203 Module 1 Wireless Technology Essentials

Course 203 - Fortinet Wireless Module 1 Wireless Technology Essentials
01-05002-RevA-0203-20130520
Fortinet Wireless Fortinet Wireless
Course 203
Module 1 Wireless Technology Essentials
1
2012 Fortinet Training Services. This training may not be recorded in any medium, disclosed, copied, reproduced or
distributed to anyone without prior written consent of an authorized representative of Fortinet.
Objectives
Explain at a high-level the various radio frequency fundamentals used
in Wi-Fi technology
Identify the 2 4 GHz and 5 GHz frequencies used in Wi Fi technology Identify the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequencies used in Wi-Fi technology
Describe at a high-level the 802.11 Wireless LAN standards
Describe the MIMO system
Identify key WFA, IEEE and IETF standards
Describe at a high-level CAPWAP and thin AP architecture and how
they are used in wireless
2
y
Describe wireless planning site survey best-practices and use
FortiPlanner as a wireless planning tool
Describe the fast roaming feature
Discover SSIDs local to you by using an industry tool
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RF Introduction
In telecommunications, the definition of Wireless Communication is:
The transfer of information between two or more points that are not physically
connected connected
Electromagnetic waves travel at the Speed of Light
In the electromagnetic spectrum there are many different types of waves with
varying frequencies and wavelengths. They are all related by one important
equation: Any electromagnetic wave's frequency multiplied by its wavelength
equals the speed of light.
Wi-Fi Radios transmit at frequencies of 2 4 GHz or 5 GHz
3
Wi Fi Radios transmit at frequencies of 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz.
Frequency
Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit
time
For cyclical processes such as waves frequency is defined as a number of For cyclical processes, such as waves, frequency is defined as a number of
cycles per unit time
In SI units, the unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz)
1 Hz means that an event repeats once per second.
4
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Modulation
Modulation means to vary or change a carrier signal.
The voice/data signal varies or modulates this radio wave.
Diff t d l ti t h i h AM FM t t Different modulation techniques, such as AM, FM etc., represent
different ways to shape or form electromagnetic radio waves
Some specific Wi-Fi Modulations: FHSS; DSSS; CCK (11b) (QPSK);
OFDM (11g, 11a, 11n) (xx-QAM or BPSK).
5
Wavelengths/Frequency and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Bandwidth and Channels
In RF, Bandwidth is the amount of Spectrum a communication uses
In broadcasting, a channel is a range of frequencies (or, equivalently,
wavelengths) assigned by a government for the operation of a wavelengths) assigned by a government for the operation of a
particular radio station, television station or television channel
A Channel is determined by a center frequency and a spread (width).
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Wireless is a Shared Medium
Wireless devices share the same radio spectrum and use a CSMA/CA algorithm to
avoid midair collisions
Two major spectrums available @ 2.4-2.5GHz and 5.1-5.8GHz j @
2.4 GHz
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5 GHz
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802.11 and Channel Allocation
802.11 divides each of the above-described bands into channels,
analogous to the way radio and TV broadcast bands are sub-divided.
For example the 2 40002 4835 GHz band is divided into 13 channels spaced For example the 2.40002.4835 GHz band is divided into 13 channels spaced
5 MHz apart, with channel 1 centered on 2.412 GHz and 13 on 2.472 GHz (to
which Japan added a 14th channel 12 MHz above channel 13 which was only
allowed for 802.11b)
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802.11 and Channel Allocation
Consequently only three channels do not overlap.
Even now, many devices are shipped with channels 1, 6 and 11 as preset options even
though with the newer 802.11g standard there are four non-overlapping channels - 1, 5,
9 and 13. There are now four because the OFDM modulated 802.11g channels are
20 MHz wide.
10
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RF Components
Transmitter, Antenna and Receiver are key components
IR and EIRP are controller by regulatory authorities
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Antenna
An antenna is an electrical device which converts electric currents into
radio waves, and vice versa.
Typically an antenna consists of an arrangement of metallic Typically an antenna consists of an arrangement of metallic
conductors("elements) electrically connected to the receiver or
transmitter.
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They come with all kinds of gains dBi
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Isotropic- Theoretical.
Equal signal send in all directions
Antenna Patterns
Equal signal send in all directions
Typical Gain = 0 by definition ( 0 dBi)
Omni-directional - Equal signal send in
horizontal directions, therefore less signal is
propagated vertically (e.g. Di-pole antennas)
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Sector or Dish directs the signal is mainly one
direction
Decibels and Power
dBm is decibel-milliwatt. dBm is
dBm miliWatt
0 dBm 1 miliwatt
3 dBm 2 miliwatts
electrical power unit in decibels,
which is referenced to 1 milliwatt.
You can measure in Watts or in dBm,
this is how you convert:
3 dBm 2 miliwatts
6 dBm 4 miliwatts
9 dBm 7.9 miliwatts
12 dBm 15.8 miliwatts
18 dBm 61 1 miliwatts
dBm = 1lug
P
1 W

14
g
1mWatt
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Example Pt +Gt (aka EIRP)
Antenna
~3dBm gain
Radio:
Up to ~17 dBm TX
System
~20 dBm power
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EIRP:Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power
Changes to any of these components directly effects wireless
performance
Transmitter increase the transmitted power to increase the communication range,
or decrease the power to reduce co-channel interference
Antenna direct the signal to increase range or reduce noise g g
Channel need to minimize interference and attenuation sources
Receiver minimum signal must be achieved for desired bit-rate
Other losses
All this is nicely captured by Friis in this equation
Signal loss due
to propagation
Antenna Gain of
receiver
Power at receiver
Power output at
transmitter
Antenna Gain of
transmitter
=
16
p p g
Link Budget:
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Impact of Interference
802.11b/g operates in the 2.4 GHz
(ISM band)
Less channels available only 3 non
overlapping
Is more affected by interference
802.11a operates in the 5GHz UNII
band
More channels available
Dish Network Receiver
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Less interference
Worse propagation through obstacles
802.11n operates in both 2.4 GHz
and 5 GHz bands
Audio Video Transmitter
Signal propagation over distance
0
20
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Signal power over distance for 2.4Ghz frequency
DB signal
-60
-40
-20
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
d
b

P
o
w
e
r
signal Power drop by 60dB just in 4 meters
Thats a million times less power
(-67 dB @ 37 meter) connection rate of
117Mbps at 802.11n or 54Mbps at 802.11g
no longer possible
(-58 dB @ 16 meter) connection rate of
300Mbps no longer possible
(-80 dB @ 80 meters) Signal is reaching
into fade margin. Error rate starts to
increase due to noise, entering problem
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-100
-80
Distance (Meters)
, g p
area
Even Lowest connection rate of
1Mbps is no longer reliable
Noise floor
For formulas please see Friis equation
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802.11 WLAN Standard
802.11 refers to specifications developed by the IEEE for wireless LAN
technology
802 11 specifies an over the air interface between a wireless client 802.11 specifies an over-the-air interface between a wireless client
and a base station or between two wireless clients
Based on the Open System interconnection (OSI) model
Framework defines the lowest two layers of the OSI model the
physical and the data link layers
The Data link layer is divided into the MAC layer and LLC layer
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The subdivision makes it possible to support different wireless media,
such as radio frequency signaling and infrared transmission.
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Physical Layer
Encoding/decoding of signals
Bit transmission/reception Bit transmission/reception
Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer
On transmission, assemble data into a frame for transmission
On reception, disassemble frame and perform error detection
Coordinate users access to the transmission medium
Logical Link Control (LLC) Layer
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Provide an interface to upper layers
Perform flow and error control
Important standards:
IEEE 802.11b: Enhancements to 802.11 to support 5.5 and 11 Mbit/s,
2 4 GHz (1999) 2.4 GHz (1999)
IEEE 802.11a: 54 Mbit/s, 5 GHz standard (1999, shipping products in
2001)
IEEE 802.11g: 54 Mbit/s, 2.4 GHz standard (backwards compatible
with b) (2003)
IEEE 802.11n: Higher Throughput (HT) improvements using MIMO
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(multiple input, multiple output antennas) 2.4 and/or 5 GHz
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Physical layer
802.11 supports 3 different physical layers
Infrared
i l d h simple and cheap
requires line of sight
Radio (two types)
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
Bluetooth
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
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can cover a larger area (e.g. penetrate walls)
Used in most APs
802.11 Architecture
Basic Service Set (BSS)
A set of stations controlled by a
single coordination function which
determines when a station can
transmit or receive
Extended Service Set (ESS)
A set of one or more BSSs
interconnected by a Distribution
System (DS)
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System (DS)
Traffic always flows via an Access
Point
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802.11 Architecture
Infrastructure mode uses and
Access Point
The Access Point bridges traffic
between wireless and wired
networks
Distribution System (DS)
Interconnects a set of Basic Service
Sets and may be Integrated, Wired
Wi l
25
or Wireless.
Service Set Identifier (SSID)
Represents one ESS network and is
the network name.
Beacon
Beacons are sent by the Access Point of a basic service set
A beacon includes:
SSID N t k SSIDNetwork name
Data ratesAll the Basic and Supported data rates
Time stampSynchronization information
Channel information
Service set
Beacons are sent periodically at predetermined intervals.
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802.11 Media Access Control Header
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802.11 Frame Address Fields
Depending upon the frame type (ToDS FromDS), the four address
fields will contain a combination of the following address types:
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802.11 Frame Address Fields Example
Step1 :
ST1 sends a packet to PA1 with final dst being ST2.
T DS t t 1 To DS set to 1
@1 : PA1 (dst); @2 : ST1 (src), @3 :ST2 (final dst).
Step2 :
PA1 sends the frame to ST2.
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From DS set to 1
@1 : ST2 (dst), @2 : PA1, @3 : ST1 (original src)
MIMO Wireless Systems
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
Provides users with PHY data rates of up to 600Mbps
U bl TCP/UDP d t f b t 300 400Mb Usable TCP/UDP data of about 300-400Mbps
Better link reliability and range
Backward compatible with legacy a/b/g clients
Each MIMO system is defined with NxM antenna matrix
N No of Tx antenna
M No. of Rx antenna
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M No. of Rx antenna
3x3 AP means physical presence of 3 transmit and 3 receive antenna.
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MIMO Wireless Systems
Signals often reflect off objects and are received at different times and
strengths at the receiver
MIMO actually takes advantage of this distortion by sending a single MIMO actually takes advantage of this distortion by sending a single
data stream split into multiple parts to be transmitted from multiple
antennas and letting the reflected signals be processed at the receiver
(through multiple antennas)
Radio Radio
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channel
Radio
D
S
P
Bits
TX
Radio
D
S
P
Bits
RX
Radio
MIMO Systems
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Matrix 802.11 Protocols
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Wireless LAN Data Rate
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Performance -TCP
Throughput
(Mb )
Wireless Comparison
300
200
+50%
(Mbps)
+100%
+50%
FAP-320
802.11n 3x3:3
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100
FAP-220B
802.11n 2x2:2
Distance to AP
+50%
+20%
FAP-221B
802.11n 2x2:2
Legacy 802.11g
Wi-Fi Alliance
WFA = The Wi-Fi Alliance No profit industry
Wi-Fi = Wireless Fidelity trademark for WFA certified products
Wi Fi C tifi ti Wi-Fi Certification:
The WFA specify interoperability tests
Wi-Fi certified products should interoperate out of the box
The yin-yang logo indicates the certification of a product for interoperability
Wi-Fi Certifications:
WPA= Wi-Fi Protected Access (subset of 802.11i security (802.1X with TKIP)
36
WPA-2 = 802.11i (AES with Fast Roaming)
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Other Important Standards
IEEE 802.1x
Port-based authentication to force authentication on a switch port or radio
Requires a Layer 3 Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) type Requires a Layer 3 Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) type
IETF EAP (EAP-TTLS, PEAP)
IETF Remote Access Dial In User Service (RADIUS)
IETF Control And Provisioning of Wireless APs (CAPWAP).
37
Wireless Coverage
Typical wireless coverage area per access point is about 30 meters
indoors, or 100 meters outdoors
Bandwidth is shared amongst all users of the wireless data stream Bandwidth is shared amongst all users of the wireless data stream
Select channels appropriate for the client devices
When placing access points consider that physical barriers can
impede the radio signal
Ensure the access point is located in a prominent location within a room for
maximum coverage
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FortiPlanner
Basic planning tool for indoor deployments
RF Obstacles modify the coverage achieved
Th hi d ill ti The coverage achieved will vary over time
Short term variations
Doors are opened / closed
Furniture is moved
People move around within the coverage area
Long term variations
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g
Cube or partition walls are removed or installed
Office plants are installed / moved
The number of people within the office space changes.
FortiPlanner
http://wireless.fortinet.com
Import floor plans
St t d i Structure drawing
Manual or auto AP placing
Placement analysis
Generate site and inventory reports
For more complex deployments Ekahau can be used as they include
FortiAP characteristics
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FortiAP characteristics.
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Roaming
A client decision based primarily on received signal strength
For seamless roaming a client needs duplicate coverage with different
RSSIs RSSIs
A site survey is required.
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Activity
Use MetaGeek inSSIDer to explore the Wi-Fi around you.
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203 Module 1 Wireless Technology Essentials

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203 Module 1 Wireless Technology Essentials

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