense of Demetere, To get in Harvest, as Ear/'w^ time, just as Aro signifies to Reap or Gather. The German Ernd^, Messis, is the substantive to Earn; and Wachter has
7 K
riglitly

U78

R.

R.\-C, D,

G, J, K, Q,

S,

T, X, Z.
to ERnden,

rightly seen, that this

German word belongs

is

AKnen,

Enden, ERe?i,
with
in

all

signifying Metere.

Earn^j^, Studiosus, serius,

activity or Excited action

its parallels

EoRN^if, (Sax.) &c.,

of

the great business

seen,

Earn/^ or Reaping, which some have

;

faintly

parallels

and Ern5^ (Germ.) Certamen singulare, with its Orn^5^, (Welsh,) is Excited Eorn^^^, (Sax.) Duelkim

action of

another kind, as Contenliosus means 'Vehement, Earnest,'

and likewise 'Contentious, quarrelsome,' as R.Ainsworth explains it. Certo has the same double meaning, 'To be mighty Earnest, and
*

To

fight.'

The

preceding term in

my Welsh

Dictionary to Orn^^^

Orn, Fear, terror; which the Lexicographers refer to the Hebrew NT Iare, Timuit; and in the same column we have Orohian, A cry of Joy, and Oriau, Cries. The adjacent word to the Saxon Eornest, in Lye's Dictionary, is EoKnan, Decurrere, To
is

which idea appears under the forms YRNan, Arn, Orn, in the same column with which latter word I find Cucurri where we have still the OK^est, Ov^^est, Pugna; Oro//i, Spiritus

Run

idea of

Commotion-

We

see,

the form
the

"RN.
of

In Scotch,

how our term Run has arisen from Earn signifies "To coagulate," as in
justly

process

making cheese, which Dr. Jaraieson has

Saxon Trtian.

enough

referred to the

We

have seen the simpler

form of the word, expressing this idea in Orros, (o^^oj. Serum.) Adjacent to the Saxon Earn/^m, To Earn, we have Earn, Aquila,

Sweeper away of another kind and I find likewise Earrwh^, signifying Earn/;/^ and Yearn/w^, which means An Eager desire to Earn or obtain.' In Scotch, Yarne means " fl^^/-/jy, diligently " and Yharne, as a verb, signifies,
the Cropper
off,

or

'

says Dr. Jamieson, " Eagerly to desire j"

ferred us to the

Saxon ^^-ORN/an.

where he has justly reIn the same column of this

Yarne, we have Yarrow, "To Earn, " to gain by industry;" where we see the simpler form. In English we have Yare, which Skinner explains by Avidus; and
writer's Dictionary, with

he

THE
German
GiER/g-, &c.,

EARTH.
GR,
perceive,

1179
as the

he has justly referred us to words, under the form

how these forms are We all know, tliat Yare occurs often in related to each other. Sliakspeare " Yare, Yare, good Iras, quick," &c,&c.; i.e. "Make " haste, be nimble, be ready," &c. &c. where we see the idea of Preparation annexed to Excited motion. The next word to Tare, in Skinner, is Yarn, in Saxon Gearn, which may perhaps mean the substance, from the spinning of which women Earn their livelihood. The preceding word to Yarrow, in Dr. Jamieson's

where we

Dictionary,

is

YARRing, "Snarling,
refers

captious, troubling; "

snarl,

which
a dog;

Dr. Jamieson

to

Yirr, To

to

growl

like

where we have the

idea of Excitement.

Yare, Y'har, Yore, by " Ready, alert, and the next word is Yare, AWear for catching
^-Are, the term
for the inclosure for

Dr. Jamieson explains " in a state of preparation ;

fish.

Thew=EAR,
I

Catching or Defence,

have
or

already referred to the idea of an Excited action in

Harry/w^

or Routing, either by Seizing and Catching or Driving off and

away.
In the same column of Lye's Dictionary with the Saxon Earn/^w

EARNE,Casa, which he refers to i^RN, "Locus secretus, ha" bitaculum, domus, casa." We must surely consider these terms as
I

find

belonging to each other;

or

and

if so,

the secret and safe Enclosure

Earne, might have

originally denoted the spot, in

;

which those

^ARaings were deposited

Thesauri domus,
is

just as

be derived from the same idea,

have supposed li-ORReum to under the form '^R. In Ho;v/-Ern,

I

we

see the true idea; and let

me

add, that

Ern
have

adjacent to Ern/A, Messis, in

my

Saxon Dictionary.

We
other.

various words, denoting an Enclosure in general, under the form

^RN, which may

Saxon,
of

all
'

perhaps

be referred
Jnguliis
;'

to

each

In

Hyrn

ineans

Cornu,

and

in the

same column

my Saxon

Dictionary
I

we have

IIyrn<'/, the HoRt^et.

The Horn
these

and HoRN^/,

conceive to

belong to the metaphorical idea of

1180

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
'To Earn,'
if I

these words, as signifying

dere, Fodicare,

may

so say, Arare, Fo"

and the Angulus

will refer to the

same word, under

a different idea.

As c-OKtiu belongs to Hyrn in one sense, so In Scotch, Hyrne is a Corner, surely must c ORN^r in another. under which word Dr. Jamieson has produced the old English
term

Hume,
has

Corner:
the

Horn, Hioorne, (Su. G. Daii.) &c. &c.

and

recorded

Saxon terms,

above mentioned,

which
under-f

another Etymologist considers as parallel.

stand,
to

We

shall

now

whence a combination has been derived, which is familiar the minds of us all, though we were little aware of its genuine
even from the days of our childhood, when
ears, to that ripe
it first

force,

vibrated

on our
into

and confirmed age, when we are grown

great

Critics

and profound Etymologists.

We

have heard

with

infinite delight,

though not without some portion of envy,

sat in

that "Little Jack

'

Horner

a Corner, eating his Christmas

till

pye "

but

we

did not understand

this

moment, that the

name

of our hero was a

with an allusion to

nom de guerre, and purposely applied The name the spot, in which he was placed.

Horner means
is,

the person,

who
when

sits in

the

Horn

or Corner; that
;

the Chimney-Corner, the place of

well be assured, that

warmth and comfort

first

and we

may

these lines were

repeated,

the original idea was duly understood.

The

enquirer into the

mysteries of our ancient Language must not be ignorant, that an

abundant stock of information

of the Nursery,

is

to be found within the

tale

precincts

where the terms of the

the
is,

song or the

fable are applied with their genuine force

and original simplicity.

;

In
'

German, ^^-Hirn means the Brain

that

perha|>s, the

Brain Pan,' as
thinks,

we
it

call

it

yet

if

Horn

belongs to (yaniiim, as

Wachter

should not perhaps be directly referred to this

in

race of words.

Lye,

his

edition of Junius, has

produced the

word Harn^^, Cerebrum, with its parallel terms; and the sucSome have ceeding word to this is Harn^^^, Arma, Armatura.
referred

THE
referred these

EARTH.
if
it

1181

words

to each other, as

Harness originally signi-

fied the protection for the

Head, while others derive

from Iron,

which appears the most probable.

Etymologists.
to our

The

parallel

terms appear in

a great variety of Languages, and have been duly produced by the

We
'^R,

cannot help observing, that

Anma

is

attached

Element

and

we might

conjecture, that these

If they do,

words

may
is

possibly belong to each other.

the sense of

Ar

that of "

To

Prepare, furnish," &c., as in the

Apto.)

In Celtic,

ARNm,

Greek Aro, {Aoa, which Mr. Shaw explains by " Cattle,

is

" chattels, moveables, furniture,"

writer's

the preceding word in this

Galic

Dictionary

to

AiRulan,

Armoury.

The

Latin

Urna,

the

Urn, denoted perhaps the Enclosure of

term Urino,

the Channel; and

in its adjacent

"To Duck
it

under the water, and to

" spring up again; to Dive," as

is

explained by R. Ainsworth,
I

we cannot but
Duck belongs
(Av-^tu,

note the terms Duck and Dive:

shall

shew, that

to

Dig; and
of Earth

have shewn, that Dive, Dip, Dupto,

(Ta<poq,
is

aquas subeo, mergo,) relates to the Tafos,

Tumulus,)

the Hole or

mound

and such,

imagine,

the relation

of Ur/wo to Aro, yJrena, Era, (E^.)

We

have seen,

how

the

other adjacent words Urin^, and Uro, have been referred to the

same spot; and

find in

my

Latin Dictionary adjacent to these

words the term Ur/o/z, vel Vnium, " A kind of Earth, which " miners avoid, when they dig for gold;" where we are directly
brought to the Ground, or Era, (E^a.)
the vessel
-^r^,

made

of Earth.

In

The Urna might mean Hebrew, pK ARN, or p RN is An

to be so called

which Mr. Parkhurst supposes

from "its reveroriginal idea of

" beration of sound, or hollow sounding."

this
*

The

word

is

"

To

vibrate freely,
"

with quickness and freedom;

move to and fro, or up and down where we unequivocally see the

sense of Agitation, attached to the Element, whatever

precise idea, by which the sense of the

may

be the

Jrk
'^

is

connected

witli this

notion.

In Akco,

Ank, &c. the Element

still

appears with the

addition

1182

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
c,

addition of the

&c.
in

and we perceive, how Area

is

connected

Commotiofi Violence, Sec,

I

with Arc^o, wliich,

one sense, we know, relates to an action of and signifies 'To Drive away,' which
I

conceive to be the original notion.

I

have stated

all

the facts,

and

have produced

all

the words, with which these terms, de;

noting an Enclosure, can be connected

and

must leave

tlie

Reader

to

form

his

judgment on the

precise turn of meaning, by

which they are connected with the original notion.

The term Earnest is applied in a denotes what we call Earnest-Mow^'^,

and
in
it is

peculiar

manner when

it

the Pledge of a bargain

it

impossible,

think, to doubt, that

belongs to
idea,

Earnest
by which

its

other sense, whatever

are united.

may

be the

common

they

But the term Earnest, as referring to the

itself

Pledge, seems to connect

in a variety of

with a race of words to be found

is

Languages, of which the simplest form

^R.

The

following parallel terms to Earn^^/ have been produced, as Arr^^

or Err^5, (Fr.)
(Ital.

Erw, E^nes, (Cym.) Arra, C^/-Arra, Arr^^,

Iar/w5, (Gal.)

Span.) Erw//z, (Dan.) Ar, AR/>^nw/w^, CBelg.)

(Scotch,)

AKles,

Arr/j^,

Arr/i^,

ARRhabo, (Latin,)

ARRabon,

(Aooafiuv,)

ARbun, (Heb.

pn'^^*)

&c.

We

surely must imagine, that

the words under these forms, however various,

as

must be considered,
Ital.)

belonging
in

to each other;

and that the simple Radical form

(Belg. Lat.
If they

appears

Ar,

Arrha, Arra,

do

belong to each other,

the

we

shall at

once understand,
'^Rjw,
s, I,

how
If

readily

Element ^R assumes the form

all to

b,

&c.

they are

not

be considered as directly belonging to the same series of

still

words,
ideas,

we must

consider them as allied to the

and as equally within the sphere of the

same train of Element ''R, though

some of them may receive a peculiar turn of meaning, from the It would be influence of the Language, to which they belong.
difficult

however
it

to select

any one word,

as bearing this peculiar

is

sense, unless

were the Hebrew ARbun, which

referred to n'^N

ARB,

THE
ARB,
'

EARTH.
and hence
'<

1183
To mix,
joiriy

signifying

"To

mix, mingle;"

be joined

or interwoven with another or engaged

for

" bondsman

him

To

contracts,

to be surety,

Pledge,

&c.

As

N.
see

" a Pledge, security."

the Radical idea of
err

In the sense of

To
them
j

mix, mingle,

we

To

Stir up, together, Sec.

We

cannot therefore

much from

the truth by considering

all as

belonging to
is

each other, under the same train of ideas

and the

difficulty

to

discover or rather to express the mode, by which that relation

may

be understood.

It is

impossible to doubt, that EARuest-money

belongs to some idea, conveyed by Earn^^^, Serius, or

this will serve to confine

Earn
'^R

and

my

enquiry within narrow limits.

is

We
that

have seen, that the fundamental sense of the Element

of Stirring up

Castitig

up

out

off,

the materials of a surface in

Ploughiiig, &c.

and that hence

it

signifies

obtain

Ear, Demetere, &c. &c., just as

To Take off get Aro and Ear means

off,

or
at

once

"To

Plough and
is

to

Reap, to gather."

EARNe5/-money
the Latin

what a person

Earns Takes
;

Thus, then, the

quod
Tollit, as

the first-fruits or profits from his bargain

and thus we

see,
in

how
the

Arrha
to be

will
vtith

directly connect itself with a term

same Language,
suppose
I
it

we should naturally connected; namely, with Aro, To Gather or Get.

which, from
its

form,

have adopted the Latin

word

Tollere,

because

it

belongs to

Tellus

and to

Till,

just as
Toll,

these words do to Era, (Eoa,) and to

Tollo, is not very distant

Ear.
ferent.

The word
Toll-corn

which belongs to
to the

from the idea annexed

is

Arrha, though

the purpose

is

dif-

which the miller Tolls or Takes as a part of the whole, 'quod Tollit ex toto acervo,' for grinding the Corn.
that,

The Y^hKT^est-motiey is the Earn^^ or Obtained money money of the Bargain Sum, which Toll is considered as
of the Bargain.
to

the
be,

T'oll-

the Pledge

In

short,
its

have shewn, that Earn^^/, relating

the Bargain, and

parallels,

whichever they

may

and

whatever may

be their precise idea, certainly do belong to the

Era,

1184
Era,
(E^k,)

^R.
and

R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
its

operation, under the

fundamental notion of

To Ear, and To Earn,

Metere.

^RL.
Commotion
lence,

Agitation

Via-

&c. from the action of

Stirring or Casting up

about,

&c. a surface.

Hurl. (Scotch,) Rapere, To Drag on the Ground. Hurler. (Fr.) To Howl. Harlot. (Eng. &c.) The Violent boisterous Man, Wo-

man.

Hurl Whirl HurlyBURLY, &c. &c.

Erailler. (Fr.) To Scratch or Fret upon a surface.

&c. &c. &c.

HAVE already considered some terms, which belong to the form and I shall llL, when a vowel breathing does not precede the R now consider those, under the same form, when a vowel breathing
;

appears-

have supposed, that the terms, under the form RL, with-

out the preceding vowel sound, have been derived from the form

RG,

and RG/, and that the

the

/ is

an organical addition

to the G.

This has,

no doubt, frequently happened, though we

shall understand, that

same form

RL may

have often arisen without the intervention

In the terms

of the G, by the loss of the vowel breathing in the form '^RL,

originally taken from the form '^R.

Hurl, Whirl,

HuRLY-BuRLY, wc
round,
or, in

S^ec

the idea of Cotnmotion with that of Turning

other words,

we
it.

see the idea of Stirriyig about or

In Skinner,

round about, as
Burly precede

we

express
;

Hur/ and HuR/yto the simpler form.

Hurry

where we are brought

In French, HuRL^r,

To

Howl, &c., relates to the Commotion of

Noise.

THE EARTH.
Noise.
In the'**ferms,

1185
as parallel to

which are produced

Whirl, Whir/-

we have
IVind,

the labial sound likewise, as an organical addition to the

Radical ^R, as Wumlpool, HwYKP-pole, (Sax.) Vorago,

W\Rbel Wind.

duced the

Under Whir/, Junius has properly prosimple forms Wiercm, Vmere, &c. to which belongs

Wrie, To Turn about, aside, &c. Junius has an article, in which Dr. Jamieson has appears the term Harle, Rapere, trahere. explained this term in a secondary sense by " To Drag with force,
"implying the
that the
first

idea

of resistance;"
is

though he has justly seen,

Trail, to

and original sense

"To
it

Drag along
in

the

" Ground;"

where we are brought to the spot supposed

my

hypothesis. Junius has perceived, that

belongs toHARR/V; and the

Glossarist of Robert of Gloucester, as Dr. Jamieson informs us,

renders

it

by
;

" thrust, cast

"Hurled, Whirled, Hurried, Harrassed, drove, " where we have four words, belonging to the same
'^R,

Elementary character

conveying the same fundamental idea.

Harle means, in one sense, " To rough cast a wall with lime;" where we are brought to an action connected with Dirt. The sense of Dragging has imparted to the word, in some Hence we find, that 'To cases, the idea of a slow motion. 'Harle' means "To move onward with difficulty, implying " the idea of feebleness " from which we have Harlin Favour, " Some degree of affection, I had a kind of Harlin favour for
;

her;" which corresponds

ing kindness for a
girl.'

in

sense with our expression,

too,

'

A sneak-

Harle means

"
is

The Goosander,
so called from

" a fowl
its

Avis,

palmipes Anate major," which

Harling

Slow
a

way

of walking.
this

Dr. Jamieson appears to see

tlie

no connection between
refers
it

word and
''

other terms;

but he
the

to

French

origin,

Harle,"'

which conveys

same

idea.

Junius

conceives, that

belongs to this

Harlot, " Meretrix, lupa, scortum," word Harle. The Harlot is applied both to Men
7 L
^

and

186

^R.

R/ - C,D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.
in its original sense,

and Wotnen, and denotes,

'

'A

Stout

Sturdy
He was

personage with some degree of violence and'disorderly conduct,'

"^R.
It is

according to the sense of the Element

in a

sometimes applied
;

good^ense, as

"A Sturdy Harlot

went him ay behind

" a gentle Harlot and a kind;"' and sometimes in a bad one, as " King of Harlots or Ribaudes;" where Harlot is justly explained

by Junius, "Improbi nebulones, scurrae vagi," &c.

sense our term

In this bad

Harlot

is

applied to a Loose, disorderly

The name
queror,
derived,
less idea

Arietta, for a female, the

mother of

woman. William the Con-

from

which
a

the term Harlot has

been supposed to be
Harlot, though with

is itself

word denoting the female

it;

of reproach annexed to

such as the Romans expressed

difficulty is to decide,

by Conciihina, the Concubine.

The only
I

whe-

ther Harlot belongs directly to the form Harle, or to the form

Har

with Lot, as a significant portion.

Lot belongs to Leode, Populus, and

am
is

inclined to think, that as Dr.

its

parallels,

Jamieson

imagines;
for

who

supposes, that the

'

Har

attached to the
fully

names

an
is

army, as Haer, &c. (Su. G.) before so

unfolded.

This
idea.

no improbable conjecture, yet is not, I imagine, the true In Welsh, Herlod and Herlodes simply signify " A boy, a lad,"
a

and

"A girl,
them

damsel, a maid,'' as Mr. Richards explains them

who

refers

to the

Hebrew

nV'

ILD, " To procreate

or breed young,

" to beget or bear;" to which our term Tield belongs, and perhaps
the explanatory term Lad, unless
familiar

Lad

be likewise annexed to the

name

for

the

people,

Leode.

This

conjecture

of

the

Welsh Lexicographers is very probable; yet surely Herlod and Harlot must either belong to each other, or be formed from Thus the Her in H^xdod will belong to a term similar materials. in the same column of Mr. Richards' Dictionary, " Herw, Flying * In the also plundering, pillaging," as in Harrie, &c. away Welsh, as in various other Languages, the Element LS, LD, &c.
:

denotes the People, as Lliaws, "

Multitude, a great

company "or

THE

EARTH.
for

1187

" or number; " in Greek, Laos, Leos, (Aaof, Aeug, Populus,) Liege,

Lag, (Eng.) Loge, (Hindostanee Dialect,) used

&c, &c.
In

the plural,
to

Welsh

too,

Lydnu
the

signifies

"To

bring forth;"

which the Lexicographers should have produced,

as parallel, the

same column with Herw, Flying away, &c. I find HERod, a messenger or bringer of tidings; where the Elementary Sense is visible, as in ERRand, &c. &c. Perhaps
the

Hebrew tV ILD

In

name Hero^

is

derived from this source.

Dr. Jamieson, under

Harlot,
Rebellis,

produces the barbarous Latin words Harelatus, Harela,

Rebellio,

which

he has justly referred to the

French

Harelle, Vexatio,

and Har/V;-,
&c.

To
;

vex, or, as he might have said,

to the

'To Harrow, Harrie,'

idea,

where we come
the

original

and simple form.

this

Perhaps

names
some

in

our Language,
derived from

under
the

form Harrel,

Hurrel, &c. &c.

may be

same idea; but on

this point there is

difficulty.

The

terms

Harold,

Herauld,

Fecialis,

Caduceator;

Herault,

Heraiid, (Fr.)

Araldo, (Ital.)

Heraut, (Belg.) have been compared

if

with the Welsh Herod; and

the
this

they

all

belong to each other, then

relates to

Her

in these

words denotes, what

is

matter there

much

doubt.

Some

think,

^RRand ; yet on that the Har, &c.

in these

words belongs to Haro, Haren, clamare; and others suppose, that the Har, &c. means ExerciLus. It seems to be generally

agreed, that the Jlld

means the

Illustrious

personage

as in

the

German
the

Held, the English Old, Elder, Alder-Man,

Illustrious

6ic. See.

The
Roy

Herald seems to signify the

personage,

Har,

Exercitus,

the ceremonies of
I

War Combat,
in

belonging to
&c.,

d' armes,

Wappen^JCoiiig, &c.
to

have shewn
the

a former page,

that

Earl, Early belong

First,

simple form
to

Ere, denoting
Scotch
yf;7v,

Former,
Early,

&c.

The preceding word

Dictionary,
is

the

in

Dr- Jamieson's

yJrlich,

" Sore,
to

fretted,

" painful," which our author has justly referred form

.(^^rr,

the simple

Cicatrix

where we have the original

idea of Scratching

upon

1188
upon a

^R.
surface.

R.\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X,
In

Z.

the

French ERAiLLer,

RAiLLer

Joues

RAiLL/(e5, before produced,

we have
in

the

same idea of Scratching

in

upon a surface; and we have seen

that
I

Raillow, denoting a Plough,

we

are

brought to the

spot supposed

my

hypothesis.

cannot quit the form RL, without again recurring to the term
I

Roil, which

have produced on a former occasion

(p.

1080-1.)

The

explanation of Mr. Grose of Roil or Royle, "

To

perplex or

" fatigue,"

which

produced

(p.

1081,) should have preceded the

see

remark

in

page 1080; 'Here

we

Roil has the same sense, as

" the Spanish RALar,

" molest."
'

To

disturb by harsh,

Gra^m^ conduct,
it

to vex,

The

original sense of

Roil appears
where

in the expression
is

how you Roil Stirring up of the Mud.

See,

the

water;'

applied to the

There are two words

the origin
is

in Latin,

under the form ^RL, of which

ARii^ator,

obscure, as the old

word

and

x-^riolz/^

or

Hariolz^5.
"
lar,

The term ARiLator R. Ainsworth

that giveth

explains by

"A
it

ped-

chapman

Earnest;" and he derives

is

from

Jrrha.

Some

conceive, that ARiL^^or

the

same

as Cocio, another

old word,

which seems

to signify a Haggler, as

we

express

it,

in

making a bargain.

In this case the term KRihator will refer to

the original idea of a Grating

a bargain, &c., just as the

Fretting mode of action

in

making
it,

Haggler and the Higgler, are derived

directly belong to

from Haggle,
as

To

Cut.

The Ariolm5 might

signifying
is

the

Haggling

Undecided
;

mode

of

Prediction,
Hariolatioti

which

commonly adopted by

these artists

and hence

has been applied to the Uncertainty of conjecture.

" with us in a double sense."

We

remember,

" Juggling Fiends that Palter in Shakspeare, the description of the

We

cannot help seeing, that Palter

belongs to such terms of Agitation, as Pelt, Pello, &c. ikc. ; and shall shew, that they are all derived from the Pelos, {UtjXog, 1

Limus,)

in
is

state of

Commotion.

Some

derive Ariolns

from
it

Ara, which

no improbable conjecture; while others think, that

was

THE

EARTH.

1189

was anciently written Fariolz^^, and they derive it from Fan. If Fariolw5 be the true mode of representing the word, we might refer it to a Celtic term for a Conjurer, under the same form
the

Pheryllt,

or

FERYLL,as

it is

sometimes written. Mr. Davies

are

has justly observed, that the

" been
'

"

Pheryllt

deemed

to

have

the first Teachers of all

curious arts and sciences, and

more

particularly, are thought to

have been skilled in every

{Mythology of the of Hariolus I propose

" thing that

Druids,
p.

required

the operation of fire."

&:c.

215, 54,6,

This origin

merely as a conjecture, without having any evidence, by which

I

can decide on

its

true derivation. lead

The

consideration of the term

field

Pheryllt would
our Enquiry.

us
is

into

a wide

of

important and

curious discussion, which

foreign from the present objects of

The

Celtic scholars are furnished with the

for illustrating
j

most

abundant materials
the

the Tales and

Mythology of

Ancient World

yet

we do

not find, that they have duly

profited

by the

stores,

which are placed within their hands.

Many

appear not to have understood the value of these materials, and

others seem
to

have directed them to a vain and

unprofitable

purpose.

CHAP.

'",]

1190

CHAP.

VI.

''R,

Rl M,

B, F, P, V,

W,

ARv'Unit (Lat.) &c. Roim, (Gal.) &c. ultimately connected with

'

ERa,

(e^cc.

Terra,) the

EAR-M.

Terms under the formula R|m, mb, &c., relating

to the

Ground,

as

Roim,

(Gal.)

Rumb, (Eng.) &c.

a Path, &c. &c.

Terms
Ground,

exas

pressing the action of Digging or Routing up

the

RoMhar, {GaL) Digging; Room, ^c. Terms under

RiMor, {Lat.)
the

To

make Hollows,
to

formula ^Rm, &c., signify itig

as

HARR/V, make

Desolate,

To Waste, &c. &c.,

ER^moo,
'^R,

(E^ijf^ow,

Vasto, desertum reddo.)

Terms
the

under the form

R|b,

^c,

as

ARv-mw, the Ager AK-atus, of Commotion Agitation

Plowed

or

E ARt^

Field.

Terms

Violence,
the

sigjiifying

To Sweep away

Carry

off, (^c.

&c., as ARP-azo, (A^Tra^w,) Rap-/o, {Lat.) conaction

nected with the

of

\R?-ex,

{Lat.)

the

HARRow,

SHALL

THE
J.

EARTH.
w

1191

SHALL now consider the Race of words under the form '^R, R|m, b, f, p, V, w, where the R is the first letter, and one
b, f, p, v,

of the Labials m,

the

second,

with or without a

vowel breathing before the R.

the R,
exist

When
in

a vowel breathing precedes

we may

observe, that a vowel breathing

may

or

may

not

between the R and the Labial,

is

order to constitute a word

no vowel breathing before the R, a vowel must exist between the R and the Labial, for the purpose of forming
a word.
Labial.

but when there

In

all

cases a vowel

may

or
if

The R may
by the

be considered,

may not appear after the we please, as representing

the different forms

the original Eletnetitary character, from which

are
derived,
different

and its and of the Labials m, b, &c. to the ^R, as I before observed. Thus, then, '^R, R^ would represent the original form, and '^R, R jc, d, g, &c: m, b, f, &c. the It would require a detail of some length and derivative form.
Cognates, as
c, d, g,

organical additions of c

&c.,

obscurity to shew, by what process of the organs these Cognate

Consonants
purposely

c,

d, &:c.

abstained

and I have even from such discussions, as they may easily;

are annexed to the

lead us astray from the true

divert our attention from those facts, by

of
I

words,

belonging

to

and which alone the relation these Consonants, can be established.

mode of considering

the question,

cannot, however, forbear to suggest to the Reader, as I have before done, the simple process, by which he may conceive the
Labials to

have only to suppose the Lips to be closed during the enunciation of R, and the

be

connected

with the

R.

We

by which R, to c, d, &c. are added sounds the or connected with it is the simple easy, and as it relates to the operation of the equally
organs;
but
it

form R|m,

b,

&c.

is

at

once constituted.

The

process,

is

not equally describable.

We

cannot advance

a step in considering the form \R, R'^|c, d, &c., without observ-

ing

1192

-R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

ing the direct union of terms under the simple form of '^R, and that of ''R, R}c, D, &c., though, I think, we do not perceive such
frequent and familiar instances of words under the form
'^R,

R, and

This direct ^R, RJm,b, &c. directly connected with each other. union however frequently occurs in the most distinct and unequivocal manner; and
it is

curious, that to the eye or understandthis

ing of our Etymologists

union has been more visible than

under

the. other

form

'^R,

R}

c, d, &cc.

We
RJm,

shall

perceive,

in the

course of our discussions, that the Etymologists have frequently

referred terms, under the form
'^R,

b,

&c., to the race of

words under the simple form ^R. This direct union is indeed in some instances so marked and impressive, that it is impossible
not to perceive
it;

as in

ARvum,

the Ploughed Field, which every

one must acknowledge

the

to

belong to ARo.

The

Etymologists have
to

likewise seen, that the terms

HEIR, HERes, HERed-/V, belong

same

series of words, as other terms, bearing the

under the form Re, &c.,

Teutonic Dialects.
I

We

same meaning, ERbi?, ARb/, ARf, &c. in some of the may observe however in general, as

have frequently had occasion to remark, that every form, when once existing, may be considered as a distant form, and as generating by
precise
distinct
its

own powers

a race of words

peculiar to

itself.

The
and

mode, by which the

different forms are at

once

allied

from each other, cannot be described, but can only be understood by a consideration of the examples themselves, as they are
detailed

and unfolded

in these discussions.
is

The
we have
ing

prevailing train of ideas, which

'^R,

most apparent
&c.
is

in

the

terms, belonging to the form

R|m,b

f,

the same, which

seen to be annexed to the original Element ^R; namely,

that of Stirring

up about,

&c.

Hh^Kowing Devastating Tear-

Seizing
we

with

Violence, &c.

of

Commotion Agitation,
(E^r,<*ow,

&c.,

such as

find expressed

by ERemoo,

Vasto, desertum
reddo.)

THK
reddo,)

EARTH.
Rcp/o.&c.
I

1193
I

ARpflzo,

(A^Tra^cv,)

shall find here, as

have

frequently experienced on other occasions, some difficulty in se*

lecting the best

mode
and
I

of illustrating the facts, which this Race of

words exhibits

must leave the Reader sometimes

to adjust,

according to his

own

conceptions, the precise relation, which the

words under the formula; Rm, Rb, &c. bear to each other. that the terms under the form R|m, b, &c. have I suppose,
ginally received their force from the words under the

As
ori-

more simple

Element ^R, which I have shewn to be indissolubly connected with operations on the Era, (e^,) it is not necessary to prodiice
at the

commencement

of these enquiries the

names

of the Earth

or the Ground, under the form R|m, b, &c., as if these very Names or Terms were themselves particularly effective in constituting the
will

Race of words, belonging

is

to this form.

The Reader

now

fully understand, that this

not necessarily the process,

by which a Race of words expressing operations on the Grou7id

may

be generated.
a certain

Such

terms,

which actually
will,

express

the
fre-

Ground under

Elementary form,

no doubt, be

quently effective

in the direct
;

generation of words, which appear

still

under that form

yet

it

may

happen, that the great body of

Words,

relating to Operations performed

on the Ground, has not

impossible to adjust the
to each other,

actually arisen from those

Terms.

It

is

precise order, in which a Series of

Words, related

has been generated, though that relation

manifest.

may

be unequivocally

Thus,

as

the names for the

&c., are
directly

we know, it is not necessary to suppose, that Harrow, under the form '^RS, as fJerse, Harcke,
derived from

a word, actually expressing the

It is sufficient for
;

Ground, under the same form as Earth, &c.

to detail the
series

us
as

of words,

whicli

belong to each other

;

Harrow, Herse, Harcke, Earth, Era, (E^u,) &cc. and to shew, that they all belong to the same spot, and the operations attached to it.
7

shall

1194
I

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
follow, however, a

shall

similar order to that,

which

have

before observed, and

sions on the

introduce at the beginning of

'^R,

my

discus-

two formulas

R|m, and R|b,

I

&c., those

terms,

which more directly express the Groujid.

have made this divi-

sion, because the variety of matter, to be produced, required, that

some

division should

be adopted

yet

we

shall

see, that these

formulcC

are

perpetually passing into each

other;

and

shall

consider them under one view, whenever the course of

quiries

my EnR|mj

may demand
shall

it.

shall begin with the

form
p, v,

'^R,

and

then proceed

to the

form R|b,

f,

&c,

which

latter

form

have already noted the Latin

w; under ARvum, which

every one must acknowledge to belong to

ARo.

When any

of

the other Labials follow the m, as mp, &c. in

at

Rumpo, Rupi, we

once

see,

how

the forms

Rm, Rp pass

into each other.

RrM.

THE

EARTH.

1195

RJM.

Room. (Eng. &c.

Ground,

<S;c.)

Words
ring

applied to the

IxAvuen. (Germ.)

To

Clear out.

&c. and to the action of Stir-

make Room.

up

its

surface,

with

ROMMAGE.

(Eng.)

terms attached to these.

RiMOR. Lat.)

RuMpo, Rupr.
RoiMH. (Gal.) Earth, Soil. Rem. (Arab.) Earth, Breaking,
Bruising.

(Lat.)

RAMPH05. (Gr.) The Snout of

an animal.

RuMB, RuMBo,

(Eng.

Span.)

Rumple, Rumble, &c. (Eng.) Ram, RAMM^/n, (Germ.) To

force or drive piles into the

Path or Course.

RuM/zraw

RoM/iaraw.
Rowing.
Oar.

(Gal.)

Ground.

To

Dig, Mine.

Ram. (Eng.) The Driving Animal.

KoMhar. (Gal.) Digging.

'Ko^\hair, (Gal.)

Rembo, Rombeo. (Gr.) To

Remh. (Heb.) To
up, out, &c.

Stir,

'Remus. (Lat.)

An

Turn, Roll about, round, &c.

Cast,

'RvMaicham.

(Gal.)

To make

Throw

Room.

Rum.

(Gal.)

Floor, Rootn.

&c. &c. &c.

In
who
" of

Galic,

Roimh means "Earth,

In Arabic too, ^

Soil," as

Mr. Shaw explains

"

it;

subjoins likewise, as an additional sense,

The
;

burninor-place

any family."

Rem means
is,

Earth

and

it

signi-

fies likewise

" Breaking, Bruising," &c. In English, the term

Rumbs

relate to the points of the

Compass; that
in

to certain Directions

Courses

Paths, S^c,

on the Horizon

or Groutul.

My
it

Spani.sh

Lexicographer explains Rumbo,

" Course,

one sense, by the "Road, Hay.

and
inean.s
in

the point on which a ship steers ;"

nnothcr

196

^R.

R/ -C,
something

D, G, J, K, Q,
Stirred

S, T,

X, Z.
which belongs
up,

another sense, " Pomp, Ostentation, Pageantry :"

to

the

idea

of

Raised Swelling
is

as

in

Rumor.

The

sense of the

Road

or IVay

connected with the

make it a Path or Road. In Galic, likewise, WvMhar is "A Mine; Rxjuhram, ''To Dig, Mine ; Rum aicham, To make Room; Rum, A Floor, " a Room, place, or space, Room; UvMval, A Rufnp ;^-RoMiiar, " ^'gg'"g' RoMhair, A Rower ;RoMharam,T6 Dig; RuamA,
Stirring up of the

Ground,

in

order to prepare or

"

Spade;

Rv/\Mhar, Delving^
These few words
is

Diggifig

RvAuliaram,
Room
it

To
of

Dig,
the

"

Delve.''

disclose

the whole secret

Element, which

that oi Stirring

up or Routing up the Ground.

relates to a

We

now

perceive, that our familiar term

Free
sense

Space, or

some Free, open Spot;

and that

obtaitlS this

through the medium of Routing up or away the Dirt, so a to

make a Free Space or Room. In some of the parallel terms to Room, in the Teutonic Dialects, as Rum, (Sax.) Ge-Raum, Raum, Raumen, (Teut.) Ruyme, (Belg.) &c. &c. we are brought to the same idea. The verb Raum^w, in German, means " To empty, void, " evacuate a place, make it empty or void." In the Gothic combination. Rums fFigs,Y\a. lata, we are brought to the original Spot. The Etymologists remind us, under Room, of the Greek Rume and Ruma, (Pujwij, Platea, Pu[xx, Tractus, a Puu,) where we come in contact with the simpler form Ruo, {Pvu,) \yhether we conceive
the

to

be organical, or to be derived from

the analogies of

a peculiar Language.

We

perceive,

that

Rump, with

its

parallels,

Rumpe, (Dan.)

Rumpff, (Germ.) Rumpal, (Gal.) brings us to the same spot,' whatever may be the precise idea, by which they are connected
with that spot.

The German term

best elucidating this point.

probably be considered as Wachter explains Rumpf by " Trunwill

"

cus, et quicquid mutilo simile; Belgic

Romp. Utrumque a Rumpo,

Suecis

" quia Truncus est pars a toto avulsa,

Rumpa

est

Cauda,"
If

THE
If

EARTH.
is

1197
RuMP Stock^Stump
will

TruncHS should be the original idea, the

or Root, will mean, that which

to the verb
to Trench
'

Routed up, just aS Root belongs

To Rout

or Root up.'

The Latin Truncus

up, for the

belong

the

Cut, Trancher,
Rtint
is

To Cut

same reason;
by
is

and we have seen, that

the verb, belonging to

attached to the idea expressed

to

Ru7icino, for a similar cause.

it,
;

The succeeding word

'*

RuMPf

as

Rumpf^;z,

" Corrugare

frontem,
of

" crispare os vel nasum

" whicli,

we

see, refers to the action

Routing up a surface into Rngcv, Ridges, Wrinkles, &C.

The

ne?tt

words are RvMfhen, impetum facere; RvMPLen,

bring us to Rumple, Rumble, Ruffle, as
casion.
I

Strepitarfe;

which

shew on another ocWachter produces, under EvMVFen, the Belgic Rimpeln,

Crumple
;

Angli,

To

Knimpen, Contrahere,

vel contrahi

which

he imagines to be best written " unde posteritas fecit Schrufnpel prsposito

not to see,

Hrumpfen Hrympelle,
S."

(Ang.-Sax.)
impossible

It is

how

the form
I

c[RM

appears

to connect itself with

RM,

as in

^-Rumple; yet
exist,

must observe,

that this union,

till

if

any

such should

cannot be well understood,

the form,

which

appears, shall be fully examined.

We shall
RoMhair

now

understand, that the Latin

Rem? and

the Celtic

metaphor of Stirring up the Ground, as I before conjectured, respecting Oar, 'Ekcsso, (E^efro-o;,) Row, belonging to Era, (E^a,) Ear, To Plow Aro, &c. &c. Whether
j

are derived from the

all

these
I

series,
I

words should be considered as attached to the same must leave the Reader to determine. The point, which
to prove
is,

mean

that

they

all
? s
-

belong to operations on the

are oftentimes directly con-

Ground; and

that these forms

^R

nected with each other.

as RfiMus, contains the

term, under a similar form to Rem^,

fundamental idea of Stirring

is

up Raising
or

or Rising

up, &c.

Ramm^

the Rising-up object

the Shoot

Shooting

U98

R. R.

.---C,

D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z.
we hav
seen in Rise, bearing a

Shooting up or forth Twig, as

similar meaning.

R. Ainsworth explains RamzJm5 by the Shoot;

Pectoral vein

and
the

in

Ram^x,

idea

of Rising

Bursteness,
or

Rupture, &c,

we

see

Sliootitig

Swelling

up

in

the

strongest

manner.

In the explanatory
perceive
the

word Rup/wr^, Rup/, Rumpo, we

idea;
is

unequivocally

original
this

and W'achter, as we

have seen, understood, how

of words
before us.
It

term

connected with the Race

will

now

be

acknowledged, that the

genuine sense of

Rumpo
It is

appears in such applications, as

Rumpere

Terram Aratro.
Celtic terms for

impossible not. to perceive, that the above

Digging or Routing about or into the Ground,

bring us to the Latin

the English
the
action

Rim a,
I

Rihiari, Yiimari

Terram

Rastris,

and

Rommage.

have often had occasion to observe, that

Dirt has afforded to Lan-

of Routing into or about

guage some of the strongest terms

by the Mind.
plies us

The

Latin

Rimor

" To Examine diligently," supthis fact, as likewise

for Diligent Search or

Enquiry

witli a striking

example of

do the

term Scrutor, Scrutiny, quasi

gists

Scruta,

'Eruere.'

The Etymolo-

cannot help seeing, that these words have some relation to

Thus they determs under other forms, in which R"^ appears. It is rive Remus from E^sT[/,og, and Rimor from Pvyf^oc, and Puyf/.y}.
marvellous to observe,

how words remain

attached to their origi-

nal spot, though they are

sense.

not applied precisely in their original

We

all

" "

Romage Romage

in

remember the combination in Shakspeare "The but when we are said "To the Land," (Ham.);
Hole

every

and corner,"

we

perceive

the

primitive

idea as in
in its

Rimor.

Skinner considers
Nautica.

Rummage

or KvMFgoode,

Sea sense,

"Vox

"

Fundo navis Kemovere, a " evacuare, Purgare, Raum, Spatium."

in
its

autem bona prjesertim Teut. Rautnen, Raumen, Vacuare,

Significat

Here the word cleaves

out
the
"

to

original

idea,

by signifying

'To Romage

Hole or

Bottom

THE
'

EARTH.
it.

1199
The
succeeding
to

Bottom of

a Ship, or the Hold,'' as they call

is

article, in

Skinner,

Rumny Wine:
q. d.

which he supposes

be the

" Vinuni Hispaniense credo,

Romanum,'' &c. &c.

facere,

We
and

have seen, that the

Strepitare,

German RuMPL^/i, Impetum

bring
us
to

RuMPLen,

Rumple, Rumble, &c.

Das Rumpeln.
to the

Among

the parallel terms

for

Rumble, Skinner has produced the

;

German Rumpel^, To make

original

a Rattling Noise, &c.

eines karn, the Rattling of a Cart;

idea

where we are brought

of Noise

made by

Stirring

up or Grating on the

Ground, and Rammelw, which

"

my

Lexicographer explains by "

the
to

To

Ram,
;

force, drive, thrust

piles into

Ground with

Ram-

" Block
spot.

"

where we are again brought

an action on the same

is
I

We
Ames

now

see, that

Ram

Aries,

the Animal,

derived from

Ram,
that

Fistuca adigere, the action on the Ground.

have shewn,
idea.

belongs to the form ^R, '^RS,

from a similar

To

the

Ram

belongs Rammish, as Skinner imagines.

in

The French
and
in

RAMaM^r, 'To Drive

another sense, "

a sledge,

To

bang, to cuff;'

To

gather, to collect,
it,

or get together," or, as

Le Duchat

explains

" C'est proprement, rassembler avec un

" balay, qu'en quelques Provinces on

we

see the idea of

Dragging or
it

nomme un Ramon;" where Sweeping upon the Ground. The

is

Etymologists derive
sense; but
it

from Rarneau, which

probable for one

does not so aptly apply to the Sledge.

An

adjacent

word
Bird
;

to this, in

Menage,

is

Ramage,
to

the wild Wood-notes of the

which

is

acknowledged
Ramagious,

belong to

Rameau.

Hence
as

Chaucer

adopts

" Sylvestris,

indomitus,"

the

Etymologists

understand.

The

adjacent

in Junius, which belong to our Element, are "

" Rumble, Personare, strepitum

" clamare;
" gere;"
"

edere;

Ram, &c., Ramble, Romblt.. Rame, Sec. Vociferari,

terms
to

Rami;, &c.
is

Manum

ad aliquid capiendum exporri-

which

justly referred to the Islandic

Rama, Hrama,
"ursi;"

' Arripere, Unguibus corripere, quod a Ilranunur Unques leonls,

1200
"
ursi; "

^R.R.\--C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
where we see the original idea of
Violence, as

connected

with the action of Scratching or Tearing a

surface

: RAMMai^/n,

Virago;

RAMPm^,

KA'sipant, Praeceps, qui violento impetu fertur;

Rampant, (r.)
It is

Sec.

Ramp//^, Munimentuni

Re?npart, (Fr.) &c.

not possible to doubt, that the

idea,

Ram
and

in

these various words

conveys the same fundamental

the term

in

all

of them, except in

Rampart, we

unequivocally see the idea of Violence and

shall conjecture, that the sense of

Commotion;

from whence we

Strength, annexed to this term,

was

originally derived from that of

a Violent action.

Under Ramble, Junius has reminded us of the cirGreek Remb^/w and RoMBem, {?b[^I2u, In gyrum circumago, cumvolvo, Temere inambulo, Spatior, vagor, erro, Vofji(isu, Volvo where we see the original idea et circumago in modum Rhombi) While I examine of Stirring or Turning up about round, &c. these words, in my Greek Vocabulary, I cast my eyes on RoMPna/a,

(l'o[/,(pxiK,

Romphaea,

gladius,

Framea,) which

is

either

derived

from the idea of the

IVhirling-about

motion

of a

destroying

sword, or from the violent action of Striking, &c.

The

sense

annexed to Rembo,

(Ps^iGw,

Vagor,)

Ramble,

will

remind us of

Roam, Rove,

the

Greek Rimpha,

(Pp<?ia,

Leviter,statim, celeriter,)

which brings us

in contact

with Ripto,

(Vitttu, Jacio.)

In the colloquial or vulgar terms Rumpus, Rvn^iBiistious, &c.

we

see likewise the idea of Agitation, &c.

sort,

and we

shall find
idea,

words, under various forms of this

conveying a similar

which the Reader will instantly refer to this source. I cannot help producing one word of this kind, the verb of the participle, before recorded, Ramp, which not only means "To Rove, frisk, or jump
" about," but likewise "

To Paw

like a

mad

horse." as

explains

it

where we see actually the idea

" Sauce,

N. Bailey of Routing up the

I

Ground.
(in
*'

In this same column of this writer

find

RAMMolade,
capers,

Cookery,)

made
and

of
in

parsley,

anchovies,

chibbols, pepper, salt;"

the preceding

column in two
separate

T-HE

EARTH.
The
first

1201

separate articles, Rame^/w, [Ramequin, Fr.) and Rame^m/w^, which

are only different forms of each other.
plains by
latter

of these he exthe

"Toasted bread and

slices of

cheese, a

Welsh Rabbet;" and

by "Small
in

bread covered with a farce of cheese, &c.

All these terms

" baked

pie-pan."
in

of Cookery relate to

Compositions,

which the parts are RAwiMed

Beat

or Mixed

together.

In the Composition of the RAMeki?i,

is

jigitation of the particles

required, in order to
it

much Beating or make a due mixin

ture
the

and thus we
in

see,

how

coincides in sense with K\MMakin,

Girl
*'

a state of Agitation.

The

Kin

these

words

means

Sort, Kind."

Dr. Jamieson has more properly explained

'RAMMzkins by "A Dish made of eggs, cheese, and crumbs of " bread, Mixed in the manner of a Pudding ;" and an adjacent

term

is

"Rammel, Ramble, Mixed

or blended grain;

"

where our

author has very justly reminded us of Ram?nehi, (Tent.) "Tumul" tuari, q. in a confused state, as being blended." AH the adjacent
Scotch terms, under the form Ram, &c., convey the train of ideas,

RAUAgiechan, "A Large raw-boned which I have unfolded, " person, speaking and acting heedlessly;" which is only another
form of RAMMAkin, Virago,
Rambarre, (Rembarrer,) "

To
to

stop,

"to

restrain;

also

to

repulse;''

where

it

is

difficult

say,

whether the
be not Re.
to

Ram

or

Rem

is significant,
is

or whether the

first

part

The second

part

Bar

To Stop.
q.

Rame, To Shout,
overspent;

cry

aloud;

RAM-feezzled,
stuffed
;

Fatigued,
hard,

exhausted,

Crammed, RAM-giinslioch, Rugged

RAU-forsit,

Rammed
;

by force;
Fr.

RAKmasche,
as
is

Collected

Ramasse,

Rammel, Small branches, belonging,

&c.
;

understood, to Ramulus,

which

explain in a future page.

in a state

Rammer, A RAM-rod
;

Rammis,

To

go about

approaching to frenzy, &c.

Ramp, To be Rompish, To Rage; where the Italian RAUvare, To paw like a Lion, is produced, in which word we see the genuine Ramp, Riotous, idea, as in the Scotch, To Rame, To Trample. disorderly, 7 N

1202

^R.R.^ .--C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

" disorderly, Vehement, Violent;

To Ramp.
Cow,
it

Milk

is

said to 7iaw/,
is

"when

from some disease

in the

becomes Ropy, and

" drawn cut into threads,

Curdling.

like

any glutinous substance;" \vhere the

term relates to the Agitation, which takes place in the action of

"Ramp^^^, To Rage and Storm, to Prance about with " fury; RAMP^r Eel, A Lamprey," which is not a corruption of Lamprey, as Dr. Jamiesori thinks, but it means the Ramp, furious

Eel, from the quality,

which
said,

is

recorded in a quotation produced

by this writer.
" cattle

"

It

is

they will attack men, or even black

RAU-Rais, &c. " The act of when in the water." "running in a Precipitous manner; Ramsh, Strong, robust;
"

Ram
ness."

=Stam,

Forward,

thoughtless;

RAMukloch,
RM,
is

To

sing

" RAMukloch,
'

To

cry, to

change one's tune from mirth to sadto

shall

not attempt

produce

any more terms

so
plain

in

Scotch, or in other
this

Languages, under the form

as the

conveying

train of ideas,

fundamental sense

and

unequivocal.

The

words, which

we

find adjacent

to

an alphabetical Vocabulary, convey the

Thus RuMA, Rumen,

the Breast, Belly,

Rumpo, in the order of same fundamental idea. &c. mean the Raised

Swelling-u^ or almost Bursting-out object

and they appear

after-

wards to relate to any of the adjacent parts used in Eatifig

Swallowing, &c.

"Rum^w

est pars colli,

qua esca devoratur, unde

"

Rumare dicebatur, quod nunc Ruminare." (Fest. apud Foss.) From hence, as we know. Ruminate is derived; where we again see, how the most ordinary action supplies Language with one of
Rumpm5, " Branches,
is

the strongest terms for mental Exertions.

* whereby one vine

belong to Rumpo.

Is

brought to another,"

acknowledged to

Rubm5, the

Bramble, does not seem to mean

simply the Shoots, but to bear the same sense as Rup^5, the Rock, The former signifies the Rough, id quod Rvptum est.' does,
'

Jagged Bramble

and the other, the Rough, Craggy, or Scraggy

Rock.

THE
Rock.

EARTH.
Rum^x, the Herb,

1203
applied to both objects

and so

The term Rough could be equally may the familiar epithet to Rubus,
to

the La.t\n Asper, asJsper

called Sorrel,
is

RuBUs, and Aspera Rupes.

acknowledged
RAvidus,
" exsugi soleret

Rumo, Sugo, "quod succus ejus The terms Rufw5, Rk\us, ad levandam sitim."
be derived from

Rub^o,

RuB^r,

Ruby,

belong

to

the

colour

of

the

Ground, under the form RB, just as ERUThros,

do under their forms '^RT, RD.
be considered, as attached to

(Eou^^o?,)

Red,

Whether all these words are to the same series, I must leave the
Red Earth," we are brought
is

Reader to decidethe original Spot.

In Rubr/ca, "

to

We

know, that Rubr/c

applied to " Direc-

" tions in the Liturgy;" and it means likewise "A special title " or sentence of the civil or canon Law;" and thus we perceive,

how by
RoBiGO,

the most obvious process, the Earth or Dirt

is

applied to

purposes most remote from their original materials.

is

Rubigo or

either derived from

RuB^r, denoting Red, as the Lexi-

cographers

suppose,

or

from the more original sense of Foul

Dirt, as in Rust.

R. Ainsworth explains Robigo in one sense

by

Foulness,;

and we know, that Mouldy belongs to Mould, which

affords the origin of the

Mil

in

M7dew, one

of the significations

of RoBiGo.

The

bobbin in Robbin Red-breast, does not belong,

as the Etymologists appear to imagine to the

RB

in

Rubecula; the

sense of which appears in the epithet Red; but to the

a man, Robbin, as in other instances

name

for

we

find the

names of men

applied to birds, as Philip to the Sparrow^ &c. " Gur.

" good Philip.
Bast.

Good

leave,

(King John, A. L) I have shewn, that Ramus and Remm^ convey the same fundamental id6a of Stirring or Raising up, and that Ramus means
Philip >Sparrozu,"

the

Rise,

as

we

express

it,

or Shoot

and

Vve

have seen, that

Ram^o^-,

*A

Pectoral vein, burstedness, Rupture,' and

I

Rumpw^, the
this

Vine-branch, belong to Rumpo, Rup/.

might take

occa-

sion of introducing the words, relating to Vegetable Substances,

under

1204

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
though
adjust

under the form R, with the Labial sounds succeeding;

I

do not attempt to

the

precise

relation,

which these

various terms
us,

may have

to each other.
{O^xfjivoq,

The Etymologists remind

Frons, Ramulus,) which

under Kamus, of Oramhos,

itself

connects
the

with Oro and Okmuo, {O^u, 0^y.Ku, Concito,) under

In

same

idea of the Shoot.

to

ORo^Damnos,

(Ojo(5'apof,

Surculus,

Ramusculus.) we seem
Thamnos,
us
{Qx[a,vo?,

have a compound of ORo, (O^^,) and

arbori adnatus.)

Dumus, Ramulus densus

Let

mark

in

Surculus a similar idea of the Rise or Shoot, from

Surgo.
O^fievo?

In

Ormeno5,

ORMENom,
we
in

(O^fiEvo?,

Asparagus

sylvestris,

pro Ofo^Ecof, Concitatus,

0^[/.svostq,

Qui caulem jam emittit

post florem amissum,)

ble Productions with

unequivocally see the union of Vegeta-

terms of Excitement, as Oro, &c. (O^w,) and

Ormcjo,

(p^fjioca,)

and

ORuinon,

(O^fjuvov,)

HoRuifium, we have
these words in

probably the same idea.

While

am examining
Orobo5

my

Greek Vocabulary,
Cieer,

cast

my

eyes on two other Greek terms, re(O^oQo^,)

lating to Vegetable productions, as

(E^v5o?,

Ereb-//A-os,
leguminis,

Leguminis genus,)

ERvwrn, genus

and Orp^x,
ledge,
I

(Of7r;,

Ramulus, Surculus.)

We

shall all

acknow-

think, that
I

Ervw must

belong to Arvz^w, and so

we

should conclude,

imagine, with respect to Herb^j and ARBor,

whatever

rtiay
all

be the precise idea, by which they are connected.

They might
up.
If

mean, the productions of the Ground,

not annexed to

or,

as the

other words, they might signify, what Shoots up

Rises or

Grows
it

Herba
to
will

is
it

it

in either of these

senses,

must belong

under the idea of a PFeed, and then the original

meaning
i.

appear in the verb ^.v-Herbo,

up.

To

Pluck up Weeds;
that
if

e.

To

Rout

The

conjecture
itself

of

the

Etymologists,

Arbor was quasi Robur, would of

be sufficiently probable,

we

did not see

its

relation to these words,

and observe

its

con-

nexion with KrruIus, ARBiistum, &c., where

Sprigs or Shoots.

we

see the idea of

We

must remember

too,

what even the ordinary

Latin

THE
but
it

EARTH.
observes,

1205

Latin Vocabularies detail to us, that ARBornot only means a Tree,

is

likewise, as R.Ainsvvorth
Ivy, Osier,

"A
up

general word,

" under which

and even Reeds are comprehended,"

is

The
Aro,

adjacent term
ill

Anziter

still

connected with

the

more
as
it

violent sense of the Stirrer

Raiser
In

Arvmw
the

and
or

tip

Router about,

denoting
is

the
in

powerful Ruler.
gentler sense;

term

Arbitrator
"

taken

but as denoting

Prince, or Ruler," of a violent,

turbulent kind
its

"Regum

et

" gentium Arbiter Populus,"

we

see

more

original meaning.

But Horace, with his curious

idea,

felicity,

has decided on the primitive

or

by actually applying

it

to the

Sway

Dominion exercised

in

Routing up a surface with the most violent action. " Quo non Arbiter Hadrias
" Mjijor Tollere seu ponere yu\t frela."

The word
Orop/i^,
part

Orp<?*,

(O^ttijI,

Ramulus, Surculus, ex radice arboris

its

enatus, stolo,) manifestly connects itself with

(O^o(f^,

adjacent

term

Contignatio, qualis est tectorum,)

;

the Raised-up

the Top, &c.

Tego,)
In the
I

to

which we must add

(e^btttu,,

its

parallels

ErepAo,

(Ef(pw,

Erep/o,

Edo, Tego,)

and the English

this

Roof.
word,

same column of
(e^sittu,

my

Vocabulary with

latter

see Ereipo,

Everto, disturbo, demolior,) where

we have
for the

the idea of Raising or Routing up with force and violence,

purpose of destruction.

cannot leave these names for

Vegetable productions without noting RAMnos, (Papo?,

Alba,

Rhamnus
Prickly

Spinosa frutex,)

which

probably

means the
its

Scratching Plant, as

we may

conjecture from

adjacent

word

Ramp/io5,
of
tlie

(PaAAffof,

Rostrum,) where we unequivocally see the idea

Scratcher up or Router of the

Ground, as we have seen the

I

same
in

idea under the form Rostrum.

find

next to these words

my Greek

Vocabulary,

RuAMNOwi/a,
;

(Papoucr/a,
is

Rhamnusia,
to be so

Nemesis,) the Goddess of Vengeance

called from the

who

supposed

Town

Rhamnus,

in

which she was worshipped.

We

1206

^R.

R/ .-C, D, G, J, K, Q,
whether the

S,T, X, Z.

We might consider,
so called from

Town

itself

may

not have been

some word belonging

to the Radical

Rhamn,

as

denoting the Router

the Avenger, &c.

in Arabic,

We
that
it

have seen, that

>>

Rem,

signifies Earth,
"

and

means

likewise,

" Breaking, Bruising.

Among
Rems
;

various

other terms in the opening of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary, where

this

word

occurs, relating to the

same

spot,

find

(j>*^ "

Co-

" vering with Earth, burying, a sepulchre, a grave

"

(J^j Rem^/,
relation,

Sand;

Remh

-A-^

"Throwing up

the gravel with the feet;

Shinor Agi-

ning, flashing, (as Lightening);" where

we

see the

same

which Mico, To

Glitter, has to Mica, Broken,

I

Scattered
" jiA^j

tated particles oi Dust, &c.

\^j^j Remiz, "Hot " from the influence of the Sun, (a day, stones, Sand,) Scorched in
find likewise

'

the feet from the intense heat of the

Ground

Remzt,

Sandy, torrid

(region);

(Ground.)
implies, says

Hence

is

La<; Remza, Sultry hot from the sun, derived the month Ramazan ^Lq-;, which
fire;

Mr. Richardson, a consuming

that this

whence

it

is

by

some conjectured,

month was formerly stationary in the most sultry period of the summer, &c. and our author explains it in one sense by "Sand Shining or Scorched by the reflexion of " the Sun." In the term Warm, and its parallels Wearw/aw, &c.
;

we must

consider the ^R, as denoting Excitement, to be the Eleto

mentary character,

which they are attached, whatever may be

the precise process, by which they have been formed.

Among

the

Arabic terms for IVartn, produced by Mr. Richardson,

Haurr, Hurr,

j^ Kuhr, and ^jL.

we havejl=>. -aw Gurm, which perhaps may ex'^R

hibit to us the process,

by which the Radical form

ys^

has passed

into the other forms.

Mr. Richardson explains

as in

Hurr orHR, by
in

" Heat,

WARmth,

Fervor, AR^or;" where the

Ar

ARdor has the

same Radical meaning,

signifies

Uro,

&:c.

&c.

In one sense,
to

Hurr

Pure Clay, &c., where we are brought

the spot, sup-

posed in
1

my

hypothesis; and in the same column of Mr. Richardson's

THE
son's Dictionary

EARTH.
(0fjwo?,

1207
Under JVarm,
Calidus,)
the

we have HERRa^, A Farmer.

(^o^jtto?,)

Etymologists produce the Greek Thermos,

the y^olic f-ORmos,

and

where

still

conceive the Element

'^R to have originally predominated,

whatever may be the precise

process, which has taken

place in the generation of these words.

In the

The term /-Orw205

will

remind us of the Latin /-ERfor.

same column of Skinner's Dictionary with Warm is Warf, or Mould-\Y ARP, where we see the Warp actually applied to the
Stirring up or Agitatio7i of Dirt
;

from which

suppose the idea of

Warm

to be derived.

In the same leaf of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary, from which the above Arabic words, under
the form

RM,

are

taken,

find

Remi,

'

Throwing from

the hand, darting a javelin, shooting an

in the

"arrow, hitting the mark;" and hence

"

same column we have

the Persian term of Consternation, ^Euideji,

fied, seized

"To

be afraid, terri-

with horror, to be disturbed, agitated," &c. &c.

The

Hebrew

term, parallel to the Arabic, will sufficiently unfold to us

the nature of these words.

This term

is nO"*

RMH,

which means

"To Cast, Throw,

other things
it

Project, &c.

To cast down, &c. &c.;" and among

the crawler

denotes a

Worm,

the animal, which Throws about the Dirt in

are brought to the spot, supposed in
that this

amongst the Dirt or crawling where we

;

my

hypothesis.

We observe,

Hebrew term and woRm, with its parallel wyRm, (Sax.) v--E^Mis, (Lat.) oRme, (Dan.) belong to each other. Hence our familiar name Orme is derived. The rational Mythologists, as they are called, have converted Orme, the Serpent, the long established Guard of Beauty, into Orme, the name of a Man.

On
"
It

an adventure of
happened,

this sort the following

remark has been made.

that the

name

of

this

discourteous officer

was

" Orme, which in the Islandic Language signifies Serpent. " Wherefore, the Scalds, to give the more poetical turn to the " adventure.

208

^R. R.

\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z.

" adventure, represent the Lady as detained from her father by " a dreadful Dragon, and that Regner slew the monster to set her
" at liberty."
{Percy's Reliques, vol.
ti^O"!
iii-

Dissertat. p. 17.)
it-

In Hebrew,
'

RMS, means 'To

move, move along, move

self

To

Move
to

in a

particular manner,

without rising from the

Ground,

creep, crawl, to

move as Reptiles on the Ground."

Repo, \kzHile
I

It is

impossible here not to note the terms conveying the same

idea,

under the form '^RP, RP, as Erpo,

(EfTrw,)

to

which belong the Latin 5-Erpo, ^-Erp^w^, &c. &c.

am

not

here attempting to decide on the precise degree of

these words have to the
that they belong to the

affinity,

which

Hebrew term; but

(e^ttw,

only mean to affirm,

same Element, conveying the same fundaSerpo,)

mental

idea.

The Greek Erpo,

it.

may be compared
and perhaps
Turning up
&c. &c. the

with the English wA-Arp, in the Mould-zvh- Akp,

may

directly belong to

The terms which

relate to

the Ground,

or

Dragging

Drawiiig
to a

upon

over,
I

Ground, are frequently applied

certain Tract of

Country

Turned or Lying Toivards a particular quarter.

have here adopted

two similar terms. Tract, derived from Traho, Traxi, Tractum, and To-Wards, belonging to Versus, Verto, Veriere Terr am. Now
Erpo,
(Eottm,) is

used in a sense of this nature.

u\j

AXXoj

fjLCMDog

xou

cc9e<r(poiTog

votov

EPITEI.

" Alius," (Isthmus,) "vero longus

et

immensus

in

austrum Serpit,"

hoc

est, Vertitur in
Ofis, {0<pig,

austrum, or Est Versus austrum. Whether the

Greek

Serpens,) be quasi Orf/^, must be considered in

another

place.

The Greek Erpo, Erp^^ow, &c.

(e^ttw,

Serpo,

Repo, Eo, Vado, E^mTov, Reptilis, Bestia quaevis,) are applied,

we
;

know,
"

to

every species of Motion performed on the Ground

EfTTEiP,

apud antiquissimos Grsecos

hujus
22.)

Ire significat; quae significa-

"

tio

vocis
I. c.

remansit apud

Doras," &c. &c.

(Casaub. ad

Athen.

The

THE EARTH.
Tlie preceding term to the
hurst's Lexicon,
is

1209

Hebrew

Ci>;2n

RMS,

in

Mr. Park&c.,

d^I RMS/j,
the
referred to

"To

tread, trample, as clay,

which brings
Stones; Where

us to
it is

English
its

Ram, To Ra:m down

Before
I
I

Earth,
quit the

original spot.

Hebrew non
it

RMH, To

Cast, throw, &c.,

ought to remark, that

means

in

one sense, as a substantive, pan

RMUN,

"the Pometo

" granate-tree and fruit j"

which Mr. Parkhurst thinks

have

been so called from " the strong Projectioji or reflectioti of light, " either from the fruit, or from the star-like flower, with six leaves
'

or rays at the top of the fruit."

We
;

have seen, that the idea

of Brightness or Tzvinkling has been annexed to these words from

the Mication or AgitatioJi of Sajid, &c.

and hence, as a noun,

Idol,

this

same word f^iRMN,

is

Rimmon,

the Syrian

which

is

sup-

posed to represent, according to Mr. Hutchinson, "the Fixed stars " and the refexiofi or streams of light from them/' It is imagined,
that

the

" brazen

Pomegranates, which Solomon placed

wiiich

in

the

" net-work over the crowns,

were on the top of the two

"brazen
'

pillars,"

strongly reflecting

were intended to represent "xhe fixed Stars light on the Earth and planets." Mr. Parkhurst

likewise refers to this

Hebrew word

the

Temple of
that
is,

the Canaanites,

dedicated to

Din

HRM,

the Projector;

as he says,

"the

" Heavens, considered as Projecting, impelling and pushing for" wards the planetary Orbs in their courses;" and hence he has
derived the Egyptian and Grecian Herm^j.
that the custom of Throwing
a

Our author imagines,

his

stone at the foot of his statue

was derived from

this source,

and that the idea of

^^~'

being the

God
"

of Cheating has been taken from confounding the different

significations

of the wordj as

Remi,

in

one sense, means

it;

To

deceive, cheat,

Throzv or fling," as

we express

and he

supposes, in another place, that even his property of Eloquence

arose from confounding his
Subtle.

By

the

name with a similiar sound )2"iy HRM, same mode of reasoning he might have conjec7 o
tured,

1210

-R. R.\.-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T,

symbol of the Twined
Serpetits

X, Z.

tured, that his

was derived from

the sense of the

idea.

Worm

or Serpe?U, which he refers to another

The
Lexicon,

succeeding
is

word

to

noi
in

RMH,

in

Mr. Parkhurst's
a "Spear, Lance,
as

^'21
i.

RMCh,
what

which
is

" or Pike;"

e.

Thrown
to
this

Cast or

Hebrew means

J'hrust at a person;

Lance,

we know, belongs

Lancer,

"To

Dart, to Throw with

" violence, to fling."

referred the Latin other,

To

Hebrew term Mr. Parkhurst has

directly belong to each
to

Rvuex; and they may

Latin

yet

the

word seems

be

more

immediately

attached to

Rumpo, "To Tear

is

the skin, to

Wound," &c. The next

Hebrew term
and

"pi

RMK,

which, in the plural, means Mares;

"A

Mr- Parkhurst observes, it particularly signifies Brood Mare." Here the term means likewise To Throw or
in Arabic, as
'

Cast out,' as young

and hence we have Throes or Throws,

In

applied to the pains of Childbirth.

to
this

German, a term belonging

cast

race,

as

Werf^w,

"

To Throw,

or fling

thing

" somewhither," as
''

Jutige

my author explains it, means in another sense, WERTen, "To whelp or bring forth young whelps."

Mr. Parkhurst sees no relation between these words; and it is' curious, that the Hebrew Lexicographers, who, in many respects
are

adventurous
in

Etymologists

in

comparing

their
in

terms with
their

words

other Languages, perceive no

the

affinities

own
of

Language, when
form.

Terms

pass

into the

least

difference

The
us,

similarity of

Worm

and

Warm
the

will unequivocally

shew
idea,

that these words, which are both expressed in Saxon, under

the

same
that the

form

Wyrm,

contain

same fundamental

and

one signifies the

Stirrer up,

and the other the Stirred

up the Excited. The succeeding word, in Skinner, to Worm is " JVorm-Wood, ve\ JVorm-IVort," as he says-, to which the Etymologists

have

produced,

as

parallel,

the

Saxon

Wyrm-fFyrt,

Were -Mod,

THE
fVere-Mod, the

EARTH.

1211
Worm-Moed, the

German
;

Wermiith, the Belgic

Welsh Wermod, &c. &c. which some derive from its quality of driving away Worms, though others imagine, with whom I agree,
that the
i7ig

Worm,

&c. belongs to

Warm,

from

its

quality of JVarm-

Yet the second part of the compound in these words does not seem to be the same. The Saxon WYRM-Wyrt means the WARMing-Wort, or Herb but in the Saxon JVeremod, or Werem=Mod, as in the German JVermuth, the Mod or Muth means the Mood or Mind; and the compound denotes "What
the Stomach.
;

'

Warms

or refreshes

the Mind.'

It is difficult

to say,

which of

these the fFood in

Wormwood

expresses.

The adjacent term, in the Lexicon of Mr. Parkhurst, to the Hebrew words above produced, will again illustrate the force of
the Element.

This term

is

D1

RM,

''

To

be

lifted

up, exalted,
signifies,

" elevated

;"

and among other senses

pans'

ARM
a

as

a substantive, "

raised

or lofty building,

turret or

tower."

Mr. Parkhurst

refers to this

word

the English terms

Room and

have seen, that these English words directly belong to the idea of Routing up the Ground

Roomy, and

the Latin

Ruma.

We

RuMP^w^o.terram.

Hence, we
I

see,

Ruma

is

the Biirsting-o\xt

6';^///^-out object, as

Lexicographers will consider, whether Dni RChM, "the uterus matrix, " womb " and hence " to be affected and yearn, as the bowels"
:

have before observed.

The Hebrew

is

not quasi

RHM

or ^^m^

as

in

Arabic

it

appears

under

this

form *=^

RHM, "The womb,

we

matrix, uterus,

Compassion,"

&c.

In the term Ramp^''^ or Rampire, (Eng.)

Rempart, (Fr.) Riparo,

Reparo, (Ital. Span.)

Dirt, Ba7ik, or
(Ef/^ta,

see the genuine idea of the Raised-up

Mound, which likewise appears in the Greek Erma, Fulcrum, stabilimentum. Confidentia, Saburra, Scopulus,
in mari.

Saxum
Sand.

Inauris, Monile,) as denoting the

to

Heap
(Isl.)

of Dirt,
Validus,

Lye

thinks, that RAWipire belongs

It
is

Ram,

and Peer.

difficult

to

decide,

whether the Pare, Par, or

Part,

1212
Part,
6cc.

^R.R.^--<C,D,G,J, K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
be significant, or whether the Jrt in RAUP-^Art does
the
Ert,

not belong- to

'RK,

^RT
the

in

Biil-/Fary& Boule v^Ert, &c.

In

where the Ark,

stances

mean

Raised-up Earth.
to

a few

in-

we

shall

not

be able

decide, whether the sense

of

Element RM, &c. be derived from the idea of the firm Raised-up Moxind, or from the general and universal sense of the Element of Strong or Violent Agitation, by
Strength, annexed to the
Stirring or Routing

up a Surface.

Among

the words denoting

the

Raised-up Mound,

we

(Uu^eef/,t?,

Pyramis, figura in
if

must class the Ram in piRAMid, conum, velut fiamma ignis, attenuata.)
word
idea,

It

should seem, as

the Greeks in giving to a part of this

the form of Uv^ had

claimed

it

for their

own, under the

is

which their interpreters

Article,

have done.
the
Radical.

The pi

the Egyptian

and the

RM
Pw*),

is

In the Greek Erumwo^,

E^u^a,

Erum^, RuMa, Rome,

E^vu,

Traho,

Vvy-ct,

Tutamen, ab Fluentum, Tutamen, munimentum, aPuw, Fluo,

(E^upc?,

Munitus,

Vu^Yi,Roh\.\r, vis, a

Roboro, sed pro eo usurpatur

Puwvf^t, vel

Puvwu,

Puo^oii,

Agitor, in
is

med Ruo,) we may

perceive a set of words,

to

denoting what
simple form

Strong;

which are allowed

belong to the

'^R,

whether by the analogy of the Language, or

it is

any other process

nexed
to

not necessary to decide, and to

be anout.

the idea of Commotion

Agitation,

as

To Draw

To

be Agitated, &c. &c.

In Ronnuo, (Vuvwco,)

we
its

see the n annexed to the simple

form

R^, without any idea of

the Language.
lary,
I

being an addition from the analogy of

in

In

examining these words,

my Greek

Vocabu-^

cast

my

eyes on
at

Rume,

(Pujtii?,

Impetus,

Vicus, platea,

a Puw,)

where we have

once the term of Agitation and a Path,

the Spot Stirred up

or the Ground, that

is,

by the Feet, or the

Spot, with the Dirt Stirred up of walking.

I

off,

away, &c., for the convenience

find likewise in the

in

same opening RuMBOi,

(Puf^lSof,

Rotula, Turbo, Impetus,) which,

one sense, has precisely the

same

THE
same idea
referred to
as

EARTH.
Impetus)
In
is
;

1213
is

Rume,

(Pvfiri,
(Psf/^ISw,

and yet the former word

circumago,) where
it

Rembo,

Gyrum
the

is

not

even conceived,

that

this

derived from

the analogy

of the

Language.
lary

find likewise in
(Po^ujwa,
is

same opening of my Vocabusordes,

et
id,

Rumma,

Purgamentum,
derived

quo sordes
Sordes eluo,

purgantur,) which

from

Rup/o,

(Putttw,

purgo, abstergo,) where

off,

we

not only see the idea o{ Stirring up

''

but, moreover, Stirring up or off the Dirt of the Ground, as'

my

hypothesis supposes.

In this
its

opening of

my

Vocabulary we^
/I

see the simple form R, with

p, &c., all

various adjuncts K|s, &c. NJ

m',

containing the same fundamental idea of Agitation or

Stirring up

about off away,

(VutAi,

&c.,

annexed

to ^R, R"^

as Ruo','

i?Momai,i?oomai,
(Pus-ra^w,

Fluo,

Puo[/.ixi,

Eripio,

Vuofjt.ut,

Agitor,) Rust^xo,
Rtnie,
(Vu[^7!,

Trahendo;) Rapio;
ReMBOS,
{Pef/,f3og,

Ronn^^o, {Puvwu,')

Im-

petus,)

Impetus,)

Rupto, (Vutttu, Sordes, eluo,)

&c. &c.

and

let us

again note the explanatory term Hapio, bear-

ing the same idea.

We

see, that

Erma,

(E^^tta,

Saxum

in

mari.

Inauris,
to

Monile.)

signifies a Projecting

Rock
or

the strong Barrier or Mound, against

wjiat Incloses
dtf.

the beating
Infolds, as
{p^f^oq,

Waves, and a Ear-ring or Necklace,

Barriers
colli

Mounds

This brings us
Statio navalis.)

Ormo^,

Monile,

ornamentum,
Orm^o,

If

Okmos>
the

(O^jMo?,) is

not formed after this process,

{0^y.eu,

we must conceive

original idea to exist in

sc.

Stationem habeo.

Appello,
;

navem

in

Portum,)

in its

sense of Jppello,

To
to

Drive to Land

and thus Ormeo,

original

(O^f^iu,)

would be attached
O^f^t;,

Orm^o, Ormc,

(O^jxuu, Incito, Concito, Impelio,

idea.

Impetus,) where
the

we

see the

Under

this

process

sense

of the Necklace
in
its

would be derived from the Enclosure of the Port, which, original idea, meant tiie place, into which Ships are Driven.
impossible not to see,

It is

how Ok Mao,

(0^f/,au,)

connects

itself witji the

words

1214
with
the

"R. R.
words
as
in

\-C, D,

G, J, K, Q,

S,

T, X, Z.

of Commotion,

under the form

attached

produced; and
this

it is

equally impossible not to see,

RM, already how the Or in

to

word,

ORnumi,

{o^vvy.t,)

is

Oro, (O^w,
see,

Concito,) where

we have

the simpler form.

Here too we

how

the forms

ORJ-^

are related to each other.

(O^f^ri,)

While

am
I

excast

amining the term Orme,

in

my Greek

Vocabulary,

my

eyes on ORMeia,

{0^f/.iix,

Tenuis funiculus cum virga, quo

motion,

piscatores e seta equina contexto pisces venantur,) which probably

refers to

the

Excited

Catching-up

if

which Fish are caught by the Hook Orm/>/o, {O^^juvov, Horminum,) before produced, which is supposed to belong to Ormao,
(0^[/,u,

may

so say,

by

Concito,)

'

quod Concitet ad Venerem

3'

or

it

may
in

belong

to

it

under the

idea of Shooti^ig
sylvestris,

up or

forth, as

Orm^wo^,

(p^fjcevo;,

Asparagus
Ordo,
I

O^f^svog,

Excitatus,)
catenata,

ORuathos,
or Fur-

(O^l^xSog,

Series,

catena, series

Latibulum, lus-

trum.)

suppose, that the original idea of this race of words

relates to the operation of

Routing up

Holes Hollows
the

rows on the Ground.

ORMathos,
(o^fictSog,)

In the sense of Ordo, Series, annexed to

and

in that

we have perhaps the notion of of Latibulum, lustrum, we have the Hole

Rima, (Lat.) &c. &c.

Furrow

or Hollow, in

general, as in

f^JM.

THE

EARTH.

1115

^R|m,

b,
'

&c.

Eremwoj, EREB^n05,
(Gr.) Tenebricosus.

&c.

6cc.

Terins signifying

Desolate,' &c.
is

To Lay waste Hence, What

is

O^mts, ORPhanos, ORphan, &c.

(Lat. Gr. Eng.)

in a

Desolated or Destitute

condition.
ed,

What
to

Desolat;

Harm,

&c. (Eng.)

so as

be Solitary

as

^RUMfl.(Lat.)

Night and Darkness.

is

Solitary

or
Rest.

Quiet Undis-

What
Names
of

Man,
8cc.,

the the

Router

turbed

at

Narrower,
Being,
Sec.

Powerful

Ereem 00, Ereemo^,

Erem//^. (Gr. Eng.)

Herm/^,
Vasto,

pi-RoMis Gyp.)

Rome.

(^Egyp. Cop.

Desertum reddo, &c. Desertus,

Rum. (Eng. Cant.)

ERMes. (Gr.) Mercury.
&c. &c.

solus.

Eeremoj. (Gr.) Quietus.

Under
"^R,

the form

^Rm,

''Rp,

&c., with the breathing before the

we have

a race of words, signifying

To HARRz>, Lay
and hence M'hat
is

waste.
in

Spoil,

Desolate,

Destroy,

Injure, &c.

Desolate or Destitute condition

a state of

What

is

Desolate
is

Solitary, as in

Night or Darkness; and hence what

is

Dark

the Night,
Desertus

Sec, what

Among

Desolated, so as to be Solitary, Quiet, at Rest, &c. &c. these terms we may class the following; Ereemoo, (Eotif^oa,

Vasto, Desertum reddo, derelinquo,)

solus, solitarius,

Ereemoo,

(E^rji^oi,

inhabitatus, incultus, praesidio

utili,

ninoque
belong

carcns aliqua re
Erem/76^,

necessaria,) to

omwhich, we know
destitutus,
(H^s^of,

Hermit, &c. &c.

Eeremo^,

Quietus,)

^REMnos

ni6

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
(E^Epof, Tenebricosus, EoeOofpi/ij,

Eremhos, 'EREBennos, Erebo5, ORphne,

^vvog, FurvLis,

obscurus,

E^e^o?,

Erebus, Orel tenebrae et caligo,

{O^(puvoi;,

Tenebrse, obscuritas, nox,) Orphano^,

parentibus, pupillus Orphanus;
the

Orbus parente

vel

Orbus quavis
;

re,

viduus, carens,)

Orphan, the person

(E^e^oi/f,

in a

Desolated state
the

Orbo, Orbus, (Lat.)

Eremboz,

Toug,

T^cayXo^vrag,)

Troglodytes, living in

Dark Holes or Caverns:

the Terra

where we scarcely know, whether the

idea of Darktiess prevails, or that annexed to the primitive sense,

Ereeme, Eremw^, (E^jj^ttij, E^e^i/*),) the 'Terra RiMata,' the RoMMfl^^^-out Ground or Hole; y\V HRB, "The Evening
"

wilderness,

desert,

uncultivated

country,"

according to
term, "

Mr. Parkhurst.
" mix, mingle.
''

The AsaN.

original sense of this

Hebrew

To
RB,

'A mixture, mixed multitude, Rabble,' (which

:i~)

English word may, by the way, be derived from Heb.

"^i^"

"

" Great, and

BL, "Mixture) of men,"

as

Mr.

P. observes.

In the sense of "

To

Mix, Mingle,^' we see the original idea of

Stirring up or together, as Dirt, &c., according to

my
shall

hypothesis.

In Rabb/?, where the

the true idea
;

I is

an organical addition to the B,

we

see

as in Rubb/^^,

Riff-Raff, &c.
Turbidus,

shew, that

Turbo,

To

the Crowd, belong to the Turf.

Misereri,

Arm, (Germ.) Pauper; Arm<?, " ut Latinis Misereri, a Miser," Arb^/Y, (Ger.) "Labor,
is

Disturb,

confuse, mix;

Muddy, and Turba,

" /Erumna, labor ex afflictione," which

in the Latin ORRitas;

nothing but the Orb/7,

German, we have the compound ERB-ARM^n, Irp-Armc;/, which means To pity, Arm^w, though Wachter the Erb, Orbi, the Afflicted, Destitute, &c.
and hence,
in
;

derives

it

from Er-Be-Armen, which

its

is

not improbable.
(Sax.

Harm,

(Eng.) with

parallels

HEARMan, Harm^w,

Germ.) &C;

HARm=Scara, (Wachter,) "Poena

arbitraria,' &c.,

the second part

of which belongs to Scar, Score, &c. &c.

JERVMna, (Lat.) of which

applied
to

the original sense appears in JERvmnula, Furcilla, the Fork, the

Stirrer

up of the Ground, though afterwards

other

purposes,

THE
purposes, as to carry burdens.
to the

EARTH.
The

1217
it

Etymologists have referred

more simple form, when they derive it from Airo, (Ai^u,) and " Erwo, quod mentem Enuat;'' where we have the true metaphor.

Earm,
as

(old

Eng.) Poverty; Yrm^/i, (Sax.) " Miseria, ^rz/mna, &c.

Vexare,
affligere,

" Yrm/^w, (Sax.) Miserum facere.

Desolare,"

Lye

explains them

the latter

who has likewise produced a phrase under word, where we are brought to the Spot and the very
;

idea supposed
'

in

my

hypothesis, " Lytesna ofer ealne YRuefuie

the

Grund.

Propemodum per totam Desolatam Terrain;" where

force of the

YR

in

YRM/a7z

still

remains as

it

does in the terms,

which

see in the opening,

Ire, Ira, YR^/z,

now

before me, of Lye's Dictiojiary,

arabilis,

YRR^,

EAR^A, " Fundus

I

ager novalis,"all

belonging ultimately, as
or EAR^/i,
if
I

conceive, to the

EAR W, hKata, ERa, (Ef,)

be naked.

may

so say.

qiV

ARM, To

Naked, Unis
it

covered, Stripped, &c., to which Mr. Parkhurst has justly referred

Y.^rifjio?,

Eremite, Hermit, Earm, {o\d Eng.)

to its original spot
iii.

This Hebrew word

brought

and true sense, when

signifies in

"Dust and Rubbish,'' whether the speaker uses From the Heap of Dirt is taken the a Dialectic sense or not. Hebrew sense of a Heap of any thing, Corn, &c. The consideration of the Teutonic Arme will enable us to
34..

Nehemiah

understand
tirely a

ii

Scythian term, recorded by Herodotus, which

is

en-

Teutonic composition.

Herodotus
it

tells us,

that

Arimaspu

means One-eyed; and he derives

is

from Arima, which, as he says,

a Scythian term for One, and Spu another Scythian term forOcu-

lus.

Wachter derives

this

imaginary term for One from the nega-

tive a

and Rim, numerus; and the part Spu he justly refers to the

German Spahen, which corresponds with our word Spy. Arima Spu means Arme, Destitute or Deficient, in Spy or Sight, that is, Having some Deficiency in Seeing.' The term Spy pervades
variety of Languages,
as the Etymologi.sts understand.
'

a great

Hence

Spae, (Scotch, &c.)

means
7 p

To

Foretel,'

and Spay-Miin

means

1218
means
''

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
A
Prophet," &c. Some have understood, that the Spa in the name of the Book, containing the Scandinavian
to
this

FoIu^^Spa,

Mythology, belongs
Sibylla
is

idea;

but they have not seen, that

quasi Sby-Bylla, or Spa-Bylla, the Spa-VoIu in Volii-Spa.

In

the

celebrated

Fragment, from which Gray has

of the Prophetesses
is

taken his

Fatal Sisters, one

I

called Svipula,
;

which
form

conceive to be quasi Spa-Pula, or

directly get the

Spa-Volu and from

this

we

Sibylla.
is

This Hebrew word d'^VARM,

only another form of ^""^'ARB,

'A Wilderness, Desert,' &c. Under the simpler form "^R, in Hebrew, we have a similar meaning of Stripping, &c., as ^n^e ARH,
"

To

Pluck

off,

or Crop, as from a tree," &c.

which

have before be or
lie

produced.

In

Hebrew

too,

y^^ cURB, means

belongs
to

"To

" waste or Desolate,"

which

y\y ARB.

The term

comes

to its original sense

it

when

of Stirring up or Cutting up a surface, signifies, as a substantive, " A Knife a Tool to cut

" stones with, a Chisel

and an Ax,

or

Pick-Ax;" where we are

Hebrew words Q-iy HRM, and ^-ij; HRB, have a variety of parallel terms, some of which Castell has collected. The term \^j\ Erma, means "Desert, " Desolate, barren, empty, vacant; Urma, Any, any one;" that and among the various is, a person standing Desolate or Alone; senses of l_^I Erb, we have "Desert, Desolate, laid waste," which
brought to the very
Spot.

In Arabic these

is

the original idea.

The Arabic

Scholars must seek from hence

the various senses belonging to this

In the

word and other

similar terms.
I

same opening of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary

find

the

Persian Jj\

Aram, "

Rest, tranquillity, peace, quiet, repose, cessais

"

tion, inaction."

Hence

derived the familiar Eastern term

Haram,
just

the apartment for Women, the place of Solitude, Separation,

and Quiet.
" Prisons,

The preceding term to the Arabic Erma, Desert, &c., produced, is ^j1 Arm, &c., which among other senses means
chambers, closets, women's apartments," as likewise " Consuming,

THK

EARTH.
I

1219
original idea.
find

"Consuming, ruining, destroying;" where we have the In the next column of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary

^JU;I

Erman,
'

(Pers.) which

means

in

some of

its

senses, " Labour, exer-

cise, grief, anxiety, trouble,"

where we have the precise idea of

R. Ainsworth, "is used for
Afflictio7i,

the Latin

JERVMna; which, says

Toil,

" Hard labour, and by consequence

'^

wretchedness,
it

an-

gnish, any thing that

In the

is

Grievous."
I

Cicero defines
see

" /Egritudo,

" laboriosa."
nia; and
I

same column

&^^j\ Arminiah, Armein

must here observe, that the Etymologist

b,

considering

the names of Places, under the form '^R|m,

enquire, whether such

&:c.,

should

first

names may not be derived from

the Desert

the idea of
I

the Desert, as alluding to certain parts of the Land.

gine,

Thus,
the

imaspots

Arabw means

Country,
highly

though some

included under that

name
is

are

fertile.

Thus

term

Aram,
it is

in Scripture, is applied to

Mesopotamia, because a part of

as Bochart justly

Desert;

and Padan
it;

added, in order to express the Culti-

vated part of
observes,

so that

Pada?t-ARAM means,
pars,

" Mesopotamise culta

Syrians
are
called

quae

Desertce
&:c.

opponitur."
(^Bochart.

Hence the
Geograph.

Arimi, Aram^/,

p. "^5,

&c.)

The form ^RM, RM, supplies the name for Man. Thus Aram is the name of the son of Shem, and the grandson of Nahor; from which latter word some have derived the name of the Country. The names for Man, under this Element, have been derived, as imagine, from the same train of ideas as the words denoting I
Land, though they are applied
the notion
to persons in
tlie

of the

Harrower

an active sense, under

Poiverful
Sec.

Router

the

Strong
these

Being

and hence the Being

for

in general

Man,

To

names
Prince

Man we must
is

refer the

Egyptian term for a Kifig

A Great Man, recorded

the

by Herodotus, Pi R0M/5,

(nioufjLig,)

where the Pi

the Egyptian article, and not a part of the word,

as Herodotus supposes,

Coptic and the Gypsey

Romk the
English

1220
English

^R.R.

\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,^.
Rum the
;

cant term

Eastern

Conqueror Ram;

such

terms as Ramas, Rames, &c.

signify something

which, as Mr. Bryant has seen,

High and Great, though we must observe, that

some words, denoting High, may be directly connected with the the Egyptian term Herm^^, Erm^^, (E^fAi??,) High-Raised RAMpart

/-ERE^l/i^/^,

&c.

The English

cant
is

term

Rum was

originally de-

rived from the Gypsies.

Rum

interpreted by Mr. Grose " Fine,

its

" good, valuable,"

plication.

who

has collected fifty-two examples of

for the

ap-

To

this

term belong the names

will be manifest

Liquors called

Rum

and Rumbo, which

by observing, among the

examples, quoted by Mr. Grose, the adjective

Liquors,
Guttlers,

Rum

as applied to

as

"Rum,

Booze,

Wine,

or

any good

Liquor

Rum

Good French Brandy. " Rum Squeeze, Much Wine, or good liquor, given among Fid" dlers. Rum Hoppers, A Drawer at a Tavern." Castell, under D"in HRM, the Chaldee word, has produced H0RM/5, as the name the country ARMEN/a, and the sense of Deus of a Demon Dominus ; and among the parallel terms we have a Syriac word
Canary Wine.
Nantz,

Rum

denoting

Ef/i*ij?,

Mercurius

Fortis,
will

potens, validus, &c. &c. with

various other terms, which will be found,

when

examine?!, to

come

within the sphere of

my

explanation.

This name of a Demon

i^l-^jij

remind us of the Persian AHERMan

"

A Demon,

spirit,

giant, satyr.

The

principle of Evil,

"in

opposition to Ormuzd, the principle of Good,"

itself
;

Here, how-

ever some difficulty presents

not indeed, as to the original

idea or the ultimate Radical, but as to the

precise nature of the composition.

mode
first

of conceiving the
is,
is,

The
is

point to decide

whether the former part of the word whether

it

^her or Aherm; that

''R,

belongs to the simple form

is,

or to

Km

and the

second point

whether the n be an organical addition to the m,

or whether the
as

MN

be not significant, under the idea of the

in

Man;

we must ever bear

mind, that the Persian

is

a Teutonic
Dialect.

THE
Dialect.

EARTH.
in

1221surely the

The Or

or

Orm

Ormuzd has
its

ing of the Potent Being, applied in

observe, with respect to Ormuzd,
it,

good sense.
that the

same meanI must first

^^l
is

word preceding

in

Mr. Richardson's Dictionary,

Urmoji, Difficulty, Trouble,

and likewise
in

"A

forest,

wood,

retreat, or

haunt of wild beasts;"

which

fi^'ild

Desolate Desert Spot;

the form '^RM.
ijl

latter sense

we

unequivocally see the original idea of the

and

in the

former sense

it

agrees

with the Persian term, before produced, Erm^, Trouble.

Here
or

we have
the

The same
first

idea however appears under

form

Aur, the

letters

of the

Persian

ORuuzd
Bring, &c.

AvRmuzd
Move, &c.

in

the familiar verb i^Cuj\ AuRde}t,

I

To

Throzv, Sec, which

have shewn to relate to an action

The second part Mtizd of Ormuzd seems to belong to t^^ M RD, (Pers.) '*A Man, a hero." The term Murd, which is nothing but the Mort in Mortalis, is known to
of Force and Violence.

Demon, as dycyjCi Div-Murd, " A wild " man, a monster, a satyr." With respect to Aherman, I must observe, that the Man seems to be significant, and to mean Man,
exist in another

word

for a

the Being, whether the former part be Alter or Aherm.

In the

Persian terms for a Hero, (j^Uj^ Kaherman, a celebrated fabulous

Hero of
of a

Persia,

Demon

and ^^j^j Behman, a King, Monarch, &c. Name or Genius, &c. I think we unequivocally see the
is

Man,

the Personage; the Beh

the

B\

or BR, denoting Great, in

:

a variety of Languages,

^U

Bar, (Pers.) &c.

and the Kaher bein

longs to an Arabic word, adopted by the Persians,

the

same

column of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary, Kehr, Force, Violence Kehr kirdn, (Pers.) To conquer, &c. Under Caherman is a Persian quotation,

"of

his

which Mr. Richardson translates by "The Caherman times, and the Neriman of his age, (used comparatively as
let

"we
a

do Alexander, Cssar,&c. ;)" where

us note in Neriman, that

the A/a again appears.

The Neri

term

in

the

same column

Neriman '^l^J belongs to of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary

Ncrh

1222

^R.R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
virile cujusvis

Nerh o J " Membrum

"

animantis," or to

its

parallel

term in the preceding column

J Ner, "Male, masculine MemGerman Narr,

in the

brum

virile."

To

this

belongs the
parallel

Stultus

to

which Wachter can find no

Dialects.

Gothic and Saxon

The Kar,

the

Male and

the

Fool, means the

gNar,

the

Hard substance,
kNur, kNiirl,

"

"gNarled Oak," &c. kNorre, (Germ ) gNar," &c. &c. Whatever may be the origin
as the
I

ofthe Persian Aherman, such

imagine to be that of the German

In

Herman, Akminuis,

&c. &c.

German,

as

Wachter observes,

Herman

signifies

" Aries,

vir gregis,"

which he very naturally

quasi Vir gregis. Nothing
in

derives from Her, Grex, and

Man, Mas,

can be more probable;

Glossary,
as in
is

and yet the preceding word

Aries
;

Wachter's

Herm, Harm,

where we have the form ^RM,

Harm, under
still

the idea of the

Harm^^,

the Router, Butter.

exercitus,

Yet

in the

same column we have Herman, Miles, Vir

very properly, as
it

which he
to

seems, refers to

Her quatenus

Exercitum notat.

He seems

to doubt,

whether Armin/5 belongs

Herman, or

to the Celtic Aer, Praelium,

and Man.

The

Celtic

Aer and the German Her, belong, as we have seen, to each Such are all other, under the idea of Harrow/w^, Harry/w^.
the facts, belonging to the formation of these words

and the Reader must form

own opinion. If we suppose, that the Ger belongs to the Arminh, &c. &c. Ger or JVer, bellum, and Man, we come to the same thing, as we In the same see in w-Er, how we are brought to the form '^R. ;" column of Wachter we have Herm^w, "Sich H^rme'M, Contristari which he justly refers to Harm, Luctus and here the addition of
his
;

Herman, &c., The ^-Erman/ mean

the

arises

from the

Infinitive termination.

We

have likewise

" Ermelin, Harmlein,

Mus

Ponticus.

Gallis

Ermme ab Armenia
Europam advehedisposed to think,
that

"

dictus,

quod inde ejusmodi murium

pelles in

" rentur."
cal fact,

This Etymological conjecture depends on an HistoriI

which should be well examined.

am

THE
that

EARTH.
the

1223
as

Ermine, (Fr.) &c.

&c.
it
;

means

Mouse,

denoting

the

Scratcher,
this

and the French Etymologists

will see, that

with

with a word in their Language, under the same form, Ermine, " Instrument de menuisier pour degrosser " le bois;" where the term actually signifies the Scraper. But
idea

agrees

what

is

curious, these terms are directly brought in

French to the
"Terres en
E^i/jwa.)

idea of the

Desolated

Ground, as Erm^5 denotes

derives from

" friches," which

Menage
is

Ereema, (De t

The Ermine,
which
I

the Fur,
;

supposed to be derived from the Mouse,

is

probable

yet this

depends

on Historical evidence.
Furry substance
this is
is

shall shew, that in general the sense of the

is

derived from the idea of what

Rough, and that

This
is

connected

with the Ground

which,

in
is

Rough

state.

the origin of Fur^

Stuff,

we know,
as

at

once applied to the

tea-kettle.
I

and the Dirt

too,

concretion,
Sable, black,

the

Furred

shall

shew

that

and

Sable, the Stuff,

belong to Sabuliim, for the same

reason.

Bochart has referred the French word Ermine, the In-

strument, to an Arabic term of a similar meaning;

and we

shall

understand, after the above observations on Eastern terms,

this relation takes place.

We
is

cannot but observe, that the

of the Great nation, the KoMans,

Romani,
is

how name

belongs to our Ele-

ment

RM

and Romani

the name, by which the Gipseys dis-

tinguish

their

own
I

Tribe.

This

certainly
to
his
I

very

curious

coincidence;

and

must leave the Reader

its

own
V/e

reflexions

respecting the cause of

offer a

existence,

on which
(p.

have ventured to
shall find,

suggestion on a former occasion,

in

320.)

as

we proceed forward
mankind
is

our Researches, that the secret History

of

deposited in the Elements of Language.

'K] V,

F,

&c.

nu

R.

R/.--C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

*R|v,

F,

&c.

w-ARp, &c. (Eng.) To Throw,

cast up, as the

Words
and
it

relating to the Ground,

to the action

Ground,

in

of Stirring

Mould^w-hR?.
w/i-ARf &c. (Eng. &c.) The Thrown up Ground. wKa?, &c. (Eng.) To Throw,
Cast over, or about.

by the Instruments of Husbandry the H ARRotf

up, as

&c. &c.

Terms, which are

connected with these words,

and which express actions of Violence Commotion Agi-

as signifying To Pluck TearSweep up away,

tation,
off,

UAKvest, Reap, &c. (Eng. &c.)

Arpe ARPa^^.
for

(Gr.)

Reap-

ing-Hook, and an Instrument

&c. &c.

Raking the Ground.

ARPazo,

ARv-Mw. (Lat.) The Ager k'R-atus, or EAR'^ Land. ORva, URva. (Teut.)
vomere
dentatis

Rap/o. (Gr. Lat.)

To Sweep

off,

away.
Rob, RAp/e, Rav/s/i,

Glebas

KAvage,
^Avenous,

Aratri
Rastris

proscindere,
vertere

Rave, Rip,
et

minuere.
IRp-ex,

Rive, &c. &c. (Eng. &c. &c.)

&c.
(Lat.)

URp-^^,

Riff=Raff,
Rubb/^^, &c.

Rake, or Harrow.

ARf, URf, &c. (Teut.)

tus.

Any
RBL.
Rabble, Raffle, Ruffle, Rumple, Riffle.

Rustic Instrument or appara-

ARmj.

(Lat.)

Any

Tool, In-

strument.

&c. &c. &c.

It

THE EARTH.
Jt
is

1225
Xexicographers

impossible,

think, not

to grant, with the

and Etymologists, that ARvwm, "Properly Land Ploughed, but " unsown, but in general any Field, Ground or Land," belongs to

ARo.

Here we

at

once

see,

how
^R.
for

the form ^Rb,

Rv, &c.

is

conus

nected with the simple form

of the Greek
(Afo?.)

Vossius likewise reminds

Aro5,

(Aoof,)

which the /Eolians said ARbo5,

is

An
to

adjacent word to this in our Latin Vocabularies,

AKvi^pendium

ARBi=pendiiitn,

or

ARa=pemiis,

Measure

of

Land;

which have been justly referred the terms in modern

Languages, as AR=pent,{Yv.) AER=pant, (Belg.)&c.

part of these words belongs to

The former
&c.;

ERa,

(E^a,)

ARvwm, EARt/i,
an

and the Pant,

Peti, signifies, as the

Etymologists say, 'Ambitum,'

where

it

agrees

with

various

names,
Penes,

denoting

Enclosure,

Boundary, &c., as Pen, (Eng.)

Penus, (Lat.) the Storeto

House
*'

Finis, (Lat.) &c.

Another adjacent word

KRwiim
us,

is

ARv/wa, or ARsma, which means " Pingue durum quod

cutem
et
is

est inter

viscus;"
a
Sicilian

and here the Etymologists inform

that

ARB/;za

word
a

for the Flesh, (Af;m,

idea.

K^sxq,

SoceXo?,)

though

some propose

different

These terms seem

to

mean only

the liising-up. Swelling-out Extremity, like the ARv?/;w of a Ploughed Field.

the Ridges

We

have seen, that Ruck, the

in
;

back, means the Ridge.

We

have seen likewise, that

Armoric
"

where ERo, ERvv, ERvew, means " A Ridge, Or (high) Furrow we again perceive, how the forms '^R, Rv, pass into each other.
Wachter, under ERb^,
placed
in

different

articles,

signifying

Hares, Hareditas, " Possessio viventis, mobilis

et immobilis,"
;

has

produced various terms, as ORre, Pecus, Pecunia

YRf, YRf^,
;"

" Pecus, bona, res, universa suppellex rustica, et prsediorum dos

ER^v^, Hsreditas; and ORva, or URv<z, " Glebas vomere

" proscindere, dentatis Rastris vertere, et see the original idea.
It

aratri

minuere;"

where we
the

should seem, as
7

if

these words, denoting

imt)

^R. R.^

-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.
ARwum; and
Yet
thus perhaps

the Heir, Property, the Instruments of Husbandry, belonged directly to the idea of the Field or

we
is

should imagine, that Heir, HjERes,8>cc. did not belong immediately

to

the

same

series

of terms, as ERb^.

this
is

distinction

minute, as

we have

seen, that HjE^es itself

derived from the

action of Stirring up the Ground, whatever

may

be the precise idea

the writer has
relating ~to the

by which

it is

connected with that action.

fiy

When

performed his duty

matter
;

producing

all

the facts,

the Reader

must be contented
In
the

to take his share in deciding

on the question.

German term

ARBeit, Labor,

and
;

its

parallels ERride, &c.,

we

are again brought to the

Ground

and

Wachter has
tere;

justly reminded us, under this word, of the various

forms Ar, Terra;

Erw, (Celt.) Jugerum; Vrtu, Orva.&c. &c.

I

ERwen, Terram
cast

ver-

am examining on Arf, "Telum missile,"

While
the
Celtic Ajf,

these words, in Wachter,

&c.,

my

eyes

which he has justly compared with

;

the

Saxon Arzve, Mrwe, Sagitta

as

the English

Arrow, &c.; which,

lari,

he says, some derive {xomWerjen, Jacu-

and others from Yra, Vibrare, and which has found its way into proper names; as KR^ogastes^ teli potens, &c., and Arabo, " fluvius, in Danubium sese eff'undens, nunc Rab^," &c. He does
not appear to understand, that Arf, in this sense, belongs to the

succeeding word Arf, " Instrumentum Rusticum," which he has

properly referred to Urf, Universa supellex rustica;

Or\ a,

Arare.

The

original idea,
the

we

see,

is

that of a Rustic

Instrument for

Ploughing

Latin IRp-e.r, " up Herbs by the Roots, a

it,

Ground; and hence any weapon in general. In the URp-^z, HURp-^x, "A Rake with Iron teeth to pull

HARRow,"

as R. Ainsworth explains

we are brought to the very spot, supposed in my hypothesis. We now perceive, if Arrow be directly connected with these words, and is, quasi Arrov, or Arrof, that it is ultimately attached

THE
tached
It is

EARTH.
it

1227
this
idea.

to the

ARvwrn, remote as

may seem from

impossible

now

not to see, that Arm^, Arms, &c., are only

different

forms

of Arf,

Urf,

and that they are attached

to

to

AKMentum,
to

Cattle,

which the Etymologists understand

belong

Aro.

R. Ainsworth explains

Arma,

in

one sense, by "All

"

manner

of Tools for

all arts,

mysteries, occupations, and diver-

" sions ;"

and he produces two familiar passages, where we are brought to the genuine idea of Uustic Instruments, "Dicendum
sint

" et quae

duris Agrestibus

Arma.

Cerealia
of a
I

Arma."
is

It

is

not necessary to multiply quotations on so familiar an application

of the term.

The Akmus,

the

Arm

Man,

the effective

Instrument, with which he performs actions.

Tool, Telum, belong to Till,

shall

shew, that

and oPLon,

(OttXou,)

To

Poleo, (UoXeu,

Aro,)

To

Plough, for the same reason.

I

In the Dialects of the Celtic

find for ARm^i, in

Lhuyd, the

Welsh ARv^,
tionaries, are
find

the Irish

ARm, and

the Armoric

ARuel.

The

forms, under which the term

likewise

"A ARueth, A
ARf,

ARViE appears in the Welsh DicWeapon, Tool}'' EIRf, YRf and we

;

Preparing, preparation, provision

;

and

ARMerth,

To Knead

dough, &c.

where we come

to the

more

original idea of Preparing plastic materials, as in the Cultivation of

Land.

In Armoric, the term

An

Ambry, cup-board;
&c.,
vvhicli

AkmorIou, means Arms; and Armel, where let us note the term Ambry or
Etymologists

Amber,

the

have

justly

referred

to
for

Armarium, (Lat.) Aumoire, Armoire, (Fr.) &c. the Repository

Arms

of every

sort.

Instruments, Vessels, &c.

In the Greek

Arma, (A^/tta, Currus Vehiculum, et A^jwa, Onus, ra a^wa-a, Anna,) we have the Rustic Instrument of the Cart, &c. and in Armali<7, Alimentum demensum,) we have the 'Prepared (AfjtAAa, Cibus,
;

Provision, as contained in the Repository of the

see,

Armel.
to find,

Thus we
that the

what we should naturally expect,

a priori,

terms for Instruments

Tools,

&c., by which

things

iire effected.

Made

1228
Made

-^R.R/ .-c,d,g,j,k,q,s;t,x,z.

Prepared, belong to that important action of Cultivating or

referred to the

Preparing the Land, to which they were originally more particularly applied.

The term w-Arp must be

its

Element

"^RP,

and

true idea

is

that of Stirriyig
It

Throwing Turning
I

or Casting
to the

up

about,

&c.

was

originally applied, as

imagine,
as
in

action

of Throwing up

the Ground, Avivum, &c.,

Its

ORva,
term

URva, Vertere Terram.

genuine sense appears

in the

Warp,

as applied to the Mole, or the

for a

Mould='WARP.

The word

Mole belongs to Mould,

similar reason.

Junius, and his

different articles,

Commentator, Lye, have placed

under the senses of "Conjicere" "Ovum parere, "Wrap" " Incurvescere" "Warp in
for

Warp

iii

five

excludere" cloth. Stamen;"

which

latter

word Junius has

justly referred to the parallel terms,

signifying "
fVerfen,

To Throw,"

in

various Languages, as IFeorpan, (Sax.)

conjicere.
all

(Germ.) Wairpan, (Goth.) Jacere,

The Ety-

mologists, however, seem to understand, that in

these senses,

except in that of
tal idea.

Wrap,

the term contains the same fundamen'

In the sense of the

surface,

Warp'^

Pannel'

we

see that of an

uneven
&c.
In

when it is Thrown tip German, Werf^w, 'To Throw,

"Die Schwelle hat
sich

in Ridges

Protuberances;

cast or fling a thing,' &c.

means,
fVood,
'

in

one sense, the same as the English Warp, applied to

ein

as

wenig ^^worfen, The

threshold has Cast or

Warpd

a little," as

my

Lexicographer ex-

plains it*.

Wachter

We
its

shall

now

understand the beauty of a celebrated passage in Shakspeare

-,

who

has applied

Warp

to that state of a Surface, as water,

when

it is

Stirred up or Forced

from

naturally

smooth condition by the action of

which, under
all its

a violent agent, as a

Freezing

Wind

or Frost in general, to

operations,

we have

ever annexed the idea of

Corrugating or Shrivelling up a Surface.

" Freeze,

THE

EARTH.
circulus,

1229
from the Latin

Wachter has derived Weorf, Warf,

describerc.

OrbzV, which he refers to Urbz/^, Curvus, and IjRBare, Circulum

These

words

certainly

all

belong

to

the

terms

w-ERTen, w-ERsen,

Vertere;

Orv^, Urv^, Vertere Terram.

fully,

We

shall

now understand most

how Orbo, Orbm^,

tached to Orbis, under the idea of Stirring up

Routing or Turning
my
conjecture in

are at-

up or over, so as to make Desolate, according to

another place, just as Verto signifies "
" throw, to Cast dovVn, to
Turti

To

Turn,''

and

"To

over-

upside down,'" zs R. Ainsworth

that

explains

it.

We

shall

now

at once agree,
it

Urb5 belongs

to

these words Orb/^, &c.,and that

means the

Ciraanfererice or the

Surrounding Boundaries of a City.

to

We

are here again brought

the

Ground;

as

the

Etymologists

acknowledge,

that

Urb5
" quo

belongs to \]Rmim or Urv;/w, " Aratri Curvatura, pars Aratn\

Freeze, Freeze, thou

Thou dost not

bitter sky,

bite so nigh,
:

" As benefits forgot Though thou the IVaters W.arp, " Thy sting is not so sharp, As friend remember'd not.

(As Tou Like

it.)

We

must observe, on

all

these occasions, that the

mind does not confine

;

itself to a

single

idea, or to

one mode of operation existing in a certain action

but

it

embraces

at

once

and

without deliberation, the various modes, under which that action familiarly operates. The Bitfcr or Freezing Sii/ is sometimes accompanied by the Freezing "Wind, during the
action of

which we

see the

smooth surface of the Water Waiu''d

Agitated

or Stirred

up in Wrinkles or Corrugations ; and again the Bitter Sky, with or without Wind, Stirs up or together Turns Draws \i\} or together, or Contracts the same smooth surface into a

we have ever been accustomed to connect with the action of Throwing up or together the Clods or Dirt of the Earth in Heaps Ridges Rucks, &c. If tlie Poet had used the word Corrugated instead of Waiu''d it would have expressed every idea, which we annex to the action of Frcst upon
clodified state, if

may

so say,

which Clodified

state

we know, that Corrugated is derived from the action of Throwing up a and Ridges. In short, however we may reason on the peculiar application of Waui>, in this passage, we must refer the idea to its familiar and aI imagine, original sense, when it is applied in the combination Alould-W Miv to th<; action of Vf ,\v.\'ing up the Mould in Heaps, or into a Mass, &c.
the

Water

and

surface in

Rucks

1230
seems

*R. R.

\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T,X, Z.
We
cannot but note, how c-Vkvus
itself

" quo muri designabantur."

to

connect

with these words, either by the vowel

breathing passing into the harder sound C, or by the Teutonic addition of the Ge, ^^-Worf. shall find many words under

We

the form

CRV.

Sec,

which seem
In the

to bear the
till

same

relation,

but

we cannot
shall

well decide on these points

the

Element CR, CRb,

(PaCof,

be fully unfolded.
PouCou,

Greek Raibos, Raiboo,

Incurvus,

Incurvo,) the breathing before the

it

does not

appear, but in the old English word Wrabb^^/

is

visible.

An

ancient cckmic writer, speaking of

women,

says,

" Be theyr condicions so croked and crabbed,

" Frowardly fashionde, so wayward and

Wrabbed.
(Old Plays, Vol.
i.

p. 9.)

Mr. Steevens observes on this passage, that Wrabbed is "a word " coined for the sake of the rhime." Let us mark the explanatory term c-Rabbed, which should likewise
these words.

seem

to

belong to

Wachter, under Were, Circulus, reminds us of the

its

English

Wharf, and

parallels

Hweorfa, (Sax.) Crepido,

littoris,

Ripa; Werf, (Belg.) &c.

We

see,
side,

how

the

Wharf
it

relates to the

Raised-up Spot by the water

or
in

because

means

the

Warp'd

Thrown-up
which water

Ear^A, in making the Furrow

is

Channel Hollow,

made to pass. Skinner has rightly explained Wharf by "Agger factitius in flumine prominens;" and has referred it, as Junius has done, to the German WERFF^/i, Jacere, &c.,
though they have forgotten the kindred term
in

English

Warp.

Here again we cannot but note, how c-'^Rep/V/o agrees in seY\se with Wharf; and let us note a similar apparent relation of
c-ARYB-dis to Hw-EoRF-Pole.

Werf, Warf, mean,

Werf, but
to

in
;

Turns round, or Surrounds

German, "Circulus, circuitus," what which Wachter has not referred to

Vertere.

Werb^w,

We

shall

now

understand,
that

THE
of

EARTH.

1231
This sense

that these verbs are only different forms of each other.

Werb^w,

Fertere,

is

the original idea; and yet nothing, on the

more remote from the primitive notion than the various significations of WERnen, which means " To traflfick,
first

view, can appear

" trade, &c.

To woo or court a lady To levy or raise

sense
of Commerce
is

soldiers,"

&c. &c.

The
or

derived

from the idea of

Change
hands.

Turning things about, so as to pass into different

In the sense of Courting

we

still

see the idea of Turning

or Going round or about, as the Latins use, says Wachter, Ambire,

(Ambire amorem

puellae,)

i.e.

Circumire for Circumeundo petere.

The

sense relating to Soldiers, as connected

idea of Stirring

Turning or Raising
Under WERsew,

with the original

up,

is

manifest from the ex-

planatory words Levy and Raise, which both belong to the notion
of Stirring up.

produces

HWEORf Pole,
see,

gyrum moveri, Wachter Carybdis, which we call WHIRl-Poo/;

Verti, in

where we
that

how

the

''

imparts

its

sense to these words, and

and l are merely organical additions, as likewise WIRbel, Vertex, where the / is again an organical addition to the
the
f

We have the simpler form of these words, signifying " To Kb. " Turn up round about aside," &c., in Wrie, Virer, &c. and

thus

we

see,

how

in all the

various forms, the "^R

may

be consi-

dered, as imparting and preserving the original force and spirit of

wRearh, &c. weRBen, zveRren, &c. All this is perfectly visible, without any confusion or embarrassment and we all acknowledge the relation, which
J

the Element, as w-^ie, viRer, &c. veRro,

these words ultimately bear to each other, and

we

sufficiently per-

ceive the different degrees of affinity, by which the various

in this

members

common

family have been thus related.

The

succeeding

word, in Junius, to
" primae, secundze,

Wharf,
teniae.

is

"

Wharf frst,
"
;

second, third, Vices

V.

Turn

where, under

Turn, he

refers us justly to the

Teutonic Uuarben, Vertere, though he does

not

1232

^R.

R.\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X,
Wharf,
now
Vices,

Z.

not see any relation between

and Wharf, Moles,

the Turned up or Cast up Ground.

The

Latin Ripa,

we

shall

see,

means the wJiuRf or Cast^

out Soil or

Mound, from

the Channel or Hollow.

RiPi^ by "Pinnacula
of the

terras

juxta fluvium,"

Some explain where we see the idea

whaRr more fully. Ripa has been referred to Rivus; and we shall now see, that Rivus, the River, is the Excavated Channel, of which Ripa is the Mound or Bank. From Rivus is supposed to be derived Rivalis, the Rival, the contending Partner in
the Water-Course, that necessary object in the cultivation of

Dry

more humble and original In Euripo^, (Ev^tvog, Euripus, Fretum reciprocum, quale sense. Stagest inter insulam Eubaeam et Atticamj Fretum quod vis
Lands, where Kivus appears in
its
:

num
when

seu fossa, aqua plena in hortis,)

it is

we

see the Rivus with a

its

breathing before the "Rv, and

it

brought to
I

primitive idea,

means the Channel

in a garden.

shall

shew, that the

explanatory term Fretum, under the Element

'

FRT, belongs, for To Scratch out Holthe same reason, to the English Fret,$cc. We shaH now Fret Channels in her cheeks," &c. lows,' &c.

*'

see,

that the Ribs,

with

its

parallels

Ribhle,

(Sax. and Belg.)

mean nothing but the Ri?^, or Bounds, In Shakspeare, the Rids including the Hollow of the Abdomen. and the Ri?^ are united, when he describes our Island,
Rippe, (Germ.) &c. &c.
" As Neptune's
"
park,

Ribbed

ftnd

paled in

With

rocks unscaleable."

(Ci/mbe/. A, III. S. I.)

The terms belong

to Rivus, appear,
;

we know,

in

various

LanArrive,

guages, Riviere, &c. (Fr.) &c.

and

in the Spanish Rio

we have

the simpler form, which brings us to Reo, (Pew.)

The term
;

and in and sometimes Rive, are acknowledged to belong to Ripa old English we have RivXge, ("O', do but think you stand upon
**

the

RiVAOE."

Hen.V, A.

III.

S.

i.)

which

is

immediately
derived

HE

EARTH.
same form.

U3S
Let us mark

derived from the French word under the

the term, adopted in the latter sentence, de-RivE, so familiar and

important

in

these discussions
;

which term, \ve know, belongs to

the race of words before us

striking example, to

and which

may shew

us,

by another
are brought

what remote purposes the actions performed on

applied.
to the
It is

the

Ground may be
in this

curious too, that

we

back

more original sense of the Channel of Water " deRivatus, deRived, drawn down in Channels.'^ I cannot omit observing in this place, that a word under the same form,

word

as Rib, which

supposed to be ultimately taken from the idea of

up, so as to

the Earth

Thrown
Land,

form Mounds, actually signifies in

'"'

Scotch the Ridge formed by ploughing up the Land,

"

To

Rib,

To

Rib

to

give

it

half plowing.

S.

Belg.

ge-R\B,

" Ridged."
refer,
I

To

the above words, denoting a Channel,

we must

imagine, the English term Rabb^^, and the Belgic Robbe,

Robbeken; just as the Latin Cimiculus, the Coney, means the Hole,
the Channel, and the Animal.
the

This idea will make

Carpenters,
in

it

agree with

which, among To RABhet N.Bailey, "To Channel boards;" and

verb
;

means, says

RABBetting the Ship-

wright term, " The letting-in the planks into the keel," we have
a similar idea of close union by

derive Rabb^^

from

the

The Etymologists Hebrew term Kin RBA, To Increase;

a

Hollow.

which

consider on a future occasion.

Gawin Douglas, that JFarp is used for Wrap and we shall now understand, that they are only different fonns of each other. Skinner smiles at Minshew for deriving Wrap from the Belgic H^erp, Stamen, or the German Raffen,
have
seen
in
;

We

though he himself derives

it

from the Saxon HwEORF/aw, Ve:tere,

In the
it,

which belongs to IVerp, Warp, &c.

ripere, or, as

German Raff^w, Cor*'

my

Lexicographer explains

To
its

Sweep, take

or.

" Rake together,"

we

see the genuine idea in

stronger sense;

and we cannot help noting, how the explanatory word cor-Rivere,

7 R

Rap/o,

1234

^R.

R/.-C, D, G, J, K, Q,
it.

S,

T, X, Z.
refers

Rap/o, &c. belongs to

Junius, under

Wrap,

to the

Danish WREFFL^r sammen, implicare.

round must be referred the terms
for Tying, &c., as
for

To

this idea of

Wrapp^z^
used

Garments

Substances
is

Robe, and

its parallels,

produced by the EtymoReaf, (Sax.

logists, Robbe, (Fr.)

Robba, Ropa,

(Ital.

Span.)

and old
not de;

rived from Re and Bind. Kift, (apud Jun.) Velum, Velamen

Eng.) Vestis;

RiBa/^tf,

(Eng.)
&c.

Ruban, (Fr.) &c., which

Rif,
in

(Belg.)

Involucrum,

6cc.

Rope, (Eng.) with

its

parallels

various Languages, as Raips, (Goth.)

Rap, (Sax.)

Reeb, (Dan.)
in Junius,

Rhqff, (Celt.)
is

&:c.

&c.

The

succeeding word to Rope,

;

Ropes, or Rappes, Exta, Intestina,

nature.
is,

which mean substances of

In
Belgic,

a RopE-like or String-Wke

RoMP-Sack, means Venter, that

or Intestines.

the 5"^^^

Rop= Sack, or or Bag for the Ropes

No

term can be imagined more appropriate to the

Circumvolutions of the Intestines, than one, which belongs to the Rope; idea ofWRAPPm^ rou?id and round. In Galic, Ropadh is "

" Ropfjw,
'*

little /?o/>^;

Rob a,

Robe

Roppam,

To

entangle,

Ravel;
will

Ruibin,

Riband;"

where the forms

Ruibin

and

Ropan
on

shew

us, that

Riband and Ruban have nothing to do

with Bind or Band, though the form Ba7id was probably adopted
this conception.

Let us mark the term Rav^/, another of these

words.

In the combination RopEY-Matter

to

we

see the idea an-

nexed

Rope, brought back

to its original Spot.

portio,

Lye

explains

Rape,
'

in

one of

its

senses,

by " Comitatus

cujusmodi sunt

sex portiones in agro Sussex."

;

Somner

derives this from Rap,

Funis ; but Lye refers it to the Islandic Repp, " Districtum vel " Tractum Terra notat " where we are brought to the Spot,
supposed
Districtus
in

my

hypothesis

and

we

see in the explanatory words

and Tractus, which refer in some of their senses to an action of Violence in Tearing up a surface, how Rape, in this
signification, coincides with Rape,

belonging to Uap/o.
in

In old English, Ropery and HoPE^Tricks occur, as

Shaks pea re,

THE
speare, Sec.

EARTH.
tliis,

1235
that

"What

saucy merchant was

"his Ropery?" {Rom and Jul.) " An he begin once, he will "rail in his Ko?v^^ Tricks." {Taming of the Shrew, A. I, S. 2.) Mr. Malone observes, that these terms " originally signified abusive
'
*

was

soTiiU' of

la7iguage,

without any determinate

idea;

such language as

parrots are taught to

speak;" and he produces the combination

"

*'

Rope-Ripe chiding, and HoPE-Ripe terms.

Mr. Steevens conThis

ceives, that

Ropery
it

is

used

for

Roguery, and that Rope Tricks means

"Tricks, of which the contriver

plausible;

may

deserve the Rope."

is

and

might seem, that the combination

Rope=jR/>(?

con-

firmed this idea, and meant Tricks Ripe for the Rope.
writers might perhaps so conceive it;

The

latter
is

yet

this,

imagine,

not

the original idea.

out,

Rope belongs probably

to the

terms for Crying

which appear under our Element

in the

Teutonic Dialects, as

the

German Ruf^w, "To

cry or clamour," the Belgic Roepen, the

Swedish Ropa,t\\e Saxon Rof, Hrop, Hropen, C\amare,&ic. produced by Wachter. These terms for Noise are connected with the idea
of Agitation in Routing up a Surface.
In the English congenial
'^R
is

terms Roar and Rear the

simple form

doubled;

and in
tip

Up-Rore we cannot distinguish between the action of Routing

a surface and Noise.
nation
;

In Rip and Roar

in

we

see the
I

same combiimagine, the

and the Roep

Roep6',&c. had precisely,

In

German, Kopren or Rupp^w, means " Evellere, Falcare segetem " where again we have the true idea, which brings us to the English Reap, &c. Perhaps Rope Ripe is
idea conveyed

by Rip.

the same as Rip and Roar in an inverted

translation of Virgil

order.

In

a Dutch

now

before me, the

" Undique usque adeo

al het

" Turbatur

agris " of this

Poet

is

expressed by " Naerdien

is

" lant dus in Rep en Uoer is," 'All the land

'

thus in Rip and

Roar.'

Wachter cannot help granting,

that

Ruff, Fama,

&:c.

has something to do with

RuMor and Rumpo; where we

see the
In the

same

idea of Noise connected with Breaking up a surface.

,

same

1236

^R. R. \--C,

D,

GJ,

K, Q, S,T, X, Z.

same opening of Wachter's Dictionary 1 see Rum, clamor; RvMen, Laudare; Rumff, " Truncus, et quicquid mutilo simile. Belgis
" Romp.

Utrumque

Rumpo, qua truncus

see, to the

est pars a toto avulsa.

Suecis Rotnpa est cauda;" where \ve are brought to the English

Rump, which belongs, we

Broken
off,

Trunk
;

or Stock, the part

or to be

Broken, Rooted or Routed up;

Rumpf^,
in

" Corrugare

frontem, crispare os vel nasum

"

where

Corru-

gare

we have

the true idea of Routhig up a surface into Ridges,

a similar kind, produced

Ruga, with words of

,.

on another occasion.

Under

the form
confines,

RM
ties,'

we have
&c.

terms,

which signify

'What
Saxon

'infolds,

The

Rim,

Margo,
it

Crepido, &c.
to the

seems

to belong to this idea, as

Lye has
to the

referred

Rima, Rimsa, (Svved.) Reitn,

Hollow.

(Isl.) Ligula,

instita,

fimbria.

The
'

Rim might have been attached

fining
*

Rima, the Bounding or ConThe Reem of Paper seems to relate to The

Packet of Paper, Wrapped up

to Volvo.

about

or together,' just as

Fo-

lumeu belongs

The term

appears in the French Rome,

and the
pared by

Italian

and Spanish Risma, Resma, and has been com-

the Etymologists with these terms for 'Ligamentum,'

as Ream, (Sax.) Riem, (Belg.)

;

Welsh Rhwym, Ligula, who have remarked likewise, that the Latin Remz/j means &c. Lorum, that such is the sense of the Greek Ruma, {Vufx-a., Fluenthe

Lorum;

tum,

Tractus,

Funis ad Remulcum trahendum);

is

and

that
is

from
taken

hence Remulcum

derived.

The Greek Ruma,

{Pui^ot.,)

from the idea expressed by Tractus, which

relates to the action of

Dragging upon a
ing to

Under the same form as Keam, relatPaper, we have Ream, bearing the same sense as c-Ream.,
surface.
see, that as tiie

where we

one

relates to the idea of the Swelling-

object, as of that,

which

is

Rolled

Turned or Stirred up about

Swelling
or Rising up on

round. Sec, so the other relates likewise to the thick Roll-form, as

it

were, the Conglomerated substance

the surface.

We

see, that the

simpler form of

c-Ream and

its

parallels

THL EARTPI.
parallels

1237
Crema,
(Ital.)

Cresme, Creme, (Fr.)

the

Cresima,

&c.,

ap-

pears

in
;

term Rame, the Belgic Room,

as
it

the

Saxon Ream,

&c-

&ic.

and here,

should seem,

we

unequivocally see the

form

c-RM

connected with
'i

KM.

These terms however have

some

difficulty,

he Cremor of the Latins,

"The

thick juice of
at

" Barley, panada water, gruel of Frumenty,"

conceive to be attached to these words

yet

we should we should

once

likewise

imagine, that this term belonged, as the Etymologists suppose, to

the Greek Krimnon, (K^/pov, Farina crassior, Hordeum,) which

naturally refer, as they do, to Kri,
(K^j,

we

Hordeum.)

Terms oi

y1git at ion

Commotioii Violence,

&c.

mider the form ^R, Kjv.

now more
and
in

shall

particularly consider that

express actions of Agitation

degrees,
'

Comtnotion Violence,
commonly
up,
off,

Race of words, which

Szc.

in various

Rout Pluck Tear Sweep

various manners, as

signifying

'Td

away, &c., which are inse-

parably connected with the Terms, already produced, relating to

the Ground, and to the action of Routing or Stirring
it

up,

by the

Instruments of Agriculture,

as

hKwum, OK\a, URva, "Glebas

" vomere Aratri proscindere, dentatis Rastris Vertere, et minuere,"

\R?ex,
,V,

VRpeXy HvKvex, &c. "

Tia^^ with Iron

teeth,

to

pull

up Herbs by the Hoots, a Harrozv,'' as R. Ainsu'orth explains the word under the first of these forms. We cannot but note the
term Herb or Herba, used
in this

explanation; from whence

we

should be inclined to think, that the

Herb meant

the object, which

was
,'

to be

Raked or Routed up,

Rout
up.'
.

just as Root

belongs to the verb

the original

To
;

7*00/ or

ilf this should

be the case,

sense of the word will appear in the verb ^.rHERBO,

n.:

"To

pluck
" up

1238

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
I

" up Herbs or weeds."

have already produced various Terms,

relating to a similar idea of Routing

'

up

out,
I

&c

so as

'

To

Deso-

late

lay waste^'
of

&c., under the form '^RJm, b, &c., which are

derived from the

same

source, and which

have assigned to a

separate place, only because, in certain cases, they appear to bear

turn

meaning somewhat

different,
it

and because from the

variety

of the

Terms

to be

examined,

was necessary

to adopt
>;

some

species of Division.

,The Etymologists acknowledge the connection of Irp^;c with

Arpozo, Arp^, Arp^a', A^page,

qusedam, Harpe,
e

{k^ira^u^,

Rapio,
k^Ttocyvi,

A^tt*;,

Falx, Avis

genere

aquilarum,

Harpago, Irpex.)
(A^tt??,

We cannot

but perceive,

how one

of the words Arpe,

Falx,)

actually relates to an

instrument employed for removing objects

Instrument, Raking over

from the Arv;/w

in

and the Etymologists have produced a passage,

(A^Trxyri,) relates

which ARP^^^e,

to an

the

Ground.
Xcxipsiv
(TiSifi^ri

TrjSi

f^t.'

APFIArH

Sof/,ovg.

The Etymologists produce

Harrows,
ERPO,

likewise the term Sirpices, or s-lR'Pic^s,

to

which belongs
call

the irpic^5, just as 5-erpo does to

to Irp^a-,
in Martinius,
;

(EfTTo;.)

The next word

is

iRpini,

which the Samnites

Irp/, as

denoting Wolves

which words

he has only referred to each other through the medium of A^7ra|. The Harpy, the Bird, &c. is the Seizing animal; and we may
mark, how under another Element, the Falcon belongs to such

words as Falx,
with
A^TTvi,

for the

same reason.
is

The Harp,
is

the Instrument,
A^7ru'(u,

its

parallels Haerpe, (Sax.) &c.

it

not derived from

or

because

Ravishes the Soul, or

Crooked

like

the Falx,

as the Etymologists imagine; but because the Strings are

some-

times Snatched up or Swept with a quick

violent
to

motion.

The

HARPSicor^

is

acknowledged

to

belong to the Harp.

ORpheus
Harpoow^,

may

perhaps mean the HARP^r.

The HARPing

Iron,

are duly referred by

some Etymologists

Harp^^o.

The Sea
term

THE
term Harp/m^s
is

EARTH.

1239

" the breadth of a Ship at the bow, or the

" ends of the timbers called Bejids," says N. Bailey, belongs to the Radical idea probably in
parts,

the explanatory
Conjine.

which Hook

in

Grasp,

term Bends,

the

In Greek, Arpis,
;

(a^tt;?,
is,

Crepida, aut calcei genus,)

means a

species of Siioe

that

the

Grasper of the feet

Vcnri^M,

>

though the Lexicographers derive

it

from

Suo.

All the

Etymologists acknowledge, that the terms

(AfTra^w,
see,
A^tti?,

Arp^zo,
;

Arp^, &c.

&c.)

Connect themselves

with Rap/o

and thus we
It is

how

the forms '^RP,

RP

pass into each other.

impossible, moreover, not to perceive, that HARV^^f and

Reap

belong likewise to each other by a similar process, and that they

both relate to the action of Clearing the surface of the Arvz/w.

The forms Harv^5^ and Reap

bear the same relation as the sub'

stantive, the Crop, does to the verb

To
its

Crop,'

under the Element

Hcvrfest,

CRP.

The term Harv^5^,

with

parallels

(Sax.)

Herbst, (Germ.) &:c. has

been derived
terroe

from Hertlue Festitm, or

from Ar, "Annona sive annuus

Fan, Capere.

proventus;" and Fest from

We

here see, that the simpler form

Ar

is

likewise

brought to
(Efo;,)

its

true sense, as denoting the produce of the

Era,
in

or Ground.

The genuine
In

idea of

Herb^^ appears
signifies "

the

verb Hv.Khsten, Vindemiare.

" rough, sharp, acerb,
explains
face;
it,

German, Herb
&cc.,

Harsh,

Eager," &c.
to the

as

my
to

Lexicographer
a surin

which belongs
thus
I

metaphor of Scratching up
it

and

we

see,

how

is

attached
is

the

Herb
to

Herb^^^w.

have shewn, that

Harsh

to

be

referred

the

form *RS,

to the
is

Herse, the Harrow,

not derived,
1

for the s.une reason.

The

German Herb
as

imagine, from the Latin Acerbiis,

it

Wachter conceives; who

fact, still

calls

Vox nova.

Yet

if

that should

be the
idea,

Erb

in

the Latin /lc-Y.i\\ius belongs to the

to

same
in

and must be referred

Languages,

Arvm;m.

The term Reap

occurs

a variety of

Uipait,

Hriopan, (Sax.)

Raupjan, (Goth.)
&c.

he.

1240

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
[Aoi-n-ui,)

&c. &c., which some derive from Dtepo,

and which others

understand
(Af67ra,)

to

be

connected

with

Rap/o.

Whether J-Repo,

belongs to these words must be considered on a future

occasion.

Some produce with

these words the term, in Hesychius

i/i

and SuidaS, RoBa^W,

(PoEJiji', dotv^iXug,

To.'^uTiftTt,

ti

{/.st'i^^ou

crpoSpov,^

where we have a term of Agitatmi and Commotio?i.

ing word to the Saxon Ripan,

The

succeed-

To

Reap,

is

Ripe, Ripe, Maturu^i

which may belong to each other, as Skinner imagines.

Rife, Largus, copiosus, abundans, &c.

Perhaps

may

refer to the idea of the

Abundant Cro/

or Rip, (Sax.) " Messis, Micel Hif, multa messis."

The
lars

Etymologists compare Rife with the Saxon Ryfe, the Belgic

Riife, the

Welsh Rhef, Crassus, magnus; which the Celtic schomust consider. Junius suggests, that the Welsh Rhy, Rhwy,
to

Rhwyf, niinium, belong

each other;

and

have shewn, that

Rhy
form

is

attached to the Intensive particles, under the Elementary

''R^.

The term Rife might however

Stuff
is

be referred to the idea

of wiiich

of the Riff-Raff

the

Common

Stuff,

there

is

abundance.
Milton
:

Rife

often applied to objects of Comtnotion, as in

" Whence even now the Tumult

"

oj

loud tniilh

Was

Rife."
in

Mr. Warton has produced two passages,

referred to a Report, " So Rife

which the term

as
in

is

a Fame,'' &c.,
was
Rifk,"
is

our ordinary
to

phrases,

'

The

Report

the

Story

which bring us

the

senses

of the
directly

Ripe might
gine,

German Ruff, fama, belong to Rife, 'What

to

&c.,

before produced.

common.'

The very
I

word Tumult, Tumultus, belongs

is

Tumulus;

and such,

ima-

the relation of Rife to the terms under the form RF, &c.,
I

signifying Dirt.
TOr\

shall

shew

in a future page,

that

the

Hebrew
mulsimilar

RBH,

'

To

be, or

become many or
to

great, to increase,

"

tiply,

magnify," belongs

the

Heap

of

Dirt

for a

reason.

Among

THE
Among
&c. &c., signifying

EARTH.
up about off,
its

1241
with Rap/o, Rapzw^,
&c.

the terms, which are connected

To

Rout

To

Seize

Tear,

&c. &c., and expressing actions of Violence

the following;
as

Commotion,
Vxh?ine,

&c. are

Kob, (Eng.) with

&:c.

parallels

Reapi an, (Sax.)

Robber, (P>.) Rauben, (Germ.)

&c. Rape,
&cc.,

RAvm?,

Rave, B^Awage,
parallels,

\lAvish, UAvejious,

RA\en,

with their various

Ravineux, (Fr)

produced by the Etymologists, RAv/r,

&c.

WAveries,

(Lye

in

Jun.)

Latrones

6^-Reav^, (English,)

be=RAVv.en, (Germ.)
is

cSrc.

Perhaps the Latin /)-Rivo,

To

de /)=Rive,

directly taken

from the Teutonic be-[\zA\e, &c. Privus, Parti;

cular, single, &c.

Private means that, which

is

Privatum, Deprived
R.

of attendant objects, so as to be Single,

plains

&ic.

Ainsworth ex-

Privo by

"To

take away, Deprive, Bereave."

di-Riseo,

To

Separate, a similar composition to di-Ripio,

To

tear asunder,

with less idea of Violence; though as applied to the action of

Separating a Turbulent Mob,

Rove, "Hue illucVagari

fers us at last to Rob.

we

see the full force of the Element.

et discursari, prsssertim

Pradandi causa,

" a Dan. RoFFv^r, Prasdari," &c., as Skinner observes

It
is

impossible not to see,

who rehow Roam

;

belongs to Rove.

RoBr, RoBustus, &c. (Lat.)RoBM5i, &c.

in

Ruff,

RvFFian; where
surface
relating
;

the former
latter

we

see the idea of the Corrugated

the metaphorical application,

and

in the

we have
Violence.

to the action

of

Rave

up,

(Eng.) "vox

in

" agro Line, usitatissima pro Explorare,

immissa manu Explo-

" rare," says Skinner;

man Raff^w, "To

RAvidus,{hai.)

which he has justly referred to the GerSweep, take, or Rake together;" and he might
is

have added, that such

the precise relation of Scrutor to Scruta.

RAi.ies,
i.e.

RAP/^,(Eng.) &c.

Rab/Jm5, Rav/o, (Lat.)

To Rave;

Ravus, (Lat.) "Hoarse;'

the Harsh Noise, just as

Hoarse and Harsh belong

to the Herse, (Fr.) the

Harrow, &c.
grate a thing;

Rub, (Eng.) with

its parallels
cScc,
;

REiBen, (Germ.)

To

Wriiven, (Belg.) Atterere,

where we actually see the action

7 s

of

1242

-R.

R/ -C,

D, G, J, K, Q,

S,

T, X, Z.
cScc.

of Scratching upon

a surface.

Rip,
Rima;
at

(Eng.) Hrypan, (Sax.)

Rive, (Eng.)
Reafian,

which the

Etymologists

have 'justly referred

Kift,
" vox

to

Rapere,

Rift, (Eng.)

agro

Line.

" usitatissima pro Ructare," says Skinner;

referred to Resp,
s

which he has properly-

where we see
R.
I

once the addition of the

and

to

the

Elementary

have

shewn, that such words as

RucTO, &c. belong

to the

metaphor of Stirring or Breaking up

a surface, with the idea of Noise, attached to that action.

The
about,
;

next word, in Lye, to Rifte, Rima,

is

Rifte, Velum

Rif, (Belg.)

Involucrum
over, &c.

which means, what

is

Stirred or

Turned up

We

cannot but see, how Rive brings us to Rima

and among the parallel terms to Rive, as Riffue, (Dan.) &c. we have the Belgic Riive, " Rastrum, instrumentum Rusticum, quod
" glebas Radendo comminuit;" where
^ivet, (Eng.) Riv^r, (Fr.)

we have

the

true idea.
in

What

is

Riyed or Driven

with Viosignifies

lence, though for a different purpose.

Rap, (Eng.) which

;

we have the gentler sense but in the phrase " Rap and Rend," we see the most violent sense, as in Rap/o. My German Lexicographer explains "Rips, Raps, (in meinem *' sack,) What I can Rap and Rend, catch and snatch, I'll put " into my pocket." In the phrase " To Rap out an oath," we see, how the idea of violence or vehemence, is connected with that of Stirring up out, &c., where we have the original idea.
a Blow, where

This term

for a

Blow

will

bring us to the Greek Rapizo, Rapis,

PccTrig,

RA^dizo, RAhdos,(Poim(^o), Virga ceedo,

caedo,
PaCSog, Virga,)

Virga, PuQSi^u, Virgis

PoTrocXcv,

Roptron, Ropalon,

(Pottt^ov,

Clava.)

The term Rapw,

but
it

{Putti?,)

not only signifies the RAPP^r or Striker,

(P(p/?,

means

likewise

RapMs,

Acus, Subula.) the Striker of

another kind, the Sharp Instrument, the Needle,&c. the Piercer;

and hence we have Rap^o,

examining these words
I

(Pcctttu,

Suo, Consuo.)

While

am

perceive a kindred

term Rip/o, (Pmru^

its

Jacio, dejicio, projicio, &c.) in

which, and in

derivatives Ripe,

Ripizo,

THE
Rip/ro,
factito.)
(P<4/,
(PiTT*;,

EARTH.
P^m^a, Ventilo,
flabello

1243
ventulum
Ripj,

Impetus

Venti,

we

see the strongest idea oi Agitation.

The term
;

P/7ro;,

Ramus
from

salignus,
its

vimen

flexile,)

likewise signifies a

flexible withy,
Ripz.y,

property of Shipping or Laslwig

and

in

Vas ex vimine contextum,) we have at once the idea of Excitement, and the Flexible Twig. Casaubon
(Vmig,

Flabellum,

observes, " Proprie Vi-m? sunt vimiua et

o*

ti](;

oia-vct^

Xvyot,"

{Not.

ad Athen. Lib.

II. c.

19.)

It is

curious, that

Wachter should not

have produced this word, as a kindred term to the

" Palmes, surculus
to note Va-Qaq.
vitis, et

German Rebe,
is

vitis ipsa,"

though he has not omitted

in

The

succeeding word,

Wachter,

Reb=Hz^,

Perdix, which

some derive from Rebe,

the Grape, and

Wachter from

Ryp, (Ang. Sax.) Seges.

Perhaps the Rebe belongs to the general

these words in

sense of the Element Rob, Rapid, &c., as denoting the destructive

bird.

While

am examining
Repo.
class the

Wachter

cast

my

eyes on Raupe, Eruca, which some derive from Rauben, Rapere,

and others
Piercer

from

Under the idea of the

English RAP/>r and
Rapier,
its

Striker

or the

we must
by
the

parallels,

pro-

duced

Etymologists,
the

(Fr.)

Rapiir,

sometimes
Po[4,<p<zix,

Rampier, (Belg.)

Greek Rojnphe or Romphaia,

{Pof^(pri,

Gladius,) to which might have been added Roipeir, (Gal.)

tuck.

Rapier; Ropaire, (Gal.)

''

Rapier, treacherous, violent person."

To

these Galic words

we may add

other kindred terms, in that Lan-

guage, corresponding with Rapio, Sec, as REAHam, REvsam,

"tear, rend; RoQuin, Robbery,
to these

"To

words

find, in

RoBoidam,ToR\ot, Revel." Adjacent Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, RoBHar, A Sieve ;

HioBH^r,
Sieve
is

Sieve,

Honeycomb, and Riobhlach,

the

Rival.

The

generally taken from the idea of Stirring Agitation, as of

Dirt,
I

about

the

for

purpose of separating

one part from

Rid,

another, as

have shewn under the form RD, in

Riddle.

Let us here note Rioblac^, which,

Rioting, or Revell/7/^;

we

see,

belongs to the idea of

to consider,

and

must leave the Reader

whether

1244

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

whether the Latin Rival/5 does not belong to this Celtic term. If this should be the case, it has nothing to do with the Rivus, as
the Latins have imagined, and have endeavoured, as
it

seems, to

confirm, by giving

it

a similar form in the adoption of the

same

vowel
us of

before the r.

(Pa7r<^,)
its

While I am examining the Greek Rap/so, I cast my eyes on R^pus, {PccTrug, Rapa,) which will remind parallels RAPhanos, KAPhane, {Pa(pKvog, Brassica, Raphajiiis,
Pcttpccvri,)

Radix, (Ang.) Radish,

(Rape, (Eng.) Raib, (Gal.) Raj>e

(Lat.) which latter

Raibe, (Gal.)

Turnip;

RAPwm,

word the

Etymologists derive from Rap/o,

Among
to Dirt
itself

the following
its

To pluck up. words we actually see

the term relating

and

Agitation, as

Riff-Raff, Rubbish, which connects

with
its

in

form
(Fr.)
;

with
&c,

Rub

RuFp/aw,
the

parallels

Ruff,
Fornix,

Rujffien,

&c.,

which some derive

from

Rof,

Lupanar
Collare,

and

others from

Swedish Rofa, Rapere.

justly

Ruff,

Rugatum, which the Etymologists

compare with
the
in

Ruffle, Rugare;
Rouff^/z, Ruga-

who have
Ruff
is

recorded

likewise

Armoric

explained
is

by some,

one sense,

Porculus, seu Porcellus, Fiscis; which Hispidus.

derived

referred to Rough, Piscis

to each other,

The terms Ruff and Rough belong

'^R,

as

from the Elementary

with the additions of f and g.

RiBBLE Rabble, the Etymologists justly compare with the Latin Rabula; who remind us likewise of a kindred term Arab^o,
(A^aSsw, Strepitum

edo)

While

examine
I

this

Greek word
on

in

Vocabulary of that Language,

cast

my

eyes

Arbelos,

(AoCijXoj,

Scalprum, culter sutorius,) which means the Scraper or

(A^CkXij,

outer, and Arbul^,

genus quoddam calceamenti cavi

et

profundi, idoneique in primis ad

Lutum calcandum,) where we

see

the idea of the Shoe calculated for the Dirt

Ribald,
Vutj-u,

RiBALory,

RiBflM^ with their parallels Ribauld, (Fr.) &c. should be referred

to

Rabble,

and not

to

Re and Bauld.
Vvmuu,

Rupoj,

Rup^o, Rupto,
Sordes
eluo,)

(PuTTo?,

Squalor

sordes,

Sordeo,

actually,

THr,
actually,
billo,

EARTH.
;

1245
(Po(pw,

we

see, relate to

Dirt

and Roph^o,

Sorbeo, Sor-

Haurio,)

Rump/ja/wo,

(Pu;i*(f>/i/&;,

Sorbeo, Haurio,) must belong

to these words, &c., either as signifying

'

'To Draw

out

up or
"A

off,

as foul matter,
it

from a

surface,' just as

Sup belongs to Sap,

Vorago,

To

Dig; or
in
*'
;

relates to a vortex of

Foul matter, Drawing or Sucking

gulph
(Pwi|/,

as

we

see the idea in Voro,

To Swallow, and

or whirlpool, a quagmire or bog."

Rops,

Ropoj, Koveuo,

PwTTcj,

Merx, parvi
from
is

pretii, PwTreue/v,

Vilia scruta vendere,) are like-

wise terms relating to Rubbish, which are derived by the Lexicographers

Repo,

{Ve-rru,

Vergo,

Propendeo,)

wliich

in

its

original idea

attached to an action of

some

/Agitation

and 7m-

petuosily\ as in tlie very phrase produced in

TlX7i9og Eo^7r sr^og

my Greek

Vocabulary,

tcv? 6^u(rvTf^ov^,

sultory

action

of a

Rabble.
[Pitttu,)

which directly expresses the DeThe term Repo, (Pe-Tru,) is only

another form of Rip^o,

*

and means 'To

Fall, or

be Cast
applied

down on forward, with

Momentum,) we have

violence.'
(Pottij,

When
idea,

\thc

term

is

to the Balance, as in
tio.

Ropk, &c.
the

Libramentum, Prxponderaas
in

same

when we
up

talk in

Englisli of the Scales

Plumping down, and,

vulgar Language, of
;

Flopping down, and again of Knocking or Kicking

and

in the

Latin

word Momentum we have a strong term expressing Excitement and While I examine liupto, {Vii-nru,) in my Greek Vocabulary, Force.
I

cast

my

eyes on \\v?apai,

(PuTraTrai,
I

we

see the idea of Excitement.

Acclamatio nautica,) where cannot help again reminding

my

Reader of the German Whvven,

To Sweep

or Hake together,

as Dirt, &c.

The Etymologists have

seen, that RuBB/i/j belongs

;

to Rupfo, (PuTTTto,) &c. to EnEip/o, Ereipo, (Ef/';rw, RuincE

ficii
it

lEcW-

Rudera, Y^uiru, Everto, &c. &c.); and Skinner perceives, that has some connexion with lludera. The Elementary R, we see,
impossible not to observe,
&:c.

preserves and represents the affinity between these words.

It is

how

the words under the form

to

Rbl, Rml,

with the

L annexed

the Labial, inseparably

connect

1246

^R.R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
train of ideas.

connect themselves with those belonging to the form RB, under

the

same

We

at

once acknowledge the words, just

produced, Ribble, Rabble, Rabula, Ribald; and

those,

we remember
eiyies

which were exhibited on a former occasion, as Rumpl^w,

facere,

(Germ.) Inipetum

Strepitare;

Das Rumpl^w

karn,

The

To Ram piles into the Ground; Ramble, Rumble, Romble. To these we must add
Rattling of a

Cart;

Rammel;^,

the following;

Rivel,

"To

contract into

Wrinkles;"

Ruffle,

Raffle, which the Etymologists

Ruvffeleti,

have

justly
;

compared with
Reffen,

(Belg.)

Terere,

Verrere,

Rugare
lin,

(Germ.)

Flache

Reffen,

Fr. G.

RAFFer du
Rifle;

Linum
the

depectere,

&c.
have

Ravel, Ravelen,{^e\g.) &c.

to
Reveiller,

Revel; which Skinner has

which
Riiffelen,

referred

(Fr.)

&c.

Etymologists
Riffler,
it

compared with the terms

(Welsh,) Bellum gerere;

(Belg.)

Eh)ffelu,

and

have seen,

that

belongs to

Rob, &c.

The next word, in Junius, is Rifle, "at Dice," which we call Raffle, where we have the term o{ Agitation and which he refers to Ripto, (Pitttu, Jacio,) Ripple, Rimple, Rumple,
;

word the Etymologists have justly referred to the Saxon Hrympelle,'Rugx; geHrumpen, the Belg'ic Rompeln,Rompenj
which
latter

the

German
German

Ru?npffen, &cc.

Corrugare

Rimpe, Rimpel, (Belg.)

but see likewise, that
to

Ruga, &c. &c.

the

The Etymologists cannot

some

Runtzel, Ruga, has

relation

these words,

though they have not seen, that Ruga, a term of the same meanI have before proing, is a branch likewise of the same family.
duced from Wachter the terms adjacent to the German RumpJeUt
as RuMPLc'w,

Impetum facere; Rumpl^w, Strepitare; as likewise the English Rumble, and its kindred term of Agitation Ramble, which brings us to the sense of Roam, Rove, &c. The succeeding words to Raffle, in Skinner, are Rafte, Ratis, and RAFT^r,

Tignus

in

the sense of the former of which

we

are brought to
surface,

the original idea of Passing with

some Commotion over a

" quod

THE EARTH.
" quod
p)er
;

1247
Ex-

aquam
and

J\APitur," as

have shewn Ratis to belong to

Ilado, &:c.

in the latter

we

see simply the idea of being

tended on the Surface or Top, without motion.

term, the
'

In the familiar

Ruffle of
j

a Shirt,'
it

we

see nothing but the Plaited or

as a term expres-

Corrugated Surface
sive of the

but

was anciently used

and Commotion.

greatest
is

Violence

On

the

night,

in

which Lear
"

exposed, Glostcr observes,

Ruffle."

" Alack, the night comes on, and the Bkalc JVinds

Do

sore/i/

This

is

the reading of the Folio, but

i.e. Rustle.

" Ruffle,

"'

the Quarto reads Russel says Mr. Malone, " is certainly the true

" reading. A Ruffler, in our author's times, was a noisy " Boisterous Szvaggerer." This writer informs us in another place,
that

Ruffle and Hurly

burly are

synonymous-

In Hebrew, r\y^

RBH,

signifies

"To

be or become

many

or

"great, to increase, multiply, magnify;"

and, as a substantive,

" Multitude, nutnber, magnitude, abundance, enough."

This term
or

Mass of Riff-Raff;' though in the Eastern LanDirt or RuBB/i/i guages the idea of the Heap or Mass is frequently referred to what Hence, in Chaldce, is Much or Great, under the idea of Respect.
denoted
in
its
I
'

primary idea, as

imagine,

A Heap

Syriac and Arabic,

age,

it

signifies

the Illustrious the

the

ChieJ Person-

&c.

and

hence

we

have

terms

Rabbi,

Rabbin,
to

Teacher,

Doctor,

&c.

Mr. Parkhurst has referred

y\''

this

Hebrew term the English "Rabbet,

from their great increase/'

and he adds likewise "Rabble and Rubble, from

RB,

''great;

"and

'^i"

BL, "mixture, confusion."

in the
lie,

The

adjacent terms, under

are yn"i Ri^H,

the form RB, in Mr. Parkhurst's Lexicon,

"To
the

" Agitate, actuate/' where,

true
idea,

sense of j^gitation,
lie

we

liave

Vin
;

RBZ, "To
to the

down, couch, as a beast;"

occurs not

where we are brought

as a V. in Heb.

Ground p^l RBK, which

but in

Arabic signifies "

To tie,

bind, tie ufi.aa

cattle

248

^R. R.

\-C, D, G, J, K, Q,
;

S,T, X, Z.
to express the idea

" cattle by the neck

"

where the term seems

of Violence, as of Pulling

Plucking,
to
AjTra^w,
;

&c., attached to this

Race

of words, as in Rap/o, &c.,just as

Prsedor,
Illaqueo,

A^ttb^ovy!,

Laqeus, funis, A^veSovi^u,

belong

" wreathe, intwine, weave, interweave

Rapio. ^^i RBD, "To " where we have the idea

of Mingling or Mixing, as into one Mass, as

parallel

we have

seen in the

term

2i")V

HRB, which Mr.

Parkhurst explains by
this

"To
ac-

" Mix, Mingle,''

grapher,

and which as a noun means, says

supposed

Lexico-

"A

Mixture, Mixed Multitude,

in

Rabble;" where we

tually see the idea,

my

hypothesis.

n"i

RB, "

To

" Strive, contend;''

wh?re we again see the idea of Commotion

find likewise,

Agitation, &c.
'

as an adjacent term, pnn

to

RBK,

To Bake

or Fry,"

whiqh belongs probably

the

form BK,

Bake, &c.

To

these words, under the form

RB, denoting Multi-

tude, belong terms in the Eastern

Languages, denoting Four, as

or indefinitely great number

likewise

many
;

Thousands, "
I

aii i?ifinite

" or multitude " and

to decide,

must leave the adepts in these Languages whether the term was formed in that state of Society,
as
far as

when counting
a great quantity.

the

number

Four, appeared to express

In Arabic, the Element

RB

bears the

same fundamental

idea,

which

have just unfolded.

The term ^_j Rebb, means " God,"

and (J[jj REBBdw/, "Divine, Godly. A Doctor of Divinity, " a Rabbi Rubbani, The Master of a Ship." The succeeding
;

word

to this

Arabic term

in

Mr. Richardson's Dictionary,

is

the
the

Persian

(^cXJLj_^ RuBaniden,

"To
Excess

order to

Rob," and
signifies
;

in

same column we have Ltj Reba,

other things,
'

in Arabic,

Amassing, &c.

Much Wealth,' &c.

which

among
and
in

Persian, under the

same form we have the sense of " Robb/w^,

off

" stealing, carrying

" seize,

by violence," from Rub;/^^, "

in

To

Rob^

^hvish;"
by
the

when
Race

Rob,

Ravw^ we have
just

the idea ex-

pressed

of words

examined.

In the

same

opening

THE
opening of Mr.
REBaji

EARTH.
Dictionary

1249
we
find

Richardson's
"
Stiff,

the

Arabic

/^Ij^

dry

Soil,

between cultivated and desert

"Ground ;" where we " A Crowd, or Troop

are brought to the true idea of

Rebz i^j^j
thing,

" touches or is " idle; RiBekh, Confused

"Increased,
Multiplied
A>u*ji_^

Wealth That part nearest to the Groiaid" <-S^j

in business
>

which
silly,

Reb/^,

"Weak,

Reb k, Mixhig/'jj^ Rebok,

rising,

Growing,

Hill,

Tumulus, a
power.
is

" Heap;"
'

RxiBubyet,

" Dominion, supreme

A
ijjj

The succeeding term to which Ten thousand RiBu-et, "A Hill, a rising Ground, a Heap. Rising Ground or Heap of Dirt,* we are where, in the
Deity,
Divinity."

drams'/'
brouglit

to the true idea of the Rubbw/i.

cannot leave this opening of

v-j;

Mr. Richardson's Dictionary without observing another term

Rubb, (Ar.) "Decoction of the juice of citrons, and other
" for seasoning victuals; where the sense oi Decoction
is

fruits,

derived

from the idea of concentrating into one Mass the virtues of any
substance or substances.

Hence has been

derived our term in

Cookery 'Robs and

see the idea of the

Jellies.'

In the kindred term 'Jellies'

we

Mass more strongly, as likewise in the ordinary interpretation of "Rob, Inspissated Juice," as N. Bailey
explains
it. I

shall not

produce any more terms in Arabic be-

longing to the Element RB, containing this train of ideas, as

those under the forms

^j\ ^\j Rab, ARB,

will be

&c. &c., since the

adept

in this

Language
I

enabled,
unfolded,

trust,

under the lead-

ing idea, which

senses, which this
I

have

now

to

unravel the various

Element

exhibits.

have

before

produced a Race of Words, under the form

'*R,

R|M,

denoting
I

Man the

Illustrious

Powerful

Personage,

&c., which

Router

have supposed to be derived from the idea of the We have here seen in the Eastern the Destroyer, &c.
'

Languages, under the form RB, some terms, denoting a Chief E.xalted Personage,' which appear to be derived from a High
*

7 T

the

1250

*R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.

There are various terms, in the Eastern and other Languages, under the form RB, which denote Man, some of which perhaps should be referred to the
the Raised Heap of Dirt or Ground.

terms just examined,

the

Rabbi,

&c.

or

some

of

perhaps belong to the idea of the

explained on a former occasion.

Desolater Destroyer,

them may
&c., as

In Arabic, >w>l^ Araf, means

"

an Augur, a Physician,'' to which name the term ORFheus may belong, though I have suggested in another place,
Priest,

that he
I

may

possibly

mean

'

The
in

Harp^/";'

yet

it

is

probable,

think, that he denotes the Priest, JVise

term means likewise

"The

next

" judge, a lieutenant, a deputy."

in

Man, &c. The Arabic rank to a commander or Chief The succeeding word to this,
Araf//',

Mr. Richardson's Dictionary,

is

-f^^-f-

" Pathless De-

" serts j" where

we

see the idea of Desolation,

which might lead

us to think, that the sense of the Chief personage, expressed by

the former word,
later.

was

originally derived from that of the Deso-

Again,

in Arabic, *w?;U:

Arif, means

"Knowing,

perceiv-

"

ino-, scientific,

wise, skilful, capable.

A penetrating,
Fish Orphos,
Is^eu?

intelligent,
{0^(pug,)

" ingenious

man

A
(Lib.

Head man."

The

was

so called from Orpheus, the Priest, on account of

some supposed
yu^
n>^0'

Pniphetic quality, as appears from Athenoeus,

uvtoktiv

OP$nS
serves.

rov

9iov.

vii.

c.

18.)

Casaubon reads
id
I

h^o^,

and obquae

"Refero enim ad

ix^wi^avTBtoiv,

est,

divinationem,

" fiebat ex piscibus, Orpho maxime."

have expressed on a forrespecting

Me^oTrs?,

mer

occasion, (page 287,)

a difficulty

the

origin of

Merops, (Mepo^, Divisam vocem habens. Homines,) and Anthropos, {Avd^wn-og,

Hominum
Ms^ottuv

Epith.

Homo,

Av^uttuv,)

whether the
Being.

0/)

or the

i^o/)

in these

words be the part denoting

It is

likewise difficult to decide, whether the

in

Merops

be an articular addition, as in Pirom-\s, or whether the Mer be not a significant portion, denoting Great, as in our words More
the

name Moore,

&c., which

have illustrated on a former occasion.

THE
sion,
(p.
;

EARTH.
(Me^oif/,)

1^51

151.)

To

Merops,

belong the names Merops,

must add, that one character under the name of Merops is a Soothsayer. The Englisli names for a Man, RoBm and Konert seem to belong directly to the terms of Violence in
Merope
and
I

our Language, Rob,&c.

In old English,

have justly referrred

Reeve is a Bailiff, which the Etymologists to ^-Rav^, ^^-Refa, (Sax.) ^-Raf, (Germ.)
Sec.

from which Land-Graff, Mar-Graff,

RAPere, (Lat.)

are derived,

all

which the

Etymologists justly refer to the terms of Violence, REAfian, (Sax.)

might enquire, whether Mer-Rops, &c. was not taken from the Teutonic Mar-^-Raff or Mar-Raf. The Sherif\s acknowledged to be the Shire-REEVE, the Scire-p-^Spoliare
;

We

Refa, (Sax.) The original sense of ^-Raf

"Exactor pecuniae,
tarn publicae,

is

that given by Wachter,

in English,

Reeve

has the same sense, as

quam privatap ;" and Reave in 6^-Reave.

Sec.
;

explains Graf, in

one sense, by " Dux, Satrapa,"

Wachter and I must

leave the Persian Scholar,

who

is

skilled in the

more ancient part

Sitreb, Satrap,

of the

Language
If this

to decide,

whether Satrap, "

Vj^^

"(obsolete)" says Mr. Richardson, be not, quasi .j^^-Rap, as

in

^-Raf.
gine, the

be not the composition, the

as

same sense

Rap has yet, I imaRaf, which appears, as we have seen, in

the Persian

" lence."
Sitreb,

^j\ Ruba, " Robbing, Stealing, carrying off by vioThe first part of the composition, the Sit or Sitr in
to the

might belong
in

terms of Violence, adjacent

to

this

word,

" Seize,
to this

Mr. Richardson's Dictionary, as ^OCL*, Siteden, " To take Carry off', " where we must mark, how Seize belongs Persian word; and ^Jt^J^ Siturden, "To Shave, &c.
to cut off"."

" to erase, to cancel, to abolish,

signifies, in one sense, "

Graf,

in

German

which Wachter has added the due reason, " Unus ex Nobilioribus, qui Principem vel " Regem ubique Comitafitur," as in the Latin Comes. He adds
for

Comes, Socius,"

moreover, " Vix ulla vox est in universa Lingua Germanica, qui
" ingenia

1252
**
*'

^R.R/.-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X,Z.

cum

ingenia veterum et recentiorum magis exerciierit, et minore

fructu veritatis."

We

cannot but see, how the sense of Graf,

the Exactor, belongs to the sense of Gripe, Greiffen, (Germ.) Capere, prensare, invadere, &c.,

which are attached

to a great race
;

of words under the

same form,

Gravis, (Lat.) Grieve, &c.

and

here again

must suggest

to the Reader,

whether they were not

all originally derive'd

from the form RB, with the Prefix ge, &c.

decide,
till

On
I

this

we cannot

the

form

GRF

shall

be fully

unfolded.

now examine Hebrew, which we shall

shall

the words under the form

RP,

in

unequivocally see to contain the fundaI

mental meaning, which

Element.
Parkhurst,

have supposed

to

be annexed to the

The
is

first

term, which occurs in the Lexicon of

explains by

Mr,

XD"i

RPA, which he

"To

Restore, or

" reduce " ducere "

to
;

a former state or condition, Restaurare, restituere, re-

and most generally

To

Restore

to

health

and soundness,

to heal/'

The

sense of Restoring or making whole

Of Sewing

garments, as the parallel terms signify in iEthiopic

Arabic, &c.
its

seems to be derived from the idea of Putting or Throwifig together,

as into one whole

Heap or Mass.
in

In Ezekiel

we

are brought to the

precise

Spot,
idea.

supposed

my

hypothesis,
w'ord,

whatever may be
in

Taylor explains the

one sense, by

"To mend

" bad Groimd.'"

are ^rjn

The next words

in the
;

Lexicon of Mr. Parkhurst

RPD,

"

To

Strew, Spread, &c.

nsi

" relax, slacken, &c. N. " chaff on fire flD"i RPP,

Pounded Corn

RPH, To give way, To be Dissolved, as

To

yield, give

way, very much, tremble,

" as from fear

;"

under which word Mr. Parkhurst has seen the

prevailing idea of the Element,

Viiru, PiTTTw,

and has accordingly

Reft,

referred

it

to

Rumpo, Rupi,
is

Rip, Rive, Reave,

Bereave, Bereft.
of the

In

all

this there
is

no

difficulty.

The fundamental sense

a IVhole

Element

that of Throining together, about, &c., as in a

Heap;
for

from whence we have the idea of

or

Compact Mass, or

THE
for the purpose of Dispersion,

EARTH.
from wliich

1255
we have
the idea of

Breaking
fies
'

Dissolving,
;

&c.

Nay, even the very word, which signi-

To

Restore, means, as a
or, as

Noun, " Dead Bodies Reduced," says

it,
'^

Mr. Parkhurst
*'

he better explains
other

Resolved into their

in
this

original

Dust."

The

Hebrew terms
Stalls for

writer's
refers

Lexicon, under RP, are

to nfll

fiQ*^

RPT

Oxen, which he

RPH, To

Relax, Remit, because the animals

have there
explain by
I

Remission from their labours

Innixa,

p^-i

RPK, which some

sese."

and others by
yet

" Adjungens

This word
to reconcile

must

leave the adepts in the

Hebrew Language
I

with the

Elementary sense;

must observe,

that

we

are brought to

the spot, supposed in

Castell
*'

my

hypothesis, in the Chaldee word, which

produces as parallel, and which he explains by " Fodit,

If

we add to this interpretation, '' Open Incumbit Fodiendo, Sarriendo, we shall see, how the sense of Innixa or hicumbens and Adjungens sese, may be produced. Under this meSarrivit."

taphor, the imagery of

Solomon

will exhibit great force

and

spirit,

"

Who

is

this that

" her beloved"

Cometh up from the wilderness, Leaning upon Amasio suo tota Incumbetis ei scilicet nunquam

non Inhians
Intentus.

et

Intenta

quasi

Fossor operi suo Incumbens,

et

The

two following Hebrew terms

K'S'^

will unequivocally

shew
D3-)

us the original idea, from which these words are derived

RPS, To Tread, Trample, Tramp, and " make Muddy.

RPS,

"To

Foul or

To To heap
*'

Let us mark an explanatory term, before produced, Restaurare, Restore. I shall shew, that Stauro and Store belongs to Struo,
up; but whether they do or do not,
it is

acknowledged,
up,

that Struo, the term relating to Repairing or

Making

"To

pile

belongs to the terms of Dispersion, Stroo, Storeo, (^t^ou, Xto^bu, Sterno) and it is for the same reason, which I have above
up,"
;

unfolded; namely, because the one signifies

and the other

'

'To Throw together,' To Throw dozvnabout,' &:c- The Greek RAPto,

1254

^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.
I

(VaTTTM, Siio.)

have supposed
yet
it

to

be attached to a peculiar idea of

to the general

the Element;

might be referred

sense of

The term Suo and Sew would yet we cannot but see, how demand some trouble to explain Cobble and Patch present to us the idea of the Lump; and we certainly come to the Spot, which I suppose, when we talk of
Throxving together, as in a Heap.
;

Patch of Ground.'

cannot forbear producing the observaxq")

tion of

Mr. Parkhurst on the Hebrew word

RPA,

signifying

To
is

Heal;

who

remarks, that in the Language of Otaheite, Rapjoo

a Physician.

The

parallel

terms in Arabic to this Hebrew word

are Vij Reffa,

/'Mending a garment, Cementing broken friend" ship; Refa, A Mender of Garments," as Mr. Richardson exand *^j Reff, " Sewing any thing to a garment," &c., plains it which means likewise " A High Heap of Sand." The Reader
;

will not

wonder, that

refer these terms,

to such

under the Element RF,

Cementing belongs to

which express Consolidation

remembers,
that

words as Rubbish, when he

the

explanatory

word

Camentum, "Rubbish, Shards," &c. &c., as R. Ainsworth interThe next term in Mr. Richardson's Dictionary is u:jU^ prets it. Refa/, " Any thing Broken, Bruised or Pounded," where we have
the idea of Dispersion, before exhibited
;

and

in the

same column

we

find the Persian ^^y^j

Reft^m, "

To

walk, go, proceed, de-

" part, pass along, travel; Ruft^, To Sweep. To clean the teeth " with the tooth-pick, called L-TLn*^" where in the sense of Sweep-

and Cleaning the Teeth, we are brought to the genuine idea of Scratching upon a surface, to Rub, &c. and we see, that the sense of Passing along is taken from the metaphor of Sweeping along*
, '

as

we express it. This Persian term directly belongs German Raff^w, "To Sweep, take or Rake together."
now, as
I

to
I

the

have

trust, sufficiently elucidated

the Race of Words, in

;

which the Elementary

is

succeeded by the Labials

and

at this

point therefore the labours of the present

their destined termination.

Work

are brought to

1255

CONCLUSION.
In
portionof a work, in whicli a

coiicUiding the
lias

first

new world
passed

of ideas

been unfolded to our view, we shall be naturally

disposed to turn our eyes over the scenes which

we have

and we might be
and

edified

by a

train of

reflexions,

formed and
all

enlightened by an ample prospect of the general question, in

its

relations,

through

all

its

dependencies.

Our modes of
itself is

conceiving a subject

may

be varied, as the theory

ex-

panded

and the writer might perhaps be permitted,

at the close

of a long

laborious and a temperate discussion, to pursue the

his

illustration

of

theory

amidst

the

wilds of

fancy,

without
In

deviating from the paths of truth or the guidance of reason.

these wanderings of the imagination; even the Topics, which are

most remote from the nature of the argument, might be summoned to adorn the theme; nor would the picture be less impressive or instructing, because the objects of comparison
distant and dissimilar.
If

were

the ideas, which are exhibited on this

occasion, should be attached to a wild and visionary theory, they

will

be

still

more congenial with the

spirit of

an allusion, wiiich
of

professes only to
fanciful imagery.

amuse by

new and unexpected combination

The
Poet

Doctrine of Transmigration^ which in the dreams of the

or the

Philosopher

describes

the progress
afford

of the
a
rich

Soul

through various stages of existence, would

and
;

abundant vein of materials

the occasion

for the elucidation

of our

Theory

if

demanded or permitted the expansion of this idea, and if the powers of the Writer were duly adapted to the embellishment of a splendid topic. Even in the familiar language, which
has

1256

CONCLUSION.
and when we remember,

has ever been attached to the subject of these enquiries, a similar

comparison has already been adopted

that Letters are defined
to be the

Elements of Speech,
is

we

shall

perceive a metaphorical allusion,

train of imagery.

which
I

involved in the same

From Grammarians
and propagate ideas

differ

only by supposing,

that the Elements of Letters, before they are formed into words,

represent, record,

and on

this

plain

and

simple principle

Theory of Languages has been founded. The Element, by which a race of words is generated and

my

preserved,
particle,

may

be compared

to

that primitive

and unperishing

in

which, according to the doctrine of these visionary

Philosophers, consists the Essence of the Soul

abstract idea,

The

original

and

impressed on this Element,

innate and
all

may

likewise be
of

comSoul,
is still

pared

to

that

unalterable

propensity

the

which, amidst

changes and chances of external objects,

/ound

to controul

and predominate

in
its

every form, to which

it

is

attached, imparting to the Being

appropriate nature and disvesture,

criminating

qualities.
is

The
it, is

material

with
it

which the

divine particle

enveloped, and through which

communicates
continues to

with the

'j^orld

around

ever passing into an infinite variety of

shapes and
preserve

appearances;
its
it

but

the

Soul

itself still

inviolate

peculiar

force

and characteristic energy.

The

Beings, which

animates, are ever found distinct from others

and similar
application

to themselves.

The

Transmigration of the Soul affects

it

only the exterior form, with which

of
its

is

invested, or diverts the

particle

powers;

but

the

original

remains

eternally the same, neither suffering decay, nor subject to extinction.

Through
its

the long progress of perpetual change, the elastic

principle of
It
is

essence

still

continues unwearied and unimpaired:

sion:

now obedient It now crawls

in the Skies
:

to contraction, and again

prompt

for
it

expan-

a reptile on the Earth, and again

soars an

Eagle

We

now

behold

it

groveling in the condition

of

CONCLUSION.
of a sordid slave; and again
it

1257

assumes the port and person of a

Monarch.

Still,

however, the same propensities pursue the Being

under every form, and infuse kindred qualities in every change.

The
and

indelible impression of its original

distinct
it

energy

is

graven in deep
of matter, into

characters on

all

the

modifications

which

may be wrought,
It is this seal
its

imposing and

preserving the property

of Self.

of identity, which stamps and claims the

creature for

own, under every varying and disguising garb of

recording in remote periods of time

quaint and of curious shape;

and distant regions of space, that the Being of perpetual change

remains eternally the same.

Such are the

minds,

reflexions,

which might amuse or enlighten our

that

when we meditate on

wondrous process, by which

It

Languages have been formed, propagated and preserved.

will

surely be acknowledged, that the doctrine of these visionary Phi-

losophers affords a strong and striking resemblance to the principles of that

Theory, which in the present Volume

solicitude to unfold

have laboured
of

with such

and

establish.
in the

The Elements

Language and

of Life are

employed

same work, and

their

operations are directed to the

same purpose.

Let us mark with

attention the changing forms and different offices, which the

same

Element assumes in the propagation of a race of Words; and

shall perceive, that the original impression still remains,

we

through

every variety of appearance and of meaning.

When we examine
all

with a curious eye these numerous changes, with

versity

their diall

of

signification;

we

shall

discover,

that

they are
all

impregnated with the same train of ideas

a peculiar cast

that

they

preserve

and species of meaning, appropriate

;

to themselves

and distinct from others

the productions of the

by which they are ever recognised as

as portions of the

same cause, and

indeed
is

same

general
fresh

idea.

The

E.leinent

perpetually
offices

passing into

combinations,

discharging
7
u"

new

and

personating
different

1258
different
cliaracters
;

CONCLUSION.
yet
all

these

various

parts

and functions
idea:

must be

referred to the workings of the

same primitive

They
tiie

are the natural and necessary consequences of one

;

common

principle

nor would
constant
in

this series of varieties

have existed, unless

in
their

same

cause

had

operated

production.

Enclosed
reptile;

one form, the Element may represent a crawling

It

and, in another, the soaring eagle:

may now
:

personate

the groveling slave, and again the swelling

ever,

Monarch

still,

these

dissimilar

creatures have

all

arisen from the

howsame

source; and have been produced only, because the Element infused
into each form the force

and

spirit of the original idea.

Thus we
arti-

may
fice

understand,

how

a few

simple principles have operated in

forming and conducting the most important and complicated

among

the inventions of

Man
!

that
is

wondrous

work

the
per-

great machinery of Languages

ceive the

In this simple process

we

same mode of
Nature
is

action,

which

visible in

the material

world.

thrifty goddess,'

and deals out blessings and

infinite

principles with a

sparing hand.

Her
;

variety

is

effected

only by the powers of modification

and as we advance forward in the knowledge of her mysterious workings, the Elements diminish,
us.
is

and the Combinations multiply around

Strong and impressive as the resemblance

trine of the Soul's Transmigration,

between the Doc-

and the Theory of Elementary

Language;
in

still,

however, there are some bearings of the subject,

which

it is

inadequate and deficient.

The

divine particle canit

not at the same time animate diflTerent systems of matter; and

is

necessary that one mass should be dissolved, before the func-

tions of life can be imparted to another.

But

in

this creation of

the

World
its

of

Words, the Element

It
is

is

enabled to animate at once

myriads of various forms:

gating

unceasingly employed in propa-

own
its

powers, and continually impressing

new

orders of
still

Words with

peculiar force and appropriate quality

; itself

occupied

CONCLUSION.
occupied
spirit in all,

1259
presence the
life

and constituting by

its

own

and

of these unnumbered combinations.

to
'

Thus

it

is,

that the

Element may be said

found and
all life

extend

its

influence through

all

extent;'

perhaps in every quarter and region of the globe, wherever

is
'

Man

Speech

is

uttered,

'

living,

as

it

were,

through

spreading undivided and operating

argument been
deficient
is
;

unspent.'

Though

the comparison between the Elements of Life and Language has

in this point of the

yet another topic

full

might be urged,
spicuous,
dies,

in

which the resemblance

again
the

and pernever

lu
is

the Doctrine
for

of Transmigration,
in

Soul

but

ever busied
its

systems of matter; nor can

animating new and perishing immortal essence be affected by

the most violent shocks or convulsions of the material world, with which it is surrounded.

Such reflexions might be present

our eyes over the eventful History of

to the mind,

when we

cast

Human

Speech.

Lano-uao-es,

or the forms, which the Elements assume, are subject to perpetual

fluctuation,
is

and exposed

destined to

numerous accidents, which Man experience; but the Elements themselves still surto all the

vive unaltered and unimpaired, amidst every revolution of Nature

and of
self, as

Life.

The
;

physical and moral evils of the world

all

prey

upon Languages
busily

and even the caprices and

follies

of

Man

himare

they appear on the familiar occasions of ordinary

life,

producing those insensible mutations, which the forms of Speech incessantly experience. Folly and caprice are
in

employed

powerful agents in the operations of change;

controuling or rather

and Custom, as we have ever heard, is the Tyrant of Languages. Powerful however as these agents may be imagined Folly, Caprice, Custom, or by

suggesting the customs of Mankind;

whatever name they

their

shall be called

still

we must

observe, that

powers are limited and directed by a superior necessity," which sways with irresistible controul the destiny of Languages.
Their

1^60
Their agency
is

CONCLUSION.
confined to the simple changes of modification

only, nor are they able to disturb the Original Elements either of

Languages or of
design

Life.

The

wildest sallies of caprice are confined

and governed by the same laws, as the gravest suggestions of

;

and they are only

to be considered as different

modes of

acting on the same materials, invested with the same properties.

Wherever there
produced
ther in
j

is

Mind, the

effects of design

must always be

and whenever

Man

becomes

intelligible to

Man, whe;

moods of

sport or of gravity, of caprice or of meditation

the terms, which he employs,

must be adapted

to a train of ideas

already formed, and derived from words already existing.

They
to

must be

significant,

and consequently must be analogous

certain order or series of things, which had been previously established.

Man may

combine into new forms

on the existence or the

he

may

enlarge or

contract

he may change by every variety of modification;

effects

but he

can produce no
Elements.

spirit of the Original

They

are

removed from the sphere of

his action,

and

are governed by a superior authority.

When
stood
;

these observations have been duly weighed and undershall

we

be enabled to comprehend,

why

the mutations in

the forms of

Human

Speech have been oftentimes so rapid, and

;

always so progressive

^vhile in tracing the /i?;w^n/5

themselves

through

all

these mutations,

or through the various Languages,

arising from this perpetual change;

we

find, that the

same sense

has uniformly prevailed, and been regularly propagated, unaltered

and unimpaired.

With

the mutability and variety of Languages

we have ever been familiar; but this principle of their by which they are all connected with each other, has,
the
first

uniformity,
I

trust, for

time, been duly conceived

and explained

in the discus-

sions of the preceding Volume.

The

experience of nearly four

to the propagation

thousand years,

in

which we have been witness

of numberless forms of Speech, has established the fact, which

attests

CONCLUSION.
attests tlie
sibility

1261
all

permanency of Elementary Language, beyond

error.

pos-

of doubt or

Without involving ourselves

in the

remote ages of Hindoo Chronology, we

of Moses,
as

they are delivered

may down to

appeal to the writings

us
in

their

genuine

Elementary
breathing.

state

unincumbered
to record

with those unnecessary symbols,

the fleeting sounds of a vowel

which vainly attempt

We

there discover the

same

Elements

bearing the

same meanings; which compose at

guage of the English nation

employed
to represent the

moment the familiar Lanand which, as we have seen, are

this

same

train of ideas over all the regions

of the globe, with which

we

are most conversant.

On
able

considering therefore this universal diffusion and unchange-

permanency of Elementary Speech while we observe at the same time the incessant mutability of Languages; we shall be
all

enabled to throw light on a confusion of ideas, which appears to

have clouded
litude

former investigations on this subject.

The

simi-

between various Languages has been perpetually observed though it will be acknowledged, I trust, if these speculations are

founded

on

truth,

that our enquirers

were

totally

unacquainted

with the nature and the extent of the resemblance.

lations have been

Their specu-

employed

in

discovering the Original Language,

from which

all

these forms of Speech were derived; and to the

Celtic the Arabic

the Greek
attributed.
itself,

the

Hebrew

the

Gothic, &c. and even

to

has this distinguished honour been respectively

shall readily agree,

Nothing, we

can be more idle and

unmeaning, than to
all

talk of an Original

form of Speech, when we

know, that these forms are perpetually changing.

We

may

decide indeed by historical evidence and by other modes of reasoning, on a recent combination
to a fluctuating object, in
;

but the idea of an Original Jorm

is

which no period
is

fixed for

its

commost

mencement, we instantly perceive,

absurd and ridiculous.

wiiii

We

may

still

however

direct

our enquiries,

the

anxious

1262

CONCLUSION.
fact,

anxious curiosity, to a wondrous

which
Race.

is

deeply involved

with the fate and fortunes of the

I

Human

We

may

enquire,
it

must

repeat,

with

the most

anxious curiosity, whence

has

arisen, that the

sally diffused,

same Elementary Latiguage has been thus univer-

almost through every region of the globe, to which

the discoveries of Europeans have yet extended.

tant question,
I

On

this

impor-

dare not venture even to interpose a conjecture.

Our
this,

enquiries into these subjects can at present scarcely be re;

garded even as commencing

and the decision of

a question, like

would be the

last

result of meditation

on the accumulated
finally collected.

facts,
It will

which long and laborious researches had

be perhaps at
last

discovered, that the

History of
is

Man

is

deposited in
that

the Elements

of Language:

It

at

least certain,

we

sliall

vainly endeavour to trace the progress

of

Human

Speech,

in the

migration of different nations through the various

;

regions of the Earth

till

we

are furnished with the

most ample

materials for investigating the principles of that universal

Lan-

guage, which

is

the object of our search. are unable to discover,

Though we
this

by what important event

possible

wide diffusion of Elementary Speech was effected among the

inhabitants of the Earth; and though

we cannot form any

its

conjecture on the remote periods of

origin,

still

however we
its

may
If

venture to hazard a prediction on the limits of

shall continue to

duration.

Languages

be propogated by the same mode,

with

which alone we are acquainted,

passing
;

from mouth to
should

mouth, through successive generations

tinue to be endued with the
there
is

and

if

men

con-

same mind and the same organs;

that the Elementary
its

no reason to
will

believe,

Language, now
progress.

existing,

ever perish or be impaired in

The

experience of four thousand years, in which

perceived

we have
will

not even

any properties of change or decay,

in

lead us to

conclude

the most temperate spirit of calm investigation, that

the

CONCLUSION.
the

1263
same meanings,

same Elements

will continue to preserve the

through every period of succeeding generations.

Thus,
(as
it

at last,

we

perceive, that a system,

formed without
baseless fabric

contrivance, and propagated without design

the

might seem) of chance and of change, has alone remained

constant, inviolate and immutable;

when
the

all

around has dissolved

and disappeared.
science and his

The

Arts and

Institutions of

Man

have

perished with their inventors:

The monuments of his glory, his superstition, the palaces and the temples have
cities,

crumbled into dust; and the proud

in

which the wonders

of his atchievements were exhibited, are buried for ever under

own ruins: All however is not lost: The original Elements of Language, which were once vocal with the inventheir

tions

and emotions of primeval

:

Man,

still

survive

amidst the
the

ravages of time

They

still

continue

to

be instinct with

energies of mind; and to record in mystic, though in faithful characters, the secret History of the

Ancient World.

INDEX
A.
Page

I.

Page

AB
Abatardir

281, 83r

55/
281
450, 510
42f)

Abavns
Ac, (Lat.)
Aca, (Span.)

Admiral Adonis Adorea Adventure JEdes

150
185

203
11 70

^gcr
Aehren, (Germ.)

Academy
Ace
Acer Acerbus
Accrra

223
"^^7

262 768 566

iEquo

Acetum Ach
Ach, (Welsh,)

^79 1239 679, 83, 679 714

^quor ^quus
Aei
JEra.

76"3
16-8

^rumna
iEruinnula

676,847,858 231,857 230 1160 150,215, 1142 12l6 12l6

215, 764, 1163

Ache
AcherSpyre

... Acht, (Germ.) (Germ.) Achten,

Acies

723 684 109,124,801

.^s ^sculapius
iEstirpo

..;....

242, 72O

Acinum
Acipenscr

789 679 ^80

t)80

iEstus

iEtas

iEternus

^ther
Agacer, (Fr.)

Ackem, (Germ.)
Acre Act

660 101,660
801

Again
Against

124 857 215,247, 331 331 851 677 123,447, 804

123,447,804
763
215, 244,336

679, 736 Acuo 439 Ad 250 Adagium Adco, (Lat.) .... 440, 455, 832 .... 106, 202 Ader, (Germ.) 440 Adhuc

Agast

Age
Ager Agger
Agito

Agmcn

101,202,732,802 101, 802 734 747 Agnus

7x

1266
Agnus

INDEX
Page

r.
PAge

6*90

Ago Agony
Agrise

Ague
Ahi, (Span.)

Ajax Aid
Aiery
Aigan, (Goth.)
Ainsi, (Fr.)

732 768 768 768 430 839

133

Angulus Augustus Anoint

Ansa
Anxius

Any
Aper
Appello

77^ 767? 776} 786 776 77^ 775 340

1152 808 441

204, 845
98, 121

Apud Aqua
Aquello, (Span.)

429, 506
.

Aio, (Lat.)

245, 361
1

Aquesse, (Span.)

Air
Aird,(Celt.)

160

Aqui, (Span.)

856 429 429 429

Aise,(Fr.)

Alauda Alder
Alfana, (Span.)

70 234 134
1

Ara

....

Aranea
Araris

531-2, (N.) 576, 1154 160, 588, II73

157 673

Aratrum
Arbiter

Algo, (Span.)
Aliquis

430 408
405

Alius
Alii, (Span.)

430
^

Alnus
Alter

157

406
. . .

Arbor Arbustum Arbutus Area Arcanus , Arceo ....

.

II64 111,532-4,1134 1205 1204 1204 1204

1181
81

Am
Ambry
Amita

282, 340
^

Arcera

....

81,545,989, 1149 83
83

Amo,

(Lat. and Span.)

....
.

227 281 281

Arch Arch
.

...

148, 1140
1.68

340, 498 An, (Eag.) 515 &c.) Neg. An or Un, (Eng. 514 An, (Lat.)

Arch, (Welsh,) Archafael, (Welsh,)

Arcto
Arctus

168
81

554
83

Anchor Anchora

776-

And
Angel

776 776 740

775

Arcus Ard (Eng. term.) Ardea

Ardelio

.....

Ango
Anguilla
740,

Ardeo
Ardeshir, (Pers.)

557 574, IO98 5/4 573,650

^
.

153
1206"

Anguis Anguish

77G
775

Ardor Arduus

574 Are

INDEX
Page

1267
624, 1226

Are Area Areo Arena

322

Arrow
Ars

82,853,1134,1155
650,853,

554

U55

Arsch, (Germ.) Podex, corresponding to our vulgar word for the same
part

1134, 1155, 11/3

Argal, (Old Eng.)

Argentum
Argilla

.....

594 548, ll63 548 82 595

593, 615

158, 1138
.

Arse- Verse, (Tusc.)

Art
Artichoke
Articulus
Artillery

Argo Argue Arguo

Argus
Argutus Aridus
Aries
Arilator

535,851 322 644 544 560

91,548 593 853 594, 1152 1188

935, 1441

Artist

559
81

Arto Arvina

1225 1226

Anipendiuni

Arundo

641,978,1156
1225
561

Arise
Arista
Aristaeus

Arvum
Arzt, (Germ.)

761, 1157
91 82, 1181

As, (Lat.)
As, (Eng.)

215

Ark Ark Wright Arm, (Eng.) Arm, (Germ.)

82 II27

Ascalaphus
Asclepius
Asgill

12l6
27 1121
11,533, 1134
11

392 720 242, 729 242

214-5

Arma
Armus
Aro
Aroint
Arpent, (Fr.)

Ash
Ashes
Asia
Asilus

215

1085
1225

Asinus

869 730 205

Arquebuse Arrabo
Arrachcr, (Fr.)

779 1182
996'
11 64

Ask
Asper Ass
Assa, (Lat.)

575,738,764 876
.

Arrant
Arrass Tapistry

Array
Arrears

82 1018
1141
61I, gg6

Asser
Assi, (Span.)

Assis

Arrest
Arrlia
Arriere, (Fr.)

Assus
Astarte

1182
1141
11

205 217 215, 217 428 215 216,853 176

.

Aster or Ster, (Eng. Termin.)

At, (Eng.) At, Ast, (Lat.).
. .

356

Arrondelle, (Fr.)
Arroser, (Fr.)

56

440, 450
.

1065

440,451,837
Atat

1268
Atat Atavus

INDEX
Pare

I.
Pare

452,837,895 281, 454

105, 201

Axis

Ay,(Eng.)

Ater

Aye
Aa^co
AaaKcx)

213 245 245,369, 361

Atmosphere
Atqiie

853

Atqui

450 450
105,201 220, 451

Atrium
Atta

Ayaw AyyeWco
A77Aos A770S
Ayypis
Ayeipu)

Atys Auctor

Audax
Audio Aver

840 25", 449,842 839 109,686,794 624

1085

768 768 200, 765 740 740

77Q
768,
102, 734

A7eA>7

739, 740

Averrunco

Ayepw^o's
A7>/s

197

Augeo .. 205,257,450,449,842 Auger 710>766 Auguro 710,842 Augustus 767? 785

Avia
281

Aures Auriga Aurora

....
'

Aurum
Ausculto
Avisim

109,686 1159 621,1001,n. 1142 1163

110, 795

Aussi, (Fr.)

Austcr
Austerus

Aut
A'.item

Author
Autre, (Fr.)

Avunculus
Avtis

839 428 73 629 450 441,451 258,842 430 281,287

281

766 Ayio^ 200, 766 Ayia-revio 718 A7Kai 767 AyKa\}] .............. 776 A7Ka/\7rts 776 AyKcXevo) 740 AyKia-Tpov 776 A7k:Aos 740 A7K0S 77Q A7/C1/A0S 74o AyKvpa 776 AyKwv 770
-

AyvufJLt

Ayopa A70S
Ayo(T~o<i

733 102, 733

,

;60, 7;6, 783

Ayoa-rew
A7|0a

Auxilium

Aware

Ax
Axamenta,
(Lat.)
Axftre, (Lat.)

204 623,1149 687

217 217

Aypevta
AypKptj

......

784 784 102, 732 103, 734

103
101, 732

Ay po^
AypvTTveo)

102

A yvia

INDEX
Page

I.

1269
Page
^

kyvia
Ayvjicco

733
102, 734

A6vpco *

Aia
Aias
AiSeofxai

Ayvpi's

hyvprni

102 734
227, 7/6

085 120 839

.

A7Xt
A7;\;icrT^oj/

Aio>;Aos

7QQ
775
227, 740, 766-8, 773,

AtSfAos
At^f/09

Ayxofil

Ayxoi
Ayco
Ayiov

Ai}]TOV

784,801
732-6-8, 801

Atdai
AidaXoei^
Aidio^^
Aidoixevo^

768
7/5 713 713 713 713 203
713, 865,895

Aywvia ASew
A^tjv
AS;js
AB>i(payco

739 839 793, 839 793, 839 839 457 839 852 263
351

AiOpa
Aidva-crco

AiBu}

AiKia

851 839, 851 7O8

ABpo^
ASft),
ASft),

A<^
Aipa
Aipeio
Ai^iio

092
115 8
544, 1158
5 44,

Cano
Satio

Aei
Aei^co
Ae^ftj

....

710 245

713, 8Q5 257, 842

1

Ais
Aia-a
Ai(7a\(cv
AicrBuvoixai
Aia-dio
Ai(rijjLoco

AepBuv
Aepedto

158

1158

Aepra^u)

Aero?

1158 815
81

A^a
A^aivo)
A^/\i;s

Afo-oi/es

1158 855 233, 855 855 854 854 855 263

AiCTTI/p

853
85 3

Aiaa-io

768, 8.T5

H''(o^
A^ft)

............

100 853-t
1

Ai}p

Adapa
A6rip

Oo 085 084
]

* In referring this word

Stirring up the Dirt
1

to

the idea of

have certainly supposed

>vili

a most

probabJe origin, as

be inanitbst

from, the

compound

Shil-Ai/iuro, (SKaAafJiyiw,
Itido

Adpeco
ABptjVti

......

(385,

851
0,85

Lutlibuudus fodio, fodicans

cum
iiiiow,

aliijuo,
is

Ludo

sinipHcitcr.)
IcTin,

Hence, e

ilio

Adpooi

.......

'oumic

'^KaXadirpnaTi'

aTrn

,/uiiija.

085, 852

(Nubes. Oao.)

1270
KlCTTrip
.

INDEX
Page

I.
Page

Ai<rT09

850 855
855 ^^^

Ava^
Avaa-Taaris

341

.......

Akttoo)
AiarvtjTVp
At<rvt]Tri?

Avev

827 434
785

Avnp
AvBo^

.....

286,341,390
785,850
685, 785

AktvXos
AttTfjuvaw

839 855
855
;64-8, 855
738, 740

Av6pa^
Av6pt]vti

Ato-xo9
Aircu)
A(T7?

AvQpooTTO^
Auta-Ttj/jLi

....

AiTia

839,841 768
7^10

Avrpou
A^ivii

286,341,390 826 77Q 6go

738 213 1158 1150, 1158 543, 1158 205 281 281 281 281 1151,1154 502, 1244 587 587 588 588

AiTLaojxai

A^ioio

Aixfiv

Aiw
Aiasv
AKaS//uos

^^0 109 242 223

A^wv
Aoja

Ao|OT^

Aoprvp
Aoco-eo)

AKaudvi
AKeofxai
AK6(dl/

.......

647,240 719

Atto

Akj
Akivuki)^

792 240,672, 792

Ainra
A-TTCpa

AKfxv

Akovltov

680 680 680

]

A7r<pv^

Apa
ApalSew
Apay/JLO^

Akoww
AKpoaofxai

09, 794

686, 796

AjOaSos

AKpo^afxwv
Ak|0OS

Aktu
Aktiv

796 684-6 114,224 758

193

ApaKiSva

ApaKTOV
ApaOjxai Apacra-w
<,

AkvXos

Apaxvtl^

AWos
AfXfxa
A/uyuas

405 279 280

399,401 425,477 776

Ap(3v\o^
AplSiva

Apf3u\v
A(07tAAos
ApyiTTOv^

Ajuos

Av
AvayKti

Apyvpo^

532 589 ^60, 588 1244 1225 1244 548 548 548, ll63
ApSct

INDEX
Page

I,

1271
Page

Apda
ApStjv
A^oSis

146
147-8
147, 1139

Apre/dwu

542
543

ApTup
Aprvpia

543,1158
11

A.pBw

146
79
554, 623
80, 625,

ApTL

Ape<rKw
Apert]
Aptjyui
Aptj-i

989
150

596, 1143,

69 540,1158,1169 ApTo^ 538,1158,1169 ApTvvuy 539 Aprvui ..... 538,554,1158

ApTto^

.... ....

ApBpov
Apt
A/)ts

81, 544

ApvTio
Apvu)

544, 1161

502, 1143, 1151 599. 1143

544

Apx^l
Ajo^os

.......
"

141, 1138

Apicrapov
Apicrrepo^

599 435
599, 1143 599, 1143

158, 1138
11

Apu)

69

Apiarov
Apia-TO-i

Apwfxa
Aoraofxai
A<rti

545,

169

712 712 853 868

ApKeu)

ApKTos ApKv:
Apfxa
Apveofxai
Apvvfxi

73-9,625,987 73, 048

73,80 1227 57, 1174
1174 538

Aa-dpLa
Ao-tos
Ao-is

Aa-KapL^

Aa-Kapo^

ApoTpov

Aa-KCpa
Ao-Kft)

266,713,868 232 323 232

546, 738, 874

Apovpa

....

Apow Apva^w Apwn

Appaficov

533,937? 1134 533,545, 1134

1237

1239 1182
598,
1

Appnv
Appix^"-

74

'^9^

Appixo^
A|Os

^^7

600,090
Ooo 542 542-3, 1158 542

874 Atu pro flra ...... 109 ATap 388,44a 810 Araa-OaXo^ Arato 768, 807 Arep 388 At>7 740, 75 i,n. 766, 840 853 AtjUOS
Aa-Kos
. . .

AptreviKOv
ApTafJLO^

ATTa
ATTurai ArTaraia^
Atto)

452, 877

Aprao)
Aprefiri^

837,452 83/ 462,768,837

Aru^o)

1272
Atv^co
.
.
.

INDEX
Page

I.
Pa;e

452, ;68,80;,837

Boar

,,...,

1152
871

Av
Avyti
AvdeKuoTO's
AvdevTrjs

Audi
Av^co

Avpoi
Avtroi/es

Avcro)

Avrap Avni
AvTiKa
AvTfxtj

AvroBi

Autos AuTOTaTOS
AvTO(pi

AuTWS
Ai/;^eftJ

Avxnv
Auxjwo^
Ai/o)

444 91 708 449 449 414 205, 450, 842 1147 839 839 388 853 445 853 444 445 ....., 358 253 442 853 852
> ; . : .

Bog
Boggle

871
86*2

Bosphorus

Both

Boulevert, (Fr.)

471 76-8

Brawn
Bulwark

1152
7G-8

Bumpkin
BeSy

695

865

Cada, (Span.)
Caeterus

.......

..........

Calceus
Caliga

430 386 664 684

664 808
664:

Caligo
Call

Calx

Cap
Caper
Capio

659 692
773 785 935 935 772 630,674 1092 1093

852 852

Carbo
Carousal

Carouse

B.
Bastard

Carpo
Cart

Bala Rag

Be
Behest
Bereave

557 9^4 284,340

Castro

Castrum
Cave Cavo
Ce, (Lat.)
Cc, Ci, (Fr.
Cela, (Fr.)
Celle, [Fr.)
Ital.

809
1251
.
. .

Bergham, (Surname,)

815-6

Be-Wray
Biggin, (Surname,)
Bis, (Lat.)

6l5

659 639 380,461,476 &c.) 33% 428 428

. .

26
471

428
118
Celui,

Celt

INDEX
Page

I.

1273
Page

Celui, (Fr.)

Ceu, (Lat.)

428 461
118

Cup
Cur Cut Kai
Kaiu)
.

659
179 658

Ceylon
Cliaquc, (Fr.)

Chart

Chop
Chors
Cis
Cite
Citra

430 720 660

34

450, 463, 509

Cohors

KaXew
Kai/cov

491 809 1002

Cio, (Ital.)

429 415,466 808

Kapa
Kapdia
KajOTTO?

506 I89
^85
9 13 712,1152

416,466
545
1168
(Ital.)

Coercco

Karape^uj
Keipco

Colo
Coloro,

Colour
Colui, (Ital.)

Comme,

(Fr.)

429 602 429 400

1/1

KeXapv^w
KeAei/o)

808 808

KeAAw
KeXwpveiv

808 808

Constantinople
Conversation
Cordelia

Kev
Kt]7roupOi
Kito

425
105(3

535

1120
1174 432

Cornu
Cosi, (Ital.)
Costei-Co-stui, (Ital.)

....

Cotesti, (Ital.)

429 429
54

Court

329,457,400 403 Koto? Koi^iopTO^ ....:... 57O KofiaaXos ........ 809 .. Kopeu) ...... 712
i
.
. .

Crabbed
Crabro
Crash
Crates

1230
785 674 632, 883 1236 123"
II97

KojOfSaAAts
KojOi/s

135 135

Xafxai

282
r

Xapa<r(rw
XapTt]^
Xr,

9^^
73

Cream Cremor Crumple

Crush

466
183

Xdcov

Cry

674 1166 398 548 425 423

Xov
X(tipa(pLOV

460
103 D.

Cum
Cumber
Cunctus

Cunque

Dad Dam,

480
(Lat.

Term.)
7 V

398 Dark

1274
Dark
.

INDEX
Page

I.
Pa:e

De, (Lat. &c.) De, Di, (Welsh,)

Deceiri

....
.

Deceo
Dechreu, (Welsh,)

Deck Decus
Deja, (Fr.)

664 465 504 471 508 202 68 202 202

,

Duo Duo

in

Induo

467 487

Aa
Aaito

472
471

Ae
Aeiva
Aeivo^

460,460 412,504
413 413
471 178

Aejs

42;^

AeKa
AepKoa

Dens
Denvvere, (old Eng.)

....

Deorsum Deque
De.r,

624 401 , 466 416

391
1

Aevpw
Aei/repos
At], At](o
.

383

386,415, 47

(Germ.)

Derive

Aia
Ata, Jupiter,

233

Deus
Di, Dis, (Lat.)

Diet

Dike
Diluculum
Piribeo
.

...

4/8 467 239 732 471

1241

.......

Aiaira
AiSwjut

Avu)
E.

640 470 479 238 487 487

Ditch

732 487 700 487 48-

Eager
Ear,

653, 679, 856

Diu

To

Plough,

....

111,533,

Dp
Dod-man
Doff, (Eng.)

Ear,

The

795, 1134 Organ of Hearing, ill

.

Don, (Eng.) Donee

Ear of corn
Earl

686, 795, 1173 644, 760, 795, 1 172

392

1150
1141

Donicum Doubt
Draught Dregs
Dress
. .

392
471 179 179

Early

Earn
Earnest

1173-7
1 1

78

Earnest-Money
Earth,
p.
1,

1182

540
179 471 732

&c. passim

Druid Dubius

Ease
East
Easter, the back of a

233,84a
71-443, 833

Duco

chimnev

Dudum

399
398

Easter

Dum

Eat

106 176 710, 830 Ec,

INDEX
P.iSe

I.

1275
Page

Ec, Ecce
Ecastor

476"
4'^6

Erckcn, (Germ.)

115
54<j

Erctum
Ere,/Eng.) Ere Erst

Echo
Ecke, (Germ.)

SOU
II6'

157,938
1141

Ed Grew
Edder
Eddish

I06
106'

Erect
Erectheidaj

Eden Edge
Edinburg

'.

106 184
6*7.9

Eremite
1^'ga

935 588 1115

66-8, 70

Ergo
Ergot, (Fr.)
Ergoter, (Fr.)

105
711, &c,, 830

Edo
Edward Edwin
Egean, (Sax.) Occare,

70 594 594

....

I26 126 801

Erica
Ericius

642 ^45
1121

Eridanus

Egg, Ovum, Egg on

128,805
660, 677, 788

Eringo
Eritudo
Erkc, (old Eng.)

641

Ego
Ehreii, (Germ.)

273,337,359
566', 11

579 547
Il6l 1164

70

Eja

Eight
Eisell, (old

Eng.)

837 128 714

Errand Erro
Ers, (Fr.)

1167

Either

Eke

Em,

(Eng.)

En, (Fr.) En, (Lat.) Engage England Enrone, (Old Eng.)

386 255,450,843 382 432 476

86*7

Eruca Erodio Eruo Erus

Erysipelas

642,982
931

Erz, (Germ.)

Esca
Esculentus
Esse, (Span.)
,

989,1161 579 603 1163 715

118

Ens
Ensis
Entrails

Environ

Eo
Eo,
(Lat.)
I

go,
.

Er, (Termin. Eng.)

Erailler, (Fr.)

Erase Erbe, (Germ.)

617 287,341 776 77^ 617 455 329 342,1151 1077,1188 928

715 409 Esso, (Ital.) .......... 429 Est, (Lat.) 290 Estar, (Span.) 390, 429 Este, (Span.) 276, 429
Esther
Et, (Lat.)

176 450,508
711

Etch
Eternus

1225

Etiam Eton

244 444
185

Etymology

1276
Etymology

INDEX
.Page

I.
Pa-e

253 463

Eijdi

.... 302,329,455,828-9
51,75,625,989
1175
1
1

Even
Eurus

E/)7"'
Eipijut}

74
818, 820
6(^^

Ex
Excrceo

Eipofxai
Eipo's

161

155

Exherbo Exhort

123/

Eipui

1155, 1161
11

5;6

Eipwv
Ei9

62

Eye
Eyre-Falcons

91,707
1 1

... 337,362,442,467,833
38g, 441

53, n.

Eira
EKaa-TUKodev
EKaa-ruTU)
EKacTTa-xpi

Eyre- Justices

in,

11 64

Eav Eap
Eao-ft)

425,447
1142 821 821 227, 716 103, 734

EKao'TaT^oo'e
E/cao"Te|30S

EaTeov
E771/S

E/cao-TOs
E/care/JOS
,

Eyeipw

Ey KUTU
Eypriyopeco

77^
102

EKartj

Ekutov
Eki
Ekcji/os
.
. .

EvxfAvs E7XOS
70)

Eaos

77Q 176,776 337 159,167

159, 167

448 448,833 448 448 448 336, 448, 833 386 576 499 430
.

Ekwv
Efxe
'

336,413,430,448 416
339 341, 362,478
91 41

EBpa
Eoo)

Ev
Evapyi}^

Edetpa
E^j/os

714 685
238, 644

EvepSe

EOo^
El
Ej, Inscribed

237

Evda EvOale
EviKO-s

426 426
4 35

433,443
over the door of the
at Delphi,
. .

EvTca Evrepov

Temple
EjSew

328

E^

726

E^epa/JLa

77Q yjQ 211,445,507,818,833 879

879, 1161

E(gw
EiOap
EiKt,
, ,

477,710 388,441 870

870

E^cpaw
Eopyt]
Eopyt](rai

ElKU)

EopTt]

540 540 539

ETreiyta

INDEX
Page

I.

1277
Page

ETreiyu)

ETretra

592 44
. .

EptKn
EpiKu)

Evtipea^w

5C)2

Epipeo^

642 586,642 1176

1 ]

Etttu

508
533, 575, 1134, &C.
1 1

Epivvv^
Epis

74

Epa
Epavo<;

73

Epixdovioi
E/OKOS
. .

576 588
51, 73, 76, 122, 545,

Epau)

573, 1161

Epya^io

Epyov EpBw
Ep(3evvo^
Epe(3iv6o^
Epe(io<i

538 537 537 1216 1204

Epfxa

Epvo^
EpTTco

625,989, 1149 1213 1175 622, 1208

1

Eppo)
Epptoo^
Epa-)]

164

1216
1

......

Epeeivu}

173

Epedo}
EpeiZui

577> 1153

Epvdpoi
EpvKO)
Epv/JLa

575,591, 1152 534 602,915, 1203 1212

.... 577,586,589,625
577, 586,625

.... 80,625,989,1149
1212

EpuKw
EpeiTTii}

1245

Epvuivoi
Epvcrt(3ti
Epvart/jLOv

Epe/JL^OL

EpeTTTo) Epea-a-w

1216 1205 .... 577, 1153, II97

577 O00-2, 879 602
1173 1205

gi6 642
6o3, O08

Epva-iTTcXa^

Epea-xeXeu)

Epvw
Epxofxai
EjowSjos
Epoieia

Epeuyu)

Epevdo^
Epevvato
Epe(pui

544,989,1161 330,940 574

]

164

Epws
Eadn'i
Ea-diu)

..........

575, ]l6l 574, I161

EpexBev^
Epeui
Ep)jfxo's

588
575, 1016, 1161

Epwraw

207,456,715
207, 714

...........
. . .

15

Ept]Tvui

......

80, 625

Eo-^Aos
E<rTrpo^
Eo-o>/^^

840
73

^pi
E|0'^w

502, 1151

1153
(5o2

igS

EpidaKO^
Epidevu)

Ea-ri

Epidoi

EpiKUTraio^

578 578 1056

EcTTia
EcTTiao)

296 41,167,264,715
1G7

Ea-x^apa

232 EcKaTOS

1^78
Ea-xaTo^
Eraipos
EtCjOos
,

INDEX
P-ige

I.
Page

231-2
254, 386
254, 386,444

H5>;

450
714
125, 713-4
,

HSvyaio-i

HSfs

Et.;s

386, 444

H^os

Eti
Etojjuos

360,443,402 255
251
251
251

Hdw
Hi^eos
H/cw

237 238 839

Etos, Etcos, Verus,

Fnistra,

330,456, 828

HAiKta HAzKos
H)uei/

Annus,
ETv/doXoyia
Eti/^os
ErftXTtos

253 253
251

406 406 402

401 401 401

Hyui
HfjiKrv^

............
'

Eudco

234

H/ios
Hi/
Hi/i

".

EvOv^
Evpia-KM
Ef/oos

457,829
576, ll6l
7-4

Hvide
H|oa
.

477 476 476

1147
74 1115 1159 64 64^ 1150 387 231 231
1

Evpv<:

74,534,916,993,1070
74,993, 1070, 1107 125

Hpai/o^

Evpw^
Eus

....

Bpeno^ Upiov

Evre
Euxo/uLai

ExerXv
Ex^os
Exivos
Ext?

452 739 688 768 046, 770

Upvyyo^
Hpvyco
H/3a)s

Hcrcra
Hcra-ao/uiai

770
227
202, 227
.

Exiua
Exi/joos

Hcuxo^ Hrop
HTpiov
H-rpou

Exw
Ew
Eo)S

98, 121,226,284, 774,

189,387 387 387

797, 801

Hxew

207, 329, 450

73, 492, 833 451

Hxw

895 895

H
Hyeofxai

HyriXa^w HSe

739 739 450

Fahren, (Germ.)
Fair

Farrow

734 734 1132

Fera

INDB X
Pnge

I.

1279
Pag

Fera
Ferret

1152

Grey-Hound
Grieve
]

175

Ferrum
Fervor
Fire
First

1149 763,1149,1163 I207 1154

1141

Grin

Growl
(Juard

66 1166 1166
1

....
(old

48,623,729,1149

Guerdon,

Eng.)

....

Fish

859
525
1

Guerir, (Fr.)

65 65-6

Fodio
Fore

Guerison, (Fr.)

142

Guest
Guet, Gueter, (Fr.) Guetre, (Fr.)
.

Forum
Forus
Fraguni
Frau, (Germ.)

.......

7^4 734 934 623

1149 431 58
1175

Gueux,

(Fr.)

65 268 62 62 62
63'
.

Guichc't, (Fr.)

Fret

Gyre
Tata

Carlin, Falcon, (Scot.)

1153

Fulano, (Span.)

120

Furnish

Fe
recopyeu)
r>7

Furo

G.
Gach,
Galea
Gallo-GIasses
(Celt.)

rivofxai,

4G2 540 4O0 329, 428

102

rpvyopeo)
.
.

430
135 lis
;329

Tua
FviOKopo^

460
.

.......

Fuiov

712 460

Gang
Ganlz, (Germ.)

Garden
Garrio
.

425 42-6

H.

II6G
58 54 54
.
. .

Habeo
Habito Hace, (Eng.) Hoarse,
.

Garnish
Garret Garter

2S9 283

....

6()9

MiK'k
Hacic, the horse,

667, 801

Ge, (Sax. Prefix.)

Gia,
(Ital.)

360,462
40J 54
5

......

Gird, (Eng.)

........

Hack, a hedge Hackle

Go
Gorgeous
Graft'

329,457, 460
1

Hackney
Hactenus

1251
6"31
En^';.)

Haddock
Haedus
H.vreo
Ha-res

673 689 662,667-9 672 392 69S, 776

6,93

Grate
Gratch, (old

1023
103

Gregory

93.^ 540',

1166 J147

Hag

1280
Ha^
Hagard
Haggfss Haggle
Haggle,

INDEX
Pa;e

I.
^

99, 75"^

Harp

...........

Page

733 671, 753

Harping-Irons

Harpoons
Harpsichord

To

Hail,

Hair, (Fr.)

668, II67
11 67
,

Harpy
Harr, at Sea Hair,
. . .

1238 1238 1238 1238 1238

568, 11 67

Haireux, (Fr.)

Harren, (Germ.)

......

I167

Hat
Hakot. the Pike,

107
697, 775
282, 8 16

Harrow

....
.

Hany

527,563-8,1135,1146 565,799, 1146

Ham, Names Hanch Hand

Handle

of Places,

783 776

Hang Hank
Hanker
Haquenee,
(Fr.)

......

776 776 776,783 77^ 673

1152 1088

Harry Old 1147 Harsh .... 572,592,628,876 Hart 89 Hai-vest 1239 Haruga 597,1153 Hasle 672

Hasp
Hasta Haste

........
,

775
674, 770
, .

Hara Harangue
Harass

Hasty

Hard
Harde, (Fr.)
Harder, (Fr.).
Hardi, (Fr.)
.

530,565,1146 572, 629

90

Hatch Hate
Hatton

....
.

806 806 721,775,776,806 768,806

185

90
573
village of, in

Haughty Haunt Have

Haurio
Hausser, (Fr.)

817 776 283

544, II6I

Hardingham, the
Norfolk,

282,816
88

Hards

Haut,

(Fr.)

..

Hardy Hare
Haricot

573 520, 570, 1147 II49

.

Harier
Hariolus

370, 1147

Haw-Haw Haw Thorn Hawk Hawk Eyas

Hawker

812 812 100 99, 688 893

.

133

Hark
Harke, (Germ.)
Harlot

1188 686

Hay
Haye, (Fr.) Hays, Dance the Hays, Hazard

....

565, 572

1185

...
...

Harm
Harness

12l6 1163,1180-1
571 571

894 99 100 100 7^2 742

127

Hazy
Head,
as

Haro,

(Fr.)

Maiden Head,

Harold

Head

447 Hear

INDEX
Pase

I.

1281
rage

Hear
Hcark, Hearken

686,-95, I171

Herus, (Lat.)

92-3, 62O, 799,

....

Hearse

795,11/2 629, 6/4

183

Herzog, (Germ.)

Hest
Hesternus
Hesus, Celtic
Heurter, (Fr.)

149 566 809

Heart
Hearten

1141

840,883
41

God

of

War,

96, 7 1

Hearth Heat Heath

806 643 643

Hens
Hey-l)ay

Heathen

Heck
Heckle,

&c

Heckled, (old Eng.)

775,781 669 .... 670

78I
.
.

Hey-Hoe Hey-Net
Hie
Hicce
Hiccius Doctius

Heckle back
Heder, (Sax.) Sepes,
.

202-3
I06, 202

Hick-up
Hick-wall

Hedera

Hedge Heed

99, 647, 688, 796,

802
47

Hide
Hidel

591,631 667,837, 895 815 lOO 99 273,336 380 893 892 893 112
.

105,262,790,797,801
11
.
.

113

Heer, (Germ.)

Heiedeygynesj (old Eng.)

699
895

Hideous Hid-Gild

765 113

Heigh-Ho
Heir
Heit, (Eng.)

Hie

;-

661,788
705
.

546, 1136, II47

Higgledy-Piggledy
Higgler
;

841, 896

Hem
Hent
Herald

476 776
11 87

High
Hight

Him
Hinc
Hincken, (Germ.)

Herba
Hercules

204, 1237

595,689,1150
87,620,792-9,1147
1141
of

668 210,810 809,811 339,382 392 783

287

Herd
Heri

....
God

Herian, the

War,

11 74

Hind Hine Hinge

Hira
Hire
Hirjiex
'

287,341

Herisser, (Fr.)

630,646
1115

Hermit Hernia Herod Heroe Heron

Hircus

776 1159 693

1171
12.^7

1175-6 II87 1150

.

Hirquus
Hirr, (Eng.)

639
1166 1166 638
1167
Hirsutus

574

Herr,(Ger.) 92-3, 566, 799, 11 47-9 Herse, (Fr.) 530, &c. Herse, Language, 649

Hirrio

Hirse
Hirse, (Fr.)

7 z

1282
Hirsutus

INDEX
Page

I.
Page

Hirtus
His. (Eng.)

Hisco
Hispidus
Hiss

628,877 630,877 418 639, 887

887

Hoist

Hoity Toity Hoker, (old Eiig.)

Home Homo
Honor Hood

210 700, 8O9 701,763 282

281

877,885
109,791,859 640
641

1170

Hist
Historia

107,447
801, 878

Hook
Hook-Land Hoot Hora
Horatius

Histrio
Histrix

648

Hit Hitch
Hitchel

681,768,877
694, 775, 780-1

878 661,897-9 1169 531

Horchen, (Germ.)

Hithe Hither
Hittio

789 860 386 641

Hord

Hordeum
Horizon

87,1147 638, II67 74

1204 1174
604, 636, 651,

Horminum
Horn
Horner, Little Jack,

Hittus

Hirudo
Hirundo

641 639,978, 1156

Hoar Hoard
Hoarse

1156 630, II68

89,

Horreo

....

Horreum
Horse

1180 1 166 1154

1147

630,674,980
69, 11 49

Hoax Hoc
Hoche, (Fr.) Hocher, (Fr.)

Hock
Hockle Hock Tide
Hodgekiiis, &c Hodge-Podge Hodges Hodmantk>d

877 701,778 660 I06 694 661 661

813

Horsum
Hort, (Germ.)

88
576, 792
507, 576, 792, 883

Hortor

Hortus

6^6
695
695

Ilodson

Hoe Hog
Hog, Hogget, Hoiden
a

700 696 660 688 Sheep, .... 690 699,817

663 267 Hospital .".'... 267 Host 266,269^270,821 Hostage 270 (old Eng.) Hostery, 266 Hostia 269, 821 Hostio 269, 822
Hospes
.,._<.,.

Hose

Ho&tis

260, 821

Hostler

266
269, 822

Hostorium

Hot
Hotel

806 266 Hovel

INDEX
Page

I.

1283
Page

Hovel

284
660-I

Hurt
Hurten, (Germ.)
Hurtle Hurtle Berry

Hough Hound
Hourct,(Fr.)

592,631,768,792
592
631,883

776 639
260, 797

House
House!
Houspiller, (Fr.)

631,643
261
109,791, 889 108
8j,g

705

Husband

Housser, (Fr.)

Houst Houton

664 664 818

81

H"sh
""s'^

Husky
Hustings
Hustle
Hustling

Howard Hoxing Hoze

Hue
Hucher,
(Fr.)

100 6G2 662 833

260 705, 884 705,884

261
107^ 262, 797

Huswife

Hut
Hutch
Huten, (Germ.)
. .

Huckle
Huckster

667 636 668

-605, 633,

108,691

H uzza
I.

105,791,797 667, 894

Huddle Hudson

Hue Hue aud Cry .... 661,667,899

699 696 661

I
.

Hug
Hugger Mugger
Huguenots
Huiste

575, 801

694 707
109 71 282 783 775
7'j6

Jam Jamdudum
^'^''

Huke Humi Hunch

Hunger

'c^
I^''(Fr.)

337,359,360 398,427 300 1166 248,331,764

428 815 398,441 441 441, 832 337
.

Ida

Idem
Identidem
Ideo
Idcot

Hunt

Hure-Haut, (Fr.) 1159 (Fr.) Hure, 1167 Hurd, Hurdis, (Names,) ... 88 Hurdle 88,631,883 Hurl 1184 Hurly-Burly 1184 Hurracan 11 60 Hurry 568, 1146 Hurst 638

Jehovah

328
241 461

Jesus

If
.

Ignis
I''

(Fr.)

Ille

Immanis

850 405 405 423

In

1284
In
Ing, (English Terminat.)
Inherit
.

INDEX
Page

I.
Page

309,776
.

Jusquc, (Fr.)
Ixion
lao/xai

354 94 116 776

46*8

214

Insula
Intestinus
Intro
,

lacTTts

242 218

laTTarai laTTaraia^
laxio

.......
.

Jordan, (Eng.) Matula,

...

148 241

8Q5 895 895

Joshua
Ipse
Ira
Ire
Irk,

^y^v, ly^i^io

340, 353

lyvva
lyvvfj

Irksome

580,1153 1153, II64 546

216, 763, 1163

663 663 853 663

337
337 177 164

Jyvv^
Uio<s

Iron
Irpex
Irpi, Irpini

Irren,
Irrito

(Germ.)

1226 1238 Il64

564, 577

lS/ft)T7S

l^/ots

ISpvo)

lepa^
lepevti)

1152
1153 IO7
330, 456, 828

Irroro
Is,

1065
290, 830 273, 336, 832

(Eng.)
(Lat.)

I^w
Ufxi

Is,

Ish,
Isis

(Eng. Tern>.)

354
265 236

Islam, (Ar.)

........
....
.

....... 330, 457, 82g l6v(j)a\\o^ ........ 830

Wvs

Island
Isle

Issior, (Fr.)

Issue
Iste

116 116 445 210, 445, 823 832

.

...

Wvw
lOjOKOt

390
639,
1
1

59

los

337, 770

Ikuvu)

456, 828
330, 829 330, 450, 828

iKerevo)
\Kveofxai

Istesso, (Ital.)
It,
It,

(Eng.)
(Lat.)

429 832
455
245, 275, 441

Ikw
\va

Ita

I^

Itch

722
441

I^aXos
I^os

330,828 478 771,782 782

771 170, 782 1164
196, 75Q

Item
Iter

329,601,829
501

l|ys
I/)OS

Iterum
Jupiter

Jurgium

328 I009

Is

INDEX
Page
I<r;/ut

I.

1285
Page

855
.

Lurdanc

418

lo-os
lo-Oft)

230, 716'

Lux

372

la-TtjfxL

lo-^is

la-xvos
lo-xo?

847 .167,290,062,826 170, 662, 782 758, 782

M.
Magusan, the Hercules of the ancient Gauls, 196

75g, 782

Ira/uos

\Tea
It;??
I-rys

\vy^
Iv^ft)

\x6v^
\Xvo^
IX'^p

839 869 839 ..'... 869 894 894 850 758 724, 759
L.

Make

Mama Man
Manes Mandrake
Manus, Cerus Manus,
.

539 277 420 422 423 422

151

Maro
Mattocks

777
&c.)

Me, (Lat. Medina Mei Merope Merops

339, 417

183

Medesima,

(Ital.)

417 400
1251

La! (Eng.
Labyrinth

Interject.)

....
IO89, n.

Lady
Laguian

512 I168 1177

IO26
114

1251

Met, (Lat.) Meteor

499 II60
44

IO26, n.

Lagraetman

Middle Earth Mihi

Lambeth
Land-Lord
Land-Rail

Mine
Mismo, (Span.)

Lark
Liber

268 1080 134

1018
1094

417 4l6 400

Mix

Mud
Mold Warp
Moore, (Surname,)

Lima Limb Limo Limus

Livrer, (Fr.)

639 539 1207

131
151

460
1094
460, 1094

More

Ma
Mav^payopa^
Macrcrw

515

1018

Loaf

Lord

1177 1172
IO27, n.

Lucumones

Uev Utpo^

423 539 420 287, 1256

MeraWaw

1286
MeraWato
Merewpo?
Mri

INDEX
Page
n
|

I.

Pare

II62

O.

Mia Miu
N.
N8e,(Lat.)

II64 514 340 420

Oak
Oar
Oasis

193
557, 1163,1197

Oath Ob, (Germ.)

Obses
Occa,
(Ital.)

868 218, 823 463

Naught Ne, (Ital.) Ne, (Lat.)

Nee, (Lat.)

514 446 432 514 513

270 690
660, 801
660, 801

Occa, (Lat.)

Occo

Ocimum
Ocior

Neighbour
Neither
Ness, (Eng. Termin.)

77" 386

Ocrea
Oculus

....

Neuter

355 386

Odd
Oder, (Germ.)

7^9 769, 846 7^9 707 337 389

199

Niggard

Nigh
Nill

777 776 516

134 513

Odin

Odium
Oheim, (Germ.) Ohne,(Germ.) Olim

768,806
281

Nisus

No
Nolo
Not!

434 410
281

516 513
5 16

Omnis

On
One
Oooze
Or, (Lat. Term.) (Eng.)
(Fr.)

Nonce

776 341, 467

856, 868

Noon Nor
North

...........

516 516

342
451 1163
1138 597, II60 1216

71,648
132,513 132,446 514

Not
"Nought

Ora
Orage,(Fr.)

Num
Nunc
Nyas Hawk Nai
NeKvs

Orbo
Orca,
(Ital.)

516
133

(Lat.)

514

Orcades

Nv
N;(ros

516 514
II6, 777

Nw

516

Orchard Orcus Ord, (old Eng.) Order

646 84, 446, 646 649, 689 42, 50 84 .138,1139

144

Ordino

INDEX
Page

I.

1287
P.;ge
.

Ordmo
Ordior

1138 142,159,1138 143, 733, 1138 146

1163
Ill

Ordo
Ordure

Owe Own Ox
Oxford

i.'JO,

804

122, 130,803

Ore
Oreille, (Fr.)

Ox Gang
Ozier

Organ
Origo

584
142,1128
1174

O,

/,

TO,

196,676 862 676 869 345-6

1

OapKTTv^
Oa^oos
07>;i/

168

Orion
Orior

402,621,1138
647 I207
OyK>i

1168
856, 863
'/yQ

Orkneys

Orme
Orno

1170
1173 1138-9

OyKO^
O7/JOS

225, 776, 783

732, 746

Omus
Oro Orphan Orpheus
Ort, (Germ.)

12l6 1238, 1250

50,70, 143

Oyvyia OSe
O^evo)

OSos
OSvvr]
OSvpo/uLat

Ortolan

Orts

605 50
1225 781
781

250 460 828 456, 769 768

770
192
.

Orva, (Germ.) Glebas vertere,

Os
Ostium Other

O^os

O^^
O611

386
233

Otium
Otter
Ouais, (Fr.)

O61
Odoiiai

769 109 414

398 429
283
131,

O'Y"*

Over

OiKo^

7g3 088, 733 2G2, 7Q7

7(58

Ought

446
II60 II74
159
159

OlKTO^
Otos

Our
Ouragan,
(Fr.)

342, 418, 1151

QjaTo?
OlCTTpO^

Ouran-Outang
Ourdir, (Fr.)
Ourt, (old Eng.)

337,403,414 770 770

8t)9
7(38

Oiaua
OiTo^

Out
Outhees, (old Eng.)
Outrer, (Fr.)

210, 445,818
. .

821,900
8I9 128,130 722

Oixonai Oiwuo^

.........

456,828
1173 708
(3(J2

Ovum
Owch

Okkos

OKXa^w

O/ci'OS

1288
O/ci/os

INDE X
Page

I.
Page

233
-103

Opivu)

O/cotos

OpKia
O|0KOS

1173 583

Oktw
O/uiipoi

128,507
151

84,583,823

OpKVUO^
Oj0/iaf^05

646
1214

Ov6ti\ev(o
Oj/os

Ovv^
O^ivt]

O^ys

.....

Otto^os

539 205 77Q 680,690 170,662,679,782 403

403

Opfxeia
Opfxevoei's

1214
204 1204
1

Opfxevov
Opfxeto

1213

OpfiLvov

1204
1213 1173 1173

Ottocos
OtttiAos

Op/ios
Ojoi/is

OnTOfiai
Opafxvo<i

709 708 1204

1161

Opvvfxi
Opirri^

1204
1204
1

Opau>
Op7a^ft)

Opo^o^
Opohafivo's

582

204

Opyaivw Opya^
Op'ya(r/JL09

584
582 582
581

0,00s

74, 86,

1138 1205

Opo(pn
OppoTTvyiov
Oppo's
.

604

Opyau)
Opyrj

581

158,603-4,1138,1167 OppwSew .... 603,651,1167

O/oraA/s

Opyia
Opyvia
Opdauiov
Opdufxa
OpSiviou
Opeavrji

583
162, 162, 586

6o5

OpTOs

146

159 145, 733 1174

162, 587,

OpTv^ Opva Opv^a

Opva-a-to
.
.

567 605 1159

604,638, 1167

35,534,910,1134
1210 1216 1250
450, 733
85,

O,oe7w
Opei<yctvov

948
1139

Op^avo<s
Opcpv^i

Ope^deo)
Opdo's

586 1000
1000, n.

Op(po<i

OpQoTOfxeoi
OpBpo<i

Ojoxaros
Opx^o/JLai

584
85

932
162 162

Opiyavov
Opiyvaofxai

Opxi^

Opxo^

50, 732-3
OjOft)

INDE X
Opu)

I.

1289
Page

....

534, 604, 621,p37,

1153, 1173

OxfJia

Ox^^w
Ox'i'jOos

Opwpu)

Os
Otrtos

Oco?
Oa-iTCi

621,937 336,362 414 414

708 708 7O8 187
I87

227 227 202, 227

^yv'yio'i
fi^ii/

249
768
631, 768 856, 863
,

n^ew
ilKeavo-:

OcrcrofxaL

^KlfXOU
Qiiv^fli/

y(jQ

Oo-fTO?

769, 863

Oarreov
Ocrrpeia
Oa-(pvi

fis

.....

170,662
170,662, 782

Qa-Ti^M
P.
Palter

287,341 448, 833 792

Oo-^ea

Ore
Otl
Oto/3o?

414,443 443

OrorOL

Ov
OvZa<:

Ofgos

Ovdap OvK Oys

OvTidavo^
Ol/TOS

452 837, 452 514 388, 874 388 287 514

109, 6SQ, 7Q4

Papa Pax or Pix, (Shak.) Pergamus

Periwig
Philip, the S])arrow,

;...

1188 277 884 815

8/5

1203

Piam
Piscis

in

Quippiam

Place

404 859 70
<
,

504 336
]

Podge
Pos, (Lat.)

Oupa
Ovpavo^
Ovpev:
Ovpeoj

Ppc, (Lat. Tcrniin.) in Quippe

Pte, (Lat. Termin.) Proe

695 403 404

138

....

353, 46i

1160
1159 1138
:

Privo

1142 1241
1177'

Pruina

OvpnOpa

Oxa
Ox'^vta

Ox^ta
Ox6tl

685 225 224 224 224

224

Pnina Prununi

1177
11

Has
UeXu)
n>/

77 401

Ox^os

Uoi

832 404 340,404

8A
rioKeut

1290
noAfft)

INDEX
Page

r.
Page

832
171

Quisque
Ouisquiliae

noAjs
rioo-os

395 4o9
395.

Uov
Upo^
Tlpovmi

Upwi

Uvp
Uvpa/uLi':

403 404 442 1177 1142 1154

1212
81

2uod
Quot

^uum
R.

430 398

Rabbet
Rabble

1233-

1244
1241
1241

Tivpyo^
^rjp
(pi

^iv
I>0/3/X0S

1152 353 353

Rabidus
Rabies

Rabula
Race,
tlie

1244
Course,

1207
353

Family,
tbe Runnet,

-ire

1037 1037 1122

of Ginger,

103O
1011

Racemus
Rachen, (Germ.)

Qual-Che,
Quale,
Qualis

(Ttal.)
.

428

(Ital.)

428 403,405-8 398 398 396,436

428 428 402, 428

Ouam
Quaado
Que, (Lat.
Fr.)

Quel, (Fr.)

607 946 to ifrtcA: off Wine, 945,1092 of Hay, 944 of Mutton, 944 .... 1046 of the Clouds, Racket 944,9^1 Radamanthus 1023
Rack, to Torture,

Quclquo, (Fr.)

Radio
Radius

1031
1030-

Queo
Questo,
(Ital.)

429
338, 3.95

Radix

1034

Rado
Raff
Raffen, (Germ.)

911,298,103a
1244
1241
9G^,9G-i:

Qu cquam
cunque
d

dam
n
ppc
ppiaiTi
s
.
.

395 395 395 441

Rag
in Bala

Rag

399,433 404 404 408

Ragamuffin
Ragazzo,
(Ital.)

964 1076
10()()

Rage

597, 921, 1153

Ragg

1065 Ragman's

INDEX
Page

I.

1291
Page

R.igm ail's Roll Raguled

Raja, (Eastern Title,)

1024

Rancour
Rancune, (Fr.)

1112

....

1075 1003

1124
1098 1125
1099, &c.

Rand, (Germ.)

Rail

6l5, 10^7

Random
I^angc

Railings
Railler, (Fr.)

10/8 1188
lOfT"

Rank
Ranke, (Germ.) Rankle

Raillery
Raillon, (Fr.)

1099,1107,1109

Raiment Rain
Rais, (Fr.)

IO78 1018 loGi

im
1112
1097
1 1

Ranne Balk
Ransack

I009
935 1010
1045

23

Raise
Raisin, (Fr.)

Ransom
Rant
I^ap
I^ape

1124
1115

Rait

1242
1241, 1244

Rake,
the Person, the

939 940
94
.

Rapidus
Rapier

1241

Mine

1243
1241
1241

Rake Hell, or Rakell, Rake-Tyne, (old Eng.)

Ralar, (Span.)
Raler, (Fr.)
Ralla, (Lat.)
.

g50
949 IO76
IO77
1078

Rapine
Rapio

Rapum
Rarus
Rasberry
Rascal

1244
938, 1156

Rally

1077

034
g5i

Ram
Ramage,
(Fr.)

1199
11 99

Rase

Ramble

Rame Ramex
Rammakin Rampant
Rampart

II99 II99 II98 1200 1200

1211

Rash
a species of Cloth,
.
. .

528 030

942
1032

Corn,

Rashand,

(old

Eng.)

....

929
931 881 934

Rashing, (oldEng.)

Rasp
Rasp-Raspolo,
Rassie
Rastal
Rastle,
(Ital.)

Ramping Ramus Ran, Rap and Ran, Rana

.

Ranceo Rancid

Ranco
Ranconner, (Fr.)

1200 1200 1124 1113-4 1112 1112 1112

1 1

....

&c

929 940 913

938, &c.

Rastrum Rat Ratch

Ratches, (old Eng.)

942
1032

24

929
Rate

1293
Rate
Bateau, (Fr.)
^lathe

INDEX
Page

I,
Page

1009 941
931 931 1008
1008

Reechy Reed Reek

Reel

IO69

976
I066 1081 1236
1251

Rather
Ratio
R^tisser, (Fr.)

Reem
Reeve

of paper

Rattle

Ratus

90; 1008

Regale

Regan, Lear's Daughter,

1002 1120
60-I

Raucus Rave Rave up

Ravidus

982
1241

Regard
Regio

1002
^

1241

Rcgo
Rehearse
Reige, (Germ.)

935, 1001

1203
1241
1'241

8O9

Ravine
Ravio

....

1031, 1091
966, 1111

Ravua

Rauk
Ravy
. . . .

1203 1032
880,.965, 115-, 1167

Rein-Deer Rein, (Germ.)

....

1096,1102
IO92

Reinigen, (Germ.)
Reins, (Eng.)
Reise, (old Eng.)

984
998 923
1081 IO78
1005

Rawt
Ray, the
fish,

R^aymund

of Ginger,
Razor
Re, (Lat.)

IjLize

965 966 1025 1030 1032

928, 941

Reizen, (Germ.)
Rele, (old Eng.)

Relhan
Religio

Remus
Ren, (Lat.)
. . .

1197

Reach Read

502,1141 587, 946

1015

Renard

984,1114,1176 983
1121

Rend
Render
Rennet

Ready

991

1122
1121

Ream
Reap

for

Cream,

1236
1239
.

Rebe, (Germ.) Palmes,

.1243
.

Reb-Hun, (Germ.) Perdix,

Rechen, (Germ.)

1243

Renouard Rent Reor

Rqckon
Rectus

607 6l4
935, 990

Rcpo
Res
Resing, (old Eng.)

983 1121-2 1010 622

537,912

Red Red Plague

Reddour, (old Eng.)

603,914, 1203 6o3

Rest
Restic

....

Bacon

998 611,996 QI6

997 948
Rete

I019
1019

Resty or Restive

Redsman, (Scotch,)

Retch

INDEX
P.igc

I.

1293
Page

Retc
Retro

993,944 502,1141
II67

Rig Muher impudica, Rigeo

Right
Rigid,

....
.
.

925 966

Rere

Higge, (Scotch,) Sulcare,

Mouse
Revel

S80, 937 1243

&c

Reward

60-4

Rigo
Rigols, (oldEng.)

9^9 935,998-9 966 1064

1002
.

Rex Rhea Rheda

Rhenus
Rhetor

1001

1134
933

Riive, (Bclg.) Rastrum,

Rill

1242

H-l
1016
1121

Rim
Rimor Rind Ring
Ringe
Ringen, (Germ.)

1074 1236
1198 1090 609,1087
i<597

Rhone
Riband
RibaldiT
Ric, (Eng.Termin. &c.)
.

1234 1244 1003

961 1052

10S8

Rica
Ricaraer, (Fr.)

Ringo
Rinse

967,1085
109I

Rice

Rich

604,638,1167 1003
1025

Rip Rip and Roar

Riot
Rise

1242 1235 923 935, 1141

Richmond
Ririnium
Rickets

9"'

Ricketv
Rictus

972 634
917,967,1085 9r, 988 1034
9^7 967 1011-2

Wood
Rite

977 1088
1008
1232, 1243

Ritus
Rival

Rid
Ride,(Eng.)
Ride, (Fr.)

Rive
Rivus
Rix, (Lat. Termin.)

1243 1232

Ridco
Riddle

....

356
578
c^GQ

Ridge
Ridglc
Ridgeling
Ridica
Rife
Riff Raff
Rift
Rifte

d^9
1075

Rixo Roach Road

920, 1034

970
d<i7

Roam
Roan
Roar
Roast

1200
1155
937, 1157,1166
.

1240 1244 1242 1242

1018

Rob
.Telly

1043 1241

Rig

Robe

1249 1234

Robiu

1594
Hobin Robin Redbreast Robur Rock
.

INDEX
1251

I.
Page

Rosa, Rose,

915
(J20, 916'

1203

Rostrum
Rot
Rota
Rote
Rotlier-Hithc

1157
970-1

1070

.V

910, 960

Rocket

961,982
1041
984, IO61

Rod
Roder, (Fi.)

Rotter-Dam
Rottle
.

1040 IO60 1062

Rodo Rodomont Rodomontade

Roe-buck
Rogne,
(Fr.)

983 1062 984,

I062

Rou, (old Eng.) Rove

9^5

Rougb
Rounce

Rogner, (Fr.)

Rognon,

(Fr.)

Rogo Rogue Rogus

Roil

982 984,1114 984,1114 575,969 922 968

1081, 1088

Round Round
Rout
Route

in the ear

916 964 1200 961,981 98O 1090 III9

,
,

909, &c.

Routine

920 1040
921, 1153

Row
of fish

Roine
Roist-Roisterer

1114
921 1081

1114

Roxana
Roynish
Rozinante

176 1114

Roll

Romagc
Ronchisso

1198 1083
1085

d7^
1241
.

Rub
Rubbish

Ronchus

1244
.

Ronyon Rood
Lofte, (old Eng.)

983
1041

Rubeo
Rubigo
Rubrica

1203

1203 1203
7

Rude, (old Eng.)

... ...

Rook

Room
Roost

914 914 982 II9G

998

Rubus

Ruby
Ructo

.....

1202 1203

601, 879

Ruck
Rud, (Germ.) Rudde, (old Eng.)

Root
Rootle

910 916
1234
1235 1235

973 933 913

Rope
Tricks

Ruddle

Ropery

Ropey
Roquelaure, (Fr.)

1234
9^1
1065

Ruddy Rude Rudge washed

Rudis

915 915 981 970

981, 1141

Ros

Rudo

982 Rudus

INDEX
Pase

XV

1295
Page
.

Rudus Rue
Ruefull

981
96*4,

975 1167

Ruscum Rush
the Plant

I.

975

930, 924^

g^G
933
933

Rufen, (Germ.)

.1235
964, 1241, 1244

Ruspini, (Ital.name,)

RufF
Ruffian
Ruffle.

Ruspino

1244
1197-

Ruspor
Russet
Russctine

933 915
915 915

Rufus

1203
961
634, 9G0

Rug
Ruga Rugged
Rugio
Rugosus
Ruhren, (Germ.) Ruina

Russus
Rust

9^^
Rusten, (Germ.)

916
991

601, 982

960
115/

Rustle

gig
960, &c.

Rut
1157 1202
1197-9 1202
1203
Rutabri

Ruma
Rumbtc

Rutabulum.

p1 911
pi
I

Rutcllum
Rutrura

Rumen Rumex
Rumino, Ruminate

911,975

Rutuba

pn
pr5

......
.
.

1202
11 99
1196'

Rutum

Rumny-Wine

%e
Pa/3Si^w
PaSa/xr^o?
.

974
1212:
gg.4

Rump
Rumpfen, (Germ.)

1197 1197
1198
1103

Rumple

PaSaj/os

Rumpo
Run
Run-Rig, (Scotch,)

FaSivo^

PaSi^
PaStos

1103

Runcina
Runcino

Runco
Runic

917,1085 917 917,1085,1114

1120
1121

PaBioupyew
Pf'

Pa^a70?
Padufxiy^
P"'^"^
g(32,

993 094 993 993 962 qQ2

loOo

Runnagate

Runt

lOSG
1 1

^^^xepo^

Oga g65
9^2, loOi, 1091 928, Q62

Runymedc Ruo Rursum

Rus

20

^"'"^
P"'"'

911,930, 1157 1141

537, 912

FctKU

Fc(K\o<;

QIO 965 P K(a.

H96
PuKia
.

IJ^DEx
971

I.

Fa;*
:

PlTTTU)
Pis, Piv

103,1200
917, 1085 1091

P
PaKOS
Pafxvos:

963 1201
1205

PiCTKOS

Pi^
PofiSriv

Vajivova-ia
Pa/uiCpo^

1243 1240

PaTTiS

1205 1242
103, 1242

P070S

969
1085

Poyxo^
PoSajuvos
Po^avfj

PaTTTW
PaTrys

1244 1157

Papo?
Pacra-co

Podavi^w
PoSai^os
PoSoi/

587,929,962
995 1244 1242
971 917,962, 1085 912

Paa-Twvevw
Pacpavi]
Pa(pi<i

994 995 995 994 915

917, 1059

Po^os
Poia
Poi^os PotKOS
Po/d/Seo)

Px'^
PeyKca
Pe^u)

Pcia
PeiBpov
Pe/mfSca

994
1052

Pojxcpaia

gi5 1052 613 1200 1200

1242 1242 915

Po-naXov
PoTTTpou
Poucrto^
'
.

120O
990, 1016,1164

Peo)

Ptiyvvu)

Priyo^
Ptjidio^

587, 961 961

Pox6o^

Pvyxo^
PudfJio^

993
1090
.

1059 917, 1085 1051

917, 1085

Ptiv
P>}cr(rio

PvKuvtj

929, 961

Pufxa
Pufitj

Piyoi
PiKJ/os
PifJL(pa

966 966
1200 1086
1086, 1090

........

Pv/jLfjLa

PvTrau)
Pi/TTos
'

Pivt]
Pjt/os

PyTTTO)

Flov
FiTTt]

1086 1243
124 3

Pvo/dai
Pva-KO)
Piyo-juos

1212 1196, 1212 1213 1244 1244 1213, 1244 1213

990
1051

PiTTi^u)
PtTTJS

1243

Pvo-os

q66
Pvcrra^u)

INDEX
Page

I.

1297
Page

Pua-Ta'^o)

PuTtjp

PvTt?
?ua)

990 ggo 966

989, 1213
.

Seorsum

401

Septem Sequor
Serendib
.

508 576
119

TwGoov
Pwfjiti

917

Serpo

1157, 1212

Pwvvvw
Fwofjiai
Pftjjoos

1157, 1212
.

Seu She
Sheer
Sheriff

1208 461

339
1153
1251

157, 1213
1 1

75

Ship

659
380, 461
Ital. Fr.)

P^xo)
PoJO)

917 1157
s.

(Span.
Sibi

Si, (Lat.)

432
343, 353, 4.98 380, 466

Sic

Sacar, (Span.)

659
6'58
.

Sight
Sin, (Lat.)

476
433
433, 500

Sack
Salam, the Arabic Salutation,

230
3f)g

Sine, (Lat.)

Same
Sap
Satrap

Singultus
Singiikis
Sinister

659
1231

435 434 435

4:i:^

Saucius
Scabies
Scale

658 722 8O9 658 660 11 66

135
1.35

Sino
Six Sip

...........
...........
....

Scindo

Sirpiccs

506 665 .'... 1238

461

Scoop
Scrietch
Scull

Sive

Syrius
So, (Eng.)

174

380,432,478
433
658
,

Scylla

(Germ.)
Soc, (Fr.)

Se, (Lat.)
(Ital.)

339, 401,461

Sea

Seco

432 475 638

415, 471

Sol

372
3()g

Some
Sorcx
Sous, (Fr.)

1133, n.

Secundus
Secus

506
71

Sed
See

415,466,506 415,466, 506

475 475
401

South
S])oIunca
Sta, (Ital.)

776
129
171

Seek

Stand
Star 8 B

Semi

174
Statira

1298
Statira
Stesso, (Ital.)

INDEX
Page

I.

Page

17^ 429

Tailor
Talis

Sto
Story
Stringo
Strix Su,(Ital.)

168,272,290 730
755, 774

Tarn

Tantus

Taprobane
Te, (Lat. Part.)

659 408 398 398 II9

46l 202 428 471, 508

Sub
Subigo

755 505 283, 506

Tego
Tel, (Fr.)

Such

736 409
292-6

Ten
Tonus, (Lat.)

Sum
Sup
Super
Sur, (Fr.)
Surface

Than
That

392 391-3,474
378, 438 338, 345
382, 418

660
283, 5o6

The
Their

505

Sursum
Sus
.
. .

506 506

Them
Then
Thence There These

401, 415,466, 503,688

382 391,474
39I

Susque

416
461

2e
2fao/uat
2e(j0(09
^r]iJ.epov

475
174

They
Thilk, (old Eng.)

345

Sf/res
1.1

345

Thine This
Thither

Ztos

J.KaWio
2Ka77Ta)

Z7rAa7;^i'or/

lu
1.(pe
2<|)ets

460 479 809 659 7/6 338

353 353 658 241

Those

Thou Though
Three Thresh

382 379 379 4o6 4l6 378 386 379 338 380
467
178

Thus

380
338 343 411, 440 398
255 505
.

Thy
Tibi
Till

Hx^^u)

Hw^to
,/'

Tim, (Lat.Termin.) Timber

Timour

Tad
TaiUer, (Fr.)

480 659

Tire, (old Eng.)

To Devour,

To

712 468
Tollo

IN DEX
Page

I.

1299
Pago

ToUo Too
Tooth

832

TvTes
Tt
Ti^'/M'

Torqueo

469 769 580

398 386,415 398 947 947 468 589 589
174

345 412

T'"
Tii'O?

Tot
Tother Totus Trace

303,487 413 504

Tfs

412

To
Tode
Tohevrepov

Traho
Trans
Tribula
Tribulatio

Todev
ToBl
Toi
Toios
Toioo-Se

Triones

Triops
Triptolemus

Tu
Turn

588 588 338 398

46q 414 414 4]4 414 414 414 414, 460

414 414 460
421 303

Tooyros

Tunc Twain Twenty

Twice
Twilight

392
471 471
471

Tocos
TococrSe

TovTO
TfTrrw
OaXa/jLOi

471
471 471

Twine
Twist

589
803

QaXacrcra

Two
Tzar

470 506
471

Qarepos Oe,eev

386,471 426, 443,461

Tye Tau

0e
Qeaofxai

504
421

TavTa
Te
Teiu

'
Qeiou
f'o?

403, 450
113

TeAAo)

832

QeXv/mvou
QefxeXiov
e/o/^os

Terra
Terri^
T;AtK09

TriXiKOVTO^
Ttj/mepov
T>;i'OS

480 480 406,414 400, 414

345

0tw
v"
'
Oi/o)

413

478 475 47g 487 479 530 254 1207 487 399 460 487 u,v.

1300
u,
'S^acillo

INDEX
Page

I.
Pa;e

Ugsome
Vi, (Ital.)

765 353, 431

S67 867
867
tlie

Vioi, (Lat.)

821,870
821

\\ngaboiul

Victima

Vagus

Video
Viere
Vigilo

XA

Kvriar, the. Fates of

Goths,

153,11.

Vario
\'arious

622 "02 622

387, 873 ^^5
6'17,

Vinegar
Vir
Virajro

77,477,710,726 622 60 715

503, 623, 1148
6*23
,
.

Varus

Udder Udus
Veer
V^er

Vireo
Virer
Vires
Viridis

623
1149

1149
621

623, 11 49
46,

623
553

Veratrum
Verber
Vereor

6l3
62I, II49

Virtue
Virtus

"21 62 1, 1149
.

Virus
Vis
Viscus
Viso, Visito

553,623 623
196
77^

Veretrum
Verge, (Eng. Fr.)

42-5, 617

Verger

43

Vergo Vermis Verpa

Verpis Verres

6770,621
C21

Uitro

"21

Verro Verruca
Verso

62 1152 621,1149, 1149, 1155

UmQuvvhile, (Scotch,) Uncle Uncus

....

710 4l6 410

287

Ungo
Unguis
Unicus

621,1149 534-5, 564

. .

776 776 77^

435

Versum
Verto

Versus
.

66, 534,

1 1

49

Vos

340
283 1139

534,554,609,621,1149
1149 73b
621, II49

Up
Ur,(Gcrm
Urbs
Urceus

Veru Vervactum Vervex

Verus Vcscor
Vesta
Vestie
Vestis
'.

1229
84,

646

59,621-4
715

Urchin
Ure, En-Ure

645 844, II70

..........
.

Ugly

41,264,715 207 264, 456 765

Urgeo
Urina Urino

592 1138
1181

Urium

1181

Uro

INDEX
Page

I.

1301
1162

Uro
Ursine

1206
6*48
6-11

Y|0;^//

Y?
Ya-repa
Ya-repo^

688
387, 874

Ursus
Urtica

Urus
Uscire

650 1152
445 844 781
440, 833

231,387,874

W.
Wachter, (Germ.)
873
871 871
870, 867

Use Usher

Usque
Ut, (Lat.)

Wack
Waddle

Ut

in

Utmost
386'-;,

439 620
873-4
387, 874

Wag
Wage
Wager Wages
Waggle

Uter Uterus
Utis, (Shaksp.)

Utor
Utter
Utterance
Yyye/JLO^
Yyir]^
.

399,821 1 2b', 844 212, 445,820

6'20,

867 867 867

Wagon
Wahr, (Germ.) Wahren, (Germ.) Wait

821

867 867 623

1143 60-62
624, 1148

227,747
125, 240, 719

Yypo9
YBi/ou

War
Ward
Ware,

Yao9 Y^pia

856 874 865 874

865, 895

42-6,55,623,792,
989, 1149

Wary

55

YSw YBwp
Ytos
Y/c\os
Y)Uts

Warie, (old Eng.) Warison, (old Eng.)

865 228 242 340

Wark

in

Bul-Wark

626 60 76

Warm
Warp

1206 55-7,623, 1149, 1152 Warnish, (old Eng.) 53

Warn ....

YTraiQa
YTrep
YTTtjpereui

Ypa^
YpLOV
Ypi(T(ro<i

Ypov
Yppi^
Yprt^p

457,820 283 5j8 1153,n. 1162 1162 11 62 1162 1162 1162

1207
58,623,
II

Warrant
Warry,
(old Eng.)

49

Warren .... 58,623,1149,1174

1164
221

Wart Warton Warwick

51,626
57
623, 1142

Wary Was Wash

322 864 Washes

1302
Washes
Wassail

INDEX
Pige

I.
Page

86'8

63
6.3

Whisk Whisky
Whist
Whistle

726, 891

Wastel Bread

Water
Wattle

857, 864, 883

807 888 888

Wave

883 867
843, 87P-3

Whit White
Whither

446
873

Wax

We
Weak Wear
of a River,

344, 417

Whizz

397 888
396, 408

870 625, 1148

57

Who Whom
Whore Whose Wick or Wack
Wicker

397 II68

Weary
Weatiier

1148

397
870 869 1149 446

866

Weed Week
W^eide, (Germ.)

Weigh
Weifde, (old Eng.)

626 870 869 867

551

Wier Wight Wit With

With, Withy

726 866
869
892 550 35,537,606,912 622,1207

Welt of a Garment Werdcn, (Germ.) West

49 549
833
.396

Wither

What
Wheat
Wheese

Word Work

873 888,892

Worm
Wood
Worry
Worse
Worsted

1211
624, 1148

When
Whence
Whfere
.

-,

397 ^97
39/
726, 864

625 625
51, 625

Whet
Whether.

397
871

Whey
Which

Whig
While Whilomc Whirl Whirr

408 871-2

Wort Worth Worthy Wrack

Wrangle

53 53

608
610, 1088

409

Wrap
Wrath

1233

409
1185 1148
871

579,608,1153
615
529, 6'08,

Wray
Wreak
Wreath

Whisp
Whisper

888

Wreck

608 IO87 608

Wren

INDEX
Page

I.

1303
Page

Wren Wrench
WrencheSj'(old Eng.)

6lO, 108;
609, IO87

Yard
Yare, (old Eng.)

42,

1 1

149
1

....

610
IO87

Wrest
Wrestle

6'18,948, 1087

Yarmouth Yarn Yea

Year Yede, Yes
(old Eng.)

11

79 64

1179
245, 36o

Wretch Wrie
Wriggle

607 622,1147
611

1142

....

456, 829

245, 331, 359

Weight

Wring
Wrinkle Wrist Write Writhe
Writhle, (old

35,537,606,912 609,1087 610,967,1087 609 619 599,608,1087 Eng.) IO89

Yesterday

1141

Yet

Yex
Ylk, (old Eng.)

Yon, Yonder Yore Your

443 893 405 340, 36

1142 342, 418, 1151 894

Wroote, (old Eng.)

Wroth
Wrouglit

619 308
538, 579

Yox

Wry
Wurgcn, (Germ.) Wurtz, (Germ.)

617
597
51

Zoroaster

177

Zutano, (Span.)

430
47

Zwei, (Germ.)
Zvveifcl,

(Germ.)

47
472,
-191

Za
Xerxes
152
Zao)

4go
-1(J1

Ze
Y.

4QO

(Eng.
(Fr.)

Y, (Engl. Terminat.)
Prefix.)

....

354 462 432

Zev
Zeu)
Ziju

490
198

INDEX

INDEX
A.
Page

II

Page

Cherohes,

name

of,

resembling that

Adonis,

name

of,

whence derived 183, 198

whose history
.

of the Greeks

519

jfire Coti, the people,

is

Cimmerians, the Cimbri or Cambri-

traced by General Vallancey

6 1*

ans

519
the Element, denoting the Top

America.

Grecian Colonies probably

Celtic Dialects found there

CN,
518 518

settled there

Head

499,518-9
357

Comparison, degrees of
Consonants, Cognate or

Apollo, the

Carnean or Grynean

....

518
649

Commutable,
the

Arcades, observations of the

this nature

name of
558, n.

alone useful in discovering the Affinities

of words.

Remarks on

Art and Nature, dispute on

Articles,

Consonants 835. Pr. Diss. Sect.

(2.)

formation of in various Lan34,5,

CP, Element of
&c.

659
152

guages

CR, Element

of

B.
Barbarous Languages, what chiefly to be noted in ; . .
.

D.
Davies,

Mr. author of the

Is

Celtic

Re118, 177

517 378
'

searches, &c. quoted

....
to

Basque Language, dialect of the Celtic

similar to the Esqui-

admonished

burn
721
47, 183

his

Bryant

maux Language
C.

519

DC N, Element of
Declensions of
labic of the

Nouns.

The Impariof Father de-

Greeks 179. Pr. Diss. (40-1)

C, D, G, &c.. Cognate Consonants 8, &c. 24, &c. Pr.Diss. (15) Cadmus and the Serpent's Teeth, story
of
Cantemir, Prince, his

Dentals,

D, T. Names

rived from hence, as Atta, Dad,

&c
Druids, origin of the

479, 833

567, n.
derivation of

name

79

Constantinople
Celts, observations

172

E.

on

this

people

18,

510

Earth, name
&c. passim.
their

of,

under *R, 'RT,

Pr. Diss, (29)

Imperfect state of Celtic Literature

. .
.

Languages receive materials from the Earth,

its

1006

with

Accidents
.

Operations,

Chatterton, his Pedigree of the Berg-

and Properties

Pr. Diss. Sect.

II.

(2 )

hams noted

816

et passim.

Eden,

INDEX
/w, name
of,

II.

1305
Pa-e

whence derived ...

Pr. Diss.

185

Element or Elementary form explained

Laftau, a learned and acute writer Languages, observations on passim,

51

(34.,) n.

Theory

of,

as

given by former

Elements,

original

of

Language:
the

writers, totally useless in discover-

The Theory of, compared with the

doctrine of
soul

ing any facts

the

transmigration of
;
.

May

484, 839 be discussed in a few

.

1255

sentences or pages

419,439,485
Tu,

G.
Genitive Case, termination in
Tat, 8cc

Infantine,

Ma, Pa,

479
Collection of names be-

thro'

various Languages
Imparisyllabic

350
of the

longing to Ta, Tat

Italian,

486
See under
Exdite. .
.

&c.

the

Gipseif

Greeks Language

368

their respective

names.
idea of

320
Comparison between

The

ment, most prevalent in

.71 8-9,
et passim

the Blanket of the Gipseys and

Roman Toga

320

M.

Greeks, considered as the corrupters

M,
156

B, &c., the Labials express Fa-

of names.

vulgar error

....

ther and Mother, in a great variety

of Languages, as

Mama, Papa, &c.

277, 479

H.
Hecate, observations

on the Mytho-

Supply Verbs of Being and

Possession

logy of
Hesperides,

"...
Gardens of
its

756
193

281

Pronominal parts of Speech

-Applied as a termination
to the Dative case, particularly in

340

Hindostanee Dialect, anecdote on

resemblance to the Irish

337

the Plural

352

Homer, name whence derived

I.

....

151

Macedonians, the

Mac -Donalds ...

whence derived
. .
.

519
151
171

Maro, name
Mir/ianiswe

of,

Idrii, the

name

of a prophet, whence

dti

derived
Infantine sounds

177

*
gists

La rigiinge, quoted

Author of ;

supposed

to

Pa, Pa, At, Tad, &c. have operated in the

" the most unfurnished, unable " and inefficient" of all l:ltymolo920
Milton, quoted, (Civil suited morn), &c. 49

formation of Language
Italian

....

479, 838

Language, probably not a cor-

ruption of the Latin

317

Mohawk Language, an attempt at Etymology

in

518

K.

Monboddo, (Lord,)
i.e.

may be produced

Kal-Mucks or Moguls,

Mog-Gu/s

519 519

in Philological Discussions as au-

Kamschatka, whence derived

L.
Z., letter,

....

thority for an Historical fact

...
.

519
151

Moore, nzme

oi,

whence derived

Mythology, fables of, often arise from

remarks on 371. Pr. Diss. (24)

confusion in names

135
Mytliology,

8 c

1306
Mythology., Mysteries of, contained in

INDEX
Page

II.
Page

Phrygian Words, the origin of to be

a Chinese Tradition

Pr. Diss. (29)

found

in the

Teutonic Dialects

815

Pronouns, examination of in various

N.
N, NC, Element, denoting Being
Supplies Pronouns
.

286 340
325

Languages

'.

334, &c.

In Latin, Greek, Russian,

Celtic 343, 424, 428, 489, 497 . Composition of 377, &c.
. .

Persian, Spanish, Italian, French,

Hebrew,
Proserpine,

Termination of the third person plural in verbs

Has

arisen

probably

from
370

name and mythology

of,

the Element -"G,

"GG, &c. ...

whence derived

757, n.

Nouns, inflexions of in Latin, Greek, &c. arise from Demonstrative Pro-

Q,

letter,

remarks on

25, Pr. Diss. (30)

nouns

350, &c.

Numerals, from one to ten, most probably Demonstrative parts of

R.
i?, letter,

Speech
the Affinity of Languages

4.67,

507 517

Fallacious in determining

....

Element, denoting Being .... 342 ^RS, &c., which the primiform 528, R and S, between 531, n.
'*R, tive

remarks on 12, Pr.Diss. (36,) &c.

a tnodus concipiendi

n.

relation

13,

Pr. Diss. (36)

Ogga or Onla, the Goddess of Wis-

Rowley,

Poems

under that name

dom among
Oghain of the

the Celts

749
on 747,
n.

Celts, observations

quoted or explained 115, 159, 234, 569, 576,617-8, 670,699, 817, 1081
s.
Sach, the

Ogmlus, name of Hercules among the 747, n. Celts

Owa/opa?/fl, principle of
. .

.84-5,918
1250

term

said to pervade all

*

Lan658

Orpheus,

(\\xot.Qi.

181, 1056, n.
derived
. . .

guages, means only the

Secata,' the

Terra
. .

name whence
P.
Particles,
i.

Hollow, Furrow

Stytha, anciently called Scoloti,

i.

e.

the Celts

519, Pr. Diss. (29)

e.

Adverbs, Conjunc-

Shakspeare, quoted or explained 49, 78, 89,

tions, Prepositions,

under the form

"C, *D,

&c

C\

D', &c.

437,458

94-5, 118, 130-1, 219, 234, 257, 279, 359, 470, 551-2, 559, n. G03, 646-7,
1047, 1116

__
this

Called in some instances

Expletives,

&c.
of

No

objection to

T.
Testament Old, defence of the

mode

conceiving

them
458

when

duly understood

in

mode, which the Persian names are

155

Persians, their Language, remarks

on

424
represented

Names Xerxes, &c

Sciences

of

their

Kings,

153
the Celts

Theory of Languages, see Language.

Pheryllt, the

Teachers of Arts and

Timour, the Tartar name,

1 1

whence
505
Titans,

among

....

89

derived

INDT-X
Page
Titans, not born from the Earth, but Workers in Earth, Clay, &c. P. D. (29,) n.

II.

1307
Page

German, 322, &c. Hebrew, Persian 308, 312, &c.

English, and

Chaldee,

Arabic,

Syriac,

and

V.
Vallancey, General, his acute conjec-

Samaritan
Verbs of Being, examined,
Is, &c. Connected with the
.

326

ture

on the origin of the term

290

Kamschatka
Verbs, formation of in various

519

idea of stability

272, 290

Lan-

guages
302,

Latin, 296, &c. Greek,

iu, V,

W.
RT, \R, &c. the Elementary
.

&. Irish and Gallic 505, &c. Welsh, 307, &c. Comish,

GipArmoric, Hindostanee, 311 French, Italian, Spanish sey 312 Gothic, Saxon, 313321, &c.

forms examined

605, &c. 621, &c. n.

Zoroaster,

name

of,

whence derived

181

The

distance of the

Author from the Press has operated

in

causing the following and

typographical mistakes, which the Reader will readily correct.

:

The

many other Indexes will be found extremely

deficient The English Latin, and Greek words are detailed in the first index, with tolerable precision but the words in other Languages are only occasionally noted, and the Celtic terms, which have been perpetually introduced in the Work, are seldom to be found. The words in the Eastern Languages, which have been likewise examined with great diligence, are not noted at all in the Index. As the

Work

advances

in its

progress, and begins to

fulfil

the purposes of an Universal Repository of words,

In the present state of the discussion, the

the Indexes should then be most copious and accurate.

form, which they

now

bear, will perhaps be sufficiently

minute for the purposes of the general Scholar.

ERRATA.
Page
10.
1.

24.

280. 1.24. 319. 1. 2S. 366. 1. 7.

402. 464.

I.
1.

7.

13,

518. 1.35,

529.

J.

12.

582.

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