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SI Base Units
Base Quantity Amount of substance Electric current Length Luminous intensity Mass !ime !emperature Unit Name mole ampere meter candela kilogram second el"in Unit Symbol Mol A M Cd g S
SI Derived Units
#eri"ed Quantity Name $Symbol%
E&pression in terms of other S' units E&pression in terms of S' base units
Area S(uare meter $m)% *olume Cubic meter $m+% Speed,"elocity Meter per second $m,s% Acceleration Meter per second s(uared $m,s)% -re(uency .ert/ $./% -orce Ne2ton $N% 4ressure5 stress 4ascal $4a% Energy5 2ork5 (uantity of heat 6oule $6% 4o2er 7att $7% Electric charge Coulomb $C% Electric potential difference *olt $*% Electric resistance 8hm $9% Prefixes used to designate multi les of a base unit
Prefix tera giga mega kilo centi milli micro Nano pico Symbol T " M k c m u n p Meaning trillion billion Million T%ousan& 'ne %un&re&t% 'ne t%ousan&t% 'ne milliont% 'ne billiont% 'ne trilliont% Multiple of base unit 1 !!! !!! !!! !!!
1 !!! !!! !!! 1 !!! !!! 1 !!! 1(1!! or )!1 1(1!!! or )!!1 1(1!!!!!! or )!!!!!1 1(1!!!!!!!!! or )!!!!!!!!1 1(1!!!!!!!!!!!! or)!!!!!!!!!!!1
In general! "hen converting from base units #m! l! g! etc$ or derived units #m%!m&! m's! ()! *! +! ,! etc$ to a multi le greater #-ilo! mega! giga! or tera$ than the base or derived unit. then divide by the factor/ For exam le: 01m 2 01'0111-m 2 0'011 -m 2 /10-m/ 3hen converting from base units or derived units to a multi le smaller #centi! milli! micro! nano$ than the base or derived unit. then multi ly by the factor/ For exam le: 01m 2 01 x 011cm 2 0111cm/
Subatomic Particles:
Particle Proton Neutron -lectron *%arge ,1 ! -1 Mass 1 1 ! +ocation nucleus nucleus 'utsi&e t%e nucleus
4ommon 4ations:
.on Name /symbol0 +it%ium /+i0 So&ium /Na0 Potassium /10 2ubi&ium /2b0 *esium /*s0 3eryllium /3e0 Magnesium /Mg0 *alcium /*a0 Strontium /Sr0 3arium /3a0 Aluminum /Al0 .on *%arge 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3,
4ommon 5nions:
-lement Name /symbol0 4luorine *%lorine 3romine .o&ine 'xygen Sulfur Nitrogen .on Name /symbol0 4luori&e *%lori&e 3romi&e .o&i&e 'xi&e Sulfi&e Nitri&e .on *%arge 1111223-
Ty es of 4hemical 6eactions:
Type of reaction *ombustion Synt%esis 7ecomposition Single 2eplacement 7ouble 2eplacement "enerali;e& formula 6* , 8) 62' , *'2 A , 3 A3 A3 A , 3 A , 3* A* , 3 A< , 3= A= , 3< Specific -xample 2*26$ , 8'2 $62' , 5*'2 2Na , *l2 2Na*l 262' 262 , '2 2Al , 3*u*l2 3*u , 2Al*l3
4b$N8+%) :
)
The 7ffects of 4hange on 78uilibrium in a 6eversible 6eaction #9e 4h:telier;s Princi le$
*on&ition Temperature Pressure *oncentration -ffect .ncreasing temperature fa>ors t%e reaction t%at absorbs energy /en&ot%ermic0 .ncreasing pressure fa>ors t%e reaction t%at pro&uces less gas) .ncreasing conc) of one substance fa>ors reaction t%at pro&uces less of t%at substance
4ommon 5cids
Aci& 6y&roc%loric /muriatic0 aci& Nitric aci& Sulfuric aci& Acetic aci& *itric aci& 4ormic 4ormula 6*l 6N'3 62S'5 *63*''6 *$69'8 6*''6 Strengt% strong strong strong ?eak ?eak ?eak
4ommon Bases
3ase Potassium %y&roxi&e /potas%0 So&ium %y&roxi&e /lye0 *alcium %y&roxi&e /lime0 ammonia 4ormula 1'6 Na'6 *a/'602 N63 Strengt% strong strong strong ?eak
( scale
Strong aci&s more aci&ic ! 1 2 3 5 ?eak aci&s : $ Neutral @eak bases 8 9 # More basic 1! 11 12 strong bases 13 15
Ty es of *uclear 6adiation
2a&iation Type Alp%a particle 3eta particle "amma Symbol 5 2 6e ! -1 e B *%arge ,2 -1 ! Nuclear -Auation
Ac 98 2214r , 15 15 ! $ * 8 N , -1 e
9# 22: 2 5
6e
n(a
78uations:
Density 2 mass < volume #D 2 m'v$ 6earranged: mass 2 Density x ,olume density Units: cm or m9
&
or
=oles 2 mass #grams$ x =olar =ass #grams ' mol$ atomic mass in grams 7nergy 2 mass x #s eed of light$% 7 2 mc%
=olar =ass 2
Units: >oules
v2d<t
or
2mxv
Units: -g
m's
5cceleration 2 #final velocity . initial velocity$ < time 6earranged: ?v 2 acceleration x time a Units: seconds
Units: meters'second
Units: -g / m's%
or *e"tons #*$
6earranged: mass 2 Force < acceleration Units: g or -g Force < mass Units: meters ' #second$
%
or
acceleration 2
Units: -g / m's%
or *e"tons #*$
or
P23<t
Units: +'s or
3atts #3$
or
=echanical 5dvantage 2 But ut Force < In ut Force #6esistance Force < 7ffort Force$ or =echanical 5dvantage 2 In ut Distance < But ut Distance < 6esistance Distance$ xh #7ffort Distance
S ecific (eat 78uation: 7nergy 2 mass x S ecific (eat ,alue x change in tem erature
72
m/c/?t
? T 2 7nergy < #c x
6earranged: Fre8uency 2 3ave S eed < "avelength f 2 v < < 7a"elength > 3ave S eed < fre8uency < 2 v <f
Speed of light $in a "acuum% > +3? & 1?@ m,s $+??5???5??? m,s% Speed of Sound $in air at )A ?C > +;B m,s Speed of Sound $in 2ater at )A ?C% > 1;C? m,s Speed of Sound $in iron at )A ?C% > A??? m,s
6earranged: ,oltage 2 4urrent x 6esistance , 2 I x 6 6esistance 2 ,oltage < 4urrent 6 2 , ' I 7lectric Po"er 78uation: Po"er 2 4urrent x ,oltage ,ariations: P 2 I% x 6 P 2 ,% ' 6 ,2PxI I2P<, P2Ix,
7lectromagnetic S ectrum: 6elates the energy! fre8uency and "avelength of various ty es of electromagnetic "aves #radio! T,! micro! infrared! visible! ultraviolet! K.ray! and gamma$/ 5s energy and fre8uency increase the "avelength decreases/
AM radio 0 A+A kilohert/ to 13D megahert/ Short 2a"e radio 0 bands from A3C megahert/ to )B31 megahert/ Citi/ens band $CB% radio 0 )B3CB megahert/ to )D3;1 megahert/ !ele"ision stations 0 A; to @@ megahert/ for channels ) through B -M radio 0 @@ megahert/ to 1?@ megahert/ !ele"ision stations 0 1D; to ))? megahert/ for channels D through 1+ Earage door openers5 alarm systems5 etc3 0 Around ;? megahert/ Standard cordless phones= Bands from ;? to A? megahert/ Baby monitors= ;C megahert/ Fadio controlled airplanes= Around D) megahert/5 2hich is different from333 Fadio controlled cars= Around DA megahert/ 7ildlife tracking collars= )1A to ))? megahert/
M'F space station= 1;A megahert/ and ;+D megahert/ Cell phones= @); to @;C megahert/ Ne2 C??0M./ cordless phones= 8b"iously around C?? megahert/G Air traffic control radar= CB? to 15)1A megahert/ Elobal 4ositioning System= 15))D and 15ADA megahert/ #eep space radio communications= ))C? megahert/ to )+?? megahert/