STANDARDS FOR SYNCHROPHASOR

MEASUREMENT

Ken Martin
EPG

WSU Workshop on PMU testing
March 16, 2012
1
GPS
Real Time Monitoring & Alarming
Off-line Dynamics Analysis
Data
Storage
Phasor Measurement System
Future real-time controls:
Phasor Data Concentrator
Other utility PDC
Substation PDC
Measurement
standards
Communication
standards
Data
storage
standards
Synchrophasor Standard History
IEEE 1344-1995
IEEE C37.118 2005
Measurement requirements
Specified in terms of the result
Error limits specified
Data transmission
Messaging requirements only
Adapted to TCP/IP & UDP/IP
Measurements - IEEE C37.118.1-2011
Communications - IEEE C37.118.2-2011
& IEC 61850-90-5
New standard overview
Existing C37.118-2005 split into two standards
PC37.118.1
Covers measurements only
Adds frequency & ROCOF, and dynamic operation
PC37.118.2
Preserves existing data exchange
Adds needed current improvements (flags & configuration)
IEC 61850-90-5
Joint IEEE-IEC project for synchrophasor data communication
Uses standard 61850 models & processes
Adds communication methods where needed

Presentation covers measurements only
Synchrophasor measurements
C37.118-2005
Basic compliance test is TVE
Phasor measurement accuracy over range of V, I, , & F
Rejection of harmonics and out of band signals (anti-aliasing)
Steady-state conditions only
No frequency & ROCOF requirements
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
r
2
i 0 i
2
0 r
X
X - ) (t X X
i
r
X
X t
TVE
+
+
=
i r
j
m
jX X e
X
+ = =
|
2
X
) ( ) ( ) ( 0 0 0 t jX t X t i r + = X
Theoretical phasor value


Measured (estimated) phasor value


Total Vector Error (the RMS difference)
Compliance Testing
Based on the measurement, not the method
Requires precise waveform generation/measurement

Phasor
Measurement
Unit (PMU)
UTC Time
(GPS)
X(n) = X
r
(n) + jX
i
(n)
X = X
r
+ jX
i

X
X
i

X
r

X(n)
X
i
(n)
X
r
(n)
Phasor defined
at t = 0.
Waveform matches
phasor definition
at t = 0.
PMU estimates phasor
equivalent from an interval
of the waveform.
The estimate is compared
with the defined phasor to
determine error (TVE).
TVE = \ [((X
r
(n) - X
r
)
2
+ (X
i
(n) - X
i
)
2
) / (X
r
2
+ X
i
2
)]

-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
-0.012 -0.008 -0.004 0 0.004 0.008 0.012
6
Synchrophasor Measurement Standard IEEE
C37.118.1
New C37.118.1 standard covers measurement aspects
Phasor, frequency, & ROCOF
(ROCOF is the acronym for Rate of Change of Frequency)
Retains existing steady-state requirements
Adds clarification
Adds measurement requirements under dynamic conditions
Measurement bandwidth, tracking, and response time
Test requirements keyed to apply to all measurements
Same tests for phasors, frequency, & ROCOF
7
Synchrophasor definition generalized F & ROCOF
defined
For a generalized case where amplitude, frequency, and
phase are functions of time:
x(t) = X
m
(t) cos(2f
0
t + (2 gdt +(t)))

The phasor value is:
X (t) = (X
m
(t)/2)e
j(2gdt +(t))

Similarly for the formula: x(t) = Xm cos [(t)]
Frequency is defined: f(t) = 1/(2) d(t)/dt
ROCOF is defined: ROCOF(t) = df(t)/dt
Steady-state measurement changes
Influence quantity Reference
condition
Minimum range of influence quantity over which PMU shall be within
given TVE limit
Performance Class P Performance Class M
Range Max TVE (%) Range Max TVE
(%)
Signal frequency
range f
dev

(test applied
nominal +
deviation: f
0
f
dev
)
F
nominal
(f
0
) 2.0 Hz 1 2.0 Hz for F
s
<10
F
s
/5 for
10 F
s
< 25
5.0 Hz for F
s
25
1
The Signal Frequency range tests above are to be performed over the given ranges and meet the given requirements at
3 temperatures:
T = nominal (~23 C), T = 0 C, and T = 50 C.
Signal magnitude -
Voltage
100% rated 80 120% rated 1 10 120% rated 1
Signal magnitude -
Current
100% rated 10 200% rated 1 10 200% rated 1
Phase angle with
| f
in
f
0
| <0.25 Hz
Constant or
slowly varying
angle
t radians 1 t radians 1
Test over temperature
Separate V & I tests
Corrected for report rate
Report rate
independent
Steady-state OOB (filtering) changes
Minimal harmonic
Rejection, no OOB
for P class
For OOB rejection
signal is varied
from nominal
Influence quantity Reference
condition
Minimum range of influence quantity over which PMU shall be within given
TVE limit
Performance Class P Performance Class M
Range Max TVE (%) Range Max TVE
(%)
Harmonic distortion
(single harmonic)
<0.2%
(THD)
1%, each harmonic up
to 50
th

1 10%, each harmonic up
to 50
th

1
Out of band
interference as
described below
<0.2% of
input signal
magnitude
None 10 % of input signal
magnitude for F
s
10.
No requirement for F
s

< 10.
1.3
Out of band interference testing:
The passband at each reporting rate is defined as |f - f
0
| < F
s
/2. An interfering signal outside the filter passband is a signal at
frequency f where: |f - f
0
| F
s
/2
For test the input test signal frequency f
in
is varied between f
0
and (10%) of the Nyquist frequency of the reporting rate.
(that is: f
0
0.1 (F
s
/2) f
in
f
0
+ 0.1 (F
s
/2))
F
s
= phasor reporting rate
f
0
= nominal system frequency
f
in
= fundamental frequency of the input test signal
Allowable
TVE
increased
Specify single harmonic at time
Steady-state Frequency & ROCOF
All new requirements
Influence quantity Reference condition
Error Requirements for compliance
Class P Class M
Signal Frequency Frequency = f
0
(f
nominal
)
Phase angle constant
Range: f
0
2.0 Hz Range:
f
0
2.0 Hz for F
s
10
F
s
/5 for 10 F
s
< 25
5.0 Hz for F
s
25
Max FE Max RFE Max FE Max RFE
0.005 Hz 0.01 Hz/s 0.005 Hz 0.01 Hz/s
Harmonic distortion
(same as table 3)
(single harmonic)
<0.2% THD 1 % each harmonic up to 50
th
10% each harmonic up to 50
th

Max FE Max RFE Max FE Max RFE
F
s
> 20 0.005 Hz 0.01 Hz/s 0.025 Hz 6 Hz/s
F
s
20 0.005 Hz 0.01 Hz/s 0.005 Hz 2 Hz/s
Out-of-band interference
(same as table 3)
<0.2% of input signal
magnitude
No requirements Interfering signal 10% of
signal magnitude
Max FE Max RFE
None None 0.01 Hz .1 Hz/s
11
Modulation Tests
Sinusoidal modulation of amplitude and phase angle of the
fundamental signal
Determines the bandwidth of the measurement
Emulates a system oscillation
Amplitude-phase and phase only modulation
X
a
= X
m
[1+k
x
cos(t)] x cos [
0
t+k
a
cos(t-)]
Phasor, F, & ROCOF responses (discrete points at time t - nT):
X(nT) = {X
m
/2}[1+k
x
cos(nT)]Z{k
a
cos(nT-)}
f(nT) =
0
/2 - k
a
(/2) sin (nT-)
ROCOF(nT) = - k
a
(
2
/2) cos (nT-)
Modulation test requirements
Phasor measurements
Modulation
Level
Reference condition Minimum range of influence quantity over which PMU shall be within
given TVE limit
Class P Class M
Range Max TVE Range Max TVE
k
x
= 0.1,
k
a
= 0.1 radian
100% rated signal
magnitude, f
nominal

Modulation
frequency
0.1 to lesser
of F
s
/10 or 2
Hz
3% Modulation frequency
0.1 to lesser of F
s
/5 or
5 Hz
3%
k
x
= 0,
k
a
= 0.1 radian
100% rated signal
magnitude, f
nominal

3% 3%
Modulation level, Reference
condition, Range
Error Requirements for compliance
(Use the same modulation levels and
ranges under the reference conditions
specified in Table 5.
Class P Class M
Max FE Max RFE* Max FE Max RFE*
F
s
> 20 0.06 Hz 3 Hz/s 0.3 Hz 30 Hz/s
F
s
20 0.01 Hz 0.2 Hz/s 0.06 Hz 2 Hz/s
Frequency & ROCOF measurements
Example with amplitude modulation
Amplitude
modulation
pass & reject
bands for 30 fps
data rate.
Shown for 4
different filters
Modulation illustration:
amplitude modulation
shows as envelope on
power frequency
waveform. It starts at a
low frequency and
increases until it is no
longer visible
14
Frequency ramp and step tests
Constant ramp in frequency
Determines measurement tracking system
X
a
= X
m
cos [w
0
t+R
f
t
2
] where R
f
is a constant ramp rate
Emulates a system separation causing power-load imbalance
Step change of amplitude or phase
Determines response time measurement
X
a
= X
m
[1+k
x
f
1
(t)] x cos [
0
t+k
a
f
1
(t)] f
1
is a unit step
Emulates a switch action
Measurement during step not testedonly response time
Frequency ramp test requirements
Phasor measurements
Frequency & ROCOF measurements

Test
signal
Reference condition
Minimum range of influence quantity over which PMU
shall be within given TVE limit
Ramp rate (R
f
) (positive
and negative ramp)
Performance
class
Ramp range Max TVE
Linear
frequency
ramp
100% rated signal
magnitude,
& f
nominal
at start or some
point during the test

1.0 Hz/s

P class 2 Hz 1%
M class Lesser of (F
s
/5) or
5 Hz
a

1%


Signal
specification
Reference condition Transition time
Error requirements for compliance
Ramp tests
same as above
100% rated signal
magnitude and
0 radian base angle
2/F
s
for the start
and end of ramp
P class M class
Max FE Max RFE Max FE Max RFE
0.01 Hz 0.1 Hz/s 0.005 Hz 0.1 Hz/s


16
Ramp test example
Measurement algorithms must adapt or control error
Phasor error (on left) expands but stays within limits
Frequency estimate (on right) oscillates but within limit

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
x 10
-3
Time (Sec)
T
o
t
a
l

V
e
c
t
o
r

E
r
r
o
r

(
P
U
)
Total Vector Error - A phase, pos ramp
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
Time (Sec)
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

e
s
t
i
m
a
t
e

(
H
z
)
Algorithm Frequency Estimate (blue) & actual (green), negative ramp
Step test requirements
Phasor measurements
Frequency & ROCOF measurements
Step change
specification
Reference
condition
Maximum response time, delay time, and overshoot
Class P Class M
Response
time (s)
|Delay time| Max
Overshoot
/undershoot
Response
time (s)
|Delay time| Max
Overshoot
/undershoot
Magnitude =
10%,
k
x
= 0.1,
k
a
= 0
nominal
at start or
end of
step
1.7/f
0
1/(4 x F
s
) 5% of step
magnitude
See table
11
1/(4 x Fs) 10% of step
magnitude
Angle 10,
k
x
= 0,
k
a
= /18
nominal
at start or
end of
step
1.7/f
0
1/(4 x F
s
) 5% of step
magnitude
See table
11
1/(4 x Fs) 10% of step
magnitude
Signal
specification
Reference
condition
Maximum susceptibility response time
Class P Class M
Frequency
Response time
ROCOF
Response time
Frequency
Response time
ROCOF
Response time
Magnitude test as
in Table 9
Same as in
Table 9
3.5/f
0
4/f
0
See Table 11 See Table 11
Phase test as in
Table 9
Same as in
Table 9
3.5/f
0
4/f
0
See Table 11 See Table 11
18
Step Tests
Response time is how
quickly measurement
responds to step change
Delay time shows error
in phasor timing
estimate
Susceptibility shows if
measurements that are
not changed have a
response (they should
show no change)
19
Additional requirements
Reporting latency
Limits length of time before sending real-time data
Additional data rates
Reporting to 50 or 60 Hz
Slower rates synchronized with time for SCADA
Test conditions more fully specified
Temperature, nominal signal level, signal noise, etc.
Classes changed into M & P
P class for minimal delay, no filtering (think Protection)
M class for more accurate reporting, may have delays (think
Measurement)
Either class can be used according to needs
Ongoing issues
Need actual test data from PMUs
New requirements are tested with models, not PMUs
Real PMUs may not meet models
Several ongoing issues
Possible minor errors in requirement numbers
Wording that may lead to different interpretation
Revision planned once feedback received
Adoption as a IEC standard 60255-118-1
Pending resolution of IEEE procedures & requirement
resolution
Standards summary
First synchrophasor standard in 1995
Measurement standard: IEEE C37.118.1-2011
Measurements only, complete performance set
Communication standards:
IEEE C37.118.2-2011
IEC 61850-90-5 (2011)
Data storage: profile for COMTRADE
IEEE C37.111-1999 & IEC 60255-24 Ed2
Synchrophasor Standards
Questions?