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Polymer Abbreviations | Polymer Tradenames | Mutual Links | Main

SCI.POLYMERS FAQ
Last-modified: March 3rd, 1998 Archive-name: polymers.faq Posting-Frequency: quarterly Last-modified: March 3rd, 1998 This FAQ is maintained by Steve Spanoudis (spanoudi@concentric.net) and Greg Koski (ghkoski@polymers.com). Thanks to Jim Coffey for recognizing the need and creating the original FAQ, and to the readers of sci.polymers for their many contributions. Hello everyone. This revised 1998 version of the FAQ has some additions and minor style changes to improve readability. There have been no complaints about loading time, so the single-file format remains unchanged. The new Usenet version is created by cutting and pasting the Web version directly, so the Web version is now the master file. Please send any additions or corrections to Steve, Thanks. Steve and Greg

Contents:
(1) Where to find this FAQ

A. Polymer Basics
(2) What is a "Polymer" (3) Abbreviations for Common Polymers (4) Polymer Properties (5) Classification of Polymers (6) Processing methods for Polymers (7) Recycling of Polymers

B. Where to find Polymer Information on the Net

(8) WWW sites

C. General Information
(9) Calendar (10) Professional Organizations (11) University Degree Programs (12) Publications of Interest on Polymers (13) Commercial Polymer producers

D. References
(14) Books on Polymers, Polymer Processing, Plastics Applications, and Plastics Design (15) Acknowledgements
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(1) Where to find this FAQ

a) The FAQ will be posted quarterly to the usenet newsgroup sci.polymers b) The FAQ is archived at the following locations on the World Wide Web: http://www.irc.leeds.ac.uk/irc/spfaq/ (European Mirror at University of Leeds, England) http://www.geocities.com/~spanoudi/poly-faq.html (The Other Pages, Maintained by Steve Spanoudis) http://www.polymers.com/poly-faq.html (Polymers Dot Com, Maintained by Greg Koski)

(2) What is a "Polymer"

The word Polymer comes from the Greek "poly" meaning many, and "meros", parts or units. A polymer is a group of many units. You combine many "monomers" (individual units) to create a polymer. Polymer is often used as a synonym for "plastic", but many biological and inorganic molecules are also polymeric. All plastics are polymers, but not all polymers are plastics. Plastic more commonly refers to the way a material behaves under applied forces, or behaves when it melts and flows. Commercial polymers are formed through chemical reactions in large vessels under heat and pressure. Other ingredients are added to control how the polymer is formed and to produce the proper molecular length and desired properties. This chemical process is called "polymerization". A "homopolymer" results from polymerizing only one kind of monomer. A "copolymer" results from using different monomers. Homopolymers have the same repeating unit while copolymers (which can be random, block, or graft) can vary have different numbers of repeating units. A "terpolymer" results from using three different monomers.

(3) Abbreviations for Common Polymers

Polymers are commonly refered to by both their names and abbreviations. Commercial polymers are also frequently refered to by the trade names of their manufacturer. Here are some abbreviations for common polymers: ABS - acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer BMC - thermoset polyester bulk molding compound LCP - liquid crystal polymer PA - polyamide, commonly called nylon PAN - polyacrylonitrile PAS - polyarylsulfone PBT - polybuylene terephthalate PC - polycarbonate PE - polyethylene HDPE - high density PE LDPE - low density PE LLDPE - linear low density PE VLDPE - very low density PE HMW-HDPE - high molecular weight HDPE UHMWPE - ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene PEEK - polyetheretherketone
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PEK - polyetherketone PEI - polyetherimide PES - polyethersulfone PET - polyethylene terephthalate PET-G - glycol modified PET PI - polyimide PK - polyketone PMMA - polymethyl methacrylate, commonly called acrylic PMP - polymethylpentene POM - polyoxymethylene, commonly called acetal PP - polypropylene, subdivided as: homopolymer random, impact and block copolymers PPA - polyphthalamide PPO/PPE - polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene ether PPS - polyphenylene sulfide PS - polystyrene EPS - expanded polystyrene HIPS - high impact polystyrene PSO,PSU - polysulfone PTFE - polytetrefluoroethylene PU,PUR - polyurethane PVC - polyvinylchloride, commonly refered to as vinyl RUBBER EPR - ethylene propylene rubber SBR - styrene butadiene rubber EPDM - ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber SAN - styrene acrylonitrile copolymer SI - silicone SMC - thermoset polyester sheet molding compound TPE - thermoplastic elastomer TPO - thermoplastic olefin TPU - thermoplastic urethane UF - urea formaldehyde http://www.geocities.com/~spanoudi/abbrev.html has a more extensive list of polymer abbreviations http://www.geocities.com/~spanoudi/tradname.html has a list of polymer tradenames

(4) Polymer Properties

Polymers are characterized in many ways - by chemical or physical structure, by strength or thermal performance, by optical or electrical properties, etc. Most textbooks will give qualitative and some quantitative data on polymer properties. Properties can vary widely however, between manufacturers, for different performance grades, due to the presence of additives and reinforcements, or other reasons. For more precise data, contact a representative from a polymer producer,
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compounder, or distributor for a spec sheet on a particular material and grade. Often grades are offered to suit the needs of specific types of applications. Properties of interest typically include: Physical Properties Specific Gravity Mold Shrinkage (in flow, cross-flow, and thickness directions) Mechanical Properties Strength (Tensile and Flexural) Modulus (Tensile and Flexural) Elongation Hardness Impact Resistance Thermal Properties Heat Deflection Temperature VICAT Softening Temperature Glass Transition Temp Heat Capacity Thermal Conductivity Thermal Expansion Coefficient Processing Characteristics Melt Flow Index Melt Strength Melting Point, No-flow Temp Shear Rate/Viscosity Relation Compressibility (Pressure/Volume/Temperature Relation) Optical Properties Light Transmission Haze Refractive Index Electrical Properties Surface and Volume Resistivity Dielectric Constant Dielectric Strength Dissipation Factor Breakdown Voltage Environmental Properties Chemical Resistance UV Resistance Flame Resistance (UL Rating) Oxygen Index Water Absorption
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Morphology Crystallinity Orientation Composition (Neat, Blended, Filled) (http://www.lexmark.com/ptc/book6.html has a brief overview of properties for a number of commonly used polymers)

(5) Classificaton of Polymers

There are many ways in which polymer properties or behavior are classified to make general descriptions and understanding easier. Some common classificatons are:

Thermoplastic vs. Thermoset Polymers

"Thermoplastics" anre materials which can be heated and formed, then re-heated and re-formed repeatedly. The shape of the polymer molecules is generally linear, or slightly branched, allowing them to flow under pressure when heated above the effective melting point. "Thermoset" materials undergo a chemical as well as a phase change when they are heated. Their molecules form a three-dimensional cross-linked network. Once they are heated and formed they can not be reprocessed - the threedimensional molecules can not be made to flow under pressure when heated.

Amorphous vs Crystalline Polymers

Polymers with nearly linear structure, which have simple backbones, tend to be flexible and fold up to form very tightly packed and ordered "crystalline" areas. Levels of crystallinity can vary from zero to near 100%. Time and temperature during processing influence the degree of crystallinity. Crystalline polymers include: polyethylene, polypropylene, acetals, nylons, and most thermoplastic polyesters. Crystalline polymers have higher shrinkage, are generally opaque or translucent, with good to excellent chemical resistance, low surface friction, and good to excellent wear resistance. Polymers with bulkier molecular chains or large branches or functional groups tend to be stiffer and will not fold up tight enough to form crystals. These materials are referred to as "amorphous" polymers. Common amorphous polymers include polystyrene, polycarbonate, acrylic, ABS, SAN, and polysulfone. Amorphous polymers have low shrinkage, good transparency, gradual softening when heated (no distinct melting point), average to poor chemical resistance, high surface friction, and average to low wear resistance.

Addition vs. Condensation Polymers

Polymers such as nylons, acetals, and polyesters are made by condensation or step-reaction polymerization, where small molecules (monomers) of two different chemicals combine to form chains of alternating chemical groups. The length of molecules is determined by the number of active chain ends available to react with more monomer or the active ends of other molecules. Polymers such as polyethylene, polystyrene, acrylic, and polyvinyl chloride are made by addition or chain-reaction polymerization where only one monomer species is used. The reaction is begun by an initiator which activates monomer molecules by the breaking a double bond between atoms and creating two bonding sites. These sites quickly react with sites on other monomer or polymer molecules. The process continues until the initiator is used up and the reaction stops. The length of molecules is determined by the number of monomer molecules which can attach to a chain before the initiator is consumed and all molecules with initated bonding sites have reacted.

Commodity, Engineering, and Performance Polymers

Commodity polymers have relatively low physical properties. They are used for inexpensive or disposable consumer or
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industrial products or packaging. They have limited stress and low temperature resistance, but are well suited to high volume production. Polyethylene, polystyrene, and polypropylene are good examples. In recent years, material suppliers have achieved improved strength and thermal properties from some commodity materials, displacing low-end applications for engineering polymers. Engineering polymers have higher strength and thermal resistance. Their price may range from two to ten times as much as a commodity polymer. They are used in enclosures, structural frames and and load bearing members, and applications requiring wear resistance, long life expectency, flame resistance, and the ability to endure cyclic stress loading. Good examples are polyesters, polycarbonates, ABS, and acetal. Performance polymers are at the highest end of the spectrum, with very high strength and thermal resistance. They tend to be very expensive, priced two to five times above most engineering polymers. They are used in high temperature, high stress applications, in harsh environments, and in generally low to medium volume production. Examples include PEEK, polyetherimides, and LCP's.

(6) Processing Methods for Polymers

There are many processing methods for polymers. Commercial processing equipment can range from a few thousand dollars to many millions of dollars. In addition to the equipment itself, tooling is generally required to make a particular shape. Most processes involve melting or softening the material and then forcing it into the desired shape. Other processes force a monomer or pre-polymer mixture into the right shape, then polymerize it in-place.

Molding
Compression Molding Transfer Molding Injection Molding Gas Assisted Injection Molding (GAIN) Reaction Injection Molding (RIM/SRIM) Injection/Compression Molding Structural Web Molding Blow Molding Extrusion Blow Molding Injection Blow Molding Injection Stretch Blow Molding Rotational Molding

Extrusion
Rod, Pipe, Sheet, Profile Extrusion Coextrusion Extruded/Blown Film Extruded/Blown Foam Pultrusion

Casting
Cast Film Cast Shape Vacuum Casting
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Forming
Vacuforming Thermoforming Pressure Forming

Calendering
Roller Mill Web Processing

Coating
Powder Coating Dispersion Coating Extrusion Coating and Laminating Spray Coating Dip Coating

Spinning
Lay-up Filament Winding Melt Blown Fiber Many processing methods have their own Special Interest Group as a subdivision of the SPE. (A good textbook for understanding different processing methods is the Plastic Engineering Handbook by SPI, Michael L. Berrins, Ed. (Van Nostrand Reinhold, pub, c 1991, 845p.) ISBN 0-442-31799-9, LCCCN 90-22784)

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(7) Recycling
Most thermoplastic polymers can be recycled - that is converted from their initial use as a consumer, business, or industrial product, back into a raw material from which some other product can be manufactured. Recycled materials are often classified as Post-Industrial and Post-Consumer. Post-Industrial includes such things as manufacturing scrap, containers and industrial packaging. Post-Consumer is basically any product, container, packaging, etc. that has passed through the hands of a consumer, e.g. plastics bags, beverage containers, carpeting, home appliances, toys, etc. Thermoset polymers can only be recycled for use as an inert filler (something to take up space) in another material. The keys to effective recycling are: 1. an efficient infrastructure for collecting used materials 2. ease of separation and low levels of contamination 3. an established market for reprocessing/reusing the materials
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There are many arguments whether there is not enough of a market for recycled materials to create the proper recycling infrastructure, or not a consistent supply of recycled material to encourage the growth of a market. In the case of the US paper industry, decreasing availability of virgin wood pulp rapidly created a profitable market for recycled paper. The contamination issue is very important for plastics. While oil, grease, paper labels, glue, etc. will burn off when glass or metals are recycled, they become contaminants and degrade thermoplastics during reprocessing. There are several versions of the recycling logo. The original one was three arrows chasing each other in the shape of a triangle, the second was just a triangle, and the current one is a pair of angle brackets.
<1>

The number inside the triangle or brackets indicates the material used in the part. There are six specific numbered categories, and a generic seventh for "other". In the case of "other" it is good form to put the material name under the recycling logo.
S Y M B O L 1 M A T E R I A L P E T( p o l y e t h y l e n et e r p h t h a l a t e ) -b e v e r a g ec o n t a i n e r s( 2 l i t e rs o d ab o t t l e s ) ,b o i l i n f o o dp o u c h e s ,p r o c e s s e dm e a tp a c k a g e s ,e t c . H D P E( h i g hd e n s i t yp o l y e t h y l e n e ) -m i l kb o t t l e s ,d e t e r g e n tb o t t l e s ,o i lb o t t l e s ,t o y s , p l a s t i cb a g s P V C( p o l y v i n y lc h l o r i d e ) -f o o dw r a p ,v e g e t a b l eo i lb o t t l e s ,b l i s t e rp a c k a g i n g L D P E( l o wd e n s i t yp o l y e t h y l e n e ) -s h r i n k w r a p ,p l a s t i cb a g s ,g a r m e n tb a g s P P( p o l y p r o p y l e n e ) -m a r g a r i n ea n dy o g u r tc o n t a i n e r s ,g r o c e r yb a g s , c a p sf o rc o n t a i n e r s ,c a r p e tf i b e r ,f o o dw r a p , P S( p o l y s t y r e n e ) -p l a s t i cu t e n s i l s ,c l o t h e sh a n g a r s ,f o a mc u p sa n dp l a t e s O t h e r( a l lo t h e rp o l y m e r sa n dp o l y m e rb l e n d s )i n c l u d i n g p o l y c a r b o n a t e ,A B S ,P P O / P P E

(8) Polymer Resources on the Net - Selected World Wide Web Sites
(make shure you use upper and lower case letters as shown below - most web sites run under UNIX or Windows NT based operating systems and are case sensitive) http://www.asresin.com/ Allied Signal Plastics http://www.PlasticsResource.com/ American Plastics Council - Plastics / Environment Page http://cps-www.bu.edu/ Boston University Center for Polymer Studies http://www.polymer-age.co.uk/ British Plastics & Rubber http://k2.scl.cwru.edu/cse/emac/ Case Western Reserve University - Polymer Science http://www.cmold.com/ C-Mold (formerly A.C. Technologies)
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http://xenoy.mae.cornell.edu/ Cornell University Injection Molding Program http://www.cpt.stm.tudelft.nl/index.html Delft University Materials Science http://www.dow.com/cgi-bin/frameup.cgi?/plastics Dow Plastics http://www.eastman.com/ppbo/ Eastman Performance Plastics Home Page http://www.ferro.com/ Ferro Corporation http://www.ge.com/plastics/index.htm General Electric Plastics Home Page http://www.ashchem.com/DivisionPages/DIV3.html General Polymers http://www.idesinc.com/ IDES Materials Database http://www.industrylink.com/cgi-bin/auto_01.asp?Industry=plas Industrylink - Plastics and Polymers page http://www.plasticsnet.com/live/imm/index.cfm Injection Molding Magazine Online http://www.mahanna.com/ M.A. Hanna Company http://www.matweb.com/ Matweb - Materials Database http://www.moldflow.com/ Moldflow Home Page http://www.worldserver.pipex.com/moldflow/usergroup/na_mfug.html North American Moldflow Users Group home page http://eetsg22.bd.psu.edu Penn State University - Erie http://www.plasticsnet.com/ The Plastics Network http://www.plasticsnews.com Plastics News Magazine http://www.lexmark.com/ptc/ptc.html Plastics Technology Center / Lexmark Electronics http://www.polymers.com/ Polymers Dot Com - Online Magazine and Polylinks http://www.polymerland.com/ Polymerland http://www.polysort.com/ Polysort Network http://www.rtpcompany.com/ RTP Company http://www.sme.org/ Society of Manufacturing Engineers http://www.4spe.org/ Society of Plastics Engineers (slow web site) http://www.idesinc.com/pd3/ SPE Product Design and Development Division PD3 Home Page at IDES www.thomasregister.com Thomas Register online http://www.umr.edu/~wlf/
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University of Missouri at Rolla - Polymer Chemistry Page http://www.psrc.usm.edu/index.html The University of Southern Mississippi, Department of Polymer Science

(9) Calendar
Major events in the Polymer/Plastics Industry: ANTEC - Annual Technical Conference of the SPE Held in May each year RETEC - Regional Technical Conference Frequently held throughout the year in different locations; generally focused on a special interest topic K-Show - Kunststoffe und Kautschuk - the largest plastics trade show and conference in the world Held in October/November every three years in Dusseldorf, Germany; Next show is in 1998, contact 312-7815180 for more information NPE -National Plastics Exposition - the largest US plastics trade show and conference, sponsored by SPI Held in June every three years in Chicago; Next show is in 2000 Plastics USA - Interim Show sponsored by SPI Held in September in Chicago in the years between NPE shows NDES -National Design Engineering Show, sponsored by NAM Held annually in Chicago in March during National manufacturing Week

(10) Professional and Industry Organizations

SPE - Society of Plastics Engineers 14 Fairfield Drive, Brookfield, CT 06804 Phone 203-775-0471 Fax 203-775-8490 SPI - Society of the Plastics Industry 1275 K Street NW, Suite 400 Washington D.C. 20005 Phone 202-371-5200 Fax 202-371-1022 ACS - American Chemical Society Division of Polymer Chemistry or Division of Polymer Materials Science and Engineering APC - American Plastics Council 1275 K Street NW Washington, DC 20005 Phone 1-800-243-5790 BPF - British Plastics Federation 6 Bath Place, Rivington Street LONDON EC2A 3JE, England Phone 00 44 +171 457 5000 Fax 00 44 +171 457 5045 email: bpf@dial.pipex.com PINZ - Plastics Institute of New Zealand
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P.O.Box 76378, Manakau City, Auckland, New Zealand. Phone +64 9 262 3773 CANZ - Composites Association of New Zealand 5 Balmacewen Road, Dunedin, New Zealand. Phone +64 3 467 2514. PIA - Plastics Industry Association [Australia] 41-43 Exhibition Street, Melbourne Vic 3000 AUSTRALIA Phone +61-3-654-2199 Fax +61-3-654-2384

(11) Universities with Degree Programs in Polymers

Undergraduate Programs:
Case Western Reserve University UMass at Lowell U of Southern Mississippi Virginia Polytech

Graduate Programs:
University of Akron Akron, OH 44325-0001 Department of Polymer Engineering Dr. James White, Department Head Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 Department of Molecular Science Dr. John Blackwell, Department Chair, Phone 216-368-4450 Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA 30332 School of Chemical Engineering Dr. A.S.Abhiraman, Program in Polymers Coordinator LeHigh University 111 Research Dr, Bethlehem, PA 18015 Center for Polymer Science and Engineering Dr. Mohamed S. El-Aaser, Director University of Massachusettes at Amherst Amgerst, MA 01003 Department of Polymer Science University of Massachusettes at Lowell 1 University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854 Department of Plastics Engineering Dr. Rudolph Deanin 508-934-3420 Graduate Coordinator for M.S. Dr. Ross Stacer 508-924-2420 for PhD Dr. Robert Nunn 508-934-3420 (chair) for Undergrad Prof. Stephen Driscoll 508-934-3420 for night school Undergrad Dr. Stanley Israel 508-934-3650 (chair) for Joing PhD in
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Polymer Science/Plastics Engineering McGill University / Institut Francais du Petrole Montreal, Quebec, Canada / Paris France Collaborative Graduate Program Advanced Technology in Petrochemicals, Polymers, and Plastics University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program Dr. Frank Filisko, Graduate Committee Chair North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 27695-7905 Department of Chemical Engineering Department Head: Ruben Carbonell Graduate Coordinator: Carol Hall contact: Chris McDowell, (919)515-4701 e-mail: mcdowell@che.ncsu.edu Polytechnic University of Brooklyn Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201 Prof Eli Pearce or Allan S. Myerson, Phone 718-260-3620 E-mail amyerson@robling.poly.edeu San Jose State University San Jose, CA 95192 Department of Chemistry Dr. Gerald Selter, Graduate Advisor Univ. of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg, MS 39406 Department of Polymer Science, College of Science & Technology Dr. Robert Lochhead, Department Head, Phone 601-266-4868 University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN 37996 Departmen of Materials Science & Engineering Dr. J.E. Spruiell, Department Head Virginia Polytechnic and State University (also VPI or Virginia Tech) Blacksburg, VA 24061 Dr. Garth Wilkes, Chairman, 120 Patton Hall

(12) Publications of Interest on Polymers

All publications are monthly unless noted otherwise. British Plastics & Rubber (MCM Publishing Ltd) 37 Nelson Road, Caterham, Surrey CR3 5PP England Phone +44 1883 347059 Fax +44 1883 341350 Injection Molding Magazine (Abbey Communications) 3400 East Bayaud Avenue, Suite 230, Denver, CO 80209 Phone 303-321-2322 Fax 303-321-3552
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Editorial Contact Online I.D.: immck@aol.com or immmm@aol.com ISSN 1071-362X Journal of Polymer Science - Polymer Physics Edition (John Wiley & Sons) Journal of Polymer Science - Polymer Chemistry Edition (John Wiley & Sons) Makromoleculare Chemie Macromolecules (ACS Journal) Modern Plastics (McGraw-Hill) 1221 6th Avenue, New York, NY 10020 Phone 212-512-6242 Fax 212-512-6111 Editorial Comment Online I.D.: modplas@ios.com Modern Plastics International(McGraw-Hill) Plastics Compounding(Advanstar) (no longer being published ? May return) Plastics Engineering(SPE Publication) 14 Fairfield Drive, Brookfield, CT 06804-0403 Phone 203-775-0471 Fax 203-775-8490 ISSN 0091-9578 (Note: Regional SPE Chapters and SPE Special Interest Divisions tend to have quarterly publications of their own) Plastics News (Crain Communications) 1725 Merriman Road, Akron, OH 44313-5251 Phone 216-836-9180 Fax 216-836-2322 ISSN 1042-802X Plastics Technology(Bill Communications) 355 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10010 Phone 212-592-6570 Fax 212-592-6579 Editorial Comment Phone: 212-592-6573 ISSN 0032-1257 Plastics World (PTN Publishing) Phone 516-845-2700 Fax 516-845-7109 445 Broad Hollow Road, Melville NY 11747 ISSN 0032-1273 Polymer (a research Journal) Polymer Composites (SPE Publication) Polymer Engineering and Science (SPE Publication) Polymer Processing and Rheology (SPE Publication) Other publications with frequent Plastics/Polymers articles: Appliance (Dana Chase) 1110 Jorie Boulevard, CS 9019, Oak Brook, IL 60522-9019
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Phone 708-990-3484 Fax 708-990-0078 Editorial I.D.: scot@appliance.com or tim@appliance.com ISSN 0003-6781 Design News (Cahners) 275 Washington Strees, Newton, MA 02158 Phone 617-964-3030 Fax 617-558-4402 Editorial Comment Online I.D.: DN@cahners Machine Design(Penton Publishing) 1100 Superior Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44114-2543 Phone 216-696-7000 Fax 216-621-8469 ISSN 0024-9114 (Polylinks has a more extensive catalog of plastics publications at http://www.polymers.com/polylink/subs/polpub.html)

(13) Commercial Polymer Producers, Compounders, and Distributors

Due to the size of this listing, it is maintained as a separate appendix listing companies by name with telephone contact numbers: Appendix A.

(14) Books on Polymers and Polymer Processing

This is a very brief sampling of some texts on polymer science, processing, properties and applications. SPE, McGraw Hill, Van Nostrand Reinhold, and John Wiley and Sons all have catalogs of available books on these subjects). 1. Plastic Engineering Handbook of the Society of the Plastics Industry, Michael L. Berrins, Ed. (Van Nostran Reinhold, pub, c 1991, 845p.) ISBN 0-442-31799-9, LCCCN 90-22784 2. Polymeric Materials and Processing, Jean-Michael Charrier, (SPE, pub, c 1990, 650p.) ISBN 0-19520854-4 3. Plastics: How Structure Determines Properties , Geza Gruenwald (SPE , pub, c 1992, 352p.) ISBM 3446-16520-7 4. Principals of Polymer Systems , Rodriguez (McGraw Hill, pub) 5. Fundamental Principles of Polymer Materials , Rosen (John Wiley and Sons, pub) ISBN 0-471-08704-1 6. Plastic Part Design for Injection Molding - An Introduction, Robert A. Malloy (SPE, pub, c. 1994, 460p.) ISBN 1-56990-129-5 7. Designing with Plastics and Composites, a Handbook, D.V. Rosato and D.P. DiMattia (SPE, pub, c. 1991, 977p.) ISBN 0-442-00133-9 8. Plastics Polymer Science and Technology, Mahendra D. Baijal, Ed. (John Wiley & Sons, pub, c. 1982, 945p.) ISBN 0-471-04044-4 9. A catalog with many good text on various polymer/plastics subjects is available from SPE, in the US: Phone 203775-0471 (Brookfield, CT), in Europe: Phone 32-0-2-774-9630 (Brussels, Belgium)

(15) Acknowledgements
Jim Coffey, Dr. Ulrich Seitz, Ramesh Lakshmi Narayan, David O Hunt, Jeff Vavasour, George D Ryerson, Abe Verghis, Dave Ingram, Mike Greenfield, Sami Mohammed, Paul D. Whaley, Tom Brady, Bob Hutchins, Ed Stokes,
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Larry Dodd, Mike Stewart, Russell Schulz, David Bick, Tony Foiani, Mike Pollard, Steve Baxter, Tony Tweedale, Kevin Patterson, Thomas Pierce, Stephen DeFosse, Marc Lavine, Jim Ure, Bernhard Wessling, B. L. Dowler, Bernie Doeser, Kevin Byrne, Thomas Guery, Darren Schilberg, Pete Logan, Eric Amis Polymer Abbreviations | Polymer Tradenames | Mutual Links Go to the Main Menu of The Other Pages
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