BILOLOGY Is the study of life.

. Originated from the Greek word bio (life) and logos (study of) As a Scientific discipline, Biology is made up of Subdisciplines a) BIOCHEMISTRY examines the rudimentary chemistry of life. b) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY studies the complex interactions of systems of biological molecules. c) CELLULAR BIOLOGY examines the basic building block of life, the cell. d) PHYSIOLOGY examines the physical and chemical functions of the tissues, organs, and organ systems of an organism. e) ECOLOGY examines how various organisms interact and associate with their environment.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS 1) Living things are made up of cells. 2) Living things reproduce. a) Sexual reproduction requires that two cells from different individuals unite to produce the first cell of a new organisms. b) Asexual reproduction a single organism can reproduce without the aid of another. 3) Living things grow and develop. 4) Living things obtain and use energy. 5) Living things respond to their environment. HISTORY OF BIOLOGY FOUR STAGES: 1) PRIMITIVE PERIOD Characterized by uncritical accumulation of information, mainly derived from the practical necessities of obtaining food, materials for clothing and shelter, substances to cure ailments, and necessary information about the human body. 2) CLASSICAL PERIOD Began with the Greeks and continued with the Romans. This was marked by great curiosity about natural phenomena and an ability to organize biological knowledge and record it. This began with the contribution of HIPPOCRATES Father of Medicine. He stated that diseases have natural causes and the body has the power to repair itself. Aristotle Greatest Ancient Scientist who was the most significant biological contributor. 3) RENAISSANCE - 14th to 16th Centuries Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo made accurate studies in plants, animals and human anatomy. Andreas Vesalius published his book The structure of the Human Body. William Harvey described the blood circulation in man which contribute to physiology. By the middle of renaissance, anatomy, physiology, botany and zoology were established. 4) MODERN ERA Beginning of the 17th Century Robert Hooke established the concept of cell theory. Francesco Redi he experimentally disapproved the spontaneous origin of life and non living matter. 19th Century Jean Baptiste Lamarck proposed the teory of evolution. Charles Darwin proposed the natural selection as an explanation by which evolutionary changes take place. Louis Pastuer The Father of Modern Microbiology laid the foundation of modern microbiology. 20th Century Many ideas of the past centuries were consolidated and refined and new concepts have been added. E.H. Starling increase our knowledge of hormones b through his work. Ecology came into existence at the time of Ernst Haeckel who stated that an organism was the product of the interaction of its environment with hereditary factors. Ecology was put on a modern basis by the American Botanists H.E. Cowla and F.E. Clements and zoologist V.E. Shelford. Today, the generalization that all organisms living in a given area are closely interdependent with each other and with the environment is a unifying biological concept as that of evolution.

BRANCHES OF BILOGY BOTANY study of plants. ZOOLOGY study of animals. ANATOMY study of internal structures of living things. BIOCHEMISTRY is the use of chemistry in the study of living things. BIOLOGICAL EARTH SCIENCE is the use of earth sciences, such as geography in the study of living things. BILOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY - is the use of biology in psychological studies. BIOMATHEMATICS is the use of mathematics in the study of living things. BIOPHYSICS is the use of Physics in the study of living things. ECOLOGY is the study of the relationships of living things to each other and to their environment. PHYSIOLOGY is the study of normal functions of living things. PATHOLOGY is the study of diseases, generally in animals. PATHOPHYSILOGY is the study of diseases in plants. TAXONOMY is the classification and naming of living things. GENETICS is the science of heredity and the lifelong development of living thing. EMBRYOLOGY is the study of the formation and development of living things from fertilization to birth as independent organisms. PHARMACOLOGY is the study of the actions of chemicals on and in living things. ENDOCRINOLOGY is the study of hormones and their actions. CYTOLOGY is the study of cells. HISDTOLOGY is the study of tissues. PROTOZZOLOGY is the study of one celled organisms. BACTERIOLOGY is the study of bacteria. VIROLOGY is the study of viruses. MAMMALOGY is the study of mammals. ORNITHOLOGY is the study of birds. HERPETOLOGY is the study of reptiles and amphibians. ICHTHYOLOGY is the study of fishes. ENTOMOLOGY is the study of insects. HELMINTHOLOGY study of worms. MICROBIOLOGY is the study of microorganisms. MYCOLOGY istudy of fungi. PHYCOLOGY study of algae. LICHENOLOGY study of lichens. PALEONTOLOGY study of fossils. BIOGEOGRAPHY study of geographical distribution of livings. PHYTOGEOGRAPHY study of land and its pants. ZOOGEOGRAPHY study of land and its animals. METHOD OF BILOGY As a science biology also uses scientific method in solving or investigating a biological problem. SCIENTIFIC METHOD is the logical process of leraning facts through observation and experimentation from which certain conclusions or theories are drawn. STEPS OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD 1) Identification of the problem 2) Gathering of Data or information 3) Formulation of Hypotheses 4) Experimentation or Testing of Hypotheses HYPOTHESIS is a tentative explanation or prediction that guides inquiry or investigation of a question. 5) Analysis and Interpretation of Data and Results 6) Generalization or Formulation of Conclusion