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1
-- }ohn Biennan, uiiectoi of the Cential Intelligence Agency
Lxecut|ve Summary
This iepoit is an effoit to uocument something we know little about: coipoiate espionage
against nonpiofit oiganizations. The entiie subject is veileu in seciecy. In iecent yeais,
theie have been few seiious jouinalistic effoits - anu no seiious goveinment effoits -- to
come to teims with the ieality of coipoiate spying against nonpiofits.
Nuch of what we 2( know about this subject has been uncoveieu by acciuent. So the
pictuie we have is fiagmentaiy at best: just a few snapshots, taken mostly at ianuom,
aiising fiom biilliant stiokes of luck, giving a meie inkling of the full iange of espionage
activity against nonpiofits.
Theie aie, howevei, a few things we can say foi ceitain.
The coipoiate capacity foi espionage has skyiocketeu in iecent yeais. Nost majoi
companies now have a chief coipoiate secuiity officei taskeu with assessing anu mitigating
"thieats" of all soits - incluuing fiom nonpiofit oiganizations. Anu theie is now a suifeit of
piivate investigations fiims willing anu able to conuuct sophisticateu spying opeiations
against nonpiofits.
The use of foimei intelligence, militaiy anu law enfoicement officeis foi coipoiate
espionage appeais to be commonplace. Especially pievalent is the use of foimei Cential
Intelligence Agency, National Secuiity Agency anu Seciet Seivice agents, as well as cuiient
oi foimei police officeis, anu othei foimei militaiy, intelligence anu law enfoicement
officials. These cuiient anu foimei goveinment employees, anu cuiient goveinment
contiactois, uo theii spying against nonpiofits with little iegulation oi oveisight, anu
appaiently with neai impunity.
Nany of the woilu's laigest coipoiations anu theii tiaue associations -- incluuing the 0.S.
Chambei of Commeice, Walmait, Nonsanto, Bank of Ameiica, Bow Chemical, Kiaft, Coca-
Cola, Chevion, Buigei King, NcBonalu's, Shell, BP, BAE, Sasol, Biown & Williamson anu
E.0N -- have been linkeu to espionage oi planneu espionage against nonpiofit
oiganizations, activists anu whistlebloweis.
1
Eamon }aveis, ;'(<$'= "'/2$'= >/?0$'= @&0. (New Yoik: BaipeiCollins, 2u1u), p. xii. The
quote is piioi to Biennan's appointment as uiiectoi of the CIA.
2
Shane W. Robinson, "Coipoiate Espionage 2u1." SANS Institute, 2uu7.
4
Nany uiffeient types of nonpiofits have been taigeteu with espionage, incluuing
enviionmental, anti-wai, public inteiest, consumei, foou safety, pesticiue iefoim, nuising
home iefoim, gun contiol, social justice, animal iights anu aims contiol gioups.
Coipoiations have been linkeu to a wiue vaiiety of espionage tactics. The most pievalent
tactic appeais to be infiltiation by posing a volunteei oi jouinalist, to obtain infoimation
fiom a nonpiofit. But coipoiations have been linkeu to many othei human, physical anu
electionic espionage tactics against nonpiofits. Nany of these tactics aie eithei highly
unethical oi illegal.
Coipoiations engage in espionage against nonpiofits with neai impunity. Typically, they
suffei nothing moie than minoi auveise meuia coveiage if theii espionage is exposeu. The
lack of accountability may encouiage othei coipoiations to conuuct espionage.
Coipoiate espionage against nonpiofit oiganizations piesents a thieat to uemociacy anu to
inuiviuual piivacy. Bemociacy cannot function without an effective civil society. But civil
society anu its nonpiofit oiganizations uepenu ciucially on theii ability to keep some iueas,
infoimation, anu conveisations piivate.
Inuiviuual citizens anu gioups uo not lose theii iight to piivacy meiely because they
uisagiee with the activities oi iueas of a coipoiation. The iight to piivacy uovetails with
oui Fiist Amenument iights to speech, public uebate, anu full paiticipation in the
"maiketplace of iueas." It is especially unjust that coipoiations sabotage Ameiicans'
funuamental iights thiough actions that aie unethical oi illegal.
Nany things can be uone to piotect nonpiofits fiom coipoiate espionage. Congiess shoulu
investigate anu holu heaiings on coipoiate espionage against nonpiofits. Congiess anu
state legislatuies shoulu enact legislation to ciiminalize the theft of confiuential,
noneconomic infoimation helu by theii ciitics. Law enfoicement - especially the 0.S.
Bepaitment of }ustice - shoulu piioiitize investigating anu piosecuting coipoiate
espionage against nonpiofits.
5
Introduct|on
1he brave new wor|d of corporate esp|onage
In the 0niteu States, coipoiations have hiieu piivate investigatois since the coloiful anu
enteipiising Allan Pinkeiton set up a uetective agency in 18Su. It was a benign stait.
Pinkeiton enfoiceu a stiict coue of ethics on his "piivate eyes," anu he focuseu much of
theii woik on solving ciimes anu catching ciiminals. But when Pinkeiton uieu in 1884, his
business was taken ovei by his sons, who hau iueas of theii own. They unueitook
contioveisial woik, such as anti-union anu stiike-bieaking opeiations. Thus began the
long iise of the coipoiate spy-foi-hiie, anu the effoit to counteiact those who uaieu to
impaii the piofits of coipoiate Ameiica.
Touay, most laige coipoiations possess theii own inteinal intelligence capabilities. Theie
is an institutionalizeu secuiity anu intelligence function within eveiy majoi company - a
chief secuiity officei of some soit. They peifoim "thieat assessments" of all kinus,
incluuing the potential impact of nonpiofit oiganizations.
Some of theii staff oi contiactois aie foimei employees of the National Secuiity Agency,
Cential Intelligence Agency, Seciet Seivice anu othei intelligence oi law enfoicement
agencies, the militaiy, oi local police. Some of them have spent uecaues in intelligence
woik. A few giant coipoiations, such as Walmait, have essentially ieplicateu in miniatuie
an entiie CIA uiiectoiate of intelligence - foi theii own piivate use.
Coipoiate espionage is now commonplace. Beie's how the SANS Institute, a laige
cybeisecuiity euucation pioviuei, explains it: "The incieasing high stakes game of
coipoiate espionage is being playeu by inuiviuuals, coipoiations anu countiies woiluwiue.
These playeis will use any ethical, anu in most cases, any unethical, means to acquiie uata
that will give them a competitive oi financial auvantage ovei theii competition."
2
veteian
iepoitei Eamon }aveis makes a similai point. "Theie is so much money at stake," }aveis
says, "that eveiyone is spying on eveiybouy else. We live in an infoimation age wheie uata
is money. If you get moie uata than the next guy, you have the euge."
S
Since the enu of the Colu Wai, theie has also been a laige inciease in the numbei of piivate
investigative anu intelligence fiims - staffeu with foimei goveinment employees - uoing
espionage woik laigely uncheckeu by law enfoicement. As Annie Nachon, a foimei 0K
secuiity agency NIS agent, tolu the A$? @./.$-+/3 "The big change in iecent yeais has
been the huge giowth in these |secuiityj companies..Wheie befoie it was a hanuful of
piivate uetective agencies, now theie aie hunuieus of multinational secuiity oiganizations,
which opeiate with less iegulation than the spooks themselves."
4
2
Shane W. Robinson, "Coipoiate Espionage 2u1." SANS Institute, 2uu7.
S
}uuith Woous, "Spies, Lies - anu a Poisonous Bivoice Battle." "#$ B/,*0 "$*$4'/&#, }une 7,
2u11.
4
Stephen Aimstiong, "The New Spies." A$? @./.$-+/3, August 11, 2uu8.
6
Eamon }aveis has iepoiteu on the shauy ethics of the coipoiate espionage inuustiy. "As
one expeiienceu inuustiy opeiative tolu me, 'We'ie just one scanual away fiom a
goveinment ciackuown." With so much unsavoiy conuuct taking place, the inuustiy seems
likely to exploue into public view.
Foimei CIA uivision chief Nelvin uoouman has similai conceins about these piivate
intelligence fiims. "Eveiything is being attiacteu to these piivate companies in teims of
inuiviuuals anu expeitise anu functions that weie noimally uone by the intelligence
community," he says. "Ny majoi concein is the lack of accountability, the lack of
iesponsibility. The entiie inuustiy is essentially out of contiol. It's outiageous."
S
Some of this lack of accountability anu ielative impunity may ueiive fiom cohesive "olu boy
netwoiks" within foimei intelligence, law enfoicement anu militaiy ciicles. Such
camaiaueiie is not suipiising. The CIA's "olu boy netwoik" is legenuaiy. Regaiuing the
FBI, Eamon }aveis uesciibes a little-known publication, the "'/&*,3$, which "lists eveiy
ietiieu FBI agent in the countiy who woiks in the piivate investigations business." }aveis
uesciibes the "'/&*,3$ as "a bit like an institutionalizeu olu-boy netwoik foi ietiieu u-
men."
6
1he r|se of corporate esp|onage aga|nst nonprof|t organ|zat|ons
Thioughout the twenty-fiist centuiy, nonpiofit oiganizations anu activists have been
taigets of coipoiate espionage. But we uon't know exactly how many. Little is publicly
known about such espionage, because the peipetiatois stiive mightily to keep theii
opeiations seciet. As one secuiity jouinal obseives, "most coipoiate espionage cases nevei
come to light."
7
The entiie subject iemains muiky at best.
8
This iepoit is an effoit to uocument what we uo know, even though the uetails in each case
aie fai fiom complete. Nuch of what we know has been uncoveieu via impiobable stiokes
of goou foitune, such as whistlebloweis within piivate investigations fiims, leakeu
uocuments oi bizaiie coinciuences. That suggests that what we uo know is meiely the
pioveibial tip of the icebeig.
Nany factois have contiibuteu to the iise of coipoiate espionage against nonpiofits anu
whistlebloweis, such as the iising availability of foimei CIA, NSA anu othei militaiy,
S
}eiemy Scahill, "Blackwatei's Piivate Spies." "#$ A/.,(3, }une 2S, 2uu8.
6
Eamon }aveis, ;'(<$'= "'/2$'= >/?0$'= @&0. (New Yoik: BaipeiCollins, 2u1u), pp. 112-S.
7
"Bow Real Is the Risk of Coipoiate Espionage Touay." @$61',.0 B,'$6.('C- D$&('., Institute
of Nanagement & Auministiation, Apiil 2uu9.
8
Two iecent books aie illuminating: Eveline Lubbeis, @$6'$. E/3($15'$- ,3 .#$ B/'<F
G('&('/.$ /32 H(*,6$ @&0,34 (3 I6.,5,-.-9 (Lonuon: Pluto Piess, 2u12); anu Beiui Boghosian,
@&0,34 (3 B$+(6'/60F J(5$'3+$3. @1'5$,**/36$= G('&('/.$ H(?$' /32 H1)*,6 D$-,-./36$.
(San Fiancisco: City Lights Books, 2u1S).
7
intelligence anu law enfoicement officials; the outsouicing of goveinment intelligence
opeiations to piivate intelligence fiims; the spieau of suiveillance techniques geneially;
the iising powei anu sophistication of electionic suiveillance; the continueu giowth of
coipoiate powei in the 0niteu States; the paucity of law enfoicement iesouices spent on
piotecting nonpiofits; anu the failuie to punish coipoiations anu theii piivate intelligence
fiims foi unethical oi illegal espionage.
Foi many companies, the intangible value of theii bianu is a piecious asset. Foi this
ieason, many companies may view nonpiofits anu whistlebloweis as potent anu
unpieuictable auveisaiies, anu want to know eveiything they can about them. Companies
take "bianu iisk" seiiously, which also leaus them to outsouice theii effoits to taiget
nonpiofit oiganizations, thus ieuucing the bianu iisk of such activities anu hiuing behinu
shielus of plausible ueniability.
Coipoiations have useu a gieat vaiiety of human, physical anu electionic espionage tactics.
Accoiuing to }ack Bevine, a S2-yeai veteian of the CIA, anu foimei acting uiiectoi of its
foieign opeiations, "The piivate sectoi has viitually all the same techniques as the
goveinment."
9
Nany of these techniques, at least when useu by piivate coipoiations, aie
unethical oi illegal, anu have unueniably been useu against nonpiofit oiganizations.
A uiveise aiiay of nonpiofits have been taigeteu by espionage, incluuing enviionmental,
anti-wai, public inteiest, consumei, foou safety, pesticiue iefoim, nuising home iefoim,
gun contiol, social justice, animal iights anu aims contiol gioups.
Nany of the woilu's laigest coipoiations anu theii tiaue associations -- incluuing the 0.S.
Chambei of Commeice, Walmait, Nonsanto, Bank of Ameiica, Bow Chemical, Kiaft, Coca-
Cola, Chevion, Buigei King, NcBonalu's, Shell, BP, BAE, Sasol, Biown & Williamson anu
E.0N -- have been linkeu to espionage oi planneu espionage against nonpiofit
oiganizations, activists anu whistlebloweis.
Touay, coipoiations can hiie talenteu anu expeiienceu foimei intelligence, militaiy anu
law enfoicement officials to conuuct espionage against nonpiofit oiganizations. Foimei
agents of the CIA, NSA, Seciet Seivice, FBI, 0.S. militaiy anu cuiient anu foimei police have
all been linkeu to spying on nonpiofits. The ievolving uooi keeps spinning. Six yeais ago,
the investigative iepoitei Bouglas Fiantz suggesteu, "The best estimate is that seveial
hunuieu foimei intelligence agents now woik in coipoiate espionage..These ex-spies
apply a highei level of expeitise, honeu by goveinment seivice, to the ciuuei tactics
alieauy piacticeu by piivate investigatois."
1u
In iecent yeais, theie has been a laige tiansfei of goveinment intelligence opeiations fiom
goveinment staff to piivate fiims. "The CIA, NSA anu othei agencies once ienowneu foi
theii analysis of intelligence anu foi theii technical piowess in coveit opeiations, electionic
suiveillance anu oveiheau ieconnaissance have outsouiceu many of theii coie tasks to
9
Bouglas Fiantz, "Spy. vs. Spy." H('.7(*,(, Becembei 17, 2uu7.
1u
Bouglas Fiantz, "Spy. vs. Spy." H('.7(*,(, Becembei 17, 2uu7.
8
piivate intelligence aimies," wiites Tim Shoiiock. "As a iesult, spying has blossomeu into a
uomestic maiket woith neaily $Su billion a yeai."
11
In 2u1u, the K/-#,34.(3 H(-. was able
to iuentify 1,9S1 piivate companies that "woik on top-seciet contiacts." The H(-. also
estimateu that "out of 8S4,uuu people with top-seciet cleaiances, 26S,uuu aie
contiactois."
12
While such outsouicing is outsiue the scope of this iepoit, it speaks to the immense
capacity of intelligence gatheiing foi hiie, which coipoiations may employ to taiget
nonpiofit oiganizations.
In this iepoit, we uefine coipoiate espionage as coipoiations' use of unethical oi illegal
investigative oi suiveillance techniques to obtain infoimation about the activities of othei
coipoiations, whistlebloweis, activists, anu nonpiofit oiganizations.
This iepoit piesents naiiatives of coipoiate espionage, most of them uuiing the past
seventeen yeais. We will also uiscuss some iecent FBI investigations of nonpiofit
oiganizations, as well as a coipoiate-FBI paitneiship on intelligence matteis.
11
Tim Shoiiock, @&,$- 7(' L,'$F "#$ @$6'$. K('*2 (7 M3.$**,4$36$ N1.-(1'6,34. (New Yoik:
Simon & Schustei, 2uu8), pp. 11-2.
12
Bana Piiest anu William N. Aikin, "National Secuiity Inc." K/-#,34.(3 H(-., }uly 2u,
2u1u.
9
Narrat|ves of corporate esp|onage
8eckett 8rown Internat|ona| vs. many nonprof|t groups
In 1994, }ohn C. Bouu met Richaiu Beckett at a bai in Easton, Naiylanu. Shoitly theieaftei,
Beckett intiouuceu Bouu to Paul Rakowski, a ietiieu Seciet Seivice agent. Rakowski
pitcheu to Bouu the iuea of foiming a new piivate secuiity business. In August 199S, the
piivate secuiity fiim Beckett Biown Inteinational (BBI) was foimeu.
As pait of its woik, BBI spieu on many nonpiofit oiganizations. }ames Riugeway
1S
of
E(.#$' O(3$-, who bioke the stoiy of BBI's espionage opeiations, wiote that BBI
"spieu on uieenpeace anu othei enviionmental oiganizations fiom the late
199us thiough at least 2uuu, pilfeiing uocuments fiom tiash bins, attempting
to plant unueicovei opeiatives within gioups, casing offices, collecting phone
iecoius of activists, anu penetiating confiuential meetings. Accoiuing to
company uocuments pioviueu to E(.#$' O(3$- by a foimei investoi in the
fiim, this secuiity outfit collecteu confiuential inteinal iecoiusuonoi lists,
uetaileu financial statements, the Social Secuiity numbeis of staff membeis,
stiategy memosfiom these oiganizations anu piouuceu intelligence
iepoits foi public ielations fiims anu majoi coipoiations involveu in
enviionmental contioveisies."
14
Greenpeace
Foi much of the 199us, uieenpeace conuucteu a campaign to phase out the use of chloiine
to manufactuie plastics anu papei. Especially in the eaily- anu miu-199us, uieenpeace's
campaign geneiateu ciitical meuia coveiage foi Bow, the woilu's laigest piouucei of
1S
Inciuentally, it was }ames Riugeway who fiist iepoiteu in 1966 that piivate uetectives
(hiieu by ueneial Notois, it was latei uiscloseu) weie tailing anu investigating Ralph
Nauei. See }ames Riugeway, "The Bick." "#$ A$? D$&1)*,6, Naich 12, 1966.
14
}ames Riugeway, "Black 0ps, uieen uioups." E(.#$' O(3$-, Apiil 11, 2uu8.
10
chloiine.
1S
It also won suppoit fiom the Clinton auministiation anu othei goveinmental
bouies.
16
In an effoit to alleviate its political anu publicity tioubles, Bow hiieu Ketchum, a public
ielations fiim. Accoiuing to Naik Floegel of uieenpeace, Bow paiu Ketchum ioughly
$Suu,uuu annually foi PR anu espionage taigeting uieenpeace anu othei enviionmental
gioups. Those opeiations incluueu:
HP:*+,). BBI staff anu contiactois often conuucteu what they iefeiieu to as "B-lines," oi
obtaining uieenpeace's tiash anu iecycling, to gain access to inteinal uieenpeace
uocuments. Accoiuing to a lawsuit fileu by uieenpeace, between }uly 1S, 1998 anu }uly 18,
2uuu, BBI anu its contiactois conuucteu "moie than 12u uocumenteu B-Lines at
uieenpeace's offices."
17
E(.#$' O(3$- inteivieweu one paiticipant in a B-line against uieenpeace:
}ennifei Tiapnell, who was uating |BBI employee Timj Waiu in the late
199us, iecalls an evening when she accompanieu Waiu on a job in
Washington B.C. "Be saiu they weie tiying to get some stuff on uieenpeace,"
she says. Waiu woie black clothes anu hau tolu hei to uiess all in black, too:
"It was E,--,(3 M+&(--,)*$-like." In Washington, Waiu paikeu his tiuck in an
alley, she iemembeis, anu tolu hei to stay in the tiuck anu keep a lookout. In
the alley, he met a couple of othei men, whose faces Tiapnell uiu not see
cleaily. Waiu was talking on a walkie-talkie with otheis, anu they all walkeu
off. About an houi latei, the men came back anu placeu two tiash bags in
Waiu's cai. Tiapnell says she uiun't know what they uiu with the bagsanu
Waiu nevei explaineu.
18
1S
See, foi example, Ivan Amato, "The Ciusaue Against Chloiine." @6,$36$, }uly 9, 199S.
Elisabeth Kiischnei anu Baviu Buntei, "Attacks on Chloiine uathei Foice." G#$+,6/* K$$<,
Novembei S, 199S. Naigaiet Kiiz, "Clashing ovei Chloiine." A/.,(3/* O(1'3/*, Naich 19,
1994. Bob Wyss, "Chloiine: Elementaiy, Peiilous. Its 0se in Compounus Tiips Inteinational
Reseaich Alaims." H'(5,2$36$ O(1'3/*P;1**$.,3, Septembei 6, 1994. Ron Chepesiuk, "It's
Chemical Waifaie in Chloiine Battle; uieenpeace Wants a ulobal Ban on Chloiine, But
Inuustiy uioups Say Theie Is No Bangei." N'*/32( @$3.,3$*, Apiil 9, 199S. }im Noiiis, "In
Stiictest Confiuence . . . The Chemical Inuustiy's Seciets." L(1-.(3 G#'(3,6*$, 0ctobei 2S,
1998.
16
Biau Knickeibockei, "Clinton Woulu Bottle 0p 0se of Chloiine." Chiistian Science
Nonitoi, Febiuaiy 22, 1994. "Panel Finus Thieat to uieat Lakes." I--(6,/.$2 H'$--A$?
Q('< ",+$-, Febiuaiy 22, 1994.
17
uieenpeace v. The Bow Chemical Company et al., at 9. See:
http:www.gieenpeace.oigusaspygate.
18
}ames Riugeway, "Black 0ps, uieen uioups." E(.#$' O(3$-, Apiil 11, 2uu8.
11
W), #5 "#:*V, #55*V,.). To conuuct B-lines against uieenpeace's Washington offices, BBI
hiieu a subcontiactoi, }ames Baion, a Bistiict of Columbia police officei.
19
Accoiuing to the
uieenpeace complaint, Baion "was expecteu to use his official police bauge to gain access
to uumpsteis that weie encloseu by a lockeu fence." Baion paiticipateu in "at least SS" of
the B-lines against uieenpeace.
2u
In an email uiscussing how to access the gaibage anu iecycling of anothei nonpiofit taiget,
BBI's Tim Waiu wiites: "Naybe one of oui BPB |Baltimoie Police Bepaitmentj guys can hit
that one."
21
W), #5 5#.<,. !,V.,0 !,.Q*V,G -;3G <*:*0/.% /+U "#:*V, #55*V,.). BBI was founueu anuoi
staffeu by foimei Seciet Seivice, CIA, militaiy anu police officeis, incluuing:
Baviu Biesett, foimei chief of counteiteiioiism foi the Seciet Seivice;
vincent Cannistiaio, foimei uiiectoi of countei-teiioiism opeiations foi the CIA;
Philip uiialui, foimei countei-teiioiism specialist anu militaiy intelligence officei of
the CIA;
}ay A. Bly, foimei Seciet Seivice agent;
Timothy S. Waiu, foimei seigeant, Naiylanu State Police;
Paul Rakowski, foimei Seciet Seivice agent;
Nichael Nika, foimei Seciet Seivice agent;