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DEALEY PLAZA:

Organized Crime?
By William P. Litynski
Past Political Assassinations Involving
the Grassy Knoll and the Lone Gunman
From the Grassy Knoll in Washington, D.C.:
Lone Gunman or Patsy
The Attempted Assassination of American President
Andrew Jackson on Capitol Hill on January 30, 183
!I"m #ust a $atsy%&: !ichard "awrence, an unemployed house#painter from $n%land and a &lone %unman', attempts to
assassinate ()*) President Andrew Jackson at the entrance of the ()*) Capitol in +ashin%ton, ,)C) on 'anuary (), *+(,) -he
national de.t /as $aid in 0ull on 'anuary +, *+(,, -ust .. days /efore the attempted assassination on Andrew Jackson)
Con%ress passed the *econd Coina%e Act on June .8, 1830) The Panic of 1831 occurred on 2ay 10, 1831 -ust after the *econd
3ank of the (nited *tates in Philadelphia /ecame a pri4ate /ank on January 1, 1831) Andrew Jackson is the only president e4er
to preside o4er the 4irtual elimination of America5s national de/t) America5s national de/t has e6ceeded 711 trillion in .013)
From the Grassy Knoll in London:
Lone Gunman or Patsy
The Attempted Assassination of
Her !oyal 2a-esty 8ueen 9ictoria of the (nited :in%dom of ;reat 3ritain
outside the 3uckin%ham Palace in "ondon on June 10, 1800
!I"m #ust a $atsy%&: $dward <6ford =18..#1>00?, an 18#year#old &lone %unman', attempts to assassinate .1#year#old 8ueen
9ictoria of ;reat 3ritain =181>#1>01? and her hus/and Prince Al/ert outside the 3uckin%ham Palace in "ondon on June 10,
1800, durin% the on%oin% <pium +ar with @mperial China) 8ueen 9ictoria of ;reat 3ritain and her hus/and Prince Al/ert
escaped the assassination attempt unharmed) There were at least ei%ht assassination attempts on 8ueen 9ictoria durin% her A3#
year rei%n) Was the attem$ted assassination o0 1ueen 2ictoria on 'une *), *+3) a $olitical cons$iracy
From the Grassy Knoll in -ehran, Persia:
Lone Gunman or Patsy
The Assassination of 4asser al5Din 6hah 1a#ar, *hah of Persia =2ay 1, 18>A?
!I"m #ust a $atsy%&: Persian &patsy' 2irBa !eBa :ermani assassinates Casser al#,in *hah 8a-ar =&*hah Casser'?, the *hah of
Persia, at the *hah#A/dol#ABim *hrine in !ey, Persia =located A miles south of Tehran? on Driday, 2ay 1, 18>A)
From the Grassy Knoll in 7ar.in, China:
Lone Gunman or Patsy
The Assassination of @to Hiro/umi, Dormer Prime 2inister of Japan,
/y :orean Patriot Ahn Jun%#%eun =<cto/er .A, 1>0>?
!I"m #ust a $atsy%&: :orean patriot Ahn Jun%#%eun assassinates and kills Japanese diplomat @to Hiro/umi, who ser4ed as
!esident ;eneral of :orea from ,ecem/er .1, 1>0 to June 10, 1>0>, at the Har/in !ailway *tation in Har/in, China
E2anchuriaF on <cto/er .A, 1>0>) =Paintin%G httpGHHwww)pennfamily)or%H:**#(*AHkorean#on#stamp#)html?
From the Grassy Knoll in 6ara#evo:
Lone Gunman or Patsy
The Assassination of Austrian Archduke DranB Derdinand in *ara-e4o =June .8, 1>10?
!I"m #ust a $atsy%&: 1>#year#old lone %unman ;a4rilo Princip =. July 18>0 I .8 April 1>18?, a Austro#Hun%arian#/orn
*er/ian nationalist, assassinates Archduke DranB Derdinand of Austria and his wife Countess *ophie in *ara-e4o =capital of the
Austro#Hun%arian pro4ince of 3osnia? on *unday mornin%, June .8, 1>10) Archduke DranB Derdinand of Austria and his wife
Countess *ophie, who sur4i4ed an assassination attempt earlier that day when a 1>#year#old student named Cedel-ko Ja/rino4iK
threw a hand %renade into their car, were tra4elin% to a local hospital in *ara-e4o when they were mortally wounded /y a &lone
%unman') This assassination would /e used as a prete6t to start +orld +ar @)
Kennedy Assassination: A Yale Conspiracy?
U.S. Senator Prescott S. Bush (second from left) chats with President John F. Kennedy (third from left) as ale President !.
Whitney "riswold (third from ri#ht) and former U.S. Secretary of State $ean ". !cheson (second from ri#ht) %re%are for
commencement at ale Uni&ersity in 'ew (a&en) *onnecticut in +,-.. (Source/ Family of Secrets 0y 1uss Baker)
&He tried to make a pleasant e4enin% of it, /ut @ was rather sick of heart, and an%ry too, for it was the
:ennedy5s that /rou%ht a/out the fiasco) And here they were makin% Allen to /e the %oat, which he
wasn5t and did not deser4e) I have never 0orgiven them.'
IPrescott *) 3ush, in a letter to Clo4er ,ulles, wife of former C@A ,irector Allen ,ulles
!ssistant Secretary of State !&erell (arriman (left) meets with President John F. Kennedy on July +2) +,-3.
(White (ouse %hoto 0y !00ie 1owe)
President4elect John F. Kennedy shakes hands with Brown Brothers (arriman 5 *o. %artner 1o0ert !. Lo&ett in Washin#ton)
$.*. in +,-6. (Stan Wayman7Life 8a#a9ine)
:he :om0) official head;uarters of :he <rder of Skull 5 Bones) is located at ale Uni&ersity on (i#h Street in 'ew (a&en) *onnecticut.
8em0ers of the ale *or%oration in 8arch +,-2
Front row) left to ri#ht/ John (ay Whitney) Juan :. :ri%%e) Wilmarth S. Lewis) Kin#man Brewster (President of ale Uni&ersity)) =dwin F. Blair)
1e&. "ardiner 8. $ay) B. Brewster Jennin#s. Back row) left to ri#ht/ *aryl P. (askins) William 8c*hesney 8artin Jr. (*hairman of the Federal
1eser&e)) 1e&. !mos '. Wilder) J. 1ichardson $ilworth) (er0ert F. Sturdy) J. >rwin 8iller) (arold (owe) >>) :. Keith "lennan) William P. Bundy)
Frank <. (. Williams.
=dwin F. Blair) J. 1ichardson $ilworth) (arold (owe >>) and William P. Bundy were mem0ers of Skull 5 Bones. John (ay Whitney) Wilmarth S.
Lewis) and B. Brewster Jennin#s were mem0ers of Scroll 5 Key.
Yale University Graduates & Their Occupation during the John F. Kennedy Assassination
(=?cludin# 8em0ers of Skull 5 Bones)
James S. 1ockefeller
B.!. ale +,.2
*hairman of 'ational *ity
Bank of 'ew ork
@*iti0ankA (+,B,4+,-C)
"eor#e S. 8oore
B.S. ale +,.C
President of 'ational *ity
Bank of 'ew ork
@*iti0ankA (+,B,4+,-C)
William 8c*. 8artin Jr.
B.!. ale +,.D
*hairman of the Federal
1eser&e (+,B+4+,C6)
!lfred (ayes
B.!. ale +,36
President of the Federal
1eser&e Bank of 'ew
ork (+,B-4+,CB)
William L. *ary
B.!. ale +,3+
*hairman of U.S.
Securities and =?chan#e
*ommission (+,-+4+,-2)
Eugene M. Zuckert
B.!. ale +,33E
LL.B. ale +,3C
Secretary of the !ir Force
(+,-+4+,-B)
*yrus 1. Fance
B.!. ale +,3,
LL.B. ale +,2.
Secretary of the !rmy
(+,-.4+,-2)
1oswell L. "il%atric
B.!. ale +,.DE
LL.B. ale +,3+
$e%uty U.S. Secretary of
$efense (+,-+4+,-2)
James Jesus !n#leton
B.!. ale +,2+
*hief of *>!
*ounterintelli#ence Staff
(+,B24+,C2)
1ichard 8. Bissell Jr.
B.!. ale +,3.E
Ph.$. ale +,3,
$e%uty *>! $irector for
Plans (+,B,4+,-.)
*hester Bowles
B.!. ale +,.2
U.S. !m0assador to >ndia
(+,B+4+,B3) +,-34+,-,)
Winthro% ". Brown
B.!. ale +,.,
U.S. !m0assador to Laos
(+,-.4+,-2)
$ou#las 8ac!rthur >>
B.!. ale +,3+
U.S. !m0assador to
Bel#ium (+,-+4+,-B)
J. >rwin 8iller
B.!. ale +,3+
*hairman of the 0oard of
*ummins =n#ine *o.
(+,B+4+,CC)
Jose%h F. *ullman >>>
B.!. ale +,3B
President and *=< of
Phili% 8orris *om%any
@i.e. 8arl0oro ci#arettesA
(+,BC4+,--)
Kin#man Brewster Jr.
B.!. ale +,2+
President of ale
Uni&ersity (+,-34+,CC)
=u#ene F. 1ostow
B.!. ale +,33
$ean of ale Law School
(+,BB4+,-B)
1o0ert F. Wa#ner Jr.
B.!. ale +,33
8ayor of 'ew ork *ity
(+,B24+,-B)
Frank !ltschul
B.!. ale +,6D
Fice President of the
*ouncil on Forei#n
1elations (+,B+4+,C+)
*ord 8eyer Jr.
B.!. ale +,23
head of the *>! *o&ert
!ction Staff of the
$irectorate of Plans
(+,-.4+,-C)
!We need 0our or 0ive 7itlers in 2ietnam.& I ;en) C%uyen Cao :y
ale Uni&ersity "raduates and :heir <ccu%ation durin# the Kennedy !ssassination in $allas) :e?as ('o&em0er ..) +,-3)
"o&ernment <fficials/
W. !&erell (arriman (B.!. +,+3E S5B +,+3) G Under Secretary of State for Political !ffairs (!%ril 2) +,-348arch +C) +,-B)
8c"eor#e Bundy (B.!. +,26E S5B +,26) G 'ational Security !d&isor (+,-+4+,--)
William P. Bundy (B.!. +,3,E S5B +,3,) G $e%uty !ssistant Secretary of $efense for >nternational Security !ffairs (+,-+4+,-3)
Walt W. 1ostow (B.!. +,3-) Ph.$. +,26) G *ounselor of the State $e%artment ($ecem0er 2) +,-+48arch 3+) +,--)
1oswell L. "il%atric (B.!. +,.D) LL.B. +,3+) G $e%uty U.S. Secretary of $efense (+,-+4+,-2)
*yrus 1. Fance (B.!. +,3,E LL.B. +,2.) S5K +,3,) G Secretary of the !rmy (+,-.4+,-2)
=u#ene 8. Huckert (B.!. +,33E LL.B. +,3C) G Secretary of the !ir Force (+,-+4+,-B)
James Jesus !n#leton (B.!. +,2+) G *hief of *>! *ounterintelli#ence Staff (+,B24+,C2)
*ord 8eyer Jr. (B.!. +,23) G *>! a#ent (c.+,B+4+,CC)E head of the *>! *o&ert !ction Staff of the $irectorate of Plans (+,-.4+,-C)
Sherman Kent (Ph.B. +,.-) Ph.$. +,33) G !ssistant $irector of *>! (+,B64+,-C)
1ichard 8. Bissell Jr. (B.!. +,3.) Ph.$. +,3,) G $e%uty *>! $irector for Plans (+,B,4-.)E President) >nstitute for $efense !nalyses (+,-.4-2)
Frederick Freeland (B.!. +,B+) G *>! a#ent (+,B+4+,DB)
Porter J. "oss (B.!. +,-6) G *>! clandestine ser&ices officer (+,-.4+,C+)
(omer 8. Byin#ton) Jr. (B.!. +,36) G U.S. *onsul "eneral in 'a%les) >taly (+,-.4c.+,C.)
8arshall "reen (B.!. +,3,) G U.S. *onsul "eneral in (on# Kon# (+,-+4+,-3)E $e%uty !ssistant Secretary of State for Far =astern !ffairs
(+,-34+,-B)
Winthro% ". Brown (B.!. +,.,E S5K +,.,) G U.S. !m0assador to Laos (+,-.4+,-2)
*hester Bowles (B.!. +,.2) G U.S. !m0assador to >ndia (July +,) +,-34!%ril .+) +,-,)
James "raham Parsons (B.!. +,.,) G U.S. !m0assador to Sweden (8ay +-) +,-+4!%ril +C) +,-C)
$ou#las 8ac!rthur >> (B.!. +,3+) G U.S. !m0assador to Bel#ium (+,-+4+,-B)
John (. Fer#uson (B.!. +,3-) G U.S. !m0assador to 8orocco (+,-.4+,-2)
William B. 8acom0er Jr. (B.!. +,23) G U.S. !m0assador to the (ashemite Kin#dom of Jordan (!%ril B) +,-+4$ecem0er .B) +,-3)
Wym0erley $e1enne *oerr (B.!. +,3-) G U.S. !m0assador to Uru#uay (+,-.4+,-B)
1. Sar#ent Shri&er Jr. (B.!. +,3DE LL.B. +,2+E S5K +,3D) G $irector of Peace *or%s (+,-+4+,--)
Steuart L. Pittman (B.!. +,2+) G !ssistant Secretary of $efense for *i&il $efense (+,-+4+,-2)
!rthur Joy $ra%er (B.!. +,3C) S5B +,3C) G *hief of 8edicine at U.S. 'a&al (os%ital in <akland (+,-+4+,--)
John 8. *ates Jr. (B.!. +,3-) J.$. +,3,) G *ounselor of the U.S. 8ission to the United 'ations (+,-34+,C6)
"as%ard dI!ndelot Belin (B.!. +,3,E LL.B. +,2-) S5B +,3,) G "eneral *ounsel of the U.S. $e%artment of the :reasury (+,-.4+,-B)
William L. *ary (B.!. +,3+) G *hairman of U.S. Securities and =?chan#e *ommission (+,-+4+,-2)E Prof. of Law at *olum0ia Uni&. (+,BB4D3)
*harles 8aechlin# Jr. (B.!. +,2+) G $irector for internal defense at U.S. $e%artment of State (+,-+4+,-3)E S%ecial !ssistant to the Under
Secretary of State for Political affairs @!&erell (arrimanA (+,-34+,-B)
John Sherman *oo%er (B.!. +,.3E S5B +,.3) G U.S. Senator (1e%u0lican Party4Kentucky) +,2-4+,2,E +,B.4+,BBE +,B-4+,C3)E 8em0er of
the Warren *ommission
W. Stuart Symin#ton (B.!. +,.3) G U.S. Senator ($emocratic Party48issouri) +,B34+,C-)
:hruston B. 8orton (B.!. +,.,) G U.S. Senator (1e%u0lican Party4Kentucky) +,BC4+,-D)
William Pro?mire (B.!. +,3D) G U.S. Senator ($emocratic Party4Wisconsin) +,BC4+,D,)
Peter (. $ominick (B.!. +,3C) S5K +,3C) G U.S. Senator (1e%u0lican Party4*olorado) +,-34+,CB)
John *rain Kunkel (B.!. +,+-) G U.S. *on#ressman (1e%u0lican Party4Pennsyl&ania) +,3,4+,B+) +,-+4+,--)
James *. !uchincloss (B.!. +,6D) S5K +,6D) G U.S. *on#ressman (1e%u0lican Party4'ew Jersey) +,234+,-B)
John Jarman (B.!. +,3C) G U.S. *on#ressman ($emocrat Party71e%u0lican Party4<klahoma) +,B+4+,CC)
William S. 8ailliard (B.!. +,3,) G U.S. *on#ressman (1e%u0lican Party4*alifornia) +,B34+,C2)
:homas William Ludlow JLudK !shley (B.!. +,2D) S5B +,2D) G U.S. *on#ressman ($emocratic Party4<hio) +,BB4+,D+)
William S. 8oorhead Jr. (B.!. +,2B) S5B +,2B) G U.S. *on#ressman ($emocratic Party4Pennsyl&ania) +,B,4+,D+)
John F. Lindsay (B.!. +,22) S5K +,22) G U.S. *on#ressman (1e%u0lican Party4'ew ork) +,B,4+,-B)
1o0ert :aft) Jr. (B.!. +,3,) G U.S. *on#ressman (1e%u0lican Party4<hio) +,-34+,-B) +,-C4+,C+)
1o#ers *.B. 8orton (B.!. +,3C) G U.S. *on#ressman (1e%u0lican Party48aryland) +,-34+,C+)
<#den 1o#ers 1eid (B.!. +,2,) G U.S. *on#ressman (1e%u0lican Party7$emocratic Party4'ew ork) +,-34+,CB)
Potter Stewart (B.!. +,3C) LL.B. +,2+) S5B +,3C) G Justice of the U.S. Su%reme *ourt (+,BD4+,D+)
*harles =dward *lark (B.!. +,++E LL.B. +,+3) G Jud#e of the U.S. *ourt of !%%eals for the Second *ircuit @'ew ork *ityA (8arch ,) +,3,4
$ecem0er +3) +,-3)E died in (amden) *onnecticut on $ecem0er +3) +,-3
John Jose%h Smith (B.!. +,.B) LL.B. +,.C) G Jud#e of the U.S. *ourt of !%%eals for the Second *ircuit (+,-64+,C+)
"eor#e :homas Washin#ton (Ph.B. +,.D) G Jud#e of the U.S. *ourt of !%%eals for $istrict of *olum0ia *ircuit (+,B64+,-B)
John !. $anaher (B.!. +,.6) G Jud#e of the U.S. *ourt of !%%eals for $istrict of *olum0ia *ircuit (+,B24+,-,)
1o0ert P. !nderson (B.!. +,.C) G *hief Jud#e of the U.S. $istrict *ourt for the $istrict of *onnecticut (+,-64+,-2)
1o0ert *. Ham%ano (B.!. +,B+E LL.B. +,B2) G U.S. !ttorney for the $istrict of *onnecticut (+,-+4+,-2)
$a&id *am%ion !cheson (B.!. +,2.) S5B +,23) G U.S. !ttorney for the $istrict of *olum0ia (+,-+4+,-B)
Burke 8arshall (B.!. +,23) LL.B. +,B+) G !ssistant U.S. !ttorney "eneral for *i&il 1i#hts $i&ision (+,-+4+,-B)
William W. Scranton (B.!. +,3,) J.$. +,2-) G "o&ernor of Pennsyl&ania (+,-34+,-C)
John (. *hafee (B.!. +,2CE S5B +,2C) G "o&ernor of 1hode >sland (+,-34+,-,)
1o0ert F. Wa#ner Jr. (B.!. +,33) S5K +,33) G 8ayor of 'ew ork *ity (+,B24+,-B)
*harles (enry :enney (B.!. +,33) LL.B. +,3-) S5K +,33) G $e%uty 8ayor of 'ew ork *ity (+,-.4+,-3)
Walter 8yers Jr. (B.!. +,3BE LL.B. +,3D) G Jud#e of the >ndiana Su%reme *ourt (+,-.4+,-C)
William "rawn 8illiken (B.!. +,2-) G 8ichi#an State Senator @.Cth $istrictA (+,-64+,-2)
1ichard B. <#il&ie (B.!. +,2C) G Sheriff of *ook *ounty @*hica#oA) >llinois (+,-34+,-C)E "o&ernor of >llinois (+,-,4+,C3)
Bankers/
William 8c*hesney 8artin Jr. (B.!. +,.D) G *hairman of the Federal 1eser&e (+,B+4+,C6)
!lfred (ayes (B.!. +,36) G President of the Federal 1eser&e Bank of 'ew ork (+,B-4+,CB)
Kenneth (. (annan (B.!. +,33) LL.B. +,3-) G *lass B $irector of the Federal 1eser&e Bank of 'ew ork (+,-64+,-B)
James Stillman 1ockefeller (B.!. +,.2) S5K +,.2) G *hairman of 'ational *ity Bank of 'ew ork @*iti0ankA (+,B,4+,-C)
"eor#e S. 8oore (B.S. +,.C) G President of 'ational *ity Bank of 'ew ork @*iti0ankA (+,B,4+,-C)
Kni#ht Woolley (B.!. +,+CE S5B +,+C) G Partner of Brown Brothers (arriman 5 *o. (+,3+4+,D.)E @0ank in 'ew ork *ityA
Prescott S. Bush (B.!. +,+CE S5B +,+C) G Partner of Brown Brothers (arriman 5 *o. (+,3+4+,C.)E U.S. Senator (+,B.4+,-3)
1o0ert !. Lo&ett (B.!. +,+D) S5B +,+D) G Partner of Brown Brothers (arriman 5 *o. (+,B34+,D-)E U.S. Secretary of $efense (+,B+4+,B3)
Ste%hen . (ord (B.!. +,.+) S5B +,.+) G Partner of Brown Brothers (arriman 5 *o. (+,2B4+,D+)
:homas 8c*ance (B.!. +,.B) G Partner of Brown Brothers (arriman 5 *o. (+,2B4+,C,)
8oreau $elano Brown (B.!. +,.-) G Partner of Brown Brothers (arriman 5 *o. (+,3,4+,C2)
John Beckwith 8adden (B.!. +,2+) S5B +,2+) G Partner of Brown Brothers (arriman 5 *o. (+,BB4+,DD)
1.L. >reland >>> (B.!. +,2.) G Partner of Brown Brothers (arriman 5 *o. (+,-64c.+,,2)
1o0ert Lehman (B.!. +,+3) G Partner of Lehman Brothers @0ank in 'ew ork *ityA (+,.B4+,-,)
Jose%h !l0ert :homas (B.!. +,.D) S5K +,.D) G Partner of Lehman Brothers (+,3C4+,CC)
John 8. Schiff (B.!. +,.B) G Partner of Kuhn) Loe0 5 *o. @0ank in 'ew ork *ityA (+,3+4+,CC)
!rthur ". !ltschul (B.!. +,23) G Partner of "oldman) Sachs 5 *o. @0ank in 'ew ork *ityA (+,B,4+,CC)
*harles Jaco0 Stewart (B.!. +,+D) G Partner of La9ard Freres 5 *o. @0ank in 'ew ork *ityA (+,B34+,B,)
Fance Fan $ine (B.!. +,2,) S5B +,2,) G Partner of 8or#an Stanley 5 *o. @0ank in 'ew ork *ityA (+,-34+,CB)
$ean Witter Jr. (B.!. +,22) S5B +,22) G Partner of $ean Witter 5 *o. @0ank in 'ew ork *ityA (+,2-4+,C6)
"rinnell 8orris (B.!. +,3.) G President of =m%ire :rust *o. (+,-34+,--)
John >. (owell (B.!. +,3,) G former *hairman of the 0oard of J. (enry Schroder Bankin# *or%.
'icholas F. Brady (B.!. +,B.) G Fice President of $illon) 1ead 5 *o. @0ank in 'ew ork *ityA (+,-+4+,C+)
1o0ert Fan *leef Lindsay (B.!. +,2,) G Fice President of 8or#an "uaranty :rust *o. (+,-64+,-,)
=&an ". "al0raith (B.!. +,B6E S5B +,B6) G Fice President of 8or#an "uaranty :rust *o. (+,-+4+,-,)
$aniel P. $a&ison (B.!. +,2,) S5B +,2,) G Fice President of 8or#an "uaranty :rust *o. (+,-+4+,C3)
Jac;ues 1al%h Stun9i (B.!. +,2.) G =?ecuti&e Fice President of *ontinental Bank >nternational @'ew ork *ityA (+,-.4+,-D)
William Frederick 8achold (Ph.B. +,.C) G Partner of $re?el 5 *o. @in&estment 0ank in Philadel%hiaA (+,2,4+,--)
"ardner $ominick Stout (B.!. +,.-) G Partner of $ominick 5 $ominick @in&estment firm in 'ew ork *ityA (+,.-4+,-D)
!&ery 1ockefeller Jr. (B.!. +,2,) G Partner of $ominick 5 $ominick (+,B.4+,-2)
(oyt !mmidon (B.!. +,3.) G *hairman and *=< of U.S. :rust *o. (+,-.4+,C2)
=rnest Patton (B.!. +,.6) G *hairman of the 0oard of Peo%les 'ational Bank @"reen&ille) South *arolinaA (+,2D4+,-,)
1o0ert James Lewis (B.!. +,.+) G Partner of =sta0rook 5 *o. @'ew ork *ityA (+,3+4+,-D)E 8em0er of the Board of "o&ernors of the 'ew
ork Stock =?chan#e (+,-64+,--)
1ichard !m0ler Li##ett (Ph.B. +,.B) G *hairman of the 0oard of First 'ational Bank of :am%a @FloridaA (+,BB4c.+,C.)
$onald 1oderick Welles (B.!. +,.C) G Senior Fice President of Wilmin#ton :rust *o. @0ank in Wilmin#ton) $elawareA (+,BD4+,-,)
Pomeroy $ay (B.!. +,.DE LL.B. +,3+) G President of *onnecticut Bank 5 :rust *o. (+,-+4+,--)
1o#er *onant $amon (B.!. +,.,) G President of First 'ational Bank of Boston (+,B,4+,--)
=u#ene (ale !dams (B.!. +,32) G President of the First 'ational Bank of $en&er (+,B,4+,C3)
Burt 1ussell Shurly Jr. (B.!. +,32) G Fice President of $etroit Bank 5 :rust *o. @$etroit) 8ichi#anA (+,B+4+,C6)
=&erett Ware Smith (B.S. +,3-) G Senior Fice President of 'ew =n#land 8erchants 'ational Bank @BostonA (+,B,4+,-2)
James (enry (i##ins (B.!. +,3,) G Fice President of 8ellon 'ational Bank 5 :rust *o. @Pitts0ur#hA (+,B24+,-B)
Samuel :or0itt *astleman (B.!. +,23) G Senior Fice President Wacho&ia Bank 5 :rust *o. @Winston4Salem) '*A (+,BD4+,-D)
Businessmen/
Jose%h 1ichardson $ilworth (B.!. +,3D) LL.B. +,2.) S5B +,3D) G senior financial ad&iser to the 1ockefeller family (+,BD4+,D+)E 8em0er of
the 0oard of directors of *hase 8anhattan Bank (+,BD4+,D+)
Francis "ordon Fa0ian Jr. (B.S. +,3C) G President of $resser >ndustries) >nc. @$allas) :e?asA (+,-.4+,-B)
(. 'eil 8allon (B.!. +,+C) S5B +,+C) G *hairman of $resser >ndustries) >nc.
J. >rwin 8iller (B.!. +,3+) G *hairman of the 0oard of *ummins =n#ine *o. (+,B+4+,CC)
James (. Bin#er (B.!. +,3D) G President of (oneywell) >nc. (+,-+4+,-B)
Juan :erry :ri%%e (Ph.B. +,.+) G President of Pan !merican World !irways) >nc. (+,.C4+,-2)
(. 8ansfield (orner (B.S. +,.-) G *hairman and *=< of United !ircraft *or%oration (+,B-4+,D3)
1o0ert S. >n#ersoll (B.S. +,3C) G *hairman and *=< of Bor#4Warner *or%. (+,-+4+,C.)
John =. Bierwirth (B.!. +,+C) G *hairman and *=< of 'ational $istillers 5 *hemical *or%. (+,BD4+,C6)
1o0ert "uthrie Pa#e (B.!. +,..) S5B +,..) G President of Phel%s $od#e *or%oration (+,2C4+,-C)
John (ancock $aniels (B.!. +,23) S5B +,23) G President of !rcher4$aniels48idland *o. (+,BD4+,-C)
(enry John (ein9 >> (B.!. +,3+) S5B +,3+) G *hairman of the 0oard of (.J. (ein9 *om%any (+,B,4+,DC)
Jose%h F. *ullman >>> (B.!. +,3B) G President and *=< of Phili% 8orris *om%any @i.e. 8arl0oro ci#arettesA (+,BC4+,--)
(enry Stuart (arrison (B.!. +,3.) G President and *hief =?ecuti&e <fficer of *le&eland4*liffs >ron *o. (+,-+4+,CC)
Frederick "lade Wacker Jr. (B.!. +,26) G *hairman of the 0oard and President of !mmco :ools) >nc. @'orth *hica#o) >llinoisA (+,2D4+,DC)
!rthur K. Watson (B.!. +,2.) G *hairman of >B8 World :rade *or%oration (+,-34+,C6)
"eor#e (.W. Bush (B.!. +,2DE S5B +,2D) G President of Ha%ata <ffshore *o. @in (ouston) :e?asA (+,B-4+,-2)
William (. JBillK $onaldson (B.!. +,B3) S5B +,B3) G *hairman and *=< of $onaldson) Lufkin 5 Jenrette) >nc. (+,B,4+,C3)
John $a&ock Warren (B.!. +,.C) S5B +,.C) G "eneral Partner of ".(. Walker 5 *o. @firm in 'ew ork *ityA (+,224+,C2)
"eor#e (er0ert Walker Jr. (B.!. +,.C) S5B +,.C) G "eneral Partner of ".(. Walker 5 *o. (+,.,4+,C2)
"eor#e (er0ert Walker >>> (B.!. +,B3) S5B +,B3) G "eneral Partner of ".(. Walker 5 *o. (+,-+4+,C2)
Jonathan J. Bush (B.!. +,B3) S5B +,B3) G "eneral Partner of ".(. Walker 5 *o. (+,-64+,C6)
John *. Bierwirth (B.!. +,2C) G Fice President of 'ational $istillers 5 *hemical *or%. (+,BD4+,-,)
Storer B. Lunt (B.!. +,.+) S5B +,.+) G *hairman of W.W. 'orton 5 *om%any) >nc. (+,BD4c.+,-D)
*harles *hristian (affner Jr. (B.!. +,+,) S5B +,+,) G *hairman and *=< of 1.1. $onnelley 5 Sons *o. @*hica#oA (+,B.4+,-2)
William :hom%son Lusk (B.!. +,.2) S5B +,.2) G President of :iffany 5 *o. @'ew ork *ityA (+,BB4+,-C)
John Warner Field (B.!. +,3C) S5B +,3C) G President and *=< of Warnaco) >nc. (+,BC4+,C2)
Phili% W. Pills0ury (B.!. +,.2) G *hairman of the 0oard of :he Pills0ury *o. (+,B.4+,-B)
William Wri#ley (B.!. +,B2) G President and *=< of William Wri#ley Jr. *o. (+,-+4c.+,,-)
$a&id L. Luke >>> (B.!. +,2B) G President (+,-.4+,D6) and *=< (+,-34+,DD) of West&aco *or%.
*harles Sherwood 8unson (B.!. +,+.) G *hairman of !ir 1eduction *o. >nc. (+,2D4+,-2)
:ecumseh Sherman Fitch (B.S. +,3+) G *hairman of the 0oard of Washin#ton Steel *or%. @Pennsyl&aniaA (+,2B4+,-,)
James ". Fo? Jr. (B.S. +,.-) G President of !llied *hemical *or%. (+,B,4c.+,C.)
:homas 8ellon =&ans (B.S. +,3+) G *hairman and *=< of *rane *o. (+,B,4+,D2)
Kem%ton $unn (B.S. +,3+) G *hairman of the 0oard (+,-34+,-,) and *=< (+,BC4+,-,) of !merican Brake Shoe *o. @'ew ork *ityA
William !dams $un0ar (B.!. +,.,) G *om%troller of "eneral 1einsurance *or%. @'ew ork *ityA (+,B-4+,--)
:homas =u#ene Lo&eLoy Jr. (Ph.B. +,.D) G President and *=< of 8anhattan Life >nsurance *o. (+,BB4+,-C)
"aylord $onnelley (B.!. +,3+) S5B +,3+) G President) 1.1. $onnelley 5 Sons *o. @*hica#oA (+,B.4-2)E :rustee) Uni&. of *hica#o (+,2C4D6)
Fred 1ollin White Jr. (B.!. +,3B) G Senior Fice President of <#le0ay 'orton *o. @*le&eland) <hioA (+,B,4+,CD)
1o0ert For0es 'i&en (B.!. +,3.) G Secretary of Union <il *o. (+,2C4+,C.)E 8em0er of the Bohemian *lu0 in San Francisco
1o0ert "eor#e Wiese (B.!. +,.B) G Partner of Scudder) Ste&ens 5 *lark @in&estment firm in BostonA (+,3-4+,CD)
William 8. $ay (B.!. +,.C) G President of 8ichi#an Bell :ele%hone *o. @$etroitA (+,B-4+,-D)
John 8.K. $a&is (B.!. +,.,) G President of *onneciticut Printers >nc. @(artford) *onnecticutA (+,B.4c.+,C.)
1ichard *. $oane (B.!. +,+,) G *hairman of the 0oard of >nternational Pa%er *o. @'ew ork *ityA (+,-+4+,-C)
Frank *ourtenay $odd (B.!. +D,C) G *hairman of the 0oard of $odd) 8ead 5 *o.) >nc. @%u0lishin# com%any in 'ew ork *ityA (+,2.4+,-D)
:haddeus 1. Beal Jr. (B.!. +,3,) S5K +,3,) G President of (ar&ard :rust *o. @BostonA (+,BC4+,-,)
!llen Ledyard Lindley (B.!. +,3.) G Senior Fice President of 8utual Life >nsurance *o. of 'ew ork (+,-+4+,-C)
(enry (olloway Scudder (B.!. +,+C) G Fice *hairman of of >nternational Standard =lectric *or%. @'ew ork *ityA (+,-64c.+,C6)
!le?ander *outts Stewart (B.!. +,2B) G :reasurer of *ollins 5 !ltman *or%. @te?tile com%any in 'ew ork *ityA (+,-64+,--)
(orace 1ansom 8ustard (B.!. +,3+) G :reasurer of Pitts0ur#h *oke 5 *hemical *o. (+,224+,-2)
(amlett (arrison (B.!. +,3.) G "eneral *ounsel (+,3,4+,C6) and =?ec. Fice Pres. (+,2.4+,C6) of :rinity Uni&ersal >nsurance *o. @$allas) :MA
(enry White "adsden (B.S. +,33) G =?ecuti&e Fice President of 8erck 5 *o.) >nc. @%harmaceutical com%anyA (+,BB4+,-B)
James 8urdock Fulton (B.S. +,3B) LL.B. +,3D) G "eneral *ounsel of 8erck 5 *o.) >nc. @%harmaceutical com%anyA (+,-+4+,C2)
Lawyers/
*harles 8. S%offord (B.!. +,.2E S5B +,.2) G 8em0er of $a&is) Polk 5 Wardwell (+,264+,B6) +,B.4+,C3)
*harles (astin#s Willard (B.!. +,.-) S5B +,.-) G Partner of $a&is) Polk 5 Wardwell (+,B64+,C3)
=dward 1o#ers Wardwell (B.!. +,.C) S5B +,.C) G 8em0er of $a&is) Polk 5 Wardwell (+,2-4c.+,C.)
Peter <.!. Sol0ert (B.!. +,2+) S5B +,2+) G Partner of $a&is) Polk 5 Wardwell (+,BC4+,-3) +,-B4+,D,)
Samuel (a9ard "illes%ie Jr. (B.!. +,3.) LL.B. +,3-) S5B +,3.) G 8em0er of $a&is) Polk 5 Wardwell (+,2D4.6++)
Stanley 1. 1esor (B.!. +,3,) LL.B. +,2-) S5K +,3,) G Partner of $e0e&oise 5 Plim%ton (+,2-4+,-B) +,C+4+,C3) +,C,4+,DC)
"eor#e '. Lindsay (B.!. +,2+) G Partner of $e0e&oise 5 Plim%ton (+,BB4+,,6)
1o0ert B. &on 8ehren (B.!. +,23) G Partner of $e0e&oise 5 Plim%ton (+,BC4+,,3)
(arold (. (ealy Jr. (B.!. +,23) S5B +,23) G Partner of $e0e&oise 5 Plim%ton (+,B,4+,D,)
"eor#e 1o0erts (B.!. +,6B) LL.B. (ar&ard +,6D) G Partner of Winthro%) Stimson) Putnam 5 1o0erts (+,+24+,-D)
James William (usted (B.!. +,+D) G Partner of Winthro%) Stimson) Putnam 5 1o0erts (+,364+,-,)
John Baker Jessu% (B.!. +,2.) S5B +,2.) G Partner of Winthro%) Stimson) Putnam 5 1o0erts (+,B,4+,,3)
=ndicott Pea0ody $a&ison (B.!. +,2B) S5B +,2B) G Partner of Winthro%) Stimson) Putnam 5 1o0erts (+,B,4+,D6)
*hauncey Brewster "ar&er (B.!. +,6D) S5K +,6D) G Partner of Shearman 5 Sterlin# (+,+C4+,C3)
1o0ert (untin#ton Kni#ht (B.!. +,26) G Partner of Shearman 5 Sterlin# (+,BB4+,BD) +,-.4+,DB)
William 1ockefeller (B.!. +,26) LL.B. *olum0ia +,2C) G Partner of Shearman 5 Sterlin# (+,BC4+,,6)
Louis 8el&ille Loe0 (B.!. +,+,) G Partner of Lord) $ay 5 Lord (+,2D4+,C.)E "eneral *ounsel of :he 'ew ork :imes *o. (+,2D4+,-C)
John $orsey "arrison (B.!. +,3+) LL.B. +,32) G 8em0er of Lord) $ay 5 Lord (+,234+,D6)
"arrard Wood "lenn (B.!. +,33) S5K +,33) G Partner of Lord) $ay 5 Lord (+,2D4+,B2) +,BD4c.+,C2)
*harles 1. Walker >>> (B.!. +,B+) LL.B. +,B2) G 8em0er of Lord) $ay 5 Lord (+,B-4+,,2)
1ichard S. Storrs (B.!. +,3.) G Partner of Sulli&an 5 *romwell (+,2B4+,D6)
!lfred <#den (B.!. +,3.) S5B +,3.) G Partner of !le?ander 5 "reen (+,BB4+,CB)
William =ldred Jackson (B.!. +,2+) S5B +,2+) G Partner of 8il0ank) :weed) (adley 5 8c*loy (+,B24+,,,)
!llen Skinner (u00ard (B.!. +,++) S5K +,++) G Partner of (u#hes) (u00ard) Blair 5 1eed @law firm in 'ew ork *ityA (+,3C4+,D+)
=dwin Foster Blair (B.!. +,.2) S5B +,.2) G Partner of (u#hes) (u00ard) Blair 5 1eed @'ew ork *ityA (+,B.4+,-D)
$onald Scha%iro (B.!. +,22E LL.B. +,2,) G Partner of Barrett) Smith) Scha%iro) Simon 5 !rmstron# @'ew ork *ityA (+,BB4+,DD)
1o0ert :odd Lan# (B.!. +,2B) G Partner of Weil) "otshal 5 8an#es @'ew ork *ityA (+,B-4%resent)
John *arey (B.!. +,2C) S5B +,2BW) G Partner of *oudert Brothers @law firm in 'ew ork *ityA (+,-+4+,DC)
Jerome S. (ess (B.!. +,63) G 8em0er of (ardin) (ess 5 =der @law firm in 'ew ork *ityA (+,6C4+,C6)
$ean ". !cheson (B.!. +,+BE S5K +,+B) G 8em0er of *o&in#ton 5 Burlin# @law firm in Washin#ton) $.*.A (+,B34+,C+)E fmr. U.S. Sec of State
"erhard !. "esell (B.!. +,3.) G 8em0er of *o&in#ton 5 Burlin# (+,2+4+,-C)
Lloyd '. *utler (B.!. +,3-) G Partner of Wilmer *utler Pickerin# @law firm in Washin#ton) $.*.A (+,-.4+,C,) +,D+4+,,6)
(. Stewart $unn Jr. (B.!. +,B+) G Partner of >&ins) Philli%s 5 Barker @law firm in Washin#ton) $.*.A (+,-.4c..66.)
1o#er 1o00 (B.!. +,.D) LL.B. +,3+) G Partner of 1o00) Porter) Kistler 5 Parkinson @law firm in Washin#ton) $.*.A (+,B+4+,-,)
8arcien Jenckes (B.!. +,.+) S5B +,.+) G 8em0er of *hoate) (all 5 Stewart @law firm in BostonA (+,.C4+,C+)
8arcus 8orton (B.!. +,+-) G 8em0er of (ale) Sanderson) Byrnes 5 8orton @law firm in BostonA (+,.C4c.+,D6)
1ichard Wellin#ton 8cLaren (B.!. +,3,E LL.B. +,2.) G 8em0er of *hadwell) Keck) Kayser) 1u##les 5 8cLaren @law firm in *hica#oA (+,B64
+,-,)E !ssistant U.S. !ttorney "eneral for !ntitrust $i&ision (+,-,4+,C.)
8errill She%ard (B.!.+,.B) G Partner of Po%e) Ballard) Kennedy) She%ard 5 Fowle @law firm in *hica#oA (+,3-4c.+,D-)
!nthony Lee 8ichel (B.!. +,.-) S5B +,.-) G Partner of "ardner) *arton) $ou#las) *hil#ren 5 Waud @law firm in *hica#oA (+,2.4+,--)
'orman Waite (B.!. +,.CE LL.B. (ar&ard +,36) G Partner of Schiff) (ardin 5 Waite @law firm in *hica#oA (+,264c.+,C-)
"eor#e Frederick Baer !%%el (B.!. +,.2) S5B +,.2) G Partner of :ownsend) =lliott 5 8unson @law firm in Philadel%hiaA (+,3D4+,C6)
1ichard Lan#sdorf Le&y (B.!. +,33) G Partner of $ilworth) Pa?son) Kalish) Kohn 5 Le&y @law firm in Philadel%hiaA (+,2,4c.+,C-)
Jose%h 8artin Jr. (B.!. +,3-E LL.B. +,3,) G Partner of Pettit 5 8artin @law firm in San FranciscoA (+,BB4+,C6) +,C34+,,B)
1o0ert P. (astin#s (B.!. +,33) G Partner of Paul) (astin#s) Janofsky 5 Walker @law firm in Los !n#elesA (+,2-4+,D+)
Ste%hen (ardin# (art (B.!. +,.,) G Partner of (olland 5 (art @law firm in $en&erA (+,2C4c.+,CD)
1ichard 8arden $a&is (B.!. +,33) S5B +,33) G Partner of $a&is) "raham 5 Stu00s @law firm in $en&erA (+,3C4c.+,D.)
$onald Wri#ht (oa#land (B.!. +,2.) S5B +,23) G Partner of $a&is) "raham 5 Stu00s @law firm in $en&erA (+,B+4+,-3) +,--4+,DC)
$a&id =&erett Wa#oner (B.!. +,B6) G Partner of Perkins 5 *oie @law firm in SeattleA (+,BC4+,,-)
*ornelius =. Lom0ardi Jr. (B.!. +,2,) G 8em0er of Blackwell) Sanders) 8atheny) Weary 5 Lom0ardi @law firm in Kansas *ityA (+,BC4+,,.)
(enry *ornick *oke (B.!. +,.-) LL.B. +,.,) S5B +,.-) G 8em0er of *oke 5 *oke @law firm in $allas) :e?asA (+,364+,CC)
"eor#e $ene#re (B.!. +,23) G Partner of Jones) Walker) Weachter) Poie&ent) *arrere 5 $ene#re @law firm in 'ew <rleansA (+,B.4.66D)
John Wesley Warrin#ton (B.!. +,3-) G Partner of "raydon) (ead 5 1itchey @law firm in *incinnatiA (+,B+4+,D,)
John (erron 8ore (B.!. +,.2) G Partner of :aft) Stettinius 5(ollister @law firm in *incinnatiA (+,3B4+,C6)
Seth *hase :aft (B.!. +,23) LL.B. +,2D) G Partner of Partner of Jones) $ay) 1ea&is 5 Po#ue @law firm in *le&eland) <hioA (+,B,4c.+,D2)
(oward :allmad#e Foulkes (B.!. +,++) G Partner of Wickham) Bor#elt) Sko#stad and Powell @law firm in 8ilwaukeeA (+,+34+,C3)
1ichard Woolsey *utler (B.!. +,3DE LL.B. +,2+) G Partner of Nuarles 5 Brady @law firm in 8ilwaukeeA (+,B24+,DC)
Lucius Franklin 1o0inson Jr. (B.!. +,+D) G Partner of 1o0inson) 1o0inson 5*ole @law firm in (artford) *onnecticutA (+,.B4c.+,D.)
John *aldwell Parsons (B.!. +,..E LL.B. +,.-) G Partner of 1o0inson) 1o0inson 5 *ole @law firm in (artford) *onnecticutA (+,3+4+,C3)
James Wayne *oo%er (B.!. +,.-E LL.B. +,.,) G Partner of :yler) *oo%er) "rant) Bowerman 5 Keefe @law firm in 'ew (a&en) *:A (+,3B4+,D,)
Bayard =win# (B.!. +,3D) G Partner of :illin#hast) *ollins 5 "raham @law firm in Pro&idence) 1hode >slandA (+,2,4c.+,D2)
1ichard Francis *orroon (B.!. +,3B) G Partner of Potter) !nderson 5 *orroon @law firm in Wilmin#ton) $elawareA (+,2-4+,CD)
8alcolm W. 8artin (B.!. +,33) G Partner of Pe%er) 8artin) Jensen) 8aichel 5 (etla#e @law firm in St. LouisA (+,2+4.662)E 0rother of Federal
1eser&e *hairman William 8c*. 8artin Jr.
<r#ani9ation =?ecuti&es/
=. 1oland (arriman (B.!. +,+CE S5B +,+C) G *hairman of !merican 1ed *ross (+,B24+,C3)E Partner of Brown Brothers (arriman 5 *o.
(+,3+4+,CD)E *hairman of the Board of Union Pacific 1ailroad *o. (+,2-4+,-,)
8a? F. 8illikan (B.S. +,3B) G President of World Peace Foundation (+,B-4+,-,)
1o0ert 8. (utchins (B.!. +,.+) G *hairman of the *enter for the Study of $emocratic >nstitutions (+,B,4+,C2)
*aryl P. (askins (Ph.B. +,36) G President of *arne#ie >nstitution of Washin#ton (+,B-4+,C+)
Frank !ltschul (B.!. +,6D) G Fice President of the *ouncil on Forei#n 1elations (+,B+4+,C+)
8orris (adley (B.!. +,+-) S5B +,+-) G *hairman of *arne#ie *or%oration of 'ew ork (+,BB4+,--)
J. Nui## 'ewton Jr. (B.!. +,33) LL.B. +,3-) S5B +,33) G President of :he *ommonwealth Fund (+,-34+,CB)
=rnest Brooks) Jr. (B.!. +,36) S5K +,36) G President of <ld $ominion Foundation @'ew ork *ityA (+,B-4+,-,)
Walter James 8c'erney (B.S. +,2C) G President of Blue *ross !ssociation @in *hica#oA (+,-+4+,CC)
!nson Phel%s Stokes Jr. (B.!. +,.C) S5B +,.C) G Protestant =%isco%al Bisho% for the =%isco%al $iocese of 8assachusetts (+,B-4+,C6)
!u#ust (eckscher (B.!. +,3-) G 8em0er of the 0oard of directors) !merican *i&il Li0erties Union (+,BC4+,-B)E <SS a#ent (+,2.4+,2B)
Walter 8illis (B.!. +,.6) G 8em0er of the 0oard of directors) !merican *i&il Li0erties Union (+,BC4+,-D)
*olle#e !dministrators/
Kin#man Brewster Jr. (B.!. +,2+) G President of ale Uni&ersity (+,-34+,CC)
=u#ene Fictor 1ostow (B.!. +,33) G $ean of ale Law School (+,BB4+,-B)
William Sloane *offin Jr. (B.!. +,2,E S5B +,2,) G *ha%lain of ale Uni&ersity (+,BD4+,C-)
1eu0en !. (olden (B.!. +,26) S5B +,26) G Secretary of ale Uni&ersity (+,B34+,C+)
*harles Stafford "a#e (B.!. +,.B) S5B +,.B) G :reasurer of ale Uni&ersity (+,B24+,--)
$ou#las 8. Kni#ht (B.!. +,2.) G President of $uke Uni&ersity (+,-34+,-,)
:homas *orwin 8endenhall >> (B.!. +,3.) Ph.$. +,3D) G President of Smith *olle#e (+,B,4+,CB)
1ichard $aniel Wei#le (B.!. +,3+) Ph.$. +,3,) G President of St. JohnIs *olle#e @!nna%olis) 8arylandA (+,2,4+,D6)
(ar&ey Brooks (B.!. +,3C) G $ean of =n#ineerin# and !%%lied Physics at (ar&ard Uni&ersity (+,BC4+,CB)
William $. *armichael (B.!. +,B6) G $ean of "raduate School of Business and Pu0lic !dministration at *ornell Uni&ersity (+,-.4+,-D)
*olle#e Professors/
John '. (a9ard (B.!. +,36) G Professor of Pu0lic Law at *olum0ia Uni&ersity (+,2-4+,CC)
William L. *ary (B.!. +,3+) G Professor of Law at *olum0ia Uni&ersity (+,BB4+,D3)
(enry L. 1o0erts (B.!. +,3D) G Professor of (istory at *olum0ia Uni&ersity (+,B-4+,-C)
!. $oak Barnett (B.!. +,2.) G Professor of Political Science at *olum0ia Uni&ersity (+,-+4+,-,)
Willis Li&in#ston 8esier 1eese (B.!. +,3BE LL.B. +,3D) G *harles =&ans (u#hes Professor of Law at *olum0ia Uni&ersity (+,2-4+,D+)
!llen :racy (a9en (B.!. +,.C) Ph.$. +,3B) G Professor of =n#lish at *olum0ia Uni&ersity (+,2D4+,C+)
"rant "ilmore (B.!. +,3+) Ph.$. +,3-) LL.B. +,2.) G Professor of Law at ale Uni&ersity (+,2-4+,-B)
:homas >rwin =merson (B.!. +,.D) LL.B. +,3+) G Professor of Law at ale Law School (+,2-4+,C-)
1al%h Shar% Brown Jr. (B.!. +,3BE LL.B. +,3,) G Professor of Law at ale Law School (+,B34c.+,,D)
Lewis Bookwalter Ward (B.!. +,36) Ph.$. +,32) G Professor of Business 1esearch at (ar&ard Uni&ersity (+,B,4+,C2)
Samuel P. (untin#ton (B.!. +,2-) G Professor of "o&ernment at (ar&ard Uni&ersity (+,-.4.66D)
(enry Larkin :errie Jr. (B.!. +,23) G Professor of =n#lish at $artmouth *olle#e (+,B,4+,D-)
1ichard Whitney Sterlin# (B.!. +,2.) 8.!. +,2C) Ph.$. +,B-) G Professor of "o&ernment at $artmouth *olle#e (+,-.4c.+,DC)
Lyman B. S%it9er Jr. (B.!. +,3B) S5B +,3B) G *harles !. oun# Professor of !stronomy at Princeton Uni&ersity (+,B.4+,D.)
*harles !. Barker (B.!. +,.-) Ph.$. +,3.) G Professor of !merican (istory at Johns (o%kins Uni&ersity (+,2B4+,C.)
Francis =. 1ourke (B.!. +,2C) 8.!. +,2D) G Professor of Political Science at Johns (o%kins Uni&ersity (+,-+4+,,3)
!rthur Stuart Pitt (B.!. +,3B) 8.!. +,3C) Ph.$. +,3,) G Professor of =n#lish at U.S. 'a&al !cademy (+,B24+,CD)
=dward F. "ulick (B.!. +,3C) 8.!. +,2.) Ph.$. +,2C) G Prof. of =uro%ean (istory and Far =astern (istory at Wellesley *olle#e (+,-+4c.+,C-)
BenLamin 8cLane S%ock (B.!. +,.B) S5K +,.B) G Professor of *hild $e&elo%ment at Western 1eser&e Uni&ersity @*le&elandA (+,BB4+,-C)
=&erard 8ott Williams (B.S. +,3-) Ph.$. +,3,) G Professor of =n#ineerin# at *arne#ie 8ellon Uni&ersity @Pitts0ur#hA (+,2,4+,C.)
*harles Leslie Ste&enson (B.!. +,36) G Professor of Philoso%hy at Uni&ersity of 8ichi#an (+,2,4+,CC)
1o0ert Stafford Ward (B.!. +,.,) G Professor of =n#lish at the Uni&ersity of 8iami @FloridaA (+,B-4+,C.)
Simon 'ewcom0 Whitney (B.!. +,.2) Ph.$. +,3+) G Professor of =conomics at 1ut#ers Uni&ersity (+,-+4+,-C)
!nthony 'icholas Brady "ar&an (B.!. +,3,E Ph.$. +,2D) S5K +,3,) G Professor of !merican *i&ili9ation at Uni&. of Pennsyl&ania (+,-64+,DC)
<swald "arrison Fillard Jr. (B.!. +,3D) G Professor of =lectrical =n#ineerin# at Stanford Uni&ersity (+,BB4+,DC)E 8em0er of United States !ir
Force Scientific !d&isory Board (+,-+4+,CB)E #reat4#randson of a0olitionist William Lloyd "arrison
Journalists/
(enry 1. Luce (B.!. +,.6E S5B +,.6) G =ditor4in4*hief of :ime) >nc. (+,.34+,-2)E founder of :ime and Life ma#a9ines
William F. Buckley) Jr. (B.!. +,B6E S5B +,B6) G =ditor4in4*hief of National Review ma#a9ine (+,BB4+,,6)
Phili% L. "eyelin (B.!. +,22) G $i%lomatic corres%ondent of The Wall Street Journal (+,-64+,-C)
1al%h $. Paine Jr. (B.!. +,.,) S5B +,.,) G Pu0lisher of Fortune ma#a9ine (+,B34+,-C)
John K. Jessu% (B.!. +,.D) G *hief =ditorial Writer of Life ma#a9ine (+,B+4+,-,)
1o0ert *. *hristo%her (B.!. +,2D) G Forei#n =ditor of Newsweek ma#a9ine (+,-34+,-,)
John (ay Whitney (B.!. +,.-E S5K +,.-) G Pu0lisher and =ditor4in4*hief of New York Herald Tribune (+,-+4+,--)
Jack 1ohe (oward (B.!. +,3.) G President of Scri%%s4(oward 'ews%a%ers (+,B34+,CB)
'ote/ S5B O Skull 5 BonesE S5K O Scroll 5 Key
Prominent 2em/ers of *kull L 3ones in 1>A3
McGeorge Bundy
B.!. ale +,26
'ational Security !d&isor
(+,-+4+,--)
illia! ". Bundy
B.!. ale +,3,
$e%uty !ssistant
Secretary of $efense for
>nternational Security
!ffairs (+,-+4+,-3)
. Averell #arri!an
B.!. ale +,+3
Under Secretary of State
for Political !ffairs (!%ril
2) +,-348arch +C) +,-B)
John $her!an %ooper
B.!. ale +,.3
U.S. Senator (14
Kentucky) +,2-4+,2,)
+,B.4+,BB) +,B-4+,C3)
#enry &. 'uce
B.!. ale +,.6
=ditor4in4*hief of Time
ma#a9ine (+,.34+,-2)
#. (eil Mallon
B.!. ale +,+C
*hairman of $resser
>ndustries) >nc. @$allasA
). &oland #arri!an
B.!. ale +,+C
*hairman of !merican
1ed *ross (+,B24+,C3)
"rescott $. Bush
B.!. ale +,+C
Partner of Brown Brothers
(arriman 5 *o.
(+,3+4+,C.)
Knight oolley
B.!. ale +,+C
Partner of Brown Brothers
(arriman 5 *o.
(+,3+4+,D.)
&o*ert A. 'ovett
B.!. ale +,+D
Partner of Brown Brothers
(arriman 5 *o. (+,3+4
+,26) +,2-4+,2C) +,2,4
+,B6) +,B34+,D-)
%harles M. $po++ord
B.!. ale +,.2
8em0er of $a&is) Polk 5
Wardwell @law firmA
(+,264+,B6) +,B.4+,C3)
#enry John #ein, --
B.!. ale +,3+
*hairman of the 0oard of
(.J. (ein9 *o.
(+,B,4+,DC)
J. &ichardson .il/orth
B.!. ale +,3D
Senior Financial !d&iser
to the 1ockefeller family
(+,BD4+,D+)
George #.. Bush
B.!. ale +,2D
President of Ha%ata
<ffshore *o. @in (ouston)
:e?asA (+,B-4+,-2)
illia! F. Buc0ley Jr.
B.!. ale +,B6
=ditor4in4*hief of National
Review ma#a9ine
(+,BB4+,,6)
"otter $te/art
B.!. ale +,3C
Justice of the U.S.
Su%reme *ourt
(+,BD4+,D+)
John #. %ha+ee
B.!. ale +,2C
"o&ernor of 1hode >sland
(+,-34+,-,)
illia! $. Moorhead Jr.
B.!. ale +,2B
U.S. *on#ressman
($4Penn.) +,B,4+,D+)
Tho!as 1'ud2 Ashley
B.!. ale +,2D
U.S. *on#ressman
($4<hio) +,BB4+,D+)
illia! $. %o++in Jr.
B.!. ale +,2,
*ha%lain of ale
Uni&ersity (+,BD4+,C-)
$0ull & Bones and Kennedy Assassination 3(ove!*er 445 6789:
"o&ernment <fficials/
W. !&erell (arriman (S5B +,+3) G Under Secretary of State for Political !ffairs (!%ril 2) +,-348arch +C) +,-B)
8c"eor#e Bundy (S5B +,26) G 'ational Security !d&isor (+,-+4+,--)
William P. Bundy (S5B +,3,) G $e%uty !ssistant Secretary of $efense for >nternational Security !ffairs (+,-+4+,-3)
William (. <rrick Jr. (S5B +,3C) G !ssistant U.S. !ttorney "eneral for !ntitrust $i&ision (+,-34+,-B)
"as%ard dI!ndelot Belin (S5B +,3,) G "eneral *ounsel of the U.S. $e%artment of the :reasury (+,-.4+,-B)
$a&id *am%ion !cheson (S5B +,23) G U.S. !ttorney for the $istrict of *olum0ia (+,-+4+,-B)
John Sherman *oo%er (S5B +,.3) G U.S. Senator (1e%u0lican Party4KentuckyE +,2-4+,2,E +,B.4+,BBE +,B-4+,C3)
:homas William Ludlow JLudK !shley (S5B +,2D) G U.S. *on#ressman ($emocratic Party4<hio) +,BB4+,D+)
William S. 8oorhead Jr. (S5B +,2B) G U.S. *on#ressman ($emocratic Party4Pennsyl&ania) +,B,4+,D+)
Potter Stewart (S5B +,3C) G !ssociate Justice of the U.S. Su%reme *ourt (+,BD4+,D+)
Bankers and Businessmen/
Prescott S. Bush (S5B +,+C) G Partner of Brown Brothers (arriman 5 *o. (+,3+4+,C.)
Kni#ht Woolley (S5B +,+C) G Partner of Brown Brothers (arriman 5 *o. (+,3+4+,D.)
1o0ert !. Lo&ett (S5B +,+D) G Partner of Brown Brothers (arriman 5 *o. (+,B34+,D-)
Ste%hen . (ord (S5B +,.+) G Partner of Brown Brothers (arriman 5 *o. (+,2B4+,D+)
John Beckwith 8adden (S5B +,2+) G Partner of Brown Brothers (arriman 5 *o. (+,BB4+,DD)
$ean Witter Jr. (S5B +,22) G Partner of $ean Witter 5 *o. (+,2-4+,C6)
Fance Fan $ine (S5B +,2,) G Partner of 8or#an Stanley 5 *o. (+,-34+,CB)
$aniel P. $a&ison (S5B +,2,) G Fice President of 8or#an "uaranty :rust *o. (+,-+4+,C3)
=&an ". "al0raith (S5B +,B6) G Fice President of 8or#an "uaranty :rust *o. (+,-+4+,-,)
J. 1ichardson $ilworth (S5B +,3D) G Senior Financial !d&iser to the 1ockefeller family (+,BD4+,D+)
(. 'eil 8allon (S5B +,+C) G *hairman of $resser >ndustries) >nc.
Jose%h 1ichardson $ilworth (S5B +,3D) G senior financial ad&iser to the 1ockefeller family (+,BD4+,D+)
1o0ert "uthrie Pa#e (S5B +,..) G President of Phel%s $od#e *or%oration (+,2C4+,-C)
John (ancock $aniels (S5B +,23) G President of !rcher4$aniels48idland *o. (+,BD4+,-C)
(enry John (ein9 >> (S5B +,3+) G *hairman of the 0oard of (.J. (ein9 *om%any (+,B,4+,DC)
William (. JBillK $onaldson (S5B +,B3) G *hairman and *=< of $onaldson) Lufkin 5 Jenrette) >nc. @'ew ork *ityA (+,B,4+,C3)
"eor#e (er0ert Walker Jr. (S5B +,.C) G "eneral Partner of ".(. Walker 5 *o. (+,.,4+,C2)
"eor#e (er0ert Walker >>> (S5B +,B3) G "eneral Partner of ".(. Walker 5 *o. (+,-+4+,C2)
Jonathan J. Bush (S5B +,B3) G "eneral Partner of ".(. Walker 5 *o. (+,-64+,C6)
*harles *hristian (affner Jr. (S5B +,+,) G *hairman and *=< of 1.1. $onnelley 5 Sons *o. @*hica#o %rintin# firmA (+,B.4+,-2)
"aylord $onnelley (S5B +,3+) G President of 1.1. $onnelley 5 Sons *o. @*hica#oA (+,B.4+,-2)E :rustee) Uni&. of *hica#o (+,2C4+,D6)
Storer B. Lunt (S5B +,.+) G *hairman of W.W. 'orton 5 *om%any) >nc. (+,BD4c.+,-D)
John Warner Field (S5B +,3C) G President and *=< of Warnaco) >nc. (+,BC4+,C2)
"eor#e (.W. Bush (S5B +,2D) G President of Ha%ata <ffshore *o. @in (ouston) :e?asA (+,B-4+,-2)
Lawyers/
*harles 8. S%offord (S5B +,.2) G 8em0er of $a&is) Polk 5 Wardwell (+,264+,B6) +,B.4+,C3)
*harles (astin#s Willard (S5B +,.-) G Partner of $a&is) Polk 5 Wardwell (+,B64+,C3)
=dward 1o#ers Wardwell (S5B +,.C) G 8em0er of $a&is) Polk 5 Wardwell (+,2-4c.+,C.)
Samuel (a9ard "illes%ie Jr. (S5B +,3.) G 8em0er of $a&is) Polk 5 Wardwell (+,2D4%resent)
Peter <.!. Sol0ert (S5B +,2+) G Partner of $a&is) Polk 5 Wardwell (+,BC4+,-3) +,-B4+,D,)
(arold (. (ealy Jr. (S5B +,23) G Partner of $e0e&oise 5 Plim%ton (+,B,4+,D,)
John Baker Jessu% (S5B +,2.) G Partner of Winthro%) Stimson) Putnam 5 1o0erts (+,B,4+,,3)
=ndicott Pea0ody $a&ison (S5B +,2B) G Partner of Winthro%) Stimson) Putnam 5 1o0erts (+,B,4+,D6)
8orris (adley (S5B +,+-) G Partner of 8il0ank) :weed) (adley 5 8c*loy (+,.24+,C,)E *hairman of *arne#ie *or%. of 'ew ork (+,BB4+,--)
William =ldred Jackson (S5B +,2+) G Partner of 8il0ank) :weed) (adley 5 8c*loy (+,B24+,,,)
Sherman Baldwin (S5B +,+,) G 8em0er of Lord) $ay 5 Lord (+,.,4+,-,)
!lfred <#den (S5B +,3.) G Partner of !le?ander 5 "reen (+,BB4+,CB)
John *arey (S5B +,2BW) G Partner of *oudert Brothers @law firm in 'ew ork *ityA (+,-+4+,DC)
=dwin Foster Blair (S5B +,.2) G Partner of (u#hes) (u00ard) Blair 5 1eed @'ew ork *ityA (+,B.4+,-D)
8arcien Jenckes (S5B +,.+) G 8em0er of *hoate) (all 5 Stewart @law firm in BostonA (+,.C4+,C+)
"eor#e Frederick Baer !%%el (S5B +,.2) G Partner of :ownsend) =lliott 5 8unson @law firm in Philadel%hiaA (+,3D4+,C6)
(enry *ornick *oke (S5B +,.-) G 8em0er of *oke 5 *oke @law firm in $allas) :e?asA (+,364+,CC)
!nthony Lee 8ichel (S5B +,.-) G Partner of "ardner) *arton) $ou#las) *hil#ren 5 Waud @law firm in *hica#oA (+,2.4+,--)
1ichard 8arden $a&is (S5B +,33) G Partner of $a&is) "raham 5 Stu00s @law firm in $en&erA (+,3C4c.+,D.)
"eor#e !lfred 1anney (S5B +,32) G "eneral *ounsel of >nland Steel *o. @*hica#oA (+,-.4+,-D)
<r#ani9ations) *olle#es) and Journalists/
=. 1oland (arriman (S5B +,+C) G *hairman of !merican 1ed *ross (+,B24+,C3)E Partner of Brown Brothers (arriman 5 *o. (+,3+4+,CD)E
*hairman of the Board of Union Pacific 1ailroad *o. (+,2-4+,-,)
J. Nui## 'ewton Jr. (S5B +,33) G President of :he *ommonwealth Fund (+,-34+,CB)
!nson Phel%s Stokes Jr. (S5B +,.C) G Protestant =%isco%al Bisho% for the =%isco%al $iocese of 8assachusetts (+,B-4+,C6)
(enry 1. Luce (S5B +,.6) G =ditor4in4*hief of :ime) >nc. (+,.34+,-2)
William F. Buckley) Jr. (S5B +,B6) G =ditor4in4*hief of National Review ma#a9ine (+,BB4+,,6)
1al%h $. Paine Jr. (S5B +,.,) G Pu0lisher of Fortune ma#a9ine (+,B34+,-C)
*harles Stafford "a#e (S5B +,.B) G :reasurer of ale Uni&ersity (+,B24+,--)
1eu0en !. (olden (S5B +,26) G Secretary of ale Uni&ersity (+,B34+,C+)
William Sloane *offin Jr. (S5B +,2,) G *ha%lain of ale Uni&ersity (+,BD4+,C-)
Kennedy Assassination: A Wall Street Conspiracy?
Council on Foreign 8elations in *9:(
Former *>! $irector !llen $ulles (left)) $e%uty *>! $irector of Plans 1ichard 8. Bissell Jr. (.
nd
left)) President John F. Kennedy)
and *>! $irector John !le? 8c*one (ri#ht) %ose for a #rou% %ortrait in !%ril +,-.. !llen $ulles) 1ichard 8. Bissell Jr.) and John
!le? 8c*one were mem0ers of the *ouncil on Forei#n 1elations. (*>! Photo)
President John F. Kennedy (left) a%%ears with disarmament ad&isor John 8c*loy) former *hairman of the 0oard of *hase
8anhattan Bank in 'ew ork *ity) on <cto0er -) +,-+. John 8c*loy was the chairman of the *ouncil on Forei#n 1elations and
a mem0er of the Warren *ommission.

U.S. President John F. Kennedy (fourth from left) a%%ears with a #rou% of 0usinessmen and ad&isors at the White (ouse in
Washin#ton) $.*. in June +,-.. From left to ri#ht/ Unidentified) (enry *. !le?ander 3%hair!an o+ the *oard o+ Morgan
Guaranty Trust %o.:) 1o#er 8. Blou#h 3%hair!an o+ the *oard o+ United $tates $teel %orp.:) President John F. Kennedy) *.
$ou#las $illon 3U.$. $ecretary o+ the Treasury:) !llan S%roul 3+or!er "resident o+ the Federal &eserve Ban0 o+ (e/ Yor0:)
unidentified) (enry Fowler (Under U.$. $ecretary o+ the Treasury5 later "artner o+ Gold!an5 $achs & %o.:) and 1o0ert F.
1oosa 3Under U.$. $ecretary o+ the Treasury +or Monetary A++airs5 later "artner o+ Bro/n Brothers #arri!an & %o.:.
!le?ander) Blou#h) $illon) S%roul) Fowler) and 1oosa were mem0ers of the *ouncil on Forei#n 1elations.
(Photo/ !rt 1icker0y7:ime Life)
Harold Pratt House in Cew Mork City, the headNuarters of the Council on Dorei%n !elations) Harold Pratt House is located on
the southwest corner of Park A4enue and A8
th
*treet, one /lock west of A8
th
*treet and Hunter Colle%e su/way station)
$irectors of the *ouncil on Forei#n 1elations (+,-34+,-2)
'ame *olle#e $e#ree ear <ccu%ation in +,-3
Whitney (. She%ardson B.!. <?ford +,+3 +,.+4+,--
!llen W. $ulles !.B. Princeton +,+2 +,.C4+,-, <f *ounsel of Sulli&an 5 *romwell @law firmA (+,-.4+,-,)E
$irector of *entral >ntelli#ence !#ency (+,B34+,-+)
8em0er of the Warren *ommission (+,-34+,-2)
(amilton Fish !rmstron# !.B. Princeton +,+- +,.D4+,C. =ditor of Forein !ffairs ma#a9ine (+,.D4+,C.)
Frank !ltschul B.!. ale +,6D +,324+,C. Secretary of the *ouncil on Forei#n 1elations (+,224+,C.)
John (. Williams +,3C4+,-2 Professor of >nternational =conomic !ffairs at :ufts Uni&ersity (+,BC4+,-3)
Lewis W. $ou#las !.B. !mherst +,+- +,264+,-2
(enry 8. Wriston Ph.$. (ar&ard +,.. +,234+,-C President of the *ouncil on Forei#n 1elations (+,B+4+,-2)
:homas K. Finletter !.B. U. Penn. +,+B +,224+,-C U.S. 1e%resentati&e to '!:< (+,-+4+,-B)
William !.8. Burden !.B. (ar&ard +,.C +,2B4+,C2 Partner of William !.8. Burden 5 *o. (+,2,4+,D2)
Walter (. 8allory +,2B4+,-D
Phili% $. 1eed LL.B. Fordham +,.2 +,2B4+,-, *hairman of the Federal 1eser&e Bank of 'ew ork (+,-64+,-B)
$a&id 1ockefeller Ph.$. *hica#o +,26 +,2,4+,DB President of *hase 8anhattan Bank (+,-+4+,-,)
Jose%h =. Johnson Ph.$. (ar&ard +,23 +,B64+,C2 President of *arne#ie =ndowment for >nternational Peace (+,B64+,C+)
"rayson L. Kirk Ph.$. U. Wisc. +,36 +,B64+,C3 President of *olum0ia Uni&ersity (+,B34+,-D)
=lliott F. Bell B.!. *olum0ia +,.B +,B34+,-- :reasurer of the *ouncil on Forei#n 1elations (+,B.4+,-2)
John J. 8c*loy !.B. !mherst +,+- +,B34+,C. *hairman of Ford Foundation (+,BD4+,-B)
8em0er of 8il0ank) :weed) (adley 5 8c*loy @law firmA (+,-34+,D,)
8em0er of the Warren *ommission (+,-34+,-2)
!rthur (. $ean B.!. *ornell +,.+ +,BB4+,C. Partner of Sulli&an 5 *romwell @law firmA (+,.,4+,C-)
*harles 8. S%offord B.!. ale +,.2 +,BB4+,C. 8em0er of $a&is) Polk 5 Wardwell @law firmA (+,264+,B6) +,B.4+,C3)
William *. Foster +,B,4+,C. $irector of !rms *ontrol and $isarmament !#ency (+,-+4+,-,)
*aryl P. (askins Ph.$. (ar&ard +,3B +,-+4+,CB President of *arne#ie >nstitution of Washin#ton (+,B-4+,C+)
James !. Perkins Ph.$. Princeton +,3C +,-34+,C, President of *ornell Uni&ersity (+,-34+,-,)
,irectors of the Council on Dorei%n !elations in 1>A3
Jose%h =. Johnson
President of *arne#ie
=ndowment for
>nternational Peace
(+,B64+,C+)
!llen W. $ulles
8em0er of Sulli&an 5
*romwell @law firmA (+,.-4
+,B+) +,-.4+,-,)E
Me!*er o+ the arren
%o!!ission
John J. 8c*loy
*hairman of the *ouncil
on Forei#n 1elations
(+,B34+,C6)E
Me!*er o+ the arren
%o!!ission
!rthur (. $ean
Partner of
Sulli&an 5 *romwell
@law firm in 'ew ork *ityA
(+,.,4+,C-)
*harles 8. S%offord
8em0er of
$a&is) Polk 5 Wardwell
@law firm in 'ew ork *ityA
(+,264+,B6) +,B.4+,C3)
Lewis W. $ou#las
*hairman of 8utual Life
>nsurance *om%any of
'ew ork (+,B64+,B,)
Phili% $. 1eed
*hairman of the Federal
1eser&e Bank of 'ew
ork (+,-64+,-B)
$a&id 1ockefeller
President of *hase
8anhattan Bank
(+,-+4+,-,)E 0rother of
'ew ork "o&ernor
'elson !. 1ockefeller
:homas K. Finletter
U.S. 1e%resentati&e to
'!:< (+,-+4+,-B)
William *. Foster
$irector of !rms *ontrol
and $isarmament !#ency
(+,-+4+,-,)
"rayson L. Kirk
President of *olum0ia
Uni&ersity (+,B34+,-D)
James !. Perkins
President of *ornell
Uni&ersity (+,-34+,-,)
*aryl P. (askins
President of *arne#ie
>nstitution of Washin#ton
(+,B-4+,C+)
William !.8. Burden
Partner of William !.8.
Burden 5 *o.
(+,2,4+,D2)
(amilton Fish !rmstron#
=ditor of Forein !ffairs
ma#a9ine (+,.D4+,C.)
Frank !ltschul
Secretary of the *ouncil
on Forei#n 1elations
(+,224+,C.)
=lliott F. Bell
:reasurer of the *ouncil
on Forei#n 1elations
(+,B.4+,-2)
(enry 8. Wriston
President of the *ouncil
on Forei#n 1elations
(+,B+4+,-2)

Whitney (. She%ardson
$irector of the *ouncil on
Forei#n 1elations
(+,.+4+,--)
Walter (. 8allory
=?ecuti&e $irector of the
*ouncil on Forei#n
1elations (+,.C4+,B,)
Prominent 2em/ers of the Council on Dorei%n !elations =1>A3#1>A0?
'elson !. 1ockefeller
"o&ernor of 'ew ork
(+,B,4+,C3)
Foy $. Kohler
U.S. !m0assador to the
So&iet Union (+,-.4+,--)
(enry *a0ot Lod#e Jr.
U.S. !m0assador to
South Fietnam
(!u#ust .-) +,-34June
.D) +,-2) +,-B4+,-C)
John !le? 8c*one
$irector of *entral
>ntelli#ence !#ency
(+,-+4+,-B)

"en. 8a?well $. :aylor
*hairman of the Joint
*hiefs of Staff (+,-.4
+,-2)E U.S. !m0assador
to South Fietnam (+,-24
+,-B)
William 8c*. 8artin Jr.
*hairman of the Federal
1eser&e (+,B+4+,C6)
!lfred (ayes
President of the Federal
1eser&e Bank of 'ew
ork (+,B-4+,CB)
W. !&erell (arriman
Under Secretary of State
for Political !ffairs (!%ril
2) +,-348arch +C) +,-B)
8c"eor#e Bundy
'ational Security !d&isor
(+,-+4+,--)
William P. Bundy
$e%uty !ssistant
Secretary of $efense for
>nternational Security
!ffairs (+,-+4+,-3)
$ean 1usk
U.S. Secretary of State
(+,-+4+,-,)
*. $ou#las $illon
Secretary of the :reasury
(+,-+4+,-B)
Paul (. 'it9e
!ssistant Secretary of
$efense for >nternational
Security !ffairs
(+,-+4+,-3)
1oswell L. "il%atric
$e%uty Secretary of
$efense (+,-+4+,-2)
(enry (. Fowler
Under Secretary of the
:reasury (+,-+4+,-2)
8aL. "en. =dward
Lansdale
*>! a#ent
Lt. "en. Paul W. *araway
(i#h *ommissioner of the
1yukyu >slands @<kinawaA
(+,-+4+,-2)
"en. Lyman L. Lemnit9er
Su%reme !llied
*ommander of =uro%e
(+,-34+,-,)
Lt. "en. *harles (.
Bonesteel >>>
$irector of S%ecial
Studies) <ffice of the
!rmy *hief of Staff
(+,-34+,--)
"en. !ndrew "ood%aster
!ssistant to the *hairman
of the Joint *hiefs of Staff
(+,-.4+,--)
". Frederick 1einhardt
U.S. !m0assador to >taly
(+,-+4+,-D)
$a&id K.=. Bruce
U.S. !m0assador to
"reat Britain (+,-+4+,-,)
*harles =. Bohlen
U.S. !m0assador to
France (+,-.4+,-D)
(enry !. Byroade
U.S. !m0assador to
Burma (<cto0er C) +,-34
June ++) +,-D)
*hester Bowles
U.S. !m0assador to >ndia
(+,B+4+,B3) +,-34+,-,)
!dlai =. Ste&enson Jr.
U.S. 1e%resentati&e to
the United 'ations
(+,-+4+,-B)
!dm. Jerauld Wri#ht
U.S. !m0assador to the
1e%u0lic of *hina
@:aiwanA (+,-34+,-B)
=dwin <. 1eischauer
U.S. !m0assador to
Ja%an (+,-+4+,--)
William =. Ste&enson
U.S. !m0assador to the
Phili%%ines (+,-.4+,-2)
Jose%h *. Satterthwaite
U.S. !m0assador to
South !frica (+,-+4+,-B)
Kin#man Brewster Jr.
President of ale
Uni&ersity (+,-34+,CC)
'athan 8. Pusey
President of (ar&ard
Uni&ersity (+,B34+,C+)
1o0ert F. "oheen
President of Princeton
Uni&ersity (+,BC4+,C.)
J. =. Wallace Sterlin#
President of Stanford
Uni&ersity (+,2,4+,-D)
*lark Kerr
President of Uni&ersity of
*alifornia at Berkeley
(+,BD4+,-C)
=milio ". *ollado
Fice President of =??on
*or%. @oil com%anyA
(+,-.4+,--)
"a0riel (au#e
President of
8anufacturers (ano&er
:rust *o. (+,-34+,C+)
*harles =. Wy9anski Jr.
Judge of the U.S. District
Court for the District of
Massachusetts
(1941-1971)
(enry !. Kissin#er
Professor of "o&ernment
at (ar&ard Uni&ersity
(+,-.4+,-,)
=u#ene F. 1ostow
$ean of ale Law School
(+,BB4+,-B)
Frederick 8. War0ur#
Partner of Kuhn) Loe0 5
*o. (+,3+4+,C3)
*harles =. Salt9man
Partner of "oldman)
Sachs 5 *o. (+,B-4+,C3)
"eor#e *ham%ion
*hairman of the 0oard of
*hase 8anhattan Bank
(+,-+4+,-,)
:homas S. "ates Jr.
President of 8or#an
"uaranty :rust *o.
(+,-+4+,-B)
"eor#e S. 8oore
President of 'ational *ity
Bank of 'ew ork
@*iti0ankA (+,B,4+,-C)
:homas J. Watson Jr.
*hairman of >nternational
Business 8achines *or%.
(+,-+4+,C+)
J. >rwin 8iller
*hairman of the 0oard of
*ummins =n#ine *o.
(+,B+4+,CC)
!l0ert L. 'ickerson
*hairman and *=< of
Socony48o0il <il *o.
(+,-34+,-,)
1o#er 8. Blou#h
*hairman and *=< of
United States Steel
*or%oration (+,BB4+,-,)
Lammot du Pont
*o%eland
President of =.>. du Pont
de 'emours >nc.
(+,-.4+,-C)
(enry :. (eald
President of Ford
Foundation (+,B-4+,-B)
John $. 1ockefeller >>>
*hairman of :he
1ockefeller Foundation
(+,B.4+,C+)
Juan :erry :ri%%e
President of Pan
!merican World !irways)
>nc. (+,.C4+,-2)
(ardin# F. Bancroft
=?ecuti&e Fice President
of :he 'ew ork :imes
*o. (+,-34+,C2)
John B. <akes
=ditorial Pa#e =ditor of
The New York Times
(+,-+4+,CC)
$a&id Sarnoff
*hairman of the 0oard of
1*! (+,2C4+,--)
William S. Paley
*hairman of the 0oard of
*olum0ia Broadcastin#
System (+,2-4+,D3)
(enry 1. Luce
=ditor4in4*hief of Time
ma#a9ine (+,.34+,-2)
!rthur (ays Sul90er#er
*hairman of the 0oard of
:he 'ew ork :imes *o.
(+,BC4+,-D)
John (ay Whitney
Pu0lisher of New York
Herald Tribune
(+,-+4+,--)
%ouncil on Foreign &elations Me!*ers and Their Occupation during the
Assassination o+ "resident John F. Kennedy in .allas5 Te;as 3(ove!*er 445 6789:
'ame 8em0ershi%
(ear)
Primary <ccu%ation
Govern!ent O++icials<
8c"eor#e Bundy +,2C4+,,B 'ational Security !d&isor (January .6) +,-+4Fe0ruary .D) +,--)
John !le? 8c*one +,BD4+,CC $irector of *entral >ntelli#ence !#ency ('o&em0er .,) +,-+4!%ril .D) +,-B)
$ean 1usk +,B.4+,,2 U.S. Secretary of State (January .+) +,-+4January .6) +,-,)
"eor#e W. Ball +,2,4+,,3 Under Secretary of State ($ecem0er 2) +,-+4Se%tem0er 36) +,--)
W. !&erell (arriman +,.34+,D- Under Secretary of State for Political !ffairs (!%ril 2) +,-348arch +C) +,-B)
(arlan B. *le&eland +,B34.66C !ssistant Secretary of State for >nternational <r#ani9ation !ffairs (+,-+4+,-B)
Walt W. 1ostow +,BB4.66. *ounselor of the State $e%artment ($ecem0er 2) +,-+48arch 3+) +,--)
William 1. Polk +,-+4%resent 8em0er of State $e%artment Policy Plannin# *ouncil (+,-+4+,-B)
W. (oward Wri##ins +,-+4.66D 8em0er of State $e%artment Policy Plannin# *ouncil (+,-+4+,-B)
Foy $. Kohler +,B64+,,6 U.S. !m0assador to the So&iet Union (Se%tem0er .C) +,-.4'o&em0er +2) +,--)
$a&id K.=. Bruce +,2-4+,CC U.S. !m0assador to "reat Britain (8arch +C) +,-+48arch .6) +,-,)
*harles =. Bohlen +,B34+,C3 U.S. !m0assador to France (<cto0er .C) +,-.4Fe0ruary ,) +,-D)
$ou#las 8ac!rthur >> +,B24+,,2 U.S. !m0assador to Bel#ium (8ay ,) +,-+4Fe0ruary ++) +,-B )
"eor#e *. 8c"hee +,B24+,,B U.S. !m0assador to West "ermany (8ay +D) +,-348ay .+) +,-D)
". Frederick 1einhardt +,B,4+,C6 U.S. !m0assador to >taly (8ay +C) +,-+48arch 3) +,-D)
(enry 1. La0ouisse Jr. +,2,4+,D- U.S. !m0assador to "reece (8arch C) +,-.48ay D) +,-B)
(!dm.) "eor#e W. !nderson +,2D4+,C, U.S. !m0assador to Portu#al (<cto0er ..) +,-34 June +) +,--)
John 8. *a0ot +,BC4+,D6 U.S. !m0assador to Poland (8arch .) +,-.4Se%tem0er .2) +,-B)
James K. Penfield +,-64.663 U.S. !m0assador to >celand (8ay .2) +,-+48arch +-) +,-C)
=dwin <. 1eischauer +,BD4+,CB U.S. !m0assador to Ja%an (!%ril .C) +,-+4!u#ust +,) +,--)
(!dm.) Jerauld Wri#ht +,BD4+,,6 U.S. !m0assador to the 1e%u0lic of *hina @:aiwanA (June .,) +,-34July .B) +,-B)
(enry *a0ot Lod#e Jr. +,-+4+,D+ U.S. !m0assador to South Fietnam (!u#ust .-) +,-34June .D) +,-2) +,-B4+,-C)
William =. Ste&enson +,BC4+,CB U.S. !m0assador to the Phili%%ines (Fe0ruary B) +,-.4June +2) +,-2)
*hester Bowles +,B24+,D3 U.S. !m0assador to >ndia (+,B+4+,B3) July +,) +,-34!%ril .+) +,-,)
(enry !. Byroade +,B34+,CC U.S. !m0assador to Burma (<cto0er C) +,-34June ++) +,-D)
1o0ert 8. 8c*lintock +,BD4+,C- U.S. !m0assador to !r#entina (Fe0ruary +2) +,-.48ay +6) +,-2)
*harles W. *ole +,2-4+,B3)
+,-64+,CC
U.S. !m0assador to *hile (<cto0er .+) +,-+4Se%tem0er .C) +,-2)
Lincoln "ordon +,B24.66D U.S. !m0assador to Bra9il (<cto0er +,) +,-+4Fe0ruary .B) +,--)
Julius *. (olmes +,2C4+,-C U.S. !m0assador to >ran (June +C) +,-+48arch +3) +,-B)
John S. Badeau +,BC4+,CB U.S. !m0assador to =#y%t (July +,) +,-+4June ,) +,-2)
John (. Fer#uson +,2D4+,-, U.S. !m0assador to 8orocco (<cto0er +) +,-.4'o&em0er .2) +,-2)
Jose%h *. Satterthwaite +,B,4+,C+ U.S. !m0assador to South !frica (8ay ..) +,-+4 'o&em0er +C) +,-B)
=dward 8. Korry +,-.4.66. U.S. !m0assador to =thio%ia (!%ril .6) +,-34Se%tem0er ..) +,-C)
=dmund !. "ullion +,BB4+,,C U.S. !m0assador to *on#o @HaireA (Se%tem0er ++) +,-+4Fe0ruary .6) +,-2)
Phili% 8. Kaiser +,B-4.66- U.S. !m0assador to Sene#al (July .6) +,-+48ay +D) +,-2)
U.S. !m0assador to 8auritania (!u#ust +) +,-+48ay +D) +,-2)
Leland Barrows +,-+4+,DC U.S. !m0assador to *ameroon (+,-64+,--)
*harles F. $arlin#ton +,3D4+,DB U.S. !m0assador to "a0on (<cto0er +D) +,-+4July .-) +,-2)
!dlai =. Ste&enson Jr. +,BC4+,-2 U.S. 1e%resentati&e to the United 'ations (January .3) +,-+4July +2) +,-B)
:homas K. Finletter +,3B4+,C, U.S. 1e%. to 'orth !tlantic :reaty <r#ani9ation (8arch .) +,-+4Se%t. .) +,-B)
*harles W. ost +,BC4+,D6 $e%uty U.S. 1e%resentati&e to the United 'ations (+,-+4+,--)
Jonathan B. Bin#ham +,B.4+,D- U.S. 1e%resentati&e to the United 'ations =conomic and Social *ouncil (+,-34+,-2)
*hristian !. (erter +,36433) +,3D4
2.) +,2-4+,--
S%ecial 1e%resentati&e for :rade 'e#otiations (+,-.4+,--)
*. $ou#las $illon +,264.66. Secretary of the :reasury (+,-+4+,-B)
(enry (. Fowler +,B64+,,C Under Secretary of the :reasury (+,-+4+,-2)
1o0ert F. 1oosa +,BC4+,,3 Under Secretary of the :reasury for 8onetary !ffairs (+,-+4+,-2)
1oswell L. "il%atric +,B34+,,B $e%uty Secretary of $efense (+,-+4+,-2)
'orman S. Paul +,BC4+,CD !ssistant Secretary of $efense for 8an%ower (+,-.4+,-B)
*harles J. (itch +,BC4+,C, !ssistant Secretary of $efense for *om%troller (+,-+4+,-B)
Paul (. 'it9e +,2,4.662 !ssistant Secretary of $efense for >nternational Security !ffairs (+,-+4+,-3)
William P. Bundy +,-64.666 $e%uty !ssistant Secretary of $efense for >nternational Security !ffairs (+,-+4+,-3)
John :. 8c'au#hton +,-.4+,-- "eneral *ounsel of the $e%artment of $efense (+,-.4+,-3)
"en. 8a?well $. :aylor +,2-4+,DB *hairman of the Joint *hiefs of Staff (+,-.4+,-2)
"en. Lyman L. Lemnit9er +,2-4+,DC Su%reme !llied *ommander of =uro%e (January +) +,-34July +) +,-,)
"en. John K. "erhart +,-+4+,C. *ommander) 'orth !merican !ir $efense *ommand (+,-.4+,-B)
Lt. "en. Paul F. *araway +,B24+,C+ (i#h *ommissioner of the 1yukyu >slands @<kinawaA (+,-+4+,-2)
Lt. "en. *harles (. Bonesteel >>> +,-64+,CC $irector of S%ecial Studies) <ffice of the !rmy *hief of Staff (+,-34+,--)
8aL. "en. William *.
Westmoreland
+,-+4+,C3 Su%erintendent of U.S. 8ilitary !cademy @West PointA (+,-64+,-3)E
*ommandin# "eneral) MF>>> !ir0orne *or%s at Fort Bra##) 'orth *arolina (+,-3)
8aL. "en. 1ichard ". Stilwell +,B-4+,,+ *ommander of *adets at U.S. 8ilitary !cademy @West PointA (+,-+4+,-3)
!ssistant *hief of Staff for <%erations) U.S. 8ilitary !ssistance *ommand) Fietnam
(+,-34+,-2)
8aL. "en. !ndrew "ood%aster +,B-4.662 !ssistant to the *hairman of the Joint *hiefs of Staff (+,-.4+,--)
8aL. "en. =dward ". Lansdale +,B,4+,CD U.S. !ir Force officerE *>! a#ent
$a&id =. Bell +,-.4.666 !dministrator of the U.S. !#ency for >nternational $e&elo%ment @US!>$A (+,-.4+,--)
William L. *ary +,B-4+,D. *hairman of U.S. Securities and =?chan#e *ommission (+,-+4+,-2)
=dward 1. 8urrow +,324+,-2 $irector of U.S. >nformation !#ency (+,-+4+,-2)
(owland (. Sar#eant +,BB4+,D3 President of 1adio Li0erty (+,B24+,CB)
John 1ichardson Jr. +,BC4.6+6 President of 1adio Free =uro%e (+,-+4+,-D)
Jerome B. Wiesner +,-64+,,2 S%ecial !ssistant to the President on Science and :echnolo#y (+,-+4+,-2)
John !. Bross +,B24+,,6 !d&iser and *oordinator at the !merican =m0assy in Bonn) "ermany (+,BC4+,-3)E
$e%uty to the $irector of *entral >ntelli#ence for Pro#rams =&aluation (+,-34+,C+)
(u0ert (. (um%hrey +,B,4+,CC U.S. Senator ($emocrat48innesotaE +,2,4+,-2) +,C+4+,CD)
W. Stuart Symin#ton +,B,4+,DD U.S. Senator ($emocrat48issouri) +,B34+,C-)
*lifford P. *ase +,B24+,D+ U.S. Senator (1e%u0lican4'ew Jersey) +,BB4+,C,)
Jaco0 K. Ja&its +,-64+,DB U.S. Senator (1e%u0lican4'ew ork) +,BC4+,D+)
Frank F. *hurch +,-34+,C3 U.S. Senator ($emocrat4>daho) +,BC4+,D+)
John F. Lindsay +,-+4+,,B U.S. *on#ressman (1e%u0lican4'ew ork) +,B,4+,-B)
<#den 1. 1eid +,B-4%resent U.S. *on#ressman ($emocrat4'ew ork) January 3) +,-34January 3) +,CB)
Henry J. Friendly 1942-1985 U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit [New York City] (1959-1974)
Dudley B. Bonsal 1946-1994 U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York [New York City] (1962-1976)
Charles E. Wyzanski Jr. 1959-1978 Judge of the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts [Boston] (1941-1971)
'elson !. 1ockefeller +,3D4+,CD "o&ernor of 'ew ork (+,B,4+,C3)
Luis 8uno948arin +,-.4+,C, "o&ernor of Puerto 1ico (+,2,4+,-B)
<ren 1oot +,2,4+,D- Su%erintendent of Banks of the State of 'ew ork (+,-+4+,-2)
:homas W. Braden +,B64+,CB 8em0er of the *alifornia State Board of =ducation (+,B,4+,-C)
Ban0ers<
William 8c*. 8artin Jr. +,2C4+,,B *hairman of the Federal 1eser&e (+,B+4+,C6)
Phili% $. 1eed +,2.4+,DD *hairman of the Federal 1eser&e Bank of 'ew ork (+,-64+,-B)
!lfred (ayes +,2D4+,DB President of the Federal 1eser&e Bank of 'ew ork (+,B-4+,CB)
Frederick L. $emin# +,B34+,,. President of the Federal 1eser&e Bank of 8innea%olis (+,BC4+,-B)
(arold F. Linder +,2C4+,D6 *hairman and President of =?%ort4>m%ort Bank of the United States (+,-+4+,-D)
(enry *. !le?ander +,B34+,-, *hairman of 8or#an "uaranty :rust *o. of 'ew ork (+,B,4+,-B)
:homas S. "ates Jr. +,-+4+,D. President of 8or#an "uaranty :rust *o. of 'ew ork (+,-+4+,-B)
"eor#e *ham%ion +,-+4+,-D *hairman of the 0oard of *hase 8anhattan Bank (+,-+4+,-,)
*lass ! $irector of the Federal 1eser&e Bank of 'ew ork (+,-.4+,-2)
$a&id 1ockefeller +,2.4%resent President of *hase 8anhattan Bank (+,-+4+,-,)
"eor#e S. 8oore +,BD4+,C2 President of 'ational *ity Bank of 'ew ork @*iti0ankA (+,B,4+,-C)
Walter B. Wriston +,BB4+,,6 =?ecuti&e Fice President of 'ational *ity Bank of 'ew ork @*iti0ankA (+,-64+,-C)
"a0riel (au#e +,B+4+,D+ Fice *hairman (+,-+4-3) and Pres. (+,-34C+) of 8anufacturers (ano&er :rust *o.
Samuel B. Payne +,-64+,,6 Partner of 8or#an Stanley 5 *o. (+,2C4+,C.)
!rthur ". !ltschul +,2-4.66+ Partner of "oldman) Sachs 5 *o. (+,B,4+,CC)
*harles =. Salt9man +,2C4+,B3)
+,-+4+,,6
Partner of "oldman) Sachs 5 *o. (+,B-4+,C3)
Frederick 8. War0ur# +,334+,C6 Partner of Kuhn) Loe0 5 *o. (+,3+4+,C3)
John 8. Schiff +,3D4+,D- Partner of Kuhn) Loe0 5 *o. (+,3+4+,CC)
BenLamin J. Buttenwieser +,2.4+,,+ Partner of Kuhn) Loe0 5 *o. (+,3.4+,CC)
'athaniel Samuels +,B24+,,D Partner of Kuhn) Loe0 5 *o. (+,-64+,--) +,C.4+,CC)
Sidney (omer +,2C4+,D. Partner of Salomon Brothers (+,-+4+,C+)
=. 1oland (arriman +,334+,-, Partner of Brown Brothers (arriman 5 *o. (+,3+4+,CD)
*hairman of !merican 1ed *ross (+,B24+,C3)
Kni#ht Woolley +,2D4+,CC Partner of Brown Brothers (arriman 5 *o. (+,3+4+,D.)
:homas 8c*ance +,2,4+,CD Partner of Brown Brothers (arriman 5 *o. (+,2B4+,C,)
*harles *ain Jr. +,2,4+,-C =?ecuti&e Fice President in char#e of all forei#n o%erations) *hase 8anhattan Bank
(+,2-4c.+,-2)
1o0ert ". Fuller +,B34+,C- Senior Fice President of First 'ational *ity Bank of 'ew ork (+,BD4+,--)
*. Sterlin# Bunnell +,B34+,DC Senior Fice President of First 'ational *ity Bank of 'ew ork (+,BD4c.+,C2)
!le?ander $. *alhoun +,BD4+,C+ Senior Fice President of First 'ational *ity Bank of 'ew ork (+,-64+,-3)
John =?ter +,BB4+,,3 Senior Fice President of First 'ational *ity Bank of 'ew ork (+,B,4+,C.)
1o0ert L. (o#uet +,B34+,,+ =?ecuti&e Fice President of First 'ational *ity Bank (+,-.4+,-,)
(oyt !mmidon +,-+4+,CD *hairman of the 0oard of U.S. :rust *o. (+,-.4+,C2)
John L. Loe0 Sr. +,2,4+,,- Senior Partner of Loe0) 1hoades 5 *o. @0rokera#e firmA (+,BB4+,CC)
J. 1ichardson $ilworth +,B24+,,. Senior financial ad&iser to the 1ockefeller family (+,BD4+,D+)
Business!en<
Frederic ". $onner +,B-4+,-C *hairman of the 0oard of "eneral 8otors *or%. (+,BD4+,-C)
(ar&ey S. Firestone Jr. +,BB4+,C. *hairman and *=< of Firestone :ire 5 1u00er *o. (+,2D4+,-3)
*rawford (. "reenewalt +,-+4+,-D *hairman of the 0oard of =.>. du Pont de 'emours 5 *o.) >nc. (+,-.4+,-C)
Leo $. Welch +,2-4+,CD *hairman of the 0oard of Standard <il *o. of 'ew Jersey @=??onA (+,-64+,-3)
*hairman of the 0oard of *ommunications Satellite *or%oration (+,-34+,-B)
8onroe Jackson 1ath0one +,B-4+,-D President (+,B24+,-3) and *hairman (+,-34+,-B) of Standard <il *o. of 'ew Jersey
1al%h "win Follis +,2D4+,-- *hairman of the 0oard of Standard <il *o. of *alifornia @*he&ronA (+,B64+,--)
!l0ert Lindsay 'ickerson +,B.4+,-, *hairman and *=< of Socony48o0il <il *o. (later 8o0il <il *or%.) (+,-34+,-,)
William K. Whiteford +,BB4+,-C *hairman of the 0oard and *=< of "ulf <il *or%. (+,-64+,-B)
1o#er 8. Blou#h +,B-4+,CB *hairman and *=< of United States Steel *or%. (+,BB4+,-,)
1o#er Lewis +,BC4+,C6 *hairman of the 0oard of "eneral $ynamics *or%. (+,-.4+,C6)
J. >rwin 8iller +,-.4.662 *hairman of the 0oard of *ummins =n#ine *o. (+,B+4+,CC)
(arry =. (um%hreys Jr. +,B-4+,-2 *hairman of the 0oard of U.S. 1u00er *o. @later UniroyalA (+,B+4+,-B)
*arter L. Bur#ess +,-64+,C.)
+,CB4+,DB
*hairman and *=< of !merican 8achine 5 Foundry *o. (+,-.4+,-D)
:homas J. Watson Jr. +,-+4+,,3 *hairman and *=< of >nternational Business 8achines *or%. @>B8A (+,-+4+,C+)
Walter (. Wheeler Jr. +,B-4+,C6 *hairman of the 0oard of Pitney4Bowes) >nc. (+,-64+,-,)
(.J. (ein9 >> +,B34+,D- *hairman of the 0oard of (.J. (ein9 *om%any (+,B,4+,DC)
:homas B. 8c*a0e +,BB4+,D+ *hairman of the 0oard of Scott Pa%er *om%any (+,-.4+,-D)
Jack >. Straus +,2.4+,DB *hairman and *=< of 1.(. 8acy 5 *o. @8acyIs de%artment storeA (+,B-4+,-D)
Fra9ar B. Wilde +,2C4+,C6 *hairman of the 0oard of *onnecticut "eneral Life >nsurance *o. (+,-+4c.+,--)
:homas $. *a0ot +,B34+,,B *hairman of the 0oard of *a0ot *or%. (+,-64+,-D)
Louis W. *a0ot +,-+4.66D President of *a0ot *or%. (+,-64+,-,)
James *. $onnell >> +,B,4+,D+ President of 8arathon <il *o. (+,2D4+,C.)
Walker L. *isler +,BB4+,,2 President of $etroit =dison *o. (+,B+4+,-2)
1ay 1. =%%ert +,B-4+,C3 President of Burrou#hs *or%. (+,BD4+,--)
Juan :erry :ri%%e +,334+,C- President of Pan !merican World !irways) >nc. (+,.C4+,-2)
1o0ert ". Pa#e +,B-4+,C6 President of Phel%s $od#e *or%oration (+,2C4+,-C)
Lammot du Pont *o%eland +,2.4+,D3 President of =.>. du Pont de 'emours 5 *o. (+,-.4+,-C)
(arold S. "eneen +,-+4+,C, President of >nternational :ele%hone and :ele#ra%h *or%. (+,B,4+,C3)
John :. *onnor Sr. +,-.4+,,. President of 8erck 5 *o. (+,BB4+,-B)
Jose%h Peter "race) Jr. +,B+4+,,. President and *=< of W.1. "race 5 *o. (+,2B4+,D+)
Stanley 8arcus +,BD4+,-, President of 'eiman 8arcus @de%artment store in $allas) :e?asA (+,B64+,C.)
John 1. Kim0erly +,B,4+,C2 President of Kim0erly4*lark *or%oration (+,B34+,-C)
:rustee of the 1ockefeller Foundation (+,B34+,-D)
*harles F. Bar0er +,BC4.6+6 =?ecuti&e Fice President of !merican Smeltin# 5 1efinin# *o. (+,-34+,-,)
Kenneth 1ush +,-64+,,2 =?ecuti&e Fice President of Union *ar0ide *or%. @chemicalA (+,-+4+,--)
=milio ". *ollado +,2D4+,,. Fice President of =??on *or%. (+,-.4+,--)
Byron K. =lliott +,224+,,. President of John (ancock 8utual Life >nsurance *o. @BostonA (+,BC4+,-B)
Walter L. Lin#le Jr. +,BB4+,C- =?ecuti&e Fice President of Procter 5 "am0le *o. (+,B24+,-,)E
$e%uty !ssociate !dministrator of '!S! (+,-.4+,-2)
!l0ert =. =rnst +,-64+,C. Fice President of *ontinental <il *o. (+,B,4+,--)
:ownsend W. (oo%es +,B+4.662 Partner of *resa%) 8c*ormick 5 Pa#et @consultin# firm in 'ew ork *ityA (+,BD4+,-2)
<scar S. Straus >> +,B+4.66, Partner of "u##enheim Brothers (+,B,4+,D3)
Broderick (askell +,2-4+,D+ Partner of Bache 5 *o.) >nc. (+,-.4+,-B)
'a/yers<
!llen W. $ulles +,.C4+,-, 8em0er of Sulli&an 5 *romwell @law firm in 'ew ork *ityA (+,.-4+,B+) +,-.4+,-,)
*>! $irector (+,B34+,-+)E 8em0er of the Warren *ommission
=ustace Seli#man +,.-4+,C- 8em0er of Sulli&an 5 *romwell (+,.34+,C-)
!rthur (. $ean +,3D4+,DC Partner of Sulli&an 5 *romwell (+,.,4+,C-)
"eor#e *. Shar% +,2-4+,C. Partner of Sulli&an 5 *romwell (+,.,4+,C+)
'orris $arrell +,2-4+,D3 Partner of Sulli&an 5 *romwell (+,324+,C-)
John 1. Ste&enson +,BB4+,,B Partner of Sulli&an 5 *romwell @law firmA (+,B-4+,-,) +,CB4+,DC)
*harles 8. S%offord +,2C4+,,6 8em0er of $a&is) Polk 5 Wardwell @law firmA (+,264+,B6) +,B.4+,C3)
"eor#e !. Brownell +,2C4+,CC Partner of $a&is) Polk 5 Wardwell @law firmA(+,364+,C.)
Frederick !u#ust <tto Schwar9 +,BB4+,C+ Partner of $a&is) Polk 5 Wardwell @law firmA (+,3B4+,C2)
1al%h 8. *arson +,3D4+,-, Partner of $a&is) Polk 5 Wardwell @law firmA (+,3B4+,CC)
S. (a9ard "illes%ie Jr. +,2-4+,DB 8em0er of $a&is) Polk 5 Wardwell @law firmA (+,2D4.6++)
:a##art Whi%%le +,B+4+,,. Partner of $a&is) Polk 5 Wardwell @law firmA (+,B64+,,.)
Whitney 'orth Seymour +,BB4+,D. Partner of Sim%son) :hacher 5 Bartlett @law firmA (+,.,4+,3+) +,334+,D3)
8aurice :. 8oore +,B24+,DB 8em0er of *ra&ath) Swaine 5 8oore @law firmA (+,.-4+,D6)
Fowler (amilton +,B.4+,D3 Partner of *leary) "ottlie0) Steen 5 (amilton @law firmA (+,2-4+,-+) +,-34+,D2)
William =ldred Jackson +,2C4+,,, Partner of 8il0ank) :weed) (adley 5 8c*loy @law firmA (+,B24+,,,)
"eor#e 1o0erts +,3.4+,-C Partner of Winthro%) Stimson) Putnam 5 1o0erts @law firmA (+,+24+,-D)
!llen :. Klots +,324+,-2 8em0er of Winthro%) Stimson) Putnam 5 1o0erts @law firmA (+,.+4+,-B)
1o0ert B. &on 8ehren +,B24%resent Partner of $e0e&oise 5 Plim%ton @law firmA (+,BC4+,,3)
1oswell B. Perkins +,B-4%resent Partner of $e0e&oise 5 Plim%ton @law firmA (+,BC4+,,-)
!lfred <#den +,2C4.66. Partner of !le?ander 5 "reen @law firmA (+,BB4+,CB)
8ichael F. Forrestal +,-+4+,DD Partner of Shearman 5 Sterlin# @law firm in 'ew ork *ityA (+,-64+,D,)E
Senior staff mem0er of the 'ational Security *ouncil (+,-.4+,-B)
Paul ". Pennoyer +,-64+,-, Partner of White 5 *ase @law firmA (+,.D4+,C+)
1o0ert 8. Pennoyer +,-.4+,,. Partner of Patterson) Belkna% 5 We00 @law firmA (+,-.4+,,B)
John '. >rwin >> +,B.4+,,, Partner of Patterson) Belkna% 5 We00 @law firmA (+,B64+,BC) +,-+4+,C6) +,C24+,CC)
1o0ert Stur#is Potter +,BC4+,DD Partner of Patterson) Belkna%) We00 5 :yler @law firmA (+,-.4+,DD)
Jerome S. (ess +,364+,-D 8em0er of (ardin) (ess 5 =der @law firm in 'ew ork *ityA (+,6C4+,C6)
$ean ". !cheson +,2D4+,B3)
+,-64+,C+
8em0er of *o&in#ton 5 Burlin# @law firmA (+,.+4+,33) +,324+,2+) +,B34+,C+)
1ichard 8. 'i?on +,-+4+,-2 8em0er of 8ud#e) Stern) Baldwin 5 :odd @law firm in 'ew ork *ityA (+,-34+,-2)
$illon !nderson +,B,4+,C3 Partner of Baker Botts @law firm in (ouston) :e?asA (+,264+,C2)
John *. Parsons +,B.4+,C, Partner of 1o0inson) 1o0inson 5 *ole @law firm in (artford) *:A (+,3+4+,C3)
Journalists<
(enry 1. Luce +,324+,-- =ditor4in4*hief of :ime) >nc. (+,.34+,-2)
!rthur (ays Sul90er#er +,.C4+,-D *hairman of the 0oard of :he 'ew ork :imes *o. (+,BC4+,-D)
Frederick S. Bee0e +,B-4+,C. *hairman of the 0oard of :he Washin#ton Post *o. (+,-+4+,C3)
William S. Paley +,3-4+,D, *hairman of the 0oard of *olum0ia Broadcastin# System @*BSA (+,2-4+,D3)
$a&id Sarnoff +,2C4+,-, *hairman of the 0oard of 1adio *or%oration of !merica @1*!A (+,2C4+,--)
(ardin# F. Bancroft +,BC4+,D2 Secretary (+,B-4-3) and =?ecuti&e Fice Pres. (+,-34C2) of :he 'ew ork :imes *o.
John (ay Whitney +,2-4+,D+ Pu0lisher (+,BC4+,--) and =ditor4in4*hief (+,-+4+,--) of New York Herald Tribune
Si# 8ickelson +,BC4+,,- Fice President of :ime4Life Broadcast) >nc. (+,-+4+,C6)
John K. Jessu% +,2-4+,C, *hief =ditorial Writer of Life ma#a9ine (+,B+4+,-,)
<tto Fuer0rin#er +,B34+,,2 8ana#in# =ditor of Time ma#a9ine (+,-64+,-D)
John B. <akes +,2,4.666 =ditorial Pa#e =ditor of The New York Times (+,-+4+,CC)
=manuel 1. Freedman +,B64+,C6 Forei#n 'ews =ditor of The New York Times (+,2D4+,-2)
James B. 1eston +,224+,D, *hief Washin#ton *orres%ondent for The New York Times (+,B34+,-2)
1o0ert (. =sta0rook +,B,4%resent *hief Forei#n *orres%ondent for The Washinton "ost @LondonA (+,-.4+,-B)
Organi,ation );ecutives<
John $. 1ockefeller >>> +,3+4+,CD *hairman) 1ockefeller Foundation (+,B.4+,C+)E President) !sia Society (+,B-4+,-2)
J. "eor#e (arrar +,-+4+,CC President of :he 1ockefeller Foundation (+,-+4+,C.)
Jose%h =. Johnson +,2D4+,,6 President of *arne#ie =ndowment for >nternational Peace (+,B64+,C+)
(enry :. (eald +,BB4+,C6 President of Ford Foundation (+,B-4+,-B)
=&erett '. *ase +,264+,D+ President of !lfred P. Sloan Foundation (+,-.4+,-D)
*lass * $irector of the Federal 1eser&e Bank of 'ew ork (+,-+4+,-D)
8a? F. 8illikan +,B24+,-, President of World Peace Foundation (+,B-4+,-,)
John W. "ardner +,2C4+,C. President of *arne#ie *or%oration of 'ew ork (+,BB4+,-B)
Francis :.P. Plim%ton +,334+,D3 President of :eachers >nsurance and !nnuity !ssociation @:>!!A (+,B+4+,CB)
J. Nui## 'ewton Jr. +,B-4.66. President of :he *ommonwealth Fund (+,-34+,CB)
!rthur F. Burns +,-64+,D- President of 'ational Bureau of =conomic 1esearch (+,BC4+,-C)
Samuel P. (ayes +,B24+,,3 President of Forei#n Policy !ssociation (+,-.4+,C2)
*aryl P. (askins +,224+,,, President of *arne#ie >nstitution of Washin#ton (+,B-4+,C+)
Lawrence S. Finkelstein +,2,4%resent Fice President of *arne#ie =ndowment for >nternational Peace (+,B,4+,-B)
She%ard Stone +,2C4+,D, $irector of >nternational !ffairs at Ford Foundation (+,B24+,-D)
John J. 8c*loy +,264+,D, *hairman of the *ouncil on Forei#n 1elations (+,B34+,C6)
(enry 8. Wriston +,.-4+,CD President of the *ouncil on Forei#n 1elations (+,B+4+,-2)
"eor#e S. Franklin Jr. +,2D4+,,B =?ecuti&e $irector of the *ouncil on Forei#n 1elations (+,B34+,C+)
=dward $. 8c$ou#al Jr. +,-64+,-2 President of *hica#o *ouncil on Forei#n 1elations (+,-.4+,-2)
(1a00i) Julius 8ark +,B.4+,CC Senior 1a00i of *on#re#ation =manu4=l @in 'ew ork *ityA (+,2D4+,-D)
John Slawson +,BC4+,D- =?ecuti&e Fice President of !merican Jewish *ommittee (+,234+,-C)
Frank W. 'otestein +,-+4+,D. President of Po%ulation *ouncil (+,B,4+,-D)
William W. 8ar&el +,B34+,CC President of =ducational and World !ffairs (+,-.4+,C6)
Paul J. Braisted +,BB4+,D- President of =dward (a9en Foundation (+,2,4+,C6)
("en.) !lfred 8. "ruenther +,B34+,C. President of !merican 1ed *ross (+,BC4+,-2)
1ichard 8. Bissell Jr. +,B34+,,3 President of >nstitute for $efense !nalyses (+,-.4+,-2)
*. $ale Fuller +,B34+,C+ =?ecuti&e Fice President of Forei#n Policy !ssociation (+,B,4+,C.)
H0i#niew Br9e9inski +,-+4%resent $irector of 1esearch >nstitute for >nternational *han#e (+,-.4+,CC)
!u#ust (eckscher +,B+4+,,- 8em0er of the 0oard of directors) !merican *i&il Li0erties Union (+,BC4+,-B)
Walter 8illis +,.D4+,-C 8em0er of the 0oard of directors) !merican *i&il Li0erties Union (+,BC4+,-D)
%ollege "ro+essors<
Kin#man Brewster Jr. +,B-4+,DC President of ale Uni&ersity (+,-34+,CC)
'athan 8. Pusey +,B24.66+ President of (ar&ard Uni&ersity (+,B34+,C+)
1o0ert F. "oheen +,B,4.66C President of Princeton Uni&ersity (+,BC4+,C.)
:rustee of the 1ockefeller Foundation (+,-34+,CB)
"rayson L. Kirk +,2.4+,,C President of *olum0ia Uni&ersity (+,B34+,-D)
John Sloan $ickey +,2-4+,D3 President of $artmouth *olle#e (+,2B4+,C6)
:rustee of the 1ockefeller Foundation (+,2C4+,C.)
*lark Kerr +,-+4+,-, President of Uni&ersity of *alifornia at Berkeley (+,BD4+,-C)
:rustee of the 1ockefeller Foundation (+,-64+,CB)
J.=. Wallace Sterlin# +,2-4+,CD President of Stanford Uni&ersity (+,2,4+,-D)
James !. Perkins +,B+4+,,D President of *ornell Uni&ersity (+,-34+,-,)
Frederick L. (o&de +,B24+,C3 President of Purdue Uni&ersity (+,2-4+,C+)
James 8. (ester +,-.4+,,- President of 'ew ork Uni&ersity (+,-.4+,CB)
Walter *onsuelo Lan#sam +,2C4+,C3 President of Uni&ersity of *incinnati (+,BB4+,C+)
*al&in (. Plim%ton +,-.4.66- President of !mherst *olle#e (+,-64+,C+)
John =. Sawyer +,B34+,,2 President of Williams *olle#e (+,-+4+,C3)
James Stacy *oles +,-34+,,3 President of Bowdoin *olle#e (+,B.4+,-C)
John W. 'ason +,2.4+,DB President of *arleton *olle#e (+,-.4+,C6)
(u#h Borton +,B+4+,DC President of (a&erford *olle#e (+,BC4+,-C)
!rthur ". *oons +,B64+,-2 President of <ccidental *olle#e @*aliforniaA (+,2-4+,-B)
=. Wilson Lyon +,B34+,D, President of Pomona *olle#e @*aliforniaA (+,2+4+,-,)
John S. 8illis +,BD4+,-D President of Western 1eser&e Uni&ersity @*le&eland) <hioA (+,2,4+,-C)
$etle& Bronk +,B24+,CB President of :he 1ockefeller >nstitute for 8edical 1esearch (+,B34+,-D)
John F. 8eck +,B64+,CC :reasurer (+,2,4+,C6) and Fice President (+,B.4+,CC) of $artmouth *olle#e
=u#ene F. 1ostow +,BB4+,,C $ean of ale Law School (+,BB4+,-B)
=dward W. Barrett +,2,4+,DC $ean of "raduate School of Journalism at *olum0ia Uni&ersity (+,B-4+,-D)
*ourtney *. Brown +,BB4+,C- $ean of *olum0ia Business School (+,B24+,-,)
William =. 8oran) Jr. +,-+4+,-, $ean of School of Forei#n Ser&ice at "eor#etown Uni&ersity (+,-.4+,--)
1o0ert Bur#ess Stewart +,B34+,C. $ean of Fletcher School of Law and $i%lomacy at :ufts Uni&ersity (+,2B4+,-B)
Francis <. Wilco? +,-+4+,DB $ean) School of !d&anced >nternational Studies at Johns (o%kins Uni&. (+,-+4+,C3)
$on K. Price Jr. +,B24+,CC $ean of "raduate School of Pu0lic !dministration at (ar&ard Uni&ersity (+,BD4+,CC)
!ndrew W. *ordier +,B-4+,C2 $ean) School of >nternational and Pu0lic !ffairs at *olum0ia Uni&. (+,-.4-D) +,C64C.)
$onald *. Stone +,B24+,C- $ean) "rad. School of Pu0lic and >nternational !ffairs at Uni&. of Pitts0ur#h (+,BC4-,)
William L. Lan#er +,.C4+,CC *oolid#e Professor of (istory at (ar&ard Uni&ersity (+,3-4+,-2)
*rane Brinton +,B.4+,-C Professor of (istory at (ar&ard Uni&ersity (+,2.4c.+,-C)
John Kin# Fair0ank +,2C4+,DB Professor of (istory at (ar&ard Uni&ersity (+,B,4+,C.)
1u%ert =merson +,B+4+,C- Professor of >nternational 1elations at (ar&ard Uni&ersity (+,2-4+,C6)
John Kenneth "al0raith +,2C4+,C6 Professor of =conomics at (ar&ard Uni&ersity (+,2,4+,-6) +,-34+,CB)
(enry !. Kissin#er +,B-4.66, Professor of "o&ernment at (ar&ard Uni&ersity (+,-.4+,-,)
8yres S. 8c$ou#al +,B24+,,C Professor of Law at ale Uni&ersity (+,3,4+,CB)
(enry *. Wallich +,B.4+,DD Professor of =conomics at ale Uni&ersity (+,B+4+,C2)
Lloyd ". 1eynolds +,-.4+,DC Sterlin# Professor of =conomics at ale Uni&ersity (+,B.4+,D+)
(arold $. Lasswell +,BB4+,CC =dward J. Phel%s Professor of Law and Political Science at ale Uni&. (+,-+4+,C+)
Frederick *. Bar#hoorn +,2,4+,,6 Professor of Political Science at ale Uni&ersity (+,BC4c.+,C-)
"eroid :. 1o0inson +,2.4+,-, Seth Low Professor of (istory at *olum0ia Uni&ersity (+,B64+,C+)
John '. (a9ard +,2.4+,,2 Professor of Pu0lic Law at *olum0ia Uni&ersity (+,2-4+,CC)
!. !rthur Schiller +,-+4+,C- Professor of Law at *olum0ia Uni&ersity (+,2,4+,C+)
1ene !l0recht4*arrie +,2.4+,CD Professor of (istory at *olum0ia Uni&ersity (+,B34+,-,)
(enry L. 1o0erts +,B+4+,C. Professor of (istory at *olum0ia Uni&ersity (+,B-4+,-C)
!(rthur) $oak Barnett +,BC4+,,D Professor of Political Science at *olum0ia Uni&ersity (+,-+4+,-,)
(enry P. de Fries +,2.4+,22)
+,2C4+,D-
Professor of Law at *olum0ia Uni&ersity (+,B.4+,D+)E
Partner of Baker 5 8cKen9ie @law firm in 'ew ork *ityA (+,-64+,D-)
Jose%h 1. Strayer +,-64+,D- Professor of (istory at Princeton Uni&ersity (+,2.4+,C3)
<skar 8or#enstern +,BB4+,C- Professor of =conomics at Princeton Uni&ersity (+,224+,C6)
(ans J. 8or#enthau +,BD4+,C3 Professor of Political Science at Uni&ersity of *hica#o (+,2,4+,-D)
Others<
$wi#ht $. =isenhower +,2,4+,-D President of the United States (+,B34+,-+)
Phili% *. Jessu% Sr. +,.D4+,D+ Jud#e of the >nternational *ourt of Justice (+,-+4+,C6)
1al%h J. Bunche +,2,4+,-C Under Secretary of the United 'ations for S%ecial Political !ffairs (+,BD4+,-C)
Frank !. Southard Jr. +,B+4+,D- $e%uty 8ana#in# $irector of the >nternational 8onetary Fund (+,-.4+,C2)
$a&id $u0insky +,3,4+,C- President of >nternational LadiesI "arment WorkersI Union (+,3.4+,--)
=llsworth Bunker +,2.4+,D2 *onsultant to the U.S. Secretary of State (+,-3)
*ord 8eyer Jr. +,2C4.666 (ead of the *>! *o&ert !ction Staff of the $irectorate of Plans (+,-.4+,-C)
(enry B. (yde +,2D4+,,B *>! !#ent
'ote/ :he *u0an 8issile *risis occurred from <cto0er +24.D) +,-..
'ote/ '#o $inh $iem) the President of South Fietnam) was assassinated in Sai#on) South Fietnam on 'o&em0er .) +,-3.

Kennedy Assassination: A Eropean Conspiracy?
;ilder.erg Grou$ in *9:(
(otel 8artine9 in *annes) France) site of the +,-3 Bilder0er# 8eetin#s (.,43+ 8arch +,-3)
Prince Bernhard of the 'etherlands (.nd ri#ht) seated at head ta0le) %resides o&er a conference durin# the inau#ural Bilder0er# 8eetin#s held
at (otel de Bilder0er# in <oster0eek) 'etherlands in 8ay +,B2.
President John F. Kennedy meets with Prince Bernhard of the 'etherlands in the <&al <ffice of the White (ouse in Washin#ton)
$.*. on !%ril .B) +,-+. :he Bay of Pi#s in&asion in *u0a occurred from +C4+, !%ril +,-+E the +,-+ Bilder0er# 8eetin#s (St.
*astin *onference) was held in St. *astin) *anada from .+4.3 !%ril +,-+. Prince Bernhard of the 'etherlands was the foundin#
chairman of the Bilder0er# "rou% from +,B2 until +,C-.
(Photo/ 1o0ert Knudsen) White (ouse Photo#ra%hs) John F. Kennedy Presidential Li0rary and 8useum)
President John F. Kennedy meets with Prince Bernhard of the 'etherlands in the <&al <ffice of the White (ouse in Washin#ton)
$.*. on !%ril .B) +,-+. :he Bay of Pi#s in&asion in *u0a occurred from +C4+, !%ril +,-+E the +,-+ Bilder0er# 8eetin#s (St.
*astin *onference) was held in St. *astin) *anada from .+4.3 !%ril +,-+.
(Photo/ 1o0ert Knudsen) White (ouse Photo#ra%hs) John F. Kennedy Presidential Li0rary and 8useum)
President John F. Kennedy (left) meets with Forei#n 8inister of the 'etherlands Jose%h Luns in the <&al <ffice of the White
(ouse in Washin#ton) $.*. on !%ril +6) +,-+. Jose%h Luns was a mem0er of the Bilder0er# "rou%.
(Photo/ 1o0ert Knudsen) White (ouse Photo#ra%hs) John F. Kennedy Presidential Li0rary and 8useum) Boston)
President John F. Kennedy %resents the 8edal of Freedom to Secretary "eneral of the 'orth !tlantic :reaty <r#ani9ation
('!:<) Paul4(enri S%aak inside the <&al <ffice of the White (ouse in Washin#ton) $.*. on Fe0ruary .+) +,-+. President
Kennedy and Secretary "eneral S%aak listen as State $e%artment *hief of Protocol !n#ier Biddle $uke reads from a %iece of
%a%er. Lookin# on from left to ri#ht/ 8ilitary !ide to the President *hester F. *liftonE U.S. Secretary of State $ean 1uskE United
States !m0assador to '!:< Warren 1andol%h Bur#essE former U.S. Secretary of State $ean !chesonE !ssistant Secretary of
$efense for >nternational Security !ffairs Paul 'it9e. "aul=#enri $paa05 .ean &us05 . &andolph Burgess5 .ean Acheson5
and "aul (it,e /ere !e!*ers o+ the Bilder*erg Group.
(Photo/ 1o0ert Knudsen) White (ouse Photo#ra%hs) John F. Kennedy Presidential Li0rary and 8useum) Boston)
President John F. Kennedy %resents the 8edal of Freedom to Secretary "eneral of the 'orth !tlantic :reaty <r#ani9ation
('!:<) Paul4(enri S%aak inside the <&al <ffice of the White (ouse in Washin#ton) $.*. on Fe0ruary .+) +,-+. President
Kennedy shakes hands with Secretary "eneral S%aak after %innin# the medal to the Secretary "eneralPs Lacket. Lookin# on
from left to ri#ht/ 8ilitary !ide to the President *hester F. *liftonE U.S. Secretary of State $ean 1uskE United States !m0assador
to '!:< Warren 1andol%h Bur#essE former U.S. Secretary of State $ean !chesonE !ssistant Secretary of $efense for
>nternational Security !ffairs Paul 'it9e. "aul=#enri $paa05 .ean &us05 . &andolph Burgess5 .ean Acheson5 and "aul
(it,e /ere !e!*ers o+ the Bilder*erg Group.
(Photo/ 1o0ert Knudsen) White (ouse Photo#ra%hs) John F. Kennedy Presidential Li0rary and 8useum) Boston)
President John F. Kennedy %resents the 8edal of Freedom to Secretary "eneral of the 'orth !tlantic :reaty <r#ani9ation
('!:<) Paul4(enri S%aak inside the <&al <ffice of the White (ouse in Washin#ton) $.*. on Fe0ruary .+) +,-+. President
Kennedy %ins the medal to Secretary "eneral S%aakIs Lacket. Left to ri#ht) lookin# on/ 8ilitary !ide to the President *hester F.
*lifton (mostly hidden)E U.S. Secretary of State $ean 1uskE United States !m0assador to '!:< Warren 1andol%h Bur#essE
former U.S. Secretary of State $ean !chesonE !ssistant Secretary of $efense for >nternational Security !ffairs Paul 'it9e. "aul=
#enri $paa05 .ean &us05 . &andolph Burgess5 .ean Acheson5 and "aul (it,e /ere !e!*ers o+ the Bilder*erg Group.
(Photo/ !00ie 1owe) White (ouse Photo#ra%hs) John F. Kennedy Presidential Li0rary and 8useum) Boston)
President John F. Kennedy %resents the 8edal of Freedom to Secretary "eneral of the 'orth !tlantic :reaty <r#ani9ation
('!:<) Paul4(enri S%aak inside the <&al <ffice of the White (ouse in Washin#ton) $.*. on Fe0ruary .+) +,-+. President
Kennedy and o0ser&ers a%%laud after the President awards the medal to Secretary "eneral S%aak. Left to ri#ht) lookin# on/
8ilitary !ide to the President *hester F. *lifton (mostly hidden)E U.S. Secretary of State $ean 1uskE United States !m0assador
to '!:< Warren 1andol%h Bur#essE former U.S. Secretary of State $ean !chesonE !ssistant Secretary of $efense for
>nternational Security !ffairs Paul 'it9e. "aul=#enri $paa05 .ean &us05 . &andolph Burgess5 .ean Acheson5 and "aul
(it,e /ere !e!*ers o+ the Bilder*erg Group.
(Photo/ !00ie 1owe) White (ouse Photo#ra%hs) John F. Kennedy Presidential Li0rary and 8useum) Boston)
President John F. Kennedy meets with Prime 8inister of "reat Britain (arold 8acmillan and mem0ers of British and !merican
ca0inets in the 1ose "arden of the White (ouse in Washin#ton) $.*. on !%ril B) +,-+. Left to ri#ht/ Front row/ United States
!m0assador to the United 'ations !dlai Ste&ensonE U.S. Secretary of State $ean 1uskE President KennedyE Prime 8inister
8acmillanE British 8inister for Forei#n !ffairs =arl of (ome !lec $ou#las4(omeE !m0assador of "reat Britain (arold *accia.
Left to ri#ht) 0ack row/ unidentified man (mostly hidden)E !ssistant Secretary of State for !frican !ffairs ". 8ennen QSoa%yQ
WilliamsE United Kin#dom Permanent 1e%resentati&e to the United 'ations Sir Patrick $ean (%artially hidden)E !m0assador at
Lar#e W. !&erell (arrimanE unidentified man (mostly hidden)E U.S. !m0assador to "reat Britain $a&id K.=. BruceE Under U.S.
Secretary of State *hester BowlesE unidentified man (mostly hidden)E former U.S. Secretary of State $ean !chesonE unidentified
manE U.S. Secretary of the :reasury *. $ou#las $illonE unidentified man (lookin# 0ackward)E U.S. Secretary of $efense 1o0ert
S. 8c'amaraE *hairman of State $e%artment Policy Plannin# *ouncil "eor#e *. 8c"heeE !ssistant Secretary of State for
=uro%ean !ffairs Foy KohlerE PresidentPs S%ecial !ssistant for 'ational Security 8c"eor#e Bundy (mostly hidden)E Permanent
Under Secretary for the Forei#n <ffice Sir Frederick (oyer48illarE unidentified manE PresidentPs $e%uty S%ecial !ssistant for
'ational Security !ffairs Walt W. 1ostow. .ean &us05 )arl o+ #o!e Alec .ouglas=#o!e5 .avid K.). Bruce5 .ean
Acheson5 %. .ouglas .illon5 &o*ert $. Mc(a!ara5 George %. McGhee5 and McGeorge Bundy attended the Bilder*erg
Meetings in the past.
(Photo/ 1o0ert Knudsen) White (ouse Photo#ra%hs) John F. Kennedy Presidential Li0rary and 8useum) Boston)
Fro! -taly ith 'ove>< !merican First Lady Jac?ueline Kennedy (center)) the wife of U.S. President John F. Kennedy) is
seen s%endin# a two4week &acation in 1a&ello) >taly (located southeast of 'a%les) with >talian auto manufacturer Giovanni
Agnelli (ri#ht) ri#ht le# outstretched)) a re#ular Bilder0er# 8eetin#s %artici%ant) on August 695 6784. >n this %hoto) Jac;ueline
Kennedy) her sister Lee 1ad9iwill (left) wearin# shorts)) and >talian auto manufacturer "io&anni !#nelli #o for a cruise in his
yacht alon# the !malfi coastline in >taly. Giovanni Agnelli attended the 6784 Bilder*erg Meetings held at $alts@o*aden5
$/eden in May 6784 and the 6789 Bilder*erg Meetings held at %annes5 France in March 6789. #olly/ood actress
Marilyn Monroe died in 'os Angeles5 %ali+ornia5 U.$.A. on August A5 6784. (Photo/ R Bettmann7*<1B>S)
htt%/77www.cor0isima#es.com7stock4%hoto7ri#hts4mana#ed7U+323+6.7Lac;ueline4kennedy4in4amalfiS%o%u%O+
"eor#e *. 8c"hee) new U.S. !m0assador to West "ermany) calls on President John F. Kennedy at the White (ouse in Washin#ton) $.*. on
May 6B5 6789 to %ay a farewell call 0efore re%ortin# to his new %ost) and to discuss the PresidentPs forthcomin# &isit to "ermany. "eor#e *.
8c"hee was a mem0er of the *ouncil on Forei#n 1elations and a 1hodes Scholar. George %. McGhee attended the 6789 Bilder*erg
Meetings held in %annes5 France in March 6789. (Bettmann7*<1B>S)
President John F. Kennedy meets with "en. Lyman Lemnit9er) the Su%reme !llied *ommander of =uro%e) at the White (ouse in Washin#ton)
$.*. on May 465 6789. Gen. 'y!an 'e!nit,er attended the 6789 Bilder*erg Meetings held in %annes5 France in March 6789.
(Photo 0y *ecil Stou#hton7John F. Kennedy Presidential Li0rary and 8useum)
Left to ri#ht/ U.S. !m0assador to South Fietnam (enry *a0ot Lod#e Jr.) Secretary of State $ean 1usk) President Lyndon B. Johnson)
Secretary of $efense 1o0ert 8c'amara) and Under Secretary of State "eor#e W. Ball meet %ri&ately on (ove!*er 495 6789) the day after
President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in $allas. George . Ball attended the 6789 Bilder*erg Meetings held in %annes5 France
+ro! 47=96 March 6789. (Photo/ *ecil Stou#hton7Lyndon B. Johnson Presidental Li0rary)
Prince Bernhard of the 'etherlands (left) meets with U.S. President Lyndon Baines Johnson at the White (ouse in Washin#ton) $.*.) U.S.!.
on !%ril +3) +,-B. Prince Bernhard of the 'etherlands attended the +,-B Bilder0er# 8eetin#s held in *erno00io) >taly from .42 !%ril +,-B.
(!P Photo)
1>A3 3ilder/er% 2eetin%s Conference Participants
"eor#e W. Ball
Under U.S. Secretary of
State (+,-+4+,--)
$a&id 1ockefeller
President of *hase
8anhattan Bank
(+,-+4+,-,)
Prince Bernhard of :he
'etherlands
Jose%h =. Johnson
President of *arne#ie
=ndowment for
>nternational Peace
(+,B64+,C+)
!rthur (. $ean
Partner of Sulli&an 5
*romwell @law firm in 'ew
ork *ityA (+,.,4+,C-)
=milio ". *ollado
Fice President (+,-.4
+,--) and =?ecuti&e Fice
President (+,--4+,CB) of
=??on *or%. @oil com%anyA
"a0riel (au#e
*hairman of the 0oard of
8anufacturers (ano&er
:rust *o. (+,C+4+,C,)
(.J. (ein9 >>
*hairman of the 0oard of
(.J. (ein9 *om%any
(+,B,4+,DC)
"eor#e *. 8c"hee
U.S. !m0assador to
West "ermany
(+,-34+,-D)
*.$. Jackson
Pu0lisher of Life
ma#a9ine (+,-64+,-2)
James !. Perkins
President of *ornell
Uni&ersity (+,-34+,-,)
Paul (. 'it9e
U.S. Secretary of the
'a&y (+,-34+,-C)
"en. Lyman L. Lemnit9er
Su%reme !llied
*ommander of =uro%e
(+,-34+,-,)
*harles 8. S%offord
8em0er of $a&is) Polk 5
Wardwell @law firmA
(+,264+,B6) +,B.4+,C3)
=dward S. 8ason
$ean of the "raduate
School of Pu0lic
!dministration at (ar&ard
Uni&ersity (+,2C4+,BD)
1o0ert <. !nderson
*hairman and *=< of
!tlantic 1ichfield *o.
(!1*<) (+,-24+,DB)
Lammot du Pont
*o%eland
President of =.>. du Pont
de 'emours >nc.
(+,-.4+,-C)
Walker L. *isler
*hairman of $etroit
=dison *o. (+,-24+,CB)
William !. (ewitt
*hairman and *=< of
$eere 5 *o. (+,-24+,D.)
Bourke B. (ickenloo%er
U.S. Senator
(14>owa) +,2B4+,-,)
"io&anni !#nelli
@>talyA
*hairman of Fiat
@>talian car com%anyA
(+,--4+,,-)
<tto Wolff &on
!meron#en
@West "ermanyA
*hairman and *=< of
<tto Wolff "m0(
=rnst (. &an der Beu#el
@'etherlandsA
Professor of >nternational
1elations at Leiden
Uni&ersity
8arcus Wallen0er# Jr.
@SwedenA
*hairman of Federation of
Swedish >ndustries
Wilfrid S. Baum#artner
Finance 8inister of
France (+,-64+,-.)E
"o&ernor) Ban;ue de
France (+,2,4+,-6)
!ntoine Pinay
Prime 8inister of France
(+,B.4+,B3)
"uy 8ollet
Prime 8inister of France
(+,B-4+,BC)
1ene Ple&en
Prime 8inister of France
(+,B64+,B+) +,B+4+,B.)
Sir =dward 1.". (eath
Prime 8inister of "reat
Britain (+,C64+,C2)E
Lord Pri&y Seal
(+,-64+,-3)
James *alla#han
Prime 8inister of "reat
Britain (+,C-4+,C,)E
Shadow *hancellor of the
=?che;uer (+,-+4+,-2)
Paul4(enri S%aak
Secretary4"eneral of
'!:< (+,BC4+,-+)E
Forei#n 8inister of
Bel#ium (+,3,4+,2,)
+,B24+,BC) +,-+4+,--)
>&o Samkalden
8inister of Justice of the
'etherlands (+,-B4+,--)E
8ayor of !msterdam
(+,-C4+,CC)
8ario Pedini
8inister of =ducation of
>taly (+,CD4+,C,)
$enis (ealey
@"reat BritainA
Secretary of State for
$efence of "reat Britain
(+,-24+,C6)
8a? Brauer
8ayor of (am0ur#)
"ermany
(+,2-4+,B3) +,BC4+,-6)
Sicco Leendert 8ansholt
President of the =uro%ean
*ommission (+,C.4+,C3)E
=uro%ean *ommissioner
for !#riculture
(+,BD4+,C.)
Jonkheer =mile &an
Lenne%
Secretary4"eneral of
<r#ani9ation for
=conomic *oo%eration
and $e&elo%ment
(+,-,4+,D2)
Kurt Birren0ach
8em0er of the "erman
Bundesta#
8a? Kohnstamm
President of =uro%ean
Uni&ersity @Florence) >talyA
1oland 8ichener
"o&ernor "eneral of
*anada (+,-C4+,C2)
;ILD<8;<8G =<<-I4G6
Cannes Conference, Drance
.>#31 2arch 1>A3
LI6- >F PA8-ICIPA4-6
ChairmanG
H)!)H) The Prince of the Cetherlands
Honorary *ecretary ;eneral for $uropeG
$rnst H) 4an der 3eu%el
Honorary *ecretary ;eneral for the (nited *tatesG
Joseph $) Johnson
President, Carne%ie $ndowment for @nternational Peace
Honorary TreasurerG
Paul !ykens
Dormer Chairman of the 3oard of (nile4er
,eputy *ecretary ;eneral for $uropeG
Arnold T) "ampin%
Dormer Am/assador
A%nelli, ;io4anni 9ice#President, D@AT @taly
Anderson, !o/ert <) President, Aspen @nstitute for Humanistic *tudies (nited *tates
Aron, !aymond C) D) Journalist and (ni4ersity Professor Drance
3all, ;eor%e +) (nder *ecretary of *tate (nited *tates
3asset, John Chairman and Pu/lisher, &The Tele%ramme' Canada
3aumel, JacNues *enatorO *ecretary ;eneral, &(nion pour la Cou4elle !epu/liNue' Drance
3aum%artner, +ilfrid *) Dormer 2inister of Dinance Drance
3eer, Henrik *ecretary ;eneral, "ea%ue of !ed Cross *ocieties @nternational
3ennett, Drederic 2) 2em/er of Parliament (nited :in%dom
3er%, DritB President, Dederation of ;erman @ndustries ;ermany
3ir%i, 2) Curi Am/assador to CAT< Turkey
3irren/ach, :urt 2em/er of Parliament ;ermany
3laisse, Pieter A) 2em/er of ParliamentO 2em/er of $uropean Parliament Cetherlands
3rauer, 2a6 Dormer 3ur%omaster of Ham/ur%O 2em/er of Parliament ;ermany
Calla%han, James 2em/er of Parliament (nited :in%dom
Ca4endish#3entinck, 9ictor Ad4iser on Dorei%n Affairs to (nile4er ;ermany
Chalandon, Al/in P)H) ,irector, &3anNue Commerciale de Paris' Drance
Cham/ers, *) Paul Chairman, @)C)@) "td) (nited :in%dom
Cisler, +alker ") @ndustrialist (nited *tates
Cle4eland, Harold 9an 3) ,irector, Atlantic Policy *tudies (nited *tates
Collado, $milio ;) 9ice President, *tandard <il Co) =C)J)? (nited *tates
Copeland, "ammot du Pont President of $)@) du Pont de Cemours @nc) (nited *tates
CBernetB, :arl 2em/er of ParliamentO Austria
Chairman Dorei%n Affairs Com) of the Austrian Parliament
,ahlman, *4en Dormer Am/assador *weden
,ean, Arthur H) @nternational "awyer and ,iplomat (nited *tates
,e 2icheli, Ali%hiero @ndustrialist, Dormer Chairman Dederation of @talian @ndustries @taly
,uncan, James *) Company ,irector Canada
$cBaci/asi, Ce-at D) President of $cBaci/asi @laclari "td) *ti) Turkey
$n%en, Hans (nder *ecretary of *tate, 2inistry of Dorei%n Affairs Corway
$rler, DritB 2em/er of Parliament ;ermany
Daure, 2aurice 2em/er of Parliament Drance
Dontaine, Andre Chief Dorei%n *er4ice &"e 2onde' Drance
;alla%her, Cornelius $) Con%ressman (nited *tates
;allois, Pierre 2) ;eneral Drance
;ossett, +illiam T) ,eputy *pecial !epresentati4e for Trade Ce%otiations (nited *tates
;riffin, A) ;) *) 3anker Canada
;u//ins, *ir Colin @ndustrialist (nited :in%dom
;uindey, ;uillaume ;eneral 2ana%er, 3ank for @nternational *ettlements @nternational
Hau%e, ;a/riel 9ice Chairman, 2anufacturers Hano4er Trust Co) (nited *tates
Healey, ,enis 2em/er of ParliamentO "a/our Party *pokesman on ,efense (nited :in%dom
Heath, $dward !);) "ord Pri4y *eal (nited :in%dom
HeinB, Henry J) @@ Chairman of the 3oard, HeinB Co) (nited *tates
Herwarth 4on 3ittenfeld, *ecretary of *tate to Dederal President ;ermany
Hans#Heinrich
Hewitt, +illiam A) President, ,eere L Company (nited *tates
Hickenlooper, 3ourke 3) *enator (nited *tates
Hoe%h, "eif *hipowner Corway
Jackson, Charles ,) Pu/lisher, "ife 2a%aBine (nited *tates
Jolles, Paul ,ele%ate of the Dederal Council for Trade A%reements *witBerland
:lin%, Herman 2inister of Justice *weden
:ohnstamm, 2a6 9ice#President, Action Committee for a (nited *tates of $urope @nternational
:raft, <le 3) Dormer 2inister of Dorei%n AffairsO 2em/er of Parliament ,enmark
"emnitBer, "yman ") *upreme Commander Allied Dorces in $urope @nternational
"ennep, Jonkheer $mile 9an Chairman, 2onetary Committee $)$)C) @nternational
2ansholt, *icco ") 9ice#President, $)$)C) @nternational
2ason, $dward *) Professor (nited *tates
2assi%li, !ene Am/assadeur de Drance Drance
2athias, 2arcello ;)C),) Am/assador to DranceO Dormer 2inister of Dorei%n Affairs Portu%al
2c;hee, ;eor%e C) ;o4ernment <fficial (nited *tates
2eynen, Johannes President, A):)() Cetherlands
2ichener, !oland 3arrister and 3usiness $6ecuti4e Canada
2ollet, ;uy Dormer Prime 2inister Drance
2urphy, !o/ert ,) President, Cornin% ;lass @nternational (nited *tates
Ce/olsine, ;eor%e @nternational "awyer (nited *tates
CitBe, Paul H) Assistant *ecretary for @nternational Affairs, (nited *tates
,epartment of ,efense
Cykopp, Johan Dormer Am/assadorO ;eneral 2ana%er of Tampella Dinland
Peccei, Aurelio 2ana%in% ,irector of @talconsult @taly
Pedini, 2ario 2em/er of ParliamentO 2em/er of $uropean Parliament @taly
Perkins, James A) 9ice#President of Carne%ie CorporationO (nited *tates
President#elect of Cornell (ni4ersity
Petitpierre, 2a6 Dormer President of *wiss Confederation *witBerland
Piette, JacNues Ci4il *er4ant Drance
Pinay, Antoine Dormer Prime 2inister Drance
Pirelli, Al/erto @ndustrialist @taly
Ple4en, !ene 2em/er of ParliamentO Dormer Prime 2inister Drance
8uaroni, Pietro Am/assador to the ():) @taly
!ockefeller, ,a4id President, Chase 2anhattan 3ank (nited *tates
*amkalden, @4o Professor of @nternational "aw Cetherlands
*chmid, Carlo 9ice#President, Dederal Parliament ;ermany
*e%ard, JacNues @ndustrialist Drance
*er%ent, !ene $) 9ice#President, &*yndicat ;eneral de la Construction $lectriNue' Drance
*noy et d5<ppuers, 3aron 2ana%in% ,irector, &Compa%nie d5<utremer pour l5@ndustrie 3el%ium
et la Dinance'
*paak, Paul#Henry 2inister of Dorei%n Affairs 3el%ium
*pofford, Charles 2) "awyerO Dormer ()*) !epresentati4e on Corth Atlantic Council (nited *tates
*tratos, Christofore ,irector, Cotton @ndustrie &Piraiki#Patraiki' ;reece
Terkelsen, Terkel 2) $ditor ,enmark
Turner, *ir 2ark 2ana%in% ,irector, :leinwort 3enson "td) (nited :in%dom
(ri, Pierre Consultant for the conduct of *tudies, The Atlantic @nstitute @nternational
+allen/er%, 2arcus Chairman, Dederation of *wedish @ndustries *weden
+olff 4on Ameron%en, <tto *enior Partner, <tto +olff :oln ;ermany
+oodhouse, Christopher 2) Parliamentary *ecretary to the Home <ffice (nited :in%dom
@C ATT$C,ACC$G
H)!)H) Princess 3eatri6 Cetherlands
3raam Houck%eest, A)$) Cetherlands
Chiusano, 9) @taly
2oBer, A) @nternational
!oy, 3) le Cetherlands
Tanu%i de Jon%h, $)") Drance
*ourceG Christian A) Herter Papers, Hou%hton "i/rary at Har4ard (ni4ersity
+,-2 Bilder0er# 8eetin#s/ <r#ani9ed *rimeS
President "yndon 3aines Johnson =ri%ht? meets with his Ca/inet ad4isers and mem/ers of the +arren Commission inside the
+hite House in +ashin%ton, ,)C) on 6e$tem.er ?(, *9:3) Prominent ad4isers includeG former C@A ,irector Allen +) ,ulles
=/ack%round, seated at the head of the ta/le?, John 2cCloy =seated /y the door, 3
rd
left from ,ulles?, former ()*) *ecretary of
*tate ,ean Acheson =.nd left, wearin% a moustache?, Cational *ecurity Ad4isor 2c;eor%e 3undy =lower ri%ht, wearin% %lasses,
leanin% to the left side?, and ()*) *ecretary of *tate ,ean !usk =seated to the ri%ht of "yndon 3aines Johnson?) ,ulles, 2cCloy,
Acheson, 3undy, and !usk were mem/ers of the Council on Dorei%n !elations) 'ohn =cCloy, Dean Acheson, and =cGeorge
;undy attended the *9:3 ;ilder.erg =eetings con0erence held in Colonial Williams.urg, 2irginia. Life ma%aBine
pu/lisher C),) Jackson, who attended the 1>A0 3ilder/er% 2eetin%s conference, died on 6e$tem.er *+, *9:3.
=PhotoG Allen +) ,ulles Papers, *eeley ;) 2udd 2anuscript "i/rary at Princeton (ni4ersity?
+illiams/ur% @nn in Colonial +illiams/ur%, 9ir%inia, ()*)A), pro/a/le site of the 1>A0 3ilder/er% 2eetin%s conference) The
1>A0 3ilder/er% 2eetin%s conference was held in Colonial +illiams/ur% from .0#.. 2arch 1>A0)
$a&id 1ockefeller (left)) President of *hase 8anhattan Bank) and his dau#hter 'e&a 1ockefeller (second from left) #reet So&iet
Premier 'ikita Khrushche& (ri#ht) at the Kremlin in 8oscow) So&iet Union on July .,) +,-2. .avid &oc0e+eller attended the
March 678B Bilder*erg Meetings held in illia!s*urg5 Cirginia5 U.$.A.
(Photo/ #emoirs 0y $a&id 1ockefeller7Wide World Photos)
1>A0 3ilder/er% 2eetin%s Conference Participants
Jose%h =. Johnson
Ph.$. (ar&ard +,23
President of *arne#ie
=ndowment for
>nternational Peace
(+,B64+,C+)
(enry !. Kissin#er
Ph.$. (ar&ard +,B2
Professor of "o&ernment
at (ar&ard Uni&ersity
(+,-.4+,-,)
Prince Bernhard of the
'etherlands
*o4Founder of the
Bilder0er# "rou%
$a&id 1ockefeller
Ph.$. U. of *hica#o +,26
President of *hase
8anhattan Bank
(+,-+4+,-,)
"eor#e W. Ball
Under U.S. Secretary of
State (+,-+4+,--)
"erald 1. Ford
8em0er of the U.S.
(ouse of 1e%resentati&es
(148ichi#an) +,2,4+,C3)E
Me!*er o+ the arren
%o!!ission
John J. 8c*loy
LL.B. (ar&ard +,.+
*hairman of the *ouncil
on Forei#n 1elations
(+,B34+,C+)E Me!*er o+
the arren %o!!ission
*.$. Jackson
!.B. Princeton +,.2
Pu0lisher of Life
ma#a9ine (+,-64+,-2)E
.ied on $ept. 6D5 678B
"io&anni !#nelli
@>talyA
*hairman of the 0oard of
Fiat @>talian car com%anyA
(+,--4+,,-)
8c"eor#e Bundy
B.!. ale +,26
'ational Security !d&isor
(+,-+4+,--)
Sicco Leendert 8ansholt
=uro%ean *ommissioner
for !#riculture
(+,BD4+,C.)
Pierre4Paul Schweit9er
8ana#in# $irector of
>nternational 8onetary
Fund (+,-34+,C3)
$irk Stikker
Secretary4"eneral of
'!:< (+,-+4+,-2)
Jose%h 8.!.(. Luns
8inister of Forei#n !ffairs
of the 'etherlands
(+,B-4+,C+)
Jonkheer =mile &an
Lenne%
*hairman of the 8onetary
*ommittee) ==*
"eor#e *. 8c"hee
$.Phil. <?ford +,3C
U.S. !m0assador to West
"ermany (+,-34+,-D)
!rthur (. $ean
Partner of Sulli&an 5
*romwell @law firm in 'ew
ork *ityA (+,.,4+,C-)
(enry John (ein9 >>
B.!. ale +,3+
*hairman of the 0oard of
(.J. (ein9 *om%any
(+,B,4+,DC)
$ean ". !cheson
B.!. ale +,+B
8em0er of *o&in#ton 5
Burlin# @law firmA (+,.+4
+,33) +,324+,2+) +,B34
+,C+)E U.S. Secretary of
State (+,2,4+,B3)
*hristian !. (erter
!.B. (ar&ard +,+B
U.S. Secretary of State
(+,B,4+,-+)
$enis (ealey
[Great Britain]
Member of Parliament
Sir Frederic M. Bennett
[Great Britain]
Member of Parliament
(1951-1987)
Lester B. Pearson
Prime 8inister of *anada
(+,-34+,-D)
(al&ard Lan#e
Forei#n 8inister of
'orway (+,2-4+,-3)
+,-34+,-B)
Per (aekkeru%
Forei#n 8inister of
$enmark (+,-.4+,--)
Jaco0 K. Ja&its
U.S. Senator
(14'ew ork) +,BC4+,D+)
(enry 8. Jackson
U.S. Senator
($4Washin#ton)
+,B34+,D3)
J. William Ful0ri#ht
U.S. Senator
($4!rkansas) +,2B4+,C2)
Peter (.B. Frelin#huysen
U.S. *on#ressman (14
'ew Jersey) +,B34+,CB)
*hester =. J*hetK (olifield
U.S. *on#ressman
($emocrat4*alifornia)
+,234+,C2)
=milio ". *ollado
Ph.$. (ar&ard +,3-
=?ecuti&e Fice President
of =??on *or%.
(+,--4+,CB)
"a0riel (au#e
Ph.$. (ar&ard +,2C
President of
8anufacturers (ano&er
:rust *o. (+,-34+,C+)
Walter B. Wriston
*hairman of the 0oard of
*iti0ank (+,C64+,D2)
1o0ert $. 8ur%hy
U.S. !m0assador to
Bel#ium (+,2,4+,B.)E
Former President of
*ornin# "lass
>nternational
Walker L. *isler
*hairman of $etroit
=dison *o. (+,-24+,CB)
8arcus Wallen0er# Jr.
@SwedenA
*hairman of Federation of
Swedish >ndustries
<tto Wolff &on
!meron#en @"ermanyA
*hairman and *=< of
<tto Wolff "m0(
Leif (Te#h
(+D,-4+,C2)
@'orwayA
<wner of Leif (Ue#h 5
*o. @shi%ownerA
Paul 1ykens
@'etherlandsA
*hairman of the 0oard of
Unile&er @#rocery firmA
(+,3C4+,3,) +,2B4+,BB)
=elco '. &an Kleffens
*hief 1e%resentati&e in
the United Kin#dom of the
=uro%ean *oal and Steel
*ommunity
!ntoine Pinay
Prime 8inister of France
(+,B.4+,B3)
Wilfrid S. Baum#artner
Finance 8inister of
France (+,-64+,-.)E
"o&ernor) Ban;ue de
France (+,2,4+,-6)
8a? Brauer
8ayor of (am0ur#)
"ermany
(+,2-4+,B3) +,BC4+,-6)
=ric Wyndham4White
$irector4"eneral of the
"eneral !#reement on
:ariffs and :rade
(+,-B4+,-D)
!rnold $.P. (eeney
*anadian !m0assador to
the United States
(+,B34+,BC) +,B,4+,-.)
!dm. (arold Pa#e Smith
*ommander in *hief)
U.S. 'a&al Forces =uro%e
(+,-64+,-3)
=rnst (. &an der Beu#el
@'etherlandsA
Professor of >nternational
1elations at Leiden
Uni&ersity
*arlo Schmid
Fice President of the
"erman Bundesta#
@Federal ParliamentA
Franco 8aria 8alfatti
President of the =uro%ean
*ommission (+,C64+,C.)E
8inister of =ducation of
>taly (+,C34+,CD)
"io&anni B. Sca#lia
8inister of =ducation of
>taly (June .2) +,-D4
$ecem0er +.) +,-D)
;ILD<8;<8G =<<-I4G6
+illiams/ur% Conference, 9ir%inia, (*A
.0#.. 2arch 1>A0
LI6- >F PA8-ICIPA4-6
ChairmanG
H)!)H) The Prince of the Cetherlands
Honorary *ecretary ;eneral for $uropeG
$rnst H) 4an der 3eu%el
Honorary *ecretary ;eneral for the (nited *tatesG
Joseph $) Johnson
President, Carne%ie $ndowment for @nternational Peace
Honorary TreasurerG
Paul !ykens
Dormer Chairman of the 3oard of (nile4er
,eputy *ecretary ;eneral for $uropeG
Arnold T) "ampin%
Dormer Am/assador
Acheson, ,ean Dormer *ecretary of *tate (nited *tates
A%nelli, ;io4anni 9ice#Chairman of the /oard and 2ana%in% ,irector, Diat Co) @taly
3all, ;eor%e +) (nder *ecretary of *tate (nited *tates
3aumel, JacNues *enator, *ecretary ;eneral, &(nion pour la Cou4elle !Ppu/liNue,' Drance
3aum%artner, +ilfrid *) Dormer 2inister of Dinance Drance
3eer, Henrik *ecretary ;eneral, "ea%ue of !ed Cross *ocieties @nternational
3ennett, Drederic 2) 2em/er of Parliament ;ermany
3er%, DritB President, Dederation of ;erman @ndustries ;ermany
3ir%i, 2) Curi Am/assador to CAT< Turkey
3irren/ach, :urt 2em/er of Parliament ;ermany
3rauer, 2a6 Dormer 3ur%omaster of Ham/ur%O 2em/er of Parliament ;ermany
3uchan, Alastair ,irector, @nstitute for *trate%ic *tudies (nited :in%dom
3undy, 2c;eor%e *pecial Assistant to the President for Cational *ecurity Affairs (nited *tates
Ca/ot, "ouis +) President, Ca/ot Corp) (nited *tates
Cisler, +alker ") @ndustrialist (nited *tates
Collado, $milio ;) 9ice President, *tandard <il Co) =Cew Jersey? (nited *tates
,ean, Arthur H) @nternational "awyer and ,iplomat (nited *tates
,efferre, ;aston ,epartment of Cational Assem/lyO 2ayor of 2arseille Drance
,uncan, James *) Company ,irector Canada
,undee, "ord 2inster of *tate for Dorei%n Affairs (nited :in%dom
$rier, DritB 2em/er of Parliament, floor leader *ocial#,emocratic Party ;ermany
Dord, ;erald !) Con%ressman (nited *tates
Drelin%huysen, Peter H)3) Con%ressman (nited *tates
Dul/ri%ht, J) +illiam *enator (nited *tates
;allois, Pierre ;eneral, specialist in nuclear pro/lems Drance
;riffin, Anthony ;)*) 3anker Canada
;u//ins, *ir Colin @ndustrialist (nited :in%dom
Haekkerup, Per 2inister of Dorei%n Affairs ,enmark
Hau%e, ;a/riel President, 2anufacturers Hano4er Trust Co) (nited *tates
Healey, ,enis 2em/er of ParliamentO "a/our Party *pokesman on ,efense (nited :in%dom
Heeney, Arnold ,) P) Dormer Am/assador to the (nited *tatesO Canada
Chairman, @nternational Joint Commission on +ater !esources
HeinB @@, Henry J) Chairman of the /oard, HeinB Co) (nited *tates
Herter, Christian A) Dormer *ecretary of *tateO *pecial !epresentati4e for Trade Ce%otiations (nited *tates
Hoe%h, "eif *hipowner Corway
Holifield, Chet Con%ressman (nited *tates
Jackson, Charles ,) *enior 9ice President, Time, @nc) (nited *tates
Jackson, Henry 2) *enator (nited *tates
Ja4its, Jaco/ :) *enator (nited *tates
Jellicoe, "ord Dirst "ord of the Admiralty (nited :in%dom
:ercho4e d5<usselchem, Assistant, &$cole des *ciences politiNues et sociales' 3el%ium
Cicolas +) de
:issin%er, Henry A) Associate Professor, Har4ard (ni4ersity Center for @nternational Affairs (nited *tates
:leffens, $elco C) 4an Chief !epresentati4e in the (nited :in%dom of the @nternational
$uropean Coal and *teel Community
:undtBon, Harald ;eneral 2ana%er, &,en ,anske "andmands/ank,' ,enmark
:ohnstamm, 2a6 9ice president, Action Committee for a (nited *tates of $urope @nternational
:oster, Henri J) de President, Dederation of Cetherlands @ndustries Cetherlands
:rapf, DranB Chief of the Political ,i4ision, 2inistry of Dorei%n Affairs, ;ermany
:uhlmann#*tumm, 2em/er of ParliamentO floor leader of the Dree ,emocratic Party ;ermany
:nut Dreiherr 4on
"a 2alene, Christian de 2em/er of ParliamentO 2em/er of $uropean Parliament Drance
"a 2alfa, (%o 2em/er of Parliament @taly
"an%e, Hal4ard 2inister of Dorei%n Affairs Corway
"ennep, Jonkheer $mile 4an Chairman, 2onetary Committee, $$CO @nternational
Chairman, +orkin% Party 3 <$C,
"indsay, Dranklin A) President of @tek (nited *tates
"ipkowski, Jean de ,iplomatO 2em/er of ParliamentO 2em/er of $uropean Parliament Drance
"itchfield Jr), "awrence Chairman of the /oard, Aluminum Co) of America EAlcoaF (nited *tates
"olli, $ttore ,eputy ;eneral 2ana%er, &3anca CaBionale del "a4oro' @taly
"uns, Joseph 2)A)H) 2inister of Dorei%n Affairs Cetherlands
2a-onica, $rnst 2em/er of Parliament ;ermany
2alfatti, Dranco 2) (nder *ecretary 2inistry of @ndustry and Commerce @taly
2ansholt, *icco 9ice President, $$C @nternational
2cCloy, John J) "awyer and ,iplomat (nited *tates
2c;hee, ;eor%e C) Am/assador to the Dederal !epu/lic of ;ermany (nited *tates
2eynen, Johannes 2ana%in% ,irector, A:( Cetherlands
2urphy, !o/ert ,) President, Cornin% ;lass @nternational (nited *tates
Ce/olsine, ;eor%e @nternational "awyer (nited *tates
Cykopp, Johan Dormer Am/assadorO President of Tampella Dinland
Pearson, "ester 3) Prime 2inister Canada
Peccei, Aurelio 2ana%in% ,irector, @talconsult @taly
Pinay, Antoine Dormer Prime 2inister Drance
!ockefeller, ,a4id President, Chase 2anhattan 3ank (nited *tates
!oll, *ir $ric $conomic 2inister at the 3ritish $m/assy to the (nited *tatesO (nited :in%dom
Head of the (nited :in%dom Treasury and *upply ,ele%ation
*ca%lia, ;io4anni 3) 2em/er of ParliamentO 9ice Chairman, Christian ,emocratic Party @taly
*chmid, Carlo 9ice President, Dederal Parliament ;ermany
*chweitBer, Pierre#Paul 2ana%in% ,irector, @nternational 2onetary Dund @nternational
*hulman, 2arshall !esearch Associate, !ussian !esearch Center, Har4ard (ni4ersityO (nited *tates
Professor of @nternational Politics, Dletcher *chool of "aw and ,iplomacy
*mith, H) Pa%e *upreme Allied Commander, Atlantic =CAT<? @nternational
*noy et d5<ppuers, 3aron 2ana%in% ,irector, &Compa%nie d5<utremer pour l5@ndustrie et la 3el%ium
Dinance'
*peidel, Hans *pecial Ad4iser on ,efense 2atters ;ermany
*tewart, 2ichael 2em/er of Parliament (nited :in%dom
*tikker, ,irk () *ecretary ;eneral of CAT< @nternational
*tone, *hepard ,irector, @nternational Affairs Pro%ram, Dord Doundation (nited *tates
Terkelsen, Terkel Chief $ditor ,enmark
(m/richt, 9ictor H) Dormer Head of *wiss Treasury and ,iplomatO *witBerland
President, C@3A Corp), Cew Mork
9ittorelli, Paolo *enator @taly
+allen/er%, 2arcus Chairman, Dederation of *wedish @ndustries *weden
+estrick, "ud%er *ecretary of *tate, <ffice Dederal Chancellor ;ermany
+inters, !o/ert H) @ndustrialist Canada
+olff 4on Ameron%en, <tto *enior Partner, <tto +olff :oln ;ermany
+riston, +alter 3) $6ecuti4e 9ice President, Dirst Cational City 3ank (nited *tates
+yndham +hite, $ric $6ecuti4e *ecretary, ;ATT @nternational
@C ATT$C,ACC$G
H)!)H) Princess 3eatri6 Cetherlands
3raam Houck%eest, Andreas $) 4an Cetherlands
Chiusano, 9ittorino @taly
Humelsine, Carlisle (nited *tates
2oBer, Alfred $) 3el%ium
!oy, 3ertie le Cetherlands
*ourcesG $dwin 2) 2artin Papers, John D) :ennedy Presidential "i/rary
Kennedy Assassination: A Political Conspiracy?
8em0ers of the Warren *ommission) includin# =arl Warren) *hief Justice of the U.S. Su%reme *ourt) %resent their &oluminous
re%ort on the assassination of President John F. Kennedy to U.S. President Lyndon Baines Johnson (3rd left) at the White
(ouse in Washin#ton $.*. on Se%tem0er .2) +,-2. Standin# 0ehind Johnson are former *>! $irector !llen $ulles (.nd ri#ht)
and U.S. Senator John Sherman *oo%er (ri#ht). (Bettmann7*<1B>S)
President Lyndon B. Johnson takes the <ath of <ffice a0oard !ir Force <ne at Lo&e Field in $allas) :e?as on 'o&em0er ..)
+,-3. (Photo#ra%h 0y *ecil Stou#hton7White (ouse)
*on#ressman !l0ert :homas (far left) #i&es Fice President Lyndon B. Johnson the JwinkK a0oard !ir Force <ne on 'o&em0er ..) +,-3) Lust
after President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in $allas) :e?as. *ouncil on Forei#n 1elations mem0er Bill 8oyers is standin# on the far
ri#ht (wearin# #lasses). *on#ressman !l0ert :homas and Lyndon B. Johnson were not mem0ers of the *ouncil on Forei#n 1elations.
(Photo/ *ecil Stou#hton7 Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Li0rary)
Left to ri#ht/ U.S. !m0assador to South Fietnam (enry *a0ot Lod#e Jr.) Secretary of State $ean 1usk) President Lyndon B. Johnson)
Secretary of $efense 1o0ert 8c'amara) and Under Secretary of State "eor#e W. Ball meet %ri&ately on 'o&em0er .3) +,-3) the day after
President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in $allas. (Photo/ *ecil Stou#hton7Lyndon B. Johnson Presidental Li0rary)
Left to ri#ht/ *>! $irector John !le? 8c*one) 'ew ork "o&ernor 'elson 1ockefeller) Secretary of $efense 1o0ert S. 8c'amara) and
Secretary of State $ean 1usk lau#h to#ether durin# a meetin# at the State $e%artment in Washin#ton) $.*. in 8ay +,-2. (Photo/ Francis
8iller7:ime Life)
*>! $irector John !le? 8c*one (left) talks to 'ational Security !d&isor 8c"eor#e Bundy at the White (ouse in $ecem0er +,-3. (Photo/ Stan
Wayman7:ime Life)
Under Secretary of State "eor#e W. Ball (ri#ht) walks with President Lyndon B. Johnson and $ean ". !cheson (ri#ht) in +,-2.
(Photo/ The "ast Has !nother "attern$ #emoirs 0y "eor#e W. Ball)
Left to ri#ht/ *hairman of the Joint *hiefs of Staff "en. 8a?well :aylor) Secretary of State $ean 1usk) Secretary of $efense 1o0ert
8c'amara) President Lyndon B. Johnson) and *>! $irector John !le? 8c*one (standin#) meet %ri&ately on 8arch +3) +,-2.
Left to ri#ht/ 8c"eor#e Bundy ('ational Security !d&isor)) "eor#e W. Ball (Under Secretary of State)) $ean 1usk (Secretary of State)) and
Lyndon B. Johnson (President of the United States) meet %ri&ately in !%ril +,-2.
(Photo/ The "ast Has !nother "attern$ #emoirs 0y "eor#e W. Ball)
'ew ork "o&ernor 'elson 1ockefeller talks to President Lyndon B. Johnson in the <&al <ffice on July .+) +,-C. Senator Barry "oldwater
defeated 'elson 1ockefeller in the 1e%u0lican %rimaries in +,-2E "oldwater would lose the %residential election to President Lyndon B.
Johnson. 'elson 1ockefeller was a mem0er of the *ouncil on Forei#n 1elations.
(Photo/ oichi 1. <kamoto7Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Li0rary)
John D) :ennedy restrains "yndon 3) Johnson from %i4in% one of his political opponents the &Johnson Treatment)'
Et Tu, Lyndon?G John D) :ennedy =left? %reets "yndon 3aines Johnson in an undated photo)
President Lyndon B. Johnson #reets the crowd with a stiff4armed salute.
President Lyndon Baines Johnson acknowled#es the crowd with a stiff4arm salute. :his %hoto a%%ears in President Lyndon
Baines JohnsonIs 0ook The %antae "oint$ "ers&ectives of the "residency '()*+'()(.
President Lyndon B. Johnson #i&es Bill 8oyers (left) the JJohnson :reatmentK at the White (ouse in +,-B.
3'BJ< 1YouEre in *ed /ith those Kennedys.2:
FB> director J. =d#ar (oo&er (left) and President Lyndon Baines Johnson lau#h to#ether durin# a meetin# in Washin#ton) $.*.
on June .+) +,-C. (Wally 8c'amee7*<1B>S)
President 1ichard 'i?on recei&es a%%lause from FB> $irector J. =d#ar (oo&er and a cler#yman durin# his s%eech at the FB>
!cademy #raduation ceremonies in Washin#ton) $.*. on 8ay .,) +,-,. (Wally 8c'amee7*<1B>S)
Kennedy Assassination: A C!A"#a$ia Operation?
Henry Ca/ot "od%e Jr) =left?, the ()*) Am/assador to *outh 9ietnam, %reets retired ()*) Air Dorce 2a-) ;en) $dward ;)
"ansdale, a lon%time C@A a%ent, in *ai%on, *outh 9ietnam) Henry Ca/ot "od%e Jr) and 2a-) ;en) $dward ;) "ansdale were
mem/ers of the Council on Foreign 8elations, a pri4ate forei%n affairs or%aniBation in Cew Mork City, in 1>A3O +arren
Commission mem/ers John 2cCloy and Allen ,ulles were directors of the Council on Foreign 8elations in 1>A3) +hat
e6actly were these two men lau%hin% a/outQ
=PhotoG Edward Lansdale: The Unquiet American /y Cecil 3) Currey?
1ichard 'i?on) former Fice President of the United States) was &isitin# $allas the day President John F. Kennedy was assassinated. 1etired
!ir Force 8aLor "eneral =dward ". Lansdale was alle#edly in $allas on 'o&em0er ..) +,-3.
(Photo/ ,dward Lansdale$ The -n.uiet !merican 0y *ecil B. *urrey)
Left to ri#ht/ *>! $irector !llen $ulles) 8aL. "en. =dward ". Lansdale) "en. *harles P. *a0ell) and 'athan :winin# %re%are for
a meetin#. !llen $ulles and =dward ". Lansdale were mem0ers of the *ouncil on Forei#n 1elations. "eneral *harles P.
*a0ell was the 0rother of =arle *a0ell) the 8ayor of $allas) :e?as at the time of KennedyIs assassination.
Former :reasury Secretary and former "o&ernor of :e?as John *onnally meet with President 1ichard 'i?on and 'ational Security !d&isor
(enry Kissin#er in July +,C..
Former *>! $irector !llen $ulles #reets *>! $irector 1ichard (elms in +,-D.
(Source/ /entlemen S&y$ The Life of !llen 0ulles 0y Peter "rose)
&@n Au%ust 1>A Hoo4er authoriBed the first of what would %row into twel4e separate C<@CT$"P!<s, counterintelli%ence pro%rams
whose aim was &to disrupt, disor%aniBe and neutraliBe' specific chosen tar%ets) The C<@CT$"P!<s were a hu%e step across the line
separatin% in4esti%ations from co4ert action) "ike all counterintelli%ence, these pro%rams had as their stated %oal nothin% less than the
destruction of enemies, /e they indi4iduals or ideolo%ies) The tactics weren5t newO a%ents had /een usin% many of them since the
1>00s) The chan%e was that Hoo4er now felt so secure in his power that he could %rant official sanction to actins which went well
/eyond the law) The first tar%et was the Communist party (*A) <n Au%ust .8 3elmont outlined the pro%ram for 3oardman) @t was
to /e &an all#out disrupti4e attack a%ainst the CP from within'G &@n other words, the 3ureau is in a position to initiate, on a /roader
scale than heretofore attempted, a counterintelli%ence pro%ram a%ainst the CP, not as harassment from the outside, which mi%ht only
ser4e to /rin% the 4arious factions to%ether, /ut /y feedin% and fosterin% from within the internal fi%ht currently ra%in%)' 3y 1>A the
Communist party (*A was close to mori/und) *tartin% with the CaBi#*o4iet pact of 1>3>, e4ents had not /een kind to the party)
Dactionalism, pur%es, the *mith Act trials, deaths, and defections had left its rolls decimated) 3y all the /est estimates, under fi4e
thousand mem/ers remained, some fifteen hundred of whom were D3@ informants) +hy then a C<@CT$"P!< at this time, when the
party was o/4iously dead or dyin%Q ;eor%e C) 2oore, chief of the /ureau5s !acial @ntelli%ence *ection, later testified, &The D3@5s
counterintelli%ence pro%ram came up /ecause if you ha4e anythin% in the D3@, you ha4e an action#oriented %roup of people who see
somethin% happenin% and want to do somethin% to take its place)' There was a superfluity of a%ents, many of them with nothin% to do)
$6trale%al harassment of Communists and other percei4ed enemies filled not only that 4oid /ut others as well) As Drank ,onner has
o/ser4ed, simple in4esti%ation, which was the 3ureau5s le%al mandate, &denied the action#hun%ry a%ent a powerful psychic need, the
pleasure of really hurtin% the enemy)' Drustrated /y the limitations placed on them /y the courts I durin% 1>A and 1>1 the ()*)
*upreme Court had o4erturned most of the *mith Act con4ictions I the D3@ director and his men found in the C<@CT$"P!<s a way
to continue the /attle a%ainst enemies they thou%ht threatened the American way of life) Asked whether the Nuestion of the le%ality of
the C<@CT$"P!<s e4er arose, 2oore responded, &Co, we ne4er %a4e it a thou%ht)' @t was enou%h that the director wanted them)
A%ain, the tactics weren5t new, only the director5s official sanction and encoura%ement =flush with his first successes, Hoo4er was
soon orderin% special a%ents in char%e to su/mit new and more ima%inati4e techniNues?) They included the followin%G
RThe plantin% of stories with &friendly' media contacts) These ran%ed from the relati4ely tri4ial, such as pu/liciBin% the CP leader
;us Hall5s purchases of a new automo/ile, alle%edly with party funds, to more serious accusations of em/eBBlement, /i%amy, fraud,
and other criminal conduct)
RThe use of anonymous letters or telephone calls to disseminate dero%atory information, real or manufactured, such as plantin% the
rumor that a person was a homose6ual or &some other kind of se6ual de4iate)' *e6 played an important part in the C<@CT$"P!<s)
Persons defendin% themsel4es a%ainst accusations of adultery, for e6ample, weren5t a/le to %i4e their full attention to party /usiness)
Cor did rumors of 4enereal disease enhance a party leader5s popularity) The straitlaced parents of one youn% woman were informed
that their dau%hter was li4in% with a Communist without /enefit of cler%y) <n learnin% from wiretaps that a partner in a li/eral law
firm was ha4in% an affair with another partner5s wife, all the mem/ers of the firm were informed, throu%h anonymous letters, as were
the spouses)
RHarassment techniNues like intrusi4e photo%raphy, lockstep sur4eillance, and han%#up calls) They caused disruption when others,
such as /usiness associates, /ecame aware the person was under in4esti%ation)
RThe informin% of employers, nei%h/ors, merchants, and friends that a tar%et was a suspected Communist was one of the most widely
used techniNues of the C<@CT$"P!<s, since the result was often loss of employment, emotional upset, and Hor social ostracism) <n#
the#-o/#site Nuestionin% was particularly effecti4e, as it caused the tar%et5s coworkers to talk) @f the tar%ets had children, their teachers
would /e Nuestioned /y a%ents, as would the parents of their children5s friends)
RThe use of &selecti4e law enforcement,' which ran%ed from reNuestin% @!* audits to plantin% e4idence which, when disco4ered /y
cooperati4e local police, would result in arrests)
RThe placement of a &snitch -acket' on someone) +illiam Al/ertson was a Cew Mork Communist party functionary) A dedicated
2ar6ist since his youth, he was also a hardworkin%, effecti4e party leader and as such /ecame a prime tar%et for the CP(*A
C<@CT$"P!<) The 3ureau &neutraliBed5 Al/ertson /y plantin% what appeared to /e an D3@ informant5s report in his automo/ile)
As a result, Al/ertson was e6pelled from the party, denounced in the Daily Worker as a &stool pi%eon,' fired from his -o/, and shunned
/y his friends) Althou%h Al/ertson died in an accident, a num/er of others so la/eled committed suicide or died of heart attacks or
other stress#related causes)
The C<@CT$"P!<s /e%an slowly and then, like a 4irus feedin% upon itself, %rew rapidly and monstrously) $ach new percei4ed threat
I whether the ci4il ri%hts mo4ement, the Cew "eft, or /lack nationalism I /rou%ht forth a new C<@CT$"P!<) There was, as yet, no
talk of poisonin% children, of su%%estin% that a prominent ci4il ri%hts leader commit suicide, or of sanctionin% and encoura%in%
assassinations) The murders were yet to come) Al thou%h his su/ordinates I Alan 3elmont, +illiam *ulli4an, +illiam 3rani%an,
;eor%e C) 2oore, and the *ACs I su%%ested the &dirty tricks,' Hoo4er appro4ed each and e4ery one of the C<@CT$"P!< actions,
includin% placin% a snitch -acket on Al/ertson) The /lue#inked words &@ concur' or &<):) H)' appeared on doBens of memos)
Althou%h e4ery special a%ent who ser4ed /etween 1>A and 1>1. knew of the C<@CT$"P!<s, and most participated in some
capacity in at least one of them, they remained one of the 3ureau5s deepest and darkest secrets) Cot until 1>8 did the D3@ director
find it e6pedient to inform his superiors that such a pro%ram was in e6istence)'
I J Ed!ar "oo#er: The $an and The %ecrets /y Curt ;entry, p) 00.#00 =pu/lished in 1>>1?
&S<swald tried to enlist in the 2arines when he was only si6teen) He succeeded a year later, in late <cto/er 1>A, after
mo4in% with his mother to Dort +orth and attendin% tenth %rade for less than a month, three weeks after writin% the *ocialist
Party of America seekin% &more information)' He soon chose aircraft maintenance and repair as his duty assi%nment, somethin%
,a4id Derrie had stressed with the /oys of the CAP) 3y *eptem/er 1>1, he5d /een assi%ned to the Atsu%i Ca4al Air 3ase -ust
outside Tokyo) Atsu%i was the point of ori%in for the top#secret (. spy plane fli%hts, whose mission was to photo%raphy
military and industrial tar%ets at altitudes hi%h a/o4e the *o4iet (nion and Communist China) As a radar operator, <swald was
at least pri4y to the e6istence of the (.s) Atsu%i also contained some twenty /uildin%s identified as the Joint Technical
Ad4isory ;roup, the co4er desi%nation for the one of the C@A5s main operational /ases in Asia) Amon% the C@A files on
2:("T!A released twenty years later, there was a memorandum dated ,ecem/er 1, 1>3, headed &*(3J$CTG (se of
"*,S)<nly two =.? field stations, 2anila and Atsu%i, ha4e "*, material,' it said) Another sanitiBed file notedG &Preparin%
ca/les to field to find out who has custody and access) Atsu%i and 2anila) @ssuance done only with two C@A employees
concurrence and use only with ,,HP E,eputy ,irector for PlansF appro4al)' Drank Camper was a twenty#year intelli%ence
4eteran with numerous D3@ and C@A contacts, who ser4ed in 9ietnam with the elite *pecial <perations ;roup and later worked
under deep co4er penetratin% terrorist or%aniBations worldwide) @ met Camper at a conference, where he related somethin% told
him /y an inside sourceG &<swald reported a Japanese Communist approach to him to Ca4al @ntelli%ence and then the C@A
picked him up) He fit the profile for 2:("T!A)' @n 1>>0, Camper wrote me in a letterG &+hat %i4es away his hi%hElyF'
pro/a/le induction in 2:("T!A pro-ected e6periments is the fact he was freNuently in the /ri% or /ase hospital, was recalled
from a unit mo4ement to Dormosa to return to the Atsu%i hospital, and ended up /ein% assi%ned to the hospital on a layo4er or
casual /asis)' This, Camper /elie4ed, &would ha4e %i4en the 2:("T!A doctors an opportunity to re4iew <swald5s
conditionin% and mental state, and correct or note whate4er they found wron%)' @t was shortly after <swald5 s last release from
the Atsu%i hospital, and reassi%nment to a 2arine sNuadron at @wakuni Air 3ase some 030 miles southwest of Tokyo, that he
/e%an referrin% to the 2arines as &you Americans' and denouncin% &American imperialism' and &e6ploitation)' @n his /ook,
The %earch for the &$anchurian 'andidate,( author John 2arks descri/ed an 2:("T!A pro-ect appro4ed in 1>A to ha4e
one of its fronts I the Human $colo%y *ociety I &study the factors that caused men to defect from their countries and cooperate
with forei%n %o4ernments)' 2:("T!A officials reasons EsicF that if they could understand what made old turncoats tick, it
mi%ht help them entice new ones) +hile %ood case officers instincti4ely seemed to know how to handle a potential a%ent I or
thou%ht they did I the 2:("T!A men hoped to come up with systematic, e4en scientific impro4ementsSthe purpose of the
research was to assess defectors5 social and cultural /ack%round, their life e6perience, and their personality structure, in order to
understand their moti4ations, 4alue systems, and pro/a/le future reactions)' @n the late 1>0s, there would /e a sudden rash of
American defectors to the *o4iet (nion, includin% <swald) @t has lon% /een suspected that at least some of these were
intentionally dispatched on /ehalf of the C@A or the military) +hate4er the 1>A 2:("T!A study fully entailed would, it
seems, ha4e /een Nuite useful for such future operations) @n this re%ard, it is worth makin% a full circle to an article /y ,r)
;eor%e $sta/rooks, pu/lished in %cience Di!est $a!a)ine in April 1>11) He wrote of a hypnosis e6periment that he5d
conducted durin% +orld +ar @@, &with a 4ulnera/le 2arine lieutenant @5ll call Jones) (nder the watchful eye of 2arine
@ntelli%ence @ split his personality into Jones A and Jones 3) Jones A, once a Tnormal5 workin% 2arine, /ecame entirely
different) He talked communist doctrine and meant it) He was welcomed enthusiastically /y communist cells, was deli/erately
%i4en a dishonora/le dischar%e /y the Corps =which was in on the plot? and /ecame a card#carryin% party mem/er) &The -oker
was Jones 3, the second personality, formerly apparent in the conscious 2arine) (nder hypnosis, this Jones had /een carefully
coached /y su%%estions) Jones 3 was the deeper personality, knew all the thou%hts of Jones A, was a loyal American, and was
Timprinted5 to say nothin%S' All @ had to do was hypnotiBe the whole man, %et in touch with Jones 3, the loyal American, and
@ had a pipeline strai%ht into the Communist camp) @t worked /eautifully for months with this su/-ect, /ut the techniNue
/ackfired) +hile there was no way for an enemy to e6pose Jones5 dual personality, they suspected it and played the same trick
on us later)'
I *n the Trail of the J+, Assassins: A -round.reakin! Look at America/s $ost 0nfamous 'ons1iracy /y ,ick !ussell, p) .A#
.1 =pu/lished in .008?
:his is the only %hoto of *>! assassination s;uad <%eration 26. :he %hoto was taken in 8e?ico *ity on January 445 6789.
Barry Seal is seated third from left. Feli? 1odri;ue9 is seated front left. William (ouston Seymour is seated front ri#ht. :o
SeymourIs left) hidin# his face) is Frank Stur#is. Frank Stur#is was alle#edly one of the J:hree :ram%sK who was arrested in
$allas) :e?as shortly after President John F. Kennedy was assassinated.
=. (oward (unt s%eaks to a ;uestion from the counsel for the Senate Water#ate *ommittee as the hearin#s resumed in
Washin#ton) $.*. on Se%tem0er .2) +,C3. (unt) a former a#ent with the *entral >ntelli#ence !#ency) was a con&icted
Water#ate cons%irator. (unt was alle#edly one of the J:hree :ram%sK who was arrested in $allas) :e?as shortly after President
John F. Kennedy was assassinated. (!P Photo)
:he "eor#etown :ow%ath where 8ary Pinchot was murdered in <cto0er +,-2 Lust two weeks after the Warren *ommission was released to
the %u0lic. Powerful %eo%le were concerned that 8ary Pinchot knew the re%ort was 0o#us and that she would talk. She was shot in 0road
dayli#ht while takin# her daily walk. James !n#leton scram0led to reco&er her diary which he destroyed. 8ary PinchotIs father was !mos
Pinchot) a mem0er of Skull 5 Bones at ale Uni&ersity. 8ary PinchotIs uncle was former Pennsyl&ania "o&ernor and forester "ifford Pinchot)
a mem0er of Skull 5 Bones. 8ary PinchotIs e?4hus0and was *>! co&ert o%erations a#ent *ord 8eyer Jr.) a mem0er of the *ouncil on Forei#n
1elations and a mem0er of Scroll 5 Key at ale Uni&ersity.
*>! asset and assassin Feli? 1odri#ue9 a%%ears with Fice President "eor#e (.W. Bush (left) in the Fice PresidentIs office in an
undated %hoto.
8afia #an#sters *arlos 8arcello) Santo :rafficante) and Frank 1a#ano a%%ear at a %arty. :he *>! colla0orated with the >talian (Sicilian) 8afia
durin# the failed Bay of Pi#s o%eration in *u0a. :he >talian 8afia o%erated casinos in (a&ana) *u0a durin# the +,B6s.
Sam "iancana (second from ri#ht)) mo0 0oss of *hica#o) with the 8c#uire sisters) also a tar#et of the KennedyPs after first 0ein# hel%ed 0y
him to win the elections in >llinois) felt 0etrayed 0y the KennedyPs. (e sent his hitmen to $ealey Pla9a) amon# others *harles 'icoletti and
Johnny 1oselli. !ll three were murdered in the +,C6Ps shortly 0efore they were called to testify 0efore #o&ernment committees in&esti#atin# the
murders of John F. Kennedy and 8artin Luther Kin# Jr. *harles 'icoletti was James FilesP 0oss.
Sumter $aily >tem -7.37-C
htt%/77&ince%alamara.com7.6+.7627+67&ince4%alamara4main4secret4ser&ice40lo#4ima#es7
8ilwaukee Journal ++7.27-2
htt%/77&ince%alamara.com7.6+.7627+67&ince4%alamara4main4secret4ser&ice40lo#4ima#es7
Lewiston :ri0une ++7.27-2
htt%/77&ince%alamara.com7.6+.7627+67&ince4%alamara4main4secret4ser&ice40lo#4ima#es7
Lakeland Led#er +67+67D3
htt%/77&ince%alamara.com7.6+.7627+67&ince4%alamara4main4secret4ser&ice40lo#4ima#es7
=&enin# >nde%endent Star ++7.+7C,
htt%/77&ince%alamara.com7.6+.7627+67&ince4%alamara4main4secret4ser&ice40lo#4ima#es7
Sarasota Journal ++7.27-2
htt%/77&ince%alamara.com7.6+.7627+67&ince4%alamara4main4secret4ser&ice40lo#4ima#es7
8ilwaukee Journal ++7.37-2
htt%/77&ince%alamara.com7.6+.7627+67&ince4%alamara4main4secret4ser&ice40lo#4ima#es7
Lewiston =&enin# Journal ++7++7-3 0y J>8 B>S(<P
htt%/77&ince%alamara.com7.6+.7627+67&ince4%alamara4main4secret4ser&ice40lo#4ima#es7
htt%/77&ince%alamara.com7.6+.7627+67&ince4%alamara4main4secret4ser&ice40lo#4ima#es7
htt%/77&ince%alamara.com7.6+.7627+67&ince4%alamara4main4secret4ser&ice40lo#4ima#es7
htt%/77&ince%alamara.com7.6+.7627+67&ince4%alamara4main4secret4ser&ice40lo#4ima#es7
htt%/77&ince%alamara.com7.6+.7627+67&ince4%alamara4main4secret4ser&ice40lo#4ima#es7
(Photo/ htt%/77&ince%alamara.com7.6+.7627+67&ince4%alamara4main4secret4ser&ice40lo#4ima#es7)
Secret Ser&ice a#ents ride on and near the rear of the %residential limousine durin# President John F. KennedyIs tri% to (awaii
in June +,-3. (Photo/ htt%/77&ince%alamara.com7.6+.7627+67&ince4%alamara4main4secret4ser&ice40lo#4ima#es7)
=*ourceG +amily of %ecrets /y !uss 3aker?
=*ourceG +amily of %ecrets /y !uss 3aker?
=*ourceG +amily of %ecrets /y !uss 3aker?
:he *rime Scene/ $ealey Pla9a 5 "rassy Knoll
!erial %hoto of $ealey Pla9a in $allas) :e?as in circa +,-C (Photo/ httpGHHkennedy#photos)/lo%spot)comH)
,ealey PlaBa in ,allas, Te6as
,ealey PlaBa in ,allas, Te6as
,ealey PlaBa in ,allas, Te6as =PhotoG httpGHH-fk#archi4es)/lo%spot)comH.01.H0AHdealey#plaBa#photos#-une#.000)html?
! %hoto of the intersection of (ouston Street (fore#round) and =lm Street (0ack#round) at $ealey Pla9a (Photo/ Dlickr)
"rassy Knoll and the Picket Fence adLacent to $ealey Pla9a (Photo/ Dlickr)
! &iew of "rassy Knoll (left)) =lm Street (center)) and $ealey Pla9a from ato% the tri%le o&er%ass and railroad 0rid#e.
(Photo/ httpGHHpicasawe/)%oo%le)comH/raBiliantranslatedHJD:Assassination$scapeU1.818>0.1>>08830)
! &iew of $ealey Pla9a from 0ehind the Picket Fence in the "rassy Knoll area
! &iew of =lm Street (includin# the VMI on the street) and $ealey Pla9a from 0ehind the Picket Fence in the "rassy Knoll area
where James =. Files alle#edly assassinated President John F. Kennedy.
! %hoto of the s%ot where !0raham Ha%ruder stood when he recorded his famous film) later known as the Ha%ruder film.
(Photo/ htt%/77%icasawe0.#oo#le.com7"re#sPhoto!l0um7$allas.66CWB6-+,3D323.C.,-3+..)
Ha%ruder %edestal and %er#olaE !0raham Ha%ruder filmed the assassination of President Kennedy from this %edestal. (Photo/ Flickr)
:he "rassy Knoll in $ealey Pla9a (Photo/ Flickr)
$ealey Pla9a and the 1ailroad Brid#e (Photo/ Flickr)
:he "rassy Knoll in $ealey Pla9a (Photo/ Flickr)
:he "rassy Knoll in $ealey Pla9a (Photo/ Flickr)
$ealey Pla9a in $allas) :e?as) with :he Si?th Floor 8useum (formerly :e?as School Book $e%ository) in the 0ack#round (Photo/ Flickr)
$ealey Pla9a and the "rassy Knoll (left) in $allas) :e?as (Photo/ Flickr)
! &iew of the :e?as School Book $e%ository 0uildin# (left) and $al4:e? Buildin# (ri#ht) from =lm Street. :he JMK on =lm Street
indicates where President John F. Kennedy was mortally wounded.
(Photo/ htt%/77www.flickr.com7%hotos7.,C-.,,.X'627.CD.6B-C6,7in7%hotostream7)
$ealey Pla9a in $allas) :e?as. :he PMP re%resents one of the %laces on the road where President John F. Kennedy was shot.
:he 0uildin# is the :e?as School Book $e%ository) and the window on the u%%er ri#ht corner) the second from the to%) is where
Lee (ar&ey <swald alle#edly shot President Kennedy. (Photo/ Flickr)
:he former :e?as School Book $e%ository Buildin# (Photo/ Flickr)
:e?as :heater) where Lee (ar&ey <swald was arrested after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy (Photo/ Flickr)
<fficer :i%%it 8urder Scene on +6th and Patton in $allas) :e?as (Photo/ Flickr)
Lee (ar&ey <swaldIs a%artment on the u%%er floor at a house on 'eely Street in $allas) :e?as (Photo/ Flickr)
Back yard where the alle#ed %hoto of Lee (ar&ey <swald holdin# his rifle was taken (Photo/ Flickr)
Jack 1u0y entered this ram% to the $allas 8unici%al *ourt %arkin# #ara#e to murder Lee (ar&ey <swald. (Photo/ Flickr)
$allas 8unici%al *ourt Parkin# "ara#e) where Jack 1u0y shot Lee (ar&ey <swald as he e?ited this doorway. :he #lass doors were not there
at the time. (Photo/ Flickr)
$allas 8unici%al *ourt Buildin#) where Jack 1u0y shot Lee (ar&ey <swald (Photo/ Flickr)
Parkland 8emorial (os%ital in $allas) :e?as) where President John F. Kennedy) Lee (ar&ey <swald and <fficer J.$. :i%%it died (Photo/ Flickr)
:he Ha%ruder Film
Frame ..B of the Ha%ruder film shows President John F. Kennedy o%enin# his mouth) %ossi0ly reactin# to the first #unshot.

Frame .36 (left) and Frame .2- of the Ha%ruder film shows President John F. Kennedy s;uee9in# his chest and clenchin# his
fist after #ettin# shot. (outu0e &ideo of Ha%ruder Film with sound/ htt%/77www.youtu0e.com7watchS&O-.3JsH*#LmD)
Frame .3. of the Ha%ruder film shows President John F. Kennedy s;uee9in# his chest.
Frame .3C of the Ha%ruder film shows President John F. Kennedy s;uee9in# his chest.
Frame .3D of the Ha%ruder film (Photo/ htt%/77fansinaflash0ul0.word%ress.com7.66,7++7..7stills4from49a%ruder4film4of4Lfk4assassination7)
Frame .36 of the Ha%ruder Film
(Photo/ htt%/77lo&eforlife.com.au7content7+67637637Lac;ueline4kennedy4murderer4Lfk4murder4%resident4Lohn4fit9#erald4kennedy4dr4ne&ille)
Frame .3C of the Ha%ruder Film
(Photo/ htt%/77lo&eforlife.com.au7content7+67637637Lac;ueline4kennedy4murderer4Lfk4murder4%resident4Lohn4fit9#erald4kennedy4dr4ne&ille)
Frame .26 of the Ha%ruder Film
(Photo/ htt%/77lo&eforlife.com.au7content7+67637637Lac;ueline4kennedy4murderer4Lfk4murder4%resident4Lohn4fit9#erald4kennedy4dr4ne&ille)
Frame .23 of the Ha%ruder Film
(Photo/ htt%/77lo&eforlife.com.au7content7+67637637Lac;ueline4kennedy4murderer4Lfk4murder4%resident4Lohn4fit9#erald4kennedy4dr4ne&ille)
Frame .2- of the Ha%ruder Film
(Photo/ htt%/77lo&eforlife.com.au7content7+67637637Lac;ueline4kennedy4murderer4Lfk4murder4%resident4Lohn4fit9#erald4kennedy4dr4ne&ille)
Frame .B2 of the Ha%ruder Film
(Photo/ htt%/77lo&eforlife.com.au7content7+67637637Lac;ueline4kennedy4murderer4Lfk4murder4%resident4Lohn4fit9#erald4kennedy4dr4ne&ille)
Frame .-. of the Ha%ruder Film
(Photo/ htt%/77lo&eforlife.com.au7content7+67637637Lac;ueline4kennedy4murderer4Lfk4murder4%resident4Lohn4fit9#erald4kennedy4dr4ne&ille)
Frame .-6 of the Ha%ruder film shows President John F. Kennedy #rimacin# in %ain.
Frame .C2 of the Ha%ruder Film
(Photo/ htt%/77lo&eforlife.com.au7content7+67637637Lac;ueline4kennedy4murderer4Lfk4murder4%resident4Lohn4fit9#erald4kennedy4dr4ne&ille)
Frame .,2 of the Ha%ruder Film
(Photo/ htt%/77lo&eforlife.com.au7content7+67637637Lac;ueline4kennedy4murderer4Lfk4murder4%resident4Lohn4fit9#erald4kennedy4dr4ne&ille)
Frame 3+. of the Ha%ruder film (Photo/ htt%/77fansinaflash0ul0.word%ress.com7.66,7++7..7stills4from49a%ruder4film4of4Lfk4assassination7)
Frame 3+. of the Ha%ruder film shows President John F. Kennedy holdin# his left shoulder a moment 0efore the fatal shot (Frame 3+3).
Frame 3+3 of the Ha%ruder film shows the im%act and e?%losion of the third shot) which killed President John F. Kennedy.
(Photo/ htt%/77fansinaflash0ul0.word%ress.com7.66,7++7..7stills4from49a%ruder4film4of4Lfk4assassination7)
Frame 3+3 of the Ha%ruder film shows the im%act and e?%losion of the third shot) which killed President John F. Kennedy as his head mo&es
&iolently 0ack and to the left.
Frame 3+3 of the Ha%ruder film shows the im%act and e?%losion of the third shot) which killed President John F. Kennedy.
(Photo/ htt%/77fansinaflash0ul0.word%ress.com7.66,7++7..7stills4from49a%ruder4film4of4Lfk4assassination7)
Frame 3+3 of the Ha%ruder film
Frame 3+2 of the Ha%ruder film (Photo/ htt%/77fansinaflash0ul0.word%ress.com7.66,7++7..7stills4from49a%ruder4film4of4Lfk4assassination7)

Frame 3+. of the Ha%ruder film shows President John F. Kennedy holdin# his left shoulder a moment 0efore the fatal shot (Frame 3+3).
Frame 3+2 of the Ha%ruder film
Frame 3.- of the Ha%ruder film shows President John F. Kennedy mortally wounded.
! Ha%ruder film cli% shows President John F. Kennedy mortally wounded in the limousine.
(Photo/ htt%/77fansinaflash0ul0.word%ress.com7.66,7++7..7stills4from49a%ruder4film4of4Lfk4assassination7)
! Ha%ruder film cli% shows First Lady Jackie Kennedy reactin# to her hus0andIs death as a Secret Ser&ice a#ent attem%ts to reach the 0ack of
the PresidentIs limousine. (Photo/ htt%/77fansinaflash0ul0.word%ress.com7.66,7++7..7stills4from49a%ruder4film4of4Lfk4assassination7)
:he mornin# after President John F. KennedyIs assassination) L1F, ma#a9ine (owned 0y (enry 1. LuceIs Time ma#a9ine) %urchased
!0raham Ha%ruderIs home mo&ie of the e&ent and the ri#hts to %u0lish it. L1F, %u0lished thirty4one 0lack4and4white stills in the 'o&em0er .,)
+,-3 issue) which focused on the PresidentIs assassination in $allas the %re&ious week.
(Photo/ htt%/77fansinaflash0ul0.word%ress.com7.66,7++7..7stills4from49a%ruder4film4of4Lfk4assassination7)
! Ha%ruder film cli% shows a Secret Ser&ice a#ent attem%tin# to reach the 0ack of the PresidentIs limousine.
(Photo/ htt%/77fansinaflash0ul0.word%ress.com7.66,7++7..7stills4from49a%ruder4film4of4Lfk4assassination7)
:e?as School Book $e%ository/
:hree :ram%s and Si?th Floor
HereVs a rare photo of the famous three tramps /ein% escorted /y the ,allas police to the County Jail, with the Te6as *chool
3ook ,epository in the /ack%round)

! %olice officer escorts the J:hree :ram%sK in front of the :e?as School Book $e%ository 0uildin# in $allas) :e?as on 'o&em0er ..) +,-3)
moments after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. ! Klan %atch can 0e seen clearly on the left arm of the %olice officer leadin#
the J:hree :ram%sK.
$allas %olice officer escorts the J:hree :ram%sK in front of the :e?as School Book $e%ository 0uildin# in $allas) :e?as on 'o&em0er ..) +,-3)
moments after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.
Police officers escort the J:hree :ram%sK in front of the :e?as School Book $e%ository 0uildin# in $allas) :e?as on 'o&em0er ..) +,-3.
Police officers escort the J:hree :ram%sK in front of the :e?as School Book $e%ository 0uildin# in $allas) :e?as on 'o&em0er ..) +,-3. :he
J:hree :ram%sK were found in a rail car on the tracks adLacent to the crime scene. !n unidentified man on the far ri#ht in the 0ack#round is
sen talkin# to a %olice officer in front of the entrance of the :e?as School Book $e%ository 0uildin#.
:hree men were arrested for ;uestionin# in $ealey Pla9a in $allas) :e?as the day of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy on
'o&em0er ..) +,-3. :he $allas Police $e%artment recorded that they were transients and #a&e their names as (0ack to front) "us W. !0rams
(concealed here)) (arold $oyle) and John Forrester "edney. :hey were not detained and disa%%eared after release) leadin# to conLecture 0y
cons%iracy theorists a0out their JtrueK identities and in&ol&ement. (*<1B>S %hoto)
Police officers escort the J:hree :ram%sK in front of the :e?as School Book $e%ository 0uildin# in $allas) :e?as on 'o&em0er ..) +,-3.
! %hoto of the Si?th Floor of the :e?as School Book $e%ository

:he :hree :ram%s of $allas) left to ri#ht/ Short :ram% @=. (oward (untA) :all :ram% @Frank Stur#isA) and JFrenchieK tram%

Left %hotos/ Frank Stur#is as a tram%. 1i#ht %hoto/ Frank Stur#is as a Water#ate 0ur#lar

Left %hotos/ =. (oward (unt as a tram%. 1i#ht %hoto/ =. (oward (unt as a Water#ate 0ur#lar.
(Source/ htt%/77www.0oards.ie7&0ulletin7showthread.%h%S%O-D3,6CC,)
(Source/ htt%/77www.0oards.ie7&0ulletin7showthread.%h%S%O-D3,6CC,)
(Source/ htt%/77www.0oards.ie7&0ulletin7showthread.%h%S%O-D3,6CC,)
:he :e?as School Book $e%ository in $allas on 'o&em0er ..) +,-3. :his %icture was taken less than an hour after President
John F. Kennedy had 0een alle#edly assassinated from the o%en si?th4floor window seen in this %hoto#ra%h.
(Photo/ htt%/77kennedy4%hotos.0lo#s%ot.com7.6+376.7%a#e43.html)
HereVs a cropped color 4ersion of James PowellVs picture of the ,epository) 3onnie !ay +illiams is clearly 4isi/le in a fifth#
floor window) And some of the /o6es that shielded "ee Har4ey <swaldVs *niperVs Cest on the si6th floor can /e seen as well)
This is an uncropped /lack#and#white 4ersion of James PowellVs photo%raph of the 3ook ,epository, which Powell took -ust
seconds after the assassination)
A 4iew of ,ealey PlaBa from the *i6th Dloor of the Te6as *chool 3ook ,epository /uildin%)
httpGHHkennedy#photos)/lo%spot)comH.013H0.Hpa%e#1)html
! %hoto of Warren *ommission =?hi0it W2D.) which de%icts an u%4close &ersion of the famous %icture sna%%ed 0y :om $illard within Lust a few
seconds of the last shot 0ein# fired. :he two men watchin# the %residential motorcade Lust 0eneath the si?th4floor Jsni%erPs window (the to%
window in this %hoto).are :e?as School Book $e%ository em%loyees Bonnie 1ay Williams (left) and (arold 'orman (ri#ht).
(Photo/ htt%/77kennedy4%hotos.0lo#s%ot.com7)
The 4iew from the si6th floor window of the Te6as *chool 3ook ,epository in ,allas, from which "ee Har4ey <swald is
thou%ht to ha4e assassinated President John D) :ennedy, ..nd Co4em/er 1>A3) -his $hotogra$h /as ta@en a$$roAimately
one hour a0ter the assassination. =Photo /y Hulton Archi4eH;etty @ma%es?
PhotoG httpGHHnews)yahoo)comHphotosH-fk#s#last#day#the#assassination#of#an#american#president#13800108A#slideshowH
An unidentified plainclothes officer carries a rifle that was found inside the Te6as *chool 3ook ,epository in ,allas, Te6as on
Co4em/er .., 1>A3) =AP Photo?

>n&esti#ators carry the rifle found in the :e?as School Book $e%ository in $allas) :e?as after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy
on 'o&em0er ..) +,-3. (*<1B>S)
! $allas %oliceman at the %olice head;uarters in $allas) :e?as on 'o&em0er .3) +,-3 holds u% the -.B4mm 0olt4action) c+i% fed) +,3D
8annlicher4*arcano rifle that was found on the si?th floor of the :e?as School Book $e%ository 0uildin#. (Bettmann7*<1B>S)
Warren Commission Investigation:
6iAth Floor or Grassy Knoll
3oth the +arren Commission =a/o4e? and the House Committee on Assassinations found little e4idence to support a *o4iet#
/acked operation, /ut one former :;3 a%ent came out years later to say the !ussians played a role in the plot) @n this file photo,
()*) *upreme Court Chief Justice $arl +arren and other +ashin%ton luminaries appear at a ta/le in +ashin%ton, ,)C) on
*eptem/er .3, 1>A0) The +arren Commission was appointed /y President Johnson to in4esti%ate the assassination of former
President John D) :ennedy) =3ettmannHC<!3@*?
8em0ers of the Warren *ommission on Se%tem0er .3) +,-2. Left to ri#ht/ U.S. *on#ressman "erald 1. Ford (148ichi#an))
U.S. *on#ressman (ale Bo##s ($4Louisiana)) U.S. Senator 1ichard B. 1ussell ($4"eor#ia)) *hief Justice of the U.S. Su%reme
*ourt =arl Warren) U.S. Senator John Sherman *oo%er (14Kentucky)) *ouncil on Forei#n 1elations *hairman John J. 8c*loy)
former *>! $irector !llen W. $ulles) and J. Lee 1ankin. ( Bettmann7*<1B>S)
Executive Order 11130 Appointing a Commission To Report Upon the Assassination of President
John ! "enned#!
November *23 '()*
E!eleased Co4em/er 30, 1>A3) ,ated Co4em/er .>, 1>A3F
P(!*(ACT to the authority 4ested in me as President of the (nited *tates, @ here/y appoint a Commission to ascertain, e4aluate, and
report upon the facts relatin% to the assassination of the late President John D) :ennedy and the su/seNuent 4iolent death of the man
char%ed with the assassination) The Commission shall consist of##
The Chief Justice of the (nited *tates, ChairmanO
*enator !ichard 3) !ussellO
*enator John *herman CooperO
Con%ressman Hale 3o%%sO
Con%ressman ;erald !) DordO
The Honora/le Alien +) ,ullesO
The Honora/le John J) 2cCloy)
The purposes of the Commission are to e6amine the e4idence de4eloped /y the Dederal 3ureau of @n4esti%ation and any additional
e4idence that may hereafter come to li%ht or /e unco4ered /y Dederal or *tate authoritiesO to make such further in4esti%ation as the
Commission finds desira/leO to e4aluate all the facts and circumstances surroundin% such assassination, includin% the su/seNuent
4iolent death of the man char%ed with the assassination, and to report to me its findin%s and conclusions)
The Commission is empowered to prescri/e its own procedures and to employ such assistants as it deems necessary)
Cecessary e6penses of the Commission may /e paid from the W$mer%ency Dund for the President)W
All $6ecuti4e departments and a%encies are directed to furnish the Commission with such facilities, ser4ices, and cooperation as it may
reNuest from time to time)
"MC,<C 3) J<HC*<C
TH$ +H@T$ H<(*$
Co4em/er .>, 1>A3
Citation: John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, The American Presidency Project [online]. Santa Barbara, CA. Available from World Wide Web
htt!""###.!residen$y.%$sb.ed%"#s"&!id'()*+(.
*ourceG httpGHHwww)presidency)ucs/)eduHwsHinde6)phpQpidX.A03.
=*ourceG httpGHHwww)maryferrell)or%HwikiHinde6)phpHPhotosY#YH*CAYPu/licYHearin%sY$6hi/itsY#Yp>?
-a$e58ecorded Phone Conversation ;et/een President Lyndon ;aines 'ohnson and F;I Director '. <dgar 7oover
"3JG &Are you familiar with this proposed %roup that they5re tryin% to put to%ether on this study of your reportQ'
Hoo4erG &Co, @ hadn5t heard of that) @54e seen the reports on the *enate in4esti%atin% committee that they5re talkin% a/outS'
"3JG &@ want to %et /y -ust with your file and your report)'
Hoo4erG &@t would /e 4ery, 4ery /ad to ha4e a rash of in4esti%ations)'
"3JG &+ell, the only way we can stop Tem is pro/a/ly to appoint a hi%h#le4el one to e4aluate your report and to put some/ody that5s
pretty %ood on it that @ could select and tell the 7ouse and 6enate not to go ahead /ith their investigations)'
=*ourceG httpGHHwww)youtu/e)comHwatchQ4XTosw3k:s:,MLfeatureXrelated?
=*ourceG httpGHHwww)maryferrell)or%HwikiHinde6)phpHPhotosY#YH*CAYPu/licYHearin%sY$6hi/itsY#Yp>?
=*ourceG httpGHHwww)maryferrell)or%HwikiHinde6)phpHPhotosY#YH*CAYPu/licYHearin%sY$6hi/itsY#Yp>?
2emorandumG 11#.#A3 :atBen/ach to 2oyers =10#8.#18th C! 0?
*ourceG httpGHHhistory#matters)comHarchi4eH-fkHf/iH10#8.H1.0#10010#1013HhtmlH1.0#10010#1013Y0001a)htm
*ourceG httpGHHhistory#matters)comHarchi4eH-fkHf/iH10#8.H1.0#10010#1013HhtmlH1.0#10010#1013Y000.a)htm
*ourceG httpGHHhistory#matters)comHarchi4eH-fkHf/iH10#8.H1.0#10010#1013HhtmlH1.0#10010#1013Y0003a)htm
*ourceG httpGHHwww)p/s)or%Hw%/hHpa%esHfrontlineHshowsHoswaldHconspiracyHdoc11a)html
*ourceG httpGHHwww)p/s)or%Hw%/hHpa%esHfrontlineHshowsHoswaldHconspiracyHnewman)htmlU.

A/raham Zapruder =ri%ht? talks to +DAA#T9 pro%ram director Jay +atson at a press conference in ,allas on Co4em/er ..,
1>A3, hours after the assassination)
Warren *ommission mem0ers meet %ri&ately in Washin#ton) $.*. on $ecem0er B) +,-3 to discuss their in&esti#ation into the assassination of
former President John F. Kennedy. Left to ri#ht/ former *>! $irector !llen W. $ulles) (ale Bo##s) U.S. Senator John Sherman *oo%er) U.S.
Su%reme *ourt *hief Justice =arl Warren) U.S. Senator 1ichard B. 1ussell) former *hase 8anhattan Bank chairman John 8c*loy) and U.S.
*on#ressman "erald Ford. (Bettmann7*<1B>S)
8em0ers of the Warren *ommission meet to#ether at a ta0le in Washin#ton) $.*. on $ecem0er B) +,-3. :he Warren *ommission was
a%%ointed 0y President Johnson to in&esti#ate the assassination of John F. Kennedy. (Bettmann7*<1B>S)
&+ell, Allen knew what he had to do himself, and his role would pro4oke speculation and con-ecture for decades to come) To
him fell the function of mana%in% the +arren Commission5s relations with the C@A, of simultaneously in4esti%atin% and
protectin% %o4ernment secrets) !ecords made pu/lic only in 1>>3 finally document the finesse with which he performed this
dou/le roleO he /ould advise his colleagues on the commission a.out ho/ .est to $ose Buestions, then advise his 0ormer
colleagues at the CIA a.out ho/ .est to ans/er them. This turned out to /e a delicate task indeed, for it Nuickly emer%ed that
in4esti%ation of the :ennedy and <swald assassinations would touch upon secret C@A operations at many points) -he o$en
Buestion is /hich master, the Warren Commission or the CIA, claimed Allen"s 0irst allegiance. <4er the comin% months
Allen systematically used his influence to keep the commission safely within /ounds, the importance of which only he could
appreciate) He sou%ht with utmost su/tlety to neutraliBe the impulses of his fellow commissioners to pursue lines of inNuiry that
mi%ht eA$ose CIA o$erations, e4en thou%h they had nothin% to do with the ,allas shootin%s) And from the start, /efore any
e4idence was re4iewed, he EAllen ,ullesF pressed for the final 4erdict that <swald had /een a craBed lone %unman, not the a%ent
of a national or international conspiracy)' I -entleman %1y: The Life of Allen Dulles /y Peter ;rose, p) 00
ECoteG Peter ;rose is a mem/er of the Council on Dorei%n !elations)F
&The +arren Commission opened deli/erations on ,ecem/er , two weeks after :ennedy5s death) Allen took his first
initiati4es of leadership at the second meetin%, ,ecem/er 1A) *upported /y the commission5s cautious counsel and staff
director, J) "ee !ankin, he ur%ed that the panel confine its work to a re4iew of the in4esti%ation already /ein% made /y the D3@)
@n takin% this stand he implicitly turned his /ack on the sentiments of his old friend, Hamilton Dish Armstron%, who wrote Allen
that the truth must come out, &no matter who it affects, D3@ included)' Allen ar%ued, to the contrary, that a new set of
in4esti%ations would only cause frictions within the intelli%ence community and complicate the on%oin% functions of
%o4ernment on unspecified matters of national security) Then Allen su/mitted to the commission an academic study of se4en
attempts on the li4es of American presidents, all of them apparently /y lone %unmen actin% out their own fantasies) &Mou5ll find
a pattern runnin% throu%h here that @ think we5ll find in this present case,' Allen said) A lonely note of skepticism came,
surprisin%ly enou%h, from 2cCloy, with whom Allen had worked on sensiti4e matters of international law and diplomacy for
three decades past) 2cCloy remarked that the assassination of "incoln had /een a conspiracy, not the act of a lone %unman)
Allen /rushed aside this untoward challen%eG &Mes, /ut one man was so dominant that it almost wasn5t a plot)' +arren Nuickly
turned the discussion to procedural matters) The +arren Commission did not meet a%ain until January .1) 3y that time the D3@
had presented a fi4e#4olume report, said to /e /ased on .,000 inter4iews and .,300 in4esti%ati4e summaries) @t reached -ust the
conclusion that EJ) $d%arF Hoo4er I and Allen E,ullesF I had settled upon from the start, that <swald had acted as a lone
assassin)' I -entleman %1y: The Life of Allen Dulles /y Peter ;rose, p) 00#0
&The 4ery ne6t day information came to the commission staff from ,allas that <swald may ha4e ser4ed as some kind of D3@
informer) @f confirmed, this tip could call into Nuestion the fundamental inte%rity of the D3@ in4esti%ation) The commission
con4ened an emer%ency meetin% that same afternoon) ;erald Dord said it was &the most tense and hushed meetin%' he could
remem/er) After decidin% to seek further information a/out the rumor I the sort of independent in4esti%ation that Allen had
sou%ht to forestall I the panel reassem/led on January .1) Allen led off /y readin% press reports of D3@ denials of any
relationship with <swald) 2cCloy a%ain spoke up in skepticism, this time a/out the 4alidity of official denials) Then ensued a
remarka/le little seminar amon% men of the world) Allen found himself pushed into a corner to e6plain thin%s that intelli%ence
professionals do not like to discuss with outsiders) !ussell e6tracted Allen5s acknowled%ment that the D3@, or the C@A for that
matter, would routinely deny any connection with a person en%a%ed as an underco4er a%ent) 3o%%s persisted that surely the case
officers would know whether or not a specific indi4idual was an a%ent) Allen replied, &Mes, /ut he wouldn5t tell)' This
pro4oked lawyerly incredulity from the chief -ustice) &+ouldn5t tell it under oathQ' +arren asked) &@ wouldn5t think he would
tell it under oath, no,' Allen replied /landly) &+ouldn5t he tell it to his own chiefQ' asked 2cCloy) &He mi%ht or mi%ht not,'
Allen said, addin% the am/i%uous remark, &@f he was a /ad one, then he wouldn5t)' Allen5s attempts to make the uncomforta/le
discussion more a/stract only /o6ed him in further) He said there would /e no written records of underco4er a%ents to confirm
or refute alle%ations) Then he offered a personal statement that in li%ht of su/seNuent disclosures /ecame more re4ealin% than he
could possi/ly ha4e intended) The president of the (nited *tates was the only person, he said, to whom a true professional of
intelli%ence would impart all information in his possession, and to him only if asked) A responsi/le American spymaster would
confide in no one else I not the secretary of state nor the secretary of defense, not the national security ad4iser in the +hite
House) And /y Allen5s reasonin%, thou%h he ne4er said it, not a commission chaired /y the chief -ustice of the (nited *tates)'
I -entleman %1y: The Life of Allen Dulles /y Peter ;rose, p) 0#0A
&The +arren Commission5s official mandate had /een to conduct &a thorou%h and independent in4esti%ation' of the
assassination) Howe4er, alon% with su/seNuent in4esti%ati4e /odies, it failed to assem/le, much less connect, e4en the most
o/4ious of dots) 9irtually e4ery/ody on the commission was a friend of Ci6on5s or "3J5s I or /oth) The mem/ers shared
another characteristicG they were, almost without e6ception, from the conser4ati4e esta/lishment and definitely not :ennedy
admirers who would ha4e %one to any len%th to find the truth a/out JD:5s death) Alon% with Allen ,ulles, mem/ers included
!epu/lican con%ressman ;erald Dord and John J) 2cCloy, a top operati4e for the !ockefeller familySTranscripts of the panel
discussions produce a sense that the commission mem/ers and in4esti%ators were either incredi/ly na[4e or else walkin% on
e%%shells) At an early e6ecuti4e session, $arl +arren told his collea%ues, &+e can rely upon the reports of the 4arious
a%enciesSthe D3@, the *ecret *er4ice, and others)'S,urin% the commission5s in4esti%ation, ,ulles and his collea%ues
sometimes tra4eled to ,allas, especially to hear witnesses who could not come to +ashin%ton) +hen they did, they set up their
temporary conference room in the /oardroom of the !epu/lic Cational 3ank) The decision to do so is re4ealin%, if nothin% else
than of a strikin% lack of concern for appearances) The !epu/lic Cational 3ank /oard was wired into the heart of the anti#
:ennedy elite) The /ank /uildin% itself stood out from other ,allas towers as an important sym/olG the headNuarters of ,resser
@ndustries and of a num/er of corporations, law firms, and trusts connected with the Central @ntelli%ence A%encyS'
I +amily of %ecrets /y !uss 3aker, Chapter 1, p) 1.3#1.0
&After his dismissal as director of the C@A, Allen ,ulles had written a /ook called The 'raft of 0ntelli!ence I with the assistance
of $) Howard Hunt) As mi%ht /e e6pected, it was hardly a tell#all e6pose) !e4iewers were %enerally unimpressed, especially
with the innocuous anecdotesSThe /ook did, howe4er, %i4e ,ulles a reason to remain in the pu/lic eye I includin% a 4isit to
,allas in late <cto/er 1>A3) Althou%h e6cerpts had /een pu/lished, most nota/ly in Harper5s, startin% at the /e%innin% of the
year, The 'raft of 0ntelli!ence was held for release until the fall) ,ulles appears to ha4e made no /ook#related appearances
outside the +ashin%ton#Cew Mork corridor e6cept for ,allas, to which he tra4eled at the in4itation of Ceil 2allon to speak at
the Council on +orld Affairs) The ,allas Council would certainly /e a recepti4e audience) After all, it had /een concei4ed, in
2allon5s own words, alon% &the %uidelines of central intelli%ence)' This %i4es us ,ulles in ,allas, scant weeks /efore the
assassinationS'
I +amily of %ecrets /y !uss 3aker, Chapter A, p) 110
&After the 3ay of Pi%s disaster, JD: had /een /lunt a/out his feelin%s toward the intelli%ence elite that had concocted the Cu/an
scheme) &@54e %ot to do somethin% a/out those C@A /astards,' he had ra%ed) Heads had rolled, and Allen ,ulles, the 3ushes5
close friend, was still smartin% o4er his firin%) *o was Charles Ca/ell, the /rother of ,allas mayor $arle Ca/ell and the C@A5s
deputy director of operations durin% the 3ay of Pi%s in4asionO :ennedy deep#si6ed his career) Also holdin% a %rud%e a%ainst the
:ennedys was Prescott 3ush, who was furious at /oth JD: and !D: for sackin% his close friend ,ulles) And there were many
others)' I +amily of %ecrets /y !uss 3aker, Chapter A, p) 8A
&;eor%e H)+) 3ush may /e one of the few Americans of his %eneration who cannot recall e6actly where he was when John D)
:ennedy was shot in ,allas on Co4em/er ., 1>A3) At times he has said that he was &somewhere in Te6as)' 3ush was indeed
&somewhere' in Te6as)' I +amily of %ecrets /y !uss 3aker, Chapter 0, p) 00
&To the ri%ht of the motorcade, in front of the %rassy knoll, stood A/raham Zapruder with his camera, ready to capture the 8#
millimeter short film that would make his name famous) The Zapruder film would /e cited 4i%orously /y /oth critics and
supporters of the +arren Commission5s conclusionsSZapruder is widely characteriBed as an innocent /ystander, simply an
onlooker who happened d to capture historic foota%e that would dominate the e4identiary de/ate) @nnocent he may well ha4e
/een, /ut hardly unknown in ,allas intelli%ence circles) @t turns out that the short, /ald recorder of history was also a former
collea%ue of 2rs) ,e 2ohrenschildt, who worked with her at Cardis when she first mo4ed to ,allas) Zapruder also sat on the
/oard of Ceil 2allon5s ,allas Council on +orld Affairs) "ike numerous fi%ures in this story, he had a propensity for %roups
/uilt on loyalty and secrecy, ha4in% attained the status of thirty#second#de%ree Dreemason) The film he would make on
Co4em/er .. would soon /e purchased /y Henry "uce, a *kull and 3ones collea%ue of Prescott 3ush and a de4otee of
intelli%ence I whose wife, Clare 3ooth "uce, had personally funded efforts to o4erthrow Castro) Henry "uce had warned that
JD: would /e punished if he went soft on Communism) After Nuickly purchasin% the ori%inal Zapruder film, "uce5s "ife
ma%aBine kept it in lockdown until Cew <rleans ,)A) E,istrict AttorneyF Jim ;arrison successfully su/poenaed it in 1>A>)'
I +amily of %ecrets /y !uss 3aker, Chapter A, p) 11#11A
&+hen E;eor%eF de 2ohrenschildt and <swald finally did meet, in <cto/er 1>A., they must ha4e seemed an odd pair) ,e
2ohrenschildt was /ull#chested and middle#a%ed I an anti#Communist, +hite !ussian, aristocratic /on 4i4ant) <swald, /y
contrast, was skinny, taciturn, alle%edly leftist, and twenty#two years old, from a /roken lower#middle#class home) His wife,
2arina, was the alle%edly apolitical niece of a colonel in the *o4iet secret police) Met, despite their differences, the de
2ohrenschildts and <swald soon /ecame insepara/le) ;eor%e and Jeanne de 2ohrenschildt were constantly in and out of the
<swald household, makin% introductions and offerin% help in findin% housin%, child care, marria%e counselin%, social
introductions, and moreS2ore than anythin%, ;eor%e de 2ohrenschildt helped "ee Har4ey <swald secure employment)'
I +amily of %ecrets /y !uss 3aker, Chapter A, p) 101
&@n 1>1A, more than a decade after the assassination of President John D) :ennedy, a letter arri4ed at the C@A, addressed to its
director, the Hon) ;eor%e 3ush) The letter was from a desperate#soundin% man in ,allas, who spoke re%retfully of ha4in% /een
indiscreet in talkin% a/out "ee Har4ey <swald and /e%%ed Poppy for helpSThe writer si%ned himself &;) de 2ohrenschildt)'
The C@A staff assumed the letter writer to /e a crank) Just to /e sure, howe4er, they asked their /ossG ,id he /y any chance
know a man named de 2ohrenschildtQ 3ush responded /y memo, seemin%ly self#typedG &@ do know this man ,e2ohrenschildt)
@ first men EsicF him in the early 0053 EsicF) He was an uncle to my Ando4er roommate) "ater he surfaced in ,allas =05s
may/e?SThen he surfaced when <swald shot to prominence) He knew <swald /efore the assassination of Pres) :ennedy) @
don5t recall his role all this)'S+ritin% /ack to his old friend, Poppy assured de 2ohrenschildt that his fears were entirely
unfounded) Met half a year later, de 2ohrenschildt was dead) The cause was officially determined to /e suicide with a shot%un)
@n4esti%ators com/in% throu%h de 2ohrenschildt5s effects came up on his tattered address /ook, lar%ely full of entries made in
the 1>0s) Amon% them, throu%h apparently elicitin% no further inNuiries on the part of the police, was an old entry for the
current C@A director, with the 2idland address where he had li4ed in the early days of ZapataG 3(*H, ;$<!;$ H) +)
=P<PPM?, 101. +) <H@< A"*< ZAPATA P$T!<"$(2, 2@,"AC,) +hen Poppy told his staff that his old friend de
2ohrenschildt &knew <swald,' that was an understatement) Drom 1>A. throu%h the sprin% of 1>A3, de 2ohrenschildt was /y
far the principal influence on <swald, the older man who %uided e4ery step of his life) ,e 2ohrenschildt had helped <swald
find -o/s and apartments, had taken him to meetin%s and social %atherin%s, and %enerally had assisted with the most minute
aspects of life for "ee <swald, his !ussian wife, 2arina, and their /a/y)'
I +amily of %ecrets /y !uss 3aker, Chapter , p) A1#A8
&$4en the +arren Commission counsel who Nuestioned ;eor%e de 2ohrenschildt appeared to acknowled%e that the !ussian
Pmi%rP was what mi%ht euphemistically /e called an &international /usinessman)' Dor most of his adult life, de 2ohrenschildt
had tra4eled the world ostensi/ly seekin% /usiness opportunities in4ol4in% a 4ariety of natural resources I some, such as oil and
uranium, of %reat strate%ic 4alue) The timin% of his o4erseas 4entures was remarka/le) @n4aria/ly, when he was passin% throu%h
town, a co4ert or e4en o4ert operation appeared to /e unfoldin% I an in4asion, a coup, that sort of thin%) Dor e6ample, in 1>A1,
as e6iled Cu/ans and their C@A support team prepared for the 3ay of Pi%s in4asion in ;uatemala, ;eor%e de 2ohrenshcildt and
his wife passed throu%h ;uatemala City on what they told friends was a months#lon% walkin% tour of the Central American
isthmus) <n another occasion, the de 2ohrenschildts appeared in 2e6ico on oil /usiness -ust as a *o4iet leader arri4ed on a
similar mission I and e4en happened to meet the Communist official) @n a third instance, they landed in Haiti shortly /efore an
unsuccessful coup a%ainst its president that had ()*) fin%erprints on itS,urin% all these e6aminations, and notwithstandin% de
2ohrenschildt5s offhand recitation of scores of friends and collea%ues, o/scure and reco%niBa/le, he scrupulously ne4er once
mentioned that he knew Poppy 3ush) Cor did in4esti%ators unco4er the fact that in the sprin% of 1>A3, immediately after his
final communication with <swald, de 2ohrenschildt had tra4eled to Cew Mork and +ashin%ton for meetin%s with C@A and
military intelli%ence officials) He e4en had met with a top aide to 9ice President Johnson) And the commission certainly did
not learn that one meetin% in Cew Mork included Thomas ,e4ine, then Poppy 3ush5s /usiness collea%ue in Zapata <ffshore,
who was doin% dou/le duty for the C@A)' I +amily of %ecrets /y !uss 3aker, Chapter , p) A>#10
&@n this milieu in which Americans learned a/out the e6tent of the C@A5s in4ol4ement in unsa4ory acti4ities at home and a/road,
it was only natural that the pu/lic would demand answers to the unresol4ed Nuestions surroundin% the assassination of John D)
:ennedy) This su/-ect was not unfamiliar to the now president, ;erald !) Dord) He had /een a mem/er of the +arren
Commission and had sli%htly altered te6t in the commission5s report in a manner that supported the &lone %unman' scenario)
Dord appointed a presidential commission to study the indelicate ways of America5s spy sector) Commonly known as the
!ockefeller Commission, it issued a sin%le report in 1>1, which touched on certain C@A a/uses such as the mail openin% and
sur4eillance of domestic dissident %roups) @t also conducted a narrow study of issues relatin% to the :ennedy assassinationG the
/ackward head snap e4ident in the Zapruder film and the possi/le presence of C@A =and later +ater%ate? operati4es $) Howard
Hunt and Drank *tur%is in ,allas at the time of the assassinationS(nder pressure from the Church Committee, President Dord
issued an e6ecuti4e order /annin% ()*)#sanctioned assassinations of forei%n leaders) @n a /rief reference to the murder of
President John D) :ennedy, the order hinted at a possi/le scenario that the official in4esti%ations had denied) @t /arred forei%n
assassinations that &in4ol4ed the murder of a political leader for political purposes accomplished throu%h a surprise attack,' and
actually mentioned :ennedy5s murder as one that could fit this ru/ric)'
I +amily of %ecrets /y !uss 3aker, Chapter 1., p) .0#.
!CF;I Director '. <dgarD 7oover lied his eyes out to the Warren CommissionEon >s/ald, 8u.y, their 0riends,
the .ullets, the gun, you name it.& I ()*) Con%ressman Hale 3o%%s =,#"ouisiana?, in a personal remark to his aide
shortly /efore his death in a plane crash in Alaska on <cto/er 1A, 1>1.
Co4er letter of the +arren commissionO *canned from 1>A0 printin% of the +arren Commission report =*ourceG +ikipedia?
Senator John Sherman *oo%er (left) wearin# #lasses)) Warren *ommission in&esti#ator $a&id Belin (center)) and *ouncil on
Forei#n 1elations chairman John 8c*loy (ri#ht) stand in front of the :e?as School Book $e%ository in $allas) :e?as on 8ay D)
+,-2. Senator John Sherman *oo%er was a mem0er of Skull 5 Bones) a secret society at ale Uni&ersity. John 8c*loy and
John Sherman *oo%er were mem0ers of the *ouncil on Forei#n 1elations. (Photo/ UP>7BettmannE The 4hairman 0y Kai Bird)
A /irds#eye 4iew of ,ealey PlaBa from the *i6th Dloor
=PhotoG httpGHHkennedy#photos)/lo%spot)comH.013H0.Hpa%e#1)html?
+arren Commission mem/ers Allen ,ulles, John *herman Cooper, and John 2cCloy 4isit ,ealey PlaBa)
=PhotoG httpGHHkennedy#photos)/lo%spot)comH.013H0.Hpa%e#1)html?
Taken on 2ay .0, 1>A0 durin% the re#enactment of the assassination in ,ealey PlaBa
httpGHHkennedy#photos)/lo%spot)comH.013H0.Hpa%e#1)html
C3* -ournalist ,an !ather appears in front of a C3* Cews Poll in which an o4erwhelmin% ma-ority of Americans /elie4e that
"ee Har4ey <swald did not act alone) =PhotoG httpGHHkennedy#photos)/lo%spot)comH.013H0.Hpa%e#1)html?
Taken on 2ay .0, 1>A0 durin% the re#enactment of the assassination in ,ealey PlaBa
httpGHHkennedy#photos)/lo%spot)comH.013H0.Hpa%e#1)html
Taken on 2ay .0, 1>A0 durin% the re#enactment of the assassination in ,ealey PlaBa
httpGHHkennedy#photos)/lo%spot)comH.013H0.Hpa%e#1)html
! ty%ed letter on official stationary from J. =d#ar (oo&er to the Warren *ommission concernin# the FB> in&esti#ation of Lee (ar&ey <swald
%rior to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. (*<1B>S)
*= 3,, G :he J8a#ic BulletK
!ifle alle%edly used in the :ennedy assassination =C<!3@*?
Photo of /ullets fired from the 2annlicher#Carcano rifleG the &ma%ic /ullet' =C$ 3>>?, two /ullets fired into cotton waddin%
=C$ 1.?, a /ullet fired throu%h a %oat ri/ =C$ 83?, and a /ullet fired throu%h the wrist of a human cada4er =C$ 8A?) The
&ma%ic /ullet' =C$ 3>>? was found somewhat mysteriously on a stretcher near an ele4ator in Parkland Hospital, a/out an hour
after President John D) :ennedy and ;o4ernor of Te6as John Connally had /een /rou%ht to Parkland Hospital)
=PhotoG httpGHHwww)maryferrell)or%HwikiHinde6)phpHPhotosY#YH*CAYPu/licYHearin%sY$6hi/itsY#YpA?
!n auto%sy showin# the wounded skull of former President John F. Kennedy
!n auto%sy showin# a wound on former President John F. KennedyIs neck

"eftG ;unshot wounds on former President John D) :ennedy5s /ack
!i%htG A top 4iew of former President John D) :ennedyVs head with his /rain e6posed
httpGHHwww)cy/erlearnin%#world)comHnhhsHcompappsHworkshopH-fkHautopsy)htm

"eftG 2issin% skull /one on former President John D) :ennedy5s head caused /y %unshot
!i%htG The medical e6aminer e6aminin% former President John D) :ennedy5s head wound
httpGHHwww)cy/erlearnin%#world)comHnhhsHcompappsHworkshopH-fkHautopsy)htm
:he 0lood4stained shirt worn 0y President John F. Kennedy on 'o&em0er ..) +,-3
!n auto%sy showin# the left side of President John F. KennedyIs head
The /lood#stained shirt worn /y President John D) :ennedy on Co4em/er .., 1>A3
A &/ullet hole' found in the /lood#stained shirt worn /y President John D) :ennedy on Co4em/er .., 1>A3
@s the man in the photo "ee Har4ey <swald or 3illy "o4eladyQ
Frame ..C of the Ha%ruder film. ! %erson is seen carryin# an um0rella on a 0ri#ht) sunny day in $allas on 'o&em0er ..) +,-3 as President
John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jackie Kennedy rides in a limousine.
:he Jum0rella manK (standin# at far ri#ht) with arrow %ointin# at him) is seen with his um0rella lowered to his side. !lthou#h e&eryone else runs
from the scene and races around in the e?citement) the um0rella man stays there calmly) lookin# around. (e is one of the last to lea&e the
scene.

:he first lar#e fi#ure on the ri#ht is the Jcommunications man.K
:he Pman with the radioP and the Pman with the um0rellaI sit on the %a&ement on $ealey Pla9a in $allas) :e?as on 'o&em0er ..) +,-3.
(Pascal Le Se#retain7Sy#ma7*or0is)
:he Pman with the radioP lea&es the scene ;uietly amidst the %anic shortly after President John F. Kennedy was mortally wounded in $allas)
:e?as on 'o&em0er ..) +,-3. (Pascal Le Se#retain7Sy#ma7*or0is)
This picture shows a fi%ure walkin% /ehind the retainin% wall in front of the Te6as *chool 3ook ,epository) He appears to /e
wearin% a hat and he looks to /e walkin% towards the ,alte6 /uildin%) His el/ow looks to /e in an an%le, consistent with
someone who has his hand in his -acket#pocket) The other arm seems to /e stretched alon% the /ody as if he is carryin%
somethin%) =PhotoG httpGHHwww)-fkmurdersol4ed)comHfi%ure)htm?
=PhotoG httpGHHwww)-fkmurdersol4ed)comHfi%ure)htm?
!erial &iew of $ealey Pla9a in $allas) :e?as) where President John F. Kennedy was assassinated on 'o&em0er ..) +,-3.
>ncluded as an e?hi0it for the Warren *ommission. (*<1B>S)
President John D) :ennedy rides in a limousine near the ;rassy :noll moments /efore he is mortally wounded)
The &3a/ushka "ady' =white arrow identifyin% the lady? takes pictures as President John D) :ennedy is mortally wounded)
A police officer runs towards the ;rassy :noll in ,ealey PlaBa shortly after President John D) :ennedy is rushed to the hospital)
Police officers in4esti%ate the ;rassy :noll area in ,ealey PlaBa shortly after President John D) :ennedy is rushed to the
hospital)
A %roup of witnesses run towards the railroad /rid%e near the ;rassy :noll at ,ealey PlaBa)
A %roup of witnesses run towards the railroad /rid%e near the ;rassy :noll at ,ealey PlaBa)
A %roup of witnesses run towards the railroad /rid%e near the ;rassy :noll at ,ealey PlaBa)
A %roup of witnesses run towards the railroad /rid%e near the ;rassy :noll at ,ealey PlaBa)
Pictured is the western half of the "rassy Knoll alon# the north side of =lm Street in $ealey Pla9a) $allas) :e?as. >n the 0ack#round is the
railroad o&er%ass known as the :ri%le Under%ass. :o the ri#ht is a %icket fence) one le# of which connects with the :ri%le Under%ass) and the
other which e?tends a0out twenty feet off the ri#ht side of the %hoto#ra%h. !t the 0ottom of the %hoto#ra%h is the walk that leads from a
stairway u% the knoll to the %arkin# lot 0ehind the %icket fence. :he %hoto#ra%her was standin# on a retainin# wall at the southwest corner of a
%er#ola on the knoll) the same %osition from which !0raham Ha%ruder filmed the assassination of President Kennedy in +,-3.

Left/ :here were 0roken white lines on the road and it can 0e shown e?actly where the car was at the time of each shot 0y its %osition relati&e
to these lines. Knowin# this) it is %ossi0le to draw a line from the %recise %osition of the President at Frame +D, (of the Ha%ruder film) u% to the
<swald Qlair.Q >n this %rocess) another une?%lained o&ersi#ht of the *ommission is disco&ered. :here is a hu#e oak tree in front of the Book
$e%ository 0uildin#. >n 'o&em0er +,-3 that tree was so lar#e that it made it im%ossi0le for anyone to ha&e lined u% a shot from the <swald
window at the President at Frame +D, of the Ha%ruder film.
1i#ht/ :his is a frame of the <r&ille 'i? film taken across the street from !0raham Ha%ruder (0lue arrow) showin# him filmin# (standin# on the
%edestal).
=lm Street (fore#round) in $ealey Pla9a in $allas) :e?as) seen from the -th floor of the :e?as School Book $e%ository 0uildin#
(Photo/ Warren *ommission)
! newsreel cameraman stands at the left as s%ectators hu# the #round moments after a sni%erPs 0ullet ended President KennedyPs life in
$allas on 'o&em0er ..) +,-3. :e?as "o&ernor John *onnally was also wounded 0y the sni%erPs 0arra#e of #unfire. Secret Ser&ice men
rushed the President to Parkland (os%ital where he died. (Bettmann7*<1B>S)
"ookin% Dor Co4er) ,allasG A newsreel cameraman stands at the left as spectators hu% the %round moments after a sniperVs /ullet
ended President :ennedyVs life, Co4em/er .., 1>A3) Te6as ;o4ernor John Connally was also wounded /y the sniperVs /arra%e
of %unfire) *ecret *er4ice men rushed the President to Parkland Hospital where he died) =@ma%e /y \ 3ettmannHC<!3@*?
Dri%htened onlookers lay on the %rass in reaction to shots fired as cameramen record their actions at ,ealey PlaBa in ,allas,
Te6as on Co4em/er .., 1>A3)
=Photo /y Cecil *tou%hton) +hite House Photo%raphs) John D) :ennedy Presidential "i/rary and 2useum?
*rowds in $allas) :e?as run toward the "rassy Knoll after President John F. Kennedy was rushed to Parkland (os%ital.
2ap of ,ealey PlaBaG The youn% /lack couple that witnessed JD:5s assassination were sittin% on the place marked &/ench,' -ust
to the ri%ht of A/raham Zapruder) The dot la/elled Z#313 marks JD:5s location when he was hit /y a /ullet in the head) Three
doBen witnesses said the fatal %unshot had come from the area marked &*tockade fence)'
=*ourceG httpGHH-fkfacts)or%HassassinationHnewsHcallin%#all#witnesses#the#african#american#couple#on#the#%rassy#knollH?
A detailed road map of ,ealey PlaBa and the ;rassy :noll durin% the :ennedy Assassination
=*ourceG httpGHHnourishin%o/scurity)/lo%spot)comH.008H1.Hdealey#plaBa#eliminatin%#disinformation)html?
Missing JFK /itnesses< t/o A+rican=A!ericans on the grassy 0noll
A half#century a%o, two youn% /lack people in ,allas found themsel4es eyewitnesses to the assassination of President John D)
:ennedy ] yet their 4oices ha4e ne4er /een heard) @ndeed, a half century later, e4en their names are unknown)
This youn% man and woman were sittin% on the spot famously du//ed &the %rassy knoll' on Co4em/er .., 1>A3) They had a
front row seat for a key moment in .0th century ()*) historyG the murder of a popular li/eral president)
They were two youn% African#Americans, friendly or perhaps in lo4e) Perhaps they admired President :ennedy) +hile JD: was
re4iled /y many whites in ,allas for his li/eral 4iews, he was popular amon% /lacks) @f they came to see JD: and Dirst "ady
Jackie in person, they witnessed a ni%htmare)
&There was a colored couple) @ fi%ure they were /etween 18 and .1, a /oy and a %irl, sittin% on a /ench, -ust almost, oh, parallel
with me, on my ri%ht side, close to the fence, ' recalled 2arilyn *itBman, a /ystander who also witnessed JD:5s assassination)
*itBman, a secretary, had accompanied her /oss, dressmaker A/raham Zapruder, to ,ealey PlaBa in downtown ,allas to watch
President :ennedy5s mid#day motorcade) They found a spot on a mar/le wall atop a %rassy em/ankment o4erlookin% the
president5s route) *itBman was standin% /ehind Zapruder who held his *uper 8 millimeter mo4ie camera) Zapruder5s famous
mo4ie would capture the killin% of the president)
@n a 1>AA inter4iew, *itBman told author Josiah Thompson that she had first noticed the /lack couple 10 or 1 minutes /efore
JD:5s arri4al)
&$4ery/ody was millin% around down there, tryin% to find a place to stand and e4erythin%,' she said, &and @ know when we went
o4er to %et up on the mar/le thin%, they were already sittin% there)'
&They were eatin% their lunch, 5cause they had little lunch sacks, and they were drinkin% Coke,' *itBman recounted)
As the motorcade passed /y, President :ennedy, seated ne6t to Dirst "ady Jackie, was wa4in% to the friendly crowd when
%unshots ran% out) :ennedy was struck /y a /ullet in the /ack and then then flun% 4iolently /ackward /y a /ullet that struck his
head a/o4e his ri%ht ear /lastin% his skull open in an e6plosion of /lood, /rains, and /one, killin% him almost instantly)
@n the ensuin% chaos *itBman saw the /lack couple a%ain)
&The main reason @ remem/er Tem is, after the last shot @ recall hearin% and the EpresidentVsF car went down under the triple
underpass there, @ heard a crash of %lass, and @ looked o4er there, and the kids had thrown down their Coke /ottles, -ust threw
them down and -ust started runnin% towards the /ack, and S e4ery/ody else was runnin% that way)'
The youn% /lack man and woman rushed toward a fi4e#foot#hi%h wooden stockade fence /ehind them) The %rassy em/ankment
in front of this fence was the area that would /ecome known as &the %rassy knoll)' @f there was a %unman there, this couple was
closer to him than any/ody else) Co such %unman has e4er /een identified)
To some JD: commentators, &%rassy knoll' is sometime used as a synonym for craBy conspiracy theoriBin%) =&<h don5t %o all
%rassy knoll on me)'? ;ut it /as not a cons$iracy theorist /ho came u$ /ith the idea that Kennedy had .een @illed .y a
gunshot 0ired 0rom in 0ront o0 his motorcade. It /as a ne/s$a$er re$orter.
-he term !grassy @noll& /as coined .y =erriman 6mith o0 Fnited Press International /ho /as riding in a car .ehind
'FK"s limousine /hen the shots rang out. -/enty 0ive minutes later, 6mith 0iled a story on 'FK"s assassination in /hich
he re$orted: !6ome o0 the 6ecret 6ervice agents thought the gun0ire /as 0rom an automatic /ea$on 0ired to the right
rear o0 the $resident"s car, $ro.a.ly 0rom a grassy @noll Cem$hasis addedD to /hich $olice rushed.&
The first people to say there was shot from the %rassy knoll were *ecret *er4ice and police officers on the scene) At least 30
witnesses would come forward to say they thou%ht a %unshot had /een fired from the %rassy knoll area)
3ut there was no youn% /lack man or woman amon% these witnesses)
There is a photo%raph that corro/orates the details of 2arilyn *itBman5s story a/out the youn% African#American couple) The
photo, taken within a few minutes of JD:5s assassination, shows the park /ench descri/ed /y *itBman, and two ,allas police
detecti4es lookin% at the remains of a /a% lunch) Another photo%raph taken at the time shows a pool of liNuid on the %round, the
spilled soda)
The /lack man and woman whom *itBman saw were ne4er identified or inter4iewed /y any law enforcement officer or
in4esti%ator) Co -ournalist, researcher or author e4er found them) @n the 4ast literature of JD:5s assassination, they /arely e6ist)
They were present at the scene of an epic crime ] and they 4anished)
They mi%ht still /e ali4e and li4in% in ,allas) @f *itBman was ri%ht a/out their a%es, they would /e /etween A8 and 11 years old
now =The a4era%e life e6pectancy of African#Americans is 10). years)?
,on !o/erdeau, a 9ietnam +ar 4eteran and JD: researcher who has mapped the e6act location of many witnesses to JD:5s
assassination, told me in an emailG
&Dor me, one of the /lack couple simply threw down hisHher pop /ottle after the shock of seein% President :$CC$,M
/loodily e6ecuted only 1 feet away) *omeone, may/e the other /lack person, set hisHher pop /ottle atop the retainin%
wall, they left their ham/ur%ers /a% /ehind, and they /oth -ust went off into the ETe6as *chool 3ook ,epositoryF
parkin% lot, choosin% ne4er to come forward, nor ha4e they /een identified pu/licly ] for whate4er reasons) 2y %uess
is that they /oth sensed the near/y fired shot and one or /oth of the /lack couple saw the S picket fence assassin who
was only forty feet southwest of the sittin% /ench)'
@f the /lack couple is still ali4e, their testimony would /e hu%ely important in the 0th anni4ersary year of JD:5s assassination) @f
the fatal shot came from a %unman /ehind the fence, they were closer to him than almost any other witnesses) Con4ersely, if
there was no %unman in that area, they would ha4e /een the first to see that)
<ne can well appreciate why these two people did not come forward to tell their story) @n 1>A3, ,allas was a Jim Crow city,
where racial se%re%ation was le%al and respecta/le, and African#Americans were routinely treated as second#class citiBens,
especially /y law enforcement officers)
The official story of JD:5s assassination, promoted almost immediately /y the ,allas Police ,epartment, J) $d%ar Hoo4er5s D3@,
and "yndon Johnson5s +hite House, was that the president had /een shot from an office /uildin% /ehind :ennedy5s limousine,
/y a pro#Castro communist named "ee Har4ey <swald, who had no co#conspirators and no discerni/le moti4e)
The D3@ studiously a4oided inter4iewin% white people in the 4icinity =like 3ill Cewman, the man seen lyin% down in the top
photo a/o4e? who said :ennedy was killed /y a shot fired from the front) The +arren Commission ne4er took Cewman5s
testimony) !eporters of the 2ew 3ork Times, the Washin!ton 4ost and other national newspapers ne4er sou%ht to inter4iew the
witnesses who said a shot had come from the front)
(nder the circumstances, it would ha4e /een foolish for any youn% /lack person to come forward to tell a story that few white
people in positions of power wanted to hear) After <swald, who denied shootin% JD:, was murdered in police custody, it would
ha4e /een almost suicidal)
The /lack couple on the %rassy knoll met a familiar fate of African#Americans in that time) They were silencedG /y fear, /y the
hostility of white law enforcement officers, and /y the indifference of respecta/le reporters) $4en JD: researchers, who did seek
out witnesses who dissented from the official story, ne4er found them) They were omitted from the writin% of American history)
3ut now, 0 years later in .013, when we ha4e African#American president, it is time that the story of the couple on the knoll
was told, if possi/le)
@f you know any /lack people in ,allas, or ha4e e4er heard anythin% a/out an African#American couple in ,ealey PlaBa on
Co4em/er .., 1>A3, please send them this article)
Any.ody with rele#ant information, 1lease email J+, +acts 5J+,factsor!6 'onfidentiality is assured
*ourceG httpGHH-fkfacts)or%HassassinationHnewsHcallin%#all#witnesses#the#african#american#couple#on#the#%rassy#knollH
+hat they left /ehindG two ,allas Police ,ept) detecti4es e6amine the fast food lunch of a youn% African#American couple who
witnessed the assassination of President :ennedy on Co4em/er .., 1>A3, and ran away in fear)
=PhotoG httpGHH-fkfacts)or%HassassinationHnewsHcallin%#all#witnesses#the#african#american#couple#on#the#%rassy#knollH?
-he =an Who 4amed the Grassy Knoll
/y ;ary 2ack, Curator
The *i6th Dloor 2useum at ,ealey PlaBa
Thirty#fi4e years after the :ennedy assassination and speculation a/out a conspiracy, W%rassy knollW has /ecome a
%eneric term connotin% hidden plots and su/terfu%e) 3ut who coined the phraseQ (ntil now the answer has remained
elusi4e, yet newly#disco4ered information identifies the source as a mem/er of the news media) HereVs how it
happened)
The :ennedy motorcade from "o4e Dield throu%h ,allas included a news Wpool carW loaned /y the telephone
company) @t was the fifth car /ehind President :ennedy) !idin% in the ri%ht front was 2alcolm :ilduff, 2r)
:ennedyVs actin% press secretary) @n the middle sat senior +hite House correspondent 2erriman *mith of (nited
Press @nternational =(P@?) Thanks to a lon%#standin% a%reement to alternate seats with the competin% wire ser4ice,
Associated Press =AP?, 2r) *mith sat directly in front of the carVs only radio telephone) @n the /ack seat sat the APVs
Jack 3ell, !o/ert 3askin of The Dallas $ornin! 2ews and 3o/ Clark of A3C Cews)
+hen the shots were fired, 2r) *mithVs car rode se4eral hundred feet /ehind the president) The reporter had time to
hear and see reactions from the crowd and police escorts, one of whom, 3o//y Har%is, immediately stopped, -umped
off his Harley#,a4idson and raced up the near/y hill to a low concrete wall, passin% horrified spectators lyin% on the
%round)
As officer Har%is ran, the pool car picked up speed enterin% the Triple (nderpass to *temmons Dreeway and the wild
race to Parkland Hospital) =r. 6mith gra..ed the radio tele$hone and called the Dallas FPI o00ice, /hich sent
out his dis$atch at *?:(3, 0our minutes a0ter the shooting. !-hree shots /ere 0ired at President KennedyGs
motorcade today in do/nto/n Dallas,& he re$orted, and ne/s .ulletins around the /orld .egan /ith that short
statement.
2eanwhile, in Anna, @llinois, +!AJ#A2 owner and mana%er ,on 2ichel responded to the (P@ teletype warnin%
/ells and relayed those early reports to his startled listeners) Dortunately, 2r) 2ichel did somethin% few others had
presence of mind to do) He sa4ed the (P@ dispatches and filed them away, fi%urin% someday they would /e 4alua/le
for history) He was ri%ht) 2r) 2ichel placed those rare pa%es on loan to The *i6th Dloor 2useum, where se4eral ha4e
/een on display since openin% day in 1>8>)
<ne of the pa%es in our archi4e re4eals that in a dispatch sent almost e6actly . minutes after the assassination, 2r)
*mith reported !6ome o0 the 6ecret 6ervice agents thought the gun0ire /as 0rom an automatic /ea$on 0ired to
the right rear o0 the $residentGs car, $ro.a.ly 0rom a grassy @noll to /hich $olice rushed.&
Co other news reports or witness inter4iews are known to contain the phrase W%rassy knollW at that time) @n fact, tapes
of local news co4era%e re4eal that W%rassy knollW was later repeated /y a few other reporters for se4eral hours until
in4esti%ators /ecame con4inced the shots ori%inated from the old Te6as *chool 3ook ,epository) Met it remains an
historical fact that police and spectators immediately ran to the %rassy knoll, not to the ,epository /uildin%) And
(P@Vs 2erriman *mith reported it first)
*o thatVs the story, as /est as can /e determined so many years later) *ome researchers like to credit witness 3ill
Cewman with the phrase, /ut the 4ideo tape shows he wasnVt the one) Cewman appeared on +DAA#T9 in ,allas
a/out 1#.0 minutes after the shootin%) He said the shots came from /ehind him, Wup on the mall,W or Wup on the
knoll)W
Careful study of the tape shows him formin% his lips to make the WmmmW sound, not Wnnn)W And he did not say
W%rassyW at any time)
*ourceG httpGHHmcadams)posc)mu)eduH%kYname)htm
Jack 1u0y/ Lone "unman or PatsyS
Jack !u/y, who was /orn Jaco/ !u/enstein, talks to -ournalists /efore the start of the second day of his court hearin% in ,allas,
Te6as on De/ruary 11, 1>A0, in order to %et his trial to some other Te6as city) =\ 3ettmannHC<!3@*?
The front pa%e of the 2onday, Co4em/er ., 1>A3 edition of The Dallas $ornin! 2ews
'i#htclu0 owner Lack 1u0y (ri#ht) is taken from city Lail cell 0lock to homicide 0ureau for ;uestionin# 0y two $allas detecti&es.
1u0y Lum%ed from a crowd of newsmen in the %olice station 0asement and fatally shot lee (ar&ey <swald) the accused
assassin of %resident Lohn F. Kennedy.
Jack 1u0y) center) confers with his attorneys Joe :onahill) left) of Jas%er) :e?as) and 8el&in Belli of San Francisco 0efore court
was in session for a 0ond hearin# in $allas on $ecem0er .3) +,-3. 1u0y) B.) a $allas ni#htclu0 o%erator) shot and killed the
accused assassin of President John F. Kennedy) Lee (ar&ey <swald) on national tele&ision. (Los !n#eles :imes !rchi&es)
htt%/77www.latimes.com7nation7Lfk7la4Lfk4assassination4B64years4later4dto)6)-6D+2B,.htmlstoryWa?99.l$-?.Ks2
'i#htclu0 owner Jack 1u0y talks to a re%orter while 0ein# returned to Lail after a %sychiatric e?amination in $allas) :e?as. !s
Lee (ar&ey <swald was 0ein# transferred from %olice head;uarters to the county Lail on 'o&em0er .2) +,-3) 1u0y shot him in
the chest from close ran#e. 1u0y was con&icted of murder and sentenced to death. (e a%%ealed and was #ranted a new trial)
0ut died of lun# cancer 0efore a trial date was set. (Photo/ !ssociated Press)
Police escort Jack !u/y, killer of accused presidential assassin "ee Har4ey <swald, from the ,allas city -ail to a county facility
in ,allas, Te6as on Co4em/er ., 1>A3) @t was durin% -ust such a transfer that !u/y shot <swald) =\ 3ettmannHC<!3@*?
Jack 1u0y 5 Friends/ Jack 1u0y %oses with three of the women from his 0urles;ue ni#htclu0) the *arousel *lu0) in $allas) :e?as. Jack
1u0yIs real name was Jaco0 1u0ensteinE Jack 1u0y was the son of <rthodo? Jews from *hica#o. (Bettmann7*<1B>S)
9ideo Clip of Jack !u/y
9ideo Clip of Jack !u/y
<ther Nuotes of Jack !u/y that are on filmG
&;entlemen, @ want to tell the truth, /ut @ cannot tell it here) @f you want a fair shake out of me, you ha4e to take me to
+ashin%ton)'
&+hen @ mentioned a/out Adlai *te4enson, if he was 4ice president there would ne4er ha4e /een an assassination of our /elo4ed
President :ennedy' Asked if he would e6plain it a%ain !u/y continued &+ell the answer is the man in office now' I that man
was "yndon Johnson)
!u/y, fearin% for his life and the life of his family, told the +arren commission)))) &+ell, you won5t see me a%ain) @ tell you that
a whole new form of %o4ernment is %oin% to take o4er the country, and @ know @ won5t li4e to see you another time'
A picture says more than a thousand words) @ma%ine what mo4in% pictures say S
9ideo Clip of Jack !u/y
Jack !u/y =<swaldVs assassin? makes a statement to reporters after he has /een permitted a new trial) He saysG
$4erythin% pertainin% to whatVs happenin% has ne4er come to the surface) The world will ne4er know the true facts, of
what occurred, my moti4es) The people had , that had so much to %ain and had such an ulterior moti4e for puttin% me
in the position @Vm in, will ne4er let the true facts come a/o4e /oard to the world)
!eporter G Are these people in 4ery hi%h positions Jack QQ
Jack G Mes)
+hy has no/ody seen this foota%e at the time it was shotQ 3ecause certain people with enou%h power didnVt want you
to see it) Just like they didnVt want you to see the Zapruder film) @ma%ine what would ha4e happened if the American
pu/lic was shown -ust /oth of these films)
+hile !u/y is in -ail, he writes this letterG
@t readsG Wyou must /elie4e me that @ know what is takin% place, so please with all my heart, you must /elie4e me, /ecause @ am
countin% on you to sa4e this country a lot of /lood#shed) As soon as you %et out you must read Te6an looks at "yndon =A Te6an "ooks
at "yndon /y J) $4etts Haley?, and it may open your eyes to a lot of thin%s) This man is a CaBi in the worst order)W
Durther on in this letter !u/y writesG ))) isnVt it stran%e that <swald who hasnVt worked a lick most of his life, should /e fortunate
enou%h to %et a -o/ at the 3ook 3uildin% two weeks /efore the president himself didnVt know as to when he was to 4isit ,allas, now
where would a -erk like <swald %et the information that the president was comin% to ,allasQ <nly one person could ha4e had that
information, and that man was Johnson who knew weeks in ad4ance as to what was %oin% to happen, /ecause he is the one who was
%oin% to arran%e the trip for the president, this had /een planned lon% /efore the president himself knew a/out, so you can fi%ure that
one out) The only one who %ained /y the shootin% of the president was Johnson, and he was in a car in the rear and safe when the
shootin% took place) +hat would the !ussians, Castro or anyone else ha4e to %ain /y eliminatin% the presidentQ @f Johnson was so
heart/roken o4er :ennedy, why didnVt he do somethin% for !o/ert :ennedyQ All he did was snu/ him)
This letter and !u/yVs remarks to the press, su%%est that !u/y /ecame only later con4inced that Johnson was a power /ehind the
scenes) ,urin% his +arren testimony he shows no inklin% of this con4iction)
Here is another interestin% document that says !u/y worked for !ichard Ci6onG Click here
*ourceG httpGHH-fkmurdersol4ed)comHru/y)htm
Jack !u/y5s real name was Jack !u/ensteinO Jack !u/y was ori%inally from Chica%o)
=*ourceG httpGHH-fkmurdersol4ed)comHni6onru/y)htm?
!0raham Ha%ruder) the %roducer of the Ha%ruder film
<Acer$ts o0 'ac@ 8u.y"s -estimony to =em.ers o0 the Warren Commission on 'une H, *9:3
The PresidentVs Commission met at 11G0 a)m), on June 1, 1>A0, in the interro%ation room of the ,allas County Jail, 2ain and Houston
*treets, ,allas, Te6) Present were Chief Justice $arl +arren, ChairmanO and !epresentati4e ;erald !) Dord, mem/er) Also present
were J) "ee !ankin, %eneral counselO Joseph A) 3all, assistant counselO Arlen *pecter, assistant counselO "eon Jaworski and !o/ert ;)
*torey, special counsel to the attorney %eneral of Te6asO Jim 3owie, assistant district attorneyO Joe H) Tonahill, attorney for Jack !u/yO
$lmer +) 2oore, special a%ent, ()*) *ecret *er4iceO and J) $) ,ecker, sheriff of ,allas County)
2r) !(3M) +ithout a lie detector test on my testimony, my 4er/al statements to you, how do you know if @ am tell the truthQ
2r) T<CAH@"") ,onVt worry a/out that, Jack)
2r) !(3M) Just a minute, %entlemen)
Chief Justice +A!!$C) Mou wanted to ask somethin%, did you, 2r) !u/yQ
2r) !(3M) @ would like to /e a/le to %et a lie detector test or truth serum of what moti4ated me to do what @ did at that particular time,
and it seems as you %et further into somethin%, e4en thou%h you know what you did, it operates a%ainst you somehow, /rainwashes
you, that you are weak in what you want to tell the truth a/out and what you want to say which is the truth) Cow 2r) +arren, @ donVt
know if you %ot any confidence in the lie detector test and the truth serum, and so on)
Chief Justice +A!!$C) @ canVt tell you -ust how much confidence @ ha4e in it, /ecause it depends so much on who is takin% it, and so
forth) 3ut @ will say this to you, that if you and your counsel want any kind of test, @ will arran%e it for you) @ would /e %lad to do that,
if you want it) @ wouldnVt su%%est a lie detector test to testify the truth) +e will treat you -ust the same as we do any other witness, /ut
if you want such a test, @ will arran%e for it)
2r) !(3M) @ do want it) +ill you a%ree to that, JoeQ
2r) T<CAH@"") @ sure do, Jack)
Chief Justice +A!!$C) Any kind of a test you want to 4erify what you say, we will /e %lad to do)

2r) !(3M) @ want it e4en if you put me into a sort of drowsiness so you can Nuestion me as to anythin% pertainin% to my in4ol4ement
in this particular act)
2r) T<CAH@"") Jack, you ha4e wanted to do that from the 4ery /e%innin%, ha4enVt youQ
2r) !(3M) MesO and the reason why @ am askin% for that is##are you limited for timeQ
Chief Justice +A!!$C) CoO we ha4e all the time you want)
2r) !(3M) As it started to trial##@ donVt know if you realiBe my reasonin%, how @ happened to /e in4ol4ed##@ was carried away
tremendously emotionally, and all the time @ tried to ask 2r) 3elli, @ wanted to %et up and say the truth re%ardin% the steps that led me
to do what @ ha4e %ot in4ol4ed in, /ut since @ ha4e a spotty /ack%round in the ni%ht clu/ /usiness, @ should ha4e /een the last person to
e4er want to do somethin% that @ had /een in4ol4ed in) @n other words, @ was carried away tremendously) Mou want to ask me
NuestionsQ
Chief Justice +A!!$C) Mou tell us what you want, and then we will ask you some Nuestions)
S
!epresentati4e D<!,) Are there any Nuestions that ou%ht to /e asked to help clarify the situation that you descri/edQ
2r) !(3M) There is only one thin%) @f you donVt take me /ack to +ashin%ton toni%ht to %i4e me a chance to pro4e to the President that
@ am not %uilty, then you will see the most tra%ic thin% that will e4er happen) And if you donVt ha4e the power to take me /ack, @ wonVt
/e around to /e a/le to pro4e my innocence or %uilt) Cow up to this moment, @ ha4e /een talkin% with you for how lon%Q
Chief Justice +A!!$C) @ would say for the /etter part of 3 hours)
2r) !(3M) All ri%ht, wouldnVt it /e ridiculous for me to speak sensi/ly all this time and %i4e you this climactic talk that @ ha4eQ
2ay/e somethin% can /e sa4ed, somethin% can /e done) +hat ha4e you %ot to answer to that, Chief Justice +arrenQ
Chief Justice +A!!$C) +ell, @ donVt how what can /e done, 2r) !u/y, /ecause @ donVt know what you anticipate we will encounter)

!epresentati4e D<!,) @s there anythin% more you can tell us if you went /ack to +ashin%tonQ
2r) !(3M) MesO are you sincere in wantin% to take me /ackQ
!epresentati4e D<!,) +e are most interested in all the information you ha4e)
2r) !(3M) All @ know is may/e somethin% can /e sa4ed) 3ecause ri%ht now, @ want to tell you this, @ am used as a scape%oat, and
there is no %reater weapon that you can use to create some falsehood a/out some of the Jewish faith, especially at the terri/le heinous
crime such as the killin% of President :ennedy) Cow may/e somethin% can /e sa4ed) @t may not /e too late, whate4er happens, if our
President, "yndon Johnson, knew the truth from me) 3ut if @ am eliminated, there wonVt /e any way of knowin%) !i%ht now, when @
lea4e your presence now, @ am the only one that can /rin% out the truth to our President, who /elie4es in ri%hteousness and -ustice)
3ut he has /een told, @ am certain, that @ was part of a plot to assassinate the President) @ know your hands are tiedO you are helpless)
Chief Justice +A!!$C) 2r) !u/y, @ think @ can say this to you, that if he has /een told any such thin%, there is no indication of any
kind that he /elie4es it)
2r) !(3M) @ am sorry, Chief Justice +arren, @ thou%ht @ would /e 4ery effecti4e in tellin% you what @ ha4e said here) 3ut in all
fairness to e4eryone, may/e all @ want to do is /e% that if they found out @ was tellin% the truth, may/e they can succeed in what their
moti4es are, /ut may/e my people wonVt /e tortured and mutilated)
Chief Justice +A!!$C) +ell, you may /e sure that the President and his whole Commission will do anythin% that is necessary to see
that your people are not tortured)
2r) !(3M) Co)
Chief Justice +A!!$C) Mou may /e sure of that)
2r) !(3M) CoO the only way you can do it is if he knows the truth, that @ am tellin% the truth, and why @ was down in that /asement
*unday mornin%, and may/e some sense of decency will come out and they can still fulfill their plan, as @ stated /efore, without my
people %oin% throu%h torture and mutilation)
Chief Justice +A!!$C) The President will know e4erythin% that you ha4e said, e4erythin% that you ha4e said)
2r) !(3M) 3ut @ wonVt /e around, Chief Justice) @ wonVt /e around to 4erify these thin%s you are %oin% to tell the President)

2r) T<CAH@"") +ho do you think is %oin% to eliminate you, JackQ
2r) !(3M) @ ha4e /een used for a purpose, and there will /e a certain tra%ic occurrence happenin% if you donVt take my testimony and
somehow 4indicate me so my people donVt suffer /ecause of what @ ha4e done)
Chief Justice +A!!$C) 3ut we ha4e taken your testimony) +e ha4e it here) @t will /e in permanent form for the President of the
(nited *tates and for the Con%ress of the (nited *tates, and for the courts of the (nited *tates, and for the people of the entire world)
@t is there) @t will /e recorded for all to see) That is the purpose of our comin% here today) +e feel that you are entitled to ha4e your
story told)
2r) !(3M) Mou ha4e lost me thou%h) Mou ha4e lost me, Chief Justice +arren)
Chief Justice +A!!$C) "ost you in what senseQ

2r) !(3M) @ wonVt /e around for you to come and Nuestion me a%ain)
Chief Justice +A!!$C) +ell, it is 4ery hard for me to /elie4e that) @ am sure that e4ery/ody would want to protect you to the 4ery
limit)
2r) !(3M) All @ want is a lie detector test, and you refuse to %i4e it to me) 3ecause as it stands now###and the truth serum, and any
other##Pentothal##how do you pronounce it, whate4er it is) And they will not %i4e it to me, /ecause @ want to tell the truth)
And then @ want to lea4e this world) 3ut @ donVt want my people to /e /lamed for somethin% that is untrue, that they claim has
happened)
Chief Justice +A!!$C) 2r) !u/y, @ promise you that you will /e a/le to take such a test)
*ourceG httpGHHmcadams)posc)mu)eduHrussHtestimonyHru/yY-1)htm
CoteG Jack !u/y died on January 3, 1>A1)
,ia%ram of /asement of the ,allas Police ,epartment)
=*ourceG httpGHHwww)maryferrell)or%HwikiHinde6)phpHPhotosY#YH*CAYPu/licYHearin%sY$6hi/itsY#Yp11?
Postcard from Jack !u/y to Alice Cichols sent from Ha4ana, Cu/a =/ack of postcard? on *eptem/er 8, 1>>) Didel Castro
/ecame the &$l Commandante' of Cu/a /e%innin% on January 1, 1>>)
=*ourceG httpGHHwww)maryferrell)or%HwikiHinde6)phpHPhotosY#YH*CAYPu/licYHearin%sY$6hi/itsY#Yp11?
2ap of ()*) with "a Cosa Costra families)
=*ourceG httpGHHwww)maryferrell)or%HwikiHinde6)phpHPhotosY#YH*CAYPu/licYHearin%sY$6hi/itsY#Yp10?
*ourceG httpGHH-fk)ci)dallas)t6)usH/o68)htm
*ourceG httpGHH-fk)ci)dallas)t6)usH/o6)htm
*ourceG httpGHH-fk)ci)dallas)t6)usH/o60)htm
'ee #arvey Os/ald< "erpetrator5 "atsy5 or "oor $hot>
"ee Har4ey <swald is dra%%ed from the Te6as Theatre /y Patrolman C)T) +alker and, still chewin% his ci%ar, ,etecti4e Paul
3entley, in ,allas, Te6as on Co4em/er .., 1>A3) <n the ri%ht is *%t) ;erald Hill)
=PhotoG httpGHHli%ht/o6)time)comH.013H11H..Han#end#to#conspiracy#rare#photo#of#lee#har4ey#oswalds#arrest#su%%ests#why#hes#
%uiltyHQiidXl/#%al#moreonU1?
This is the lunchroom on the second floor of the 3ook ,epository) +ithin -ust a couple of minutes of the PresidentVs
assassination, "ee Har4ey <swald was seen and /riefly detained in this room /y ,allas Police <fficer 2arrion ") 3aker)
=PhotoG httpGHHkennedy#photos)/lo%spot)comH.013H0.Hpa%e#1)html?
The scene of J),) TippitVs murder on Tenth *treet in the ,allas su/ur/ of <ak Cliff on Co4em/er .., 1>A3)
=PhotoG httpGHHkennedy#photos)/lo%spot)comH.013H0.Hpa%e#1)html?
httpGHHkennedy#photos)/lo%spot)comH.013H0.Hpa%e#1)html
A ,allas police officer points out the seat where "ee <swald was sittin% when he was arrested inside the Te6as Theater)
! co%y of Lee (ar&ey <swaldIs %ass%ort (*<1B>S)

Left %hoto/ Pri&ate Lee (ar&ey <swald dressed in a U.S. 8arine *or%s uniform some time in +,B- (R *<1B>S)
Photo of pa%es from passport of "ee Har4ey <swald that was issued /y the ()*) ,epartment of *tate on June ., 1>A3)
=*ourceG httpGHHwww)maryferrell)or%HwikiHinde6)phpHPhotosY#YH*CAYPu/licYHearin%sY$6hi/itsY#Yp>?
"ee Har4ey <swaldVs passport application of .0 June 1>A3, %ranted the followin% day =front?)
=*ourceG httpGHHwww)maryferrell)or%HwikiHinde6)phpHPhotosY#YH*CAYPu/licYHearin%sY$6hi/itsY#Yp8?
!e4erse side of "ee Har4ey <swaldVs passport application of .0 June 1>A3)
=*ourceG httpGHHwww)maryferrell)or%HwikiHinde6)phpHPhotosY#YH*CAYPu/licYHearin%sY$6hi/itsY#Yp8?
Photo of the 4isa application filed on /ehalf of <swald on .1 *eptem/er 1>A3 at the Cu/an Consulate in 2e6ico City) The
ori%inal was pro4ided /y the Cu/an %o4ernment to the +arren Commission)
=*ourceG httpGHHwww)maryferrell)or%HwikiHinde6)phpHPhotosY#YH*CAYPu/licYHearin%sY$6hi/itsY#Yp8?
!%%lication for rental of a %ost office 0o? on + 'o&em0er +,-3) si#ned 0y Lee (. <swald.
(Source/ htt%/77www.maryferrell.or#7wiki7inde?.%h%7PhotosY4Y(S*!YPu0licY(earin#sY=?hi0itsY4Y%,)
!%%lication for rental of a %ost office 0o? on , <cto0er +,-.) si#ned 0y Lee (. <swald (front side).
(Source/ htt%/77www.maryferrell.or#7wiki7inde?.%h%7PhotosY4Y(S*!YPu0licY(earin#sY=?hi0itsY4Y%+6)

"eft photoG "ee Har4ey <swald5s Passport =C<!3@*?
!i%ht photoG "ee Har4ey <swald =left? stands with a friend in the *o4iet (nion durin% the late 1>0s) +as "ee Har4ey <swald
a *o4iet a%ent or a C@A a%entQ =\ C<!3@*?
D3@ fin%erprintin% fluid stains the social security card of "ee Har4ey <swald) The card was found in <swaldVs wallet on the day
of his arrest in con-unction with the assassination of President John D) :ennedy) =\ C<!3@*?
=*ourceG httpGHHwhokilled-fk)netHlho)htm?
A ,epartment of ,efense =,<,? identification card %i4en to "ee H) <swald on *eptem/er .1, 1>>
httpGHHwhokilled-fk)netHlho)htm
httpGHHwhokilled-fk)netHlho)htm
httpGHHwhokilled-fk)netHlho)htm
httpGHHwhokilled-fk)netHlho)htm
httpGHHwhokilled-fk)netHlho)htm
httpGHHwhokilled-fk)netHlho)htm
httpGHHwhokilled-fk)netHlho)htm
httpGHHwhokilled-fk)netHlho)htm
httpGHHwhokilled-fk)netHlho)htm
httpGHHwhokilled-fk)netHlho)htm
httpGHHwhokilled-fk)netHlho)htm
httpGHHwhokilled-fk)netHlho)htm


Lee (ar&ey <swald distri0utes (ands <ff *u0a flyers on the streets of 'ew <rleans) Louisiana some time in +,-.. :his %hoto#ra%h was used
in the Kennedy assassination in&esti#ation. (R *<1B>S)
Lee (ar&ey <swald distri0utes %ro4*astro literature in front of *lay ShawPs >nternational :rade 8art at +.2 *am% Street in 'ew <rleans) a
stonePs throw away from "uy BanisterPs B22 *am% Street office) on !u#ust +-) +,-3. (andwritin# is of *hauncey (olt. *hauncey is the man
with sun#lasses on the far ri#ht.
Lee (ar&ey <swald holds what a%%ear to 0e a 8annlicher4*arcano rifle and a news%a%er in a 0ackyard in $allas. :his %hoto#ra%h is one of
the contro&ersial 0ackyard %hotos used in the assassination of John F. Kennedy in&esti#ation in +,-3. (R *<1B>S)

J(ands <ff *u0aK hand0ill stam%ed with QFP** !.J. (idell) P.<. Bo? 366+-) 'ew <rleans) L!.Q was distri0uted a0oard the USS Was% !ircraft
*arrier. (*<1B>S)
Lee (ar&ey <swaldPs com%leted :e?as School Book $e%ository work a%%lication) which was filled out 0y <swald on :uesday)
<cto0er +B) +,-3) thirty4ei#ht days 0efore he was accused of murderin# President John F. Kennedy from inside the :e?as
School Book $e%ository 0uildin# in $allas) :e?as. (Source/ htt%/77kennedy4%hotos.0lo#s%ot.com7)
Photo%raph of &2ystery 2an' taken /y sur4eillance cameras in 2e6ico City) The &2ystery 2an' is alle%edly "ee Har4ey
<swaldO howe4er, the face and neck of the &2ystery 2an' appears thicker than "ee Har4ey <swald)
=+arren Commission $6hi/it .31?
=*ourceG httpGHHwww)maryferrell)or%HwikiHinde6)phpHPhotosY#YH*CAYPu/licYHearin%sY$6hi/itsY#Yp10?
"ee Har4ey <swald =ri%ht? with his wife 2arina <swald =left? and their dau%hter June) =DotosearchH;etty @ma%es?
A photo of "ee Har4ey <swald after he was /ooked /y the ,allas police
Lee (ar&ey <swald is arrested and taken out of the :e?as :heater in $allas) :e?as on 'o&em0er ..) +,-3. (1euters)
Lee (ar&ey <swald is seen 0ein# sho&ed into a %olice car after 0ein# sei9ed in the :e?as :heater at a%%ro?imately +/B6 P8 on 'o&em0er ..)
+,-3) a0out 3B minutes after <swald had alle#edly #unned down %olice officer J.$. :i%%it on :enth Street.
(Photo/ htt%/77www.onthis&erys%ot.com7find7s%ot.%h%Ss%otYwe0YnameO:e?asY:heatre)
"ee Har4ey <swald =center? appears in police custody after he was arrested in <ak Cliff and char%ed with the murder of ,allas police
patrolman J),) Tippit) =PhotoG ,allas 2unicipal Archi4es?
Lee (ar&ey <swald sits in %olice custody shortly after 0ein# arrested for assassinatin# U.S. President John F. Kennedy in
$allas) :e?as) 'o&. ..) +,-3. <swald was shot and killed two days later 0y Jack 1u0y) a local clu0 owner) as he was 0ein#
transferred to a city Lail. (!P Photo)
"ee Har4ey <swald speaks to -ournalists inside the ,allas police station on Co4em/er .., 1>A3) =AP Photo?
&@ don5t know what kind of facts you people ha4e /een %i4en, /ut @ emphatically deny these
char%es^))) They54e taken me in /ecause of the fact that @ li4ed in the *o4iet (nion) I"m #ust a
$atsy.' I "ee Har4ey <swald, on Co4em/er .., 1>A3
!ccused John F. Kennedy assassin Lee (ar&ey <swald shows his handcuffs while 0ein# escorted in the $allas Police $e%artment
head;uarters hallway in $allas) :e?as on 'o&em0er .2) +,-3. (R :om $illard7$allas 8ornin# 'ews7*or0is)
! tele&ision news conference ca%tures #uards and secret ser&ice a#ents escortin# Lee (ar&ey <swald at the $allas %olice head;uarters two
days after his arrest in conLunction with the assassination of President Kennedy on 'o&em0er .2) +,-3. <swald was shot 0y local ni#ht clu0
owner Jack 1u0y shortly after this %hoto#ra%h was taken. (R *<1B>S)
Lee (ar&ey <swald s%eaks to re%orters at the $allas %olice head;uarters on 'o&em0er ..) +,-3. <swald re%lies/ 1-E! @ust a
patsy.2 (Photo/ htt%/77mcadams.%osc.mu.edu7oswald.htm)
Jack 1u0y %re%ares to shoot Lee (ar&ey <swald in $allas on 'o&em0er .2) +,-3.
Just one second /efore 3o/ Jackson snapped his famous picture, Jack 3eers took the a/o4e photo, which pro4ides yet another
incredi/le 4iew of a murder in pro%ress) =PhotoG httpGHHkennedy#photos)/lo%spot)comH.013H0.Hpa%e#1)html?
Jack 1u0y (ri#ht) assassinates Lee (ar&ey <swald at the $allas Police Station in $allas) :e?as) U.S.!. on 'o&em0er .2) +,-3.
'ee #arvey Os/ald never lived to receive a +air and i!partial trial.
!o/ert Jackson of the Dallas Times "erald won a PulitBer PriBe for this famous photo showin% Jack !u/y murderin% "ee
Har4ey <swald in the /asement of ,allas City Hall at 11G.1 A2 =C*T? on *unday, Co4em/er .0, 1>A3) <swald died at
Parkland Hospital at 1G01 P2 that day) =PhotoG httpGHHkennedy#photos)/lo%spot)comH.013H0.Hpa%e#1)html?
A mortally wounded "ee Har4ey <swald arri4es at Parkland Hospital) He was taken into the hospital 4ia the e6act same
emer%ency entrance that President :ennedy entered two days earlier)
=PhotoG httpGHHkennedy#photos)/lo%spot)comH.013H0.Hpa%e#1)html?
Transcript of $ee %arve# Os&a'd(s )ntervie& &ith the Press
&@Vm -ust a patsy)' I "ee Har4ey <swald
A44>F4C<8: ,allas Police headNuarters, Co4em/er ..nd, 1>A3)
L<< 7A82<I >6WALD: @ don5t know what this is all a/out)
*st 8<P>8-<8: ,id you kill the PresidentQ
L<< 7A82<I >6WALD: Co, sir, @ didn5t) People keep ## EcrosstalkF *irQ
*st 8<P>8-<8: ,id you shoot the PresidentQ
L<< 7A82<I >6WALD: @ work in that /uildin%)
*st 8<P>8-<8: +ere you in the /uildin% at the timeQ
L<< 7A82<I >6WALD: Caturally, if @ work in that /uildin%, yes, sir)
?nd 8<P>8-<8: 3ack up, man^
(rd 8<P>8-<8: Come on, man^
3th 8<P>8-<8: ,id you shoot the PresidentQ
L<< 7A82<I >6WALD: Co) They54e taken me in /ecause of the fact that @ li4ed in the *o4iet (nion) I"m #ust a $atsy.
*ourcesG
TranscriptG httpGHHwww)p/s)or%Hw%/hHpa%esHfrontlineHpro%ramsHtranscriptsH1.0)html
9ideo clip of "ee Har4ey <swald5s &patsy' remarksG httpGHHwww)youtu/e)comHwatchQ4XYZMA@i$rTC%?
President's Assassin Shot To Death In Jail Corridor By A Dallas Citizen; Grieving
Throngs View Kennedy Bier
<ne 3ullet Dired
Ci%ht#Clu/ 2an +ho Admired :ennedy @s <swaldVs *layer
PresidentGs Assassin Is 6hot to Death in Corridor o0 'ail .y a CitiJen o0 Dallas
:ennedy Admirer Dires <ne 3ullet
<perator of . Ci%ht Clu/s "un%es at <swald Drom a Cluster of Cewsmen
By GLADWIN HILL
Special to THE NEW YORK TIMES
Dallas, 4ov. ?355President KennedyGs assassin, Lee 7arvey >s/ald, /as 0atally shot .y a Dallas night5
clu. o$erator today as the $olice started to move him 0rom the city #ail to the county #ail.
-he shooting occurred in the .asement o0 the munici$al .uilding at a.out **:?) A.=. central standard time K*?:?) P.=. 4e/ Ior@
timeL.
-he assailant, 'ac@ 8u.enstein, @no/n as 'ac@ 8u.y, lunged 0rom a cluster o0 ne/smen o.serving the trans0er o0 >s/ald 0rom the
#ail to an armored truc@.
=illions o0 vie/ers sa/ the shooting on television.
As the shot rang out, a $olice detective suddenly recogniJed 8u.y and eAclaimed: M'ac@, you son o0 a .itch%M
A murder charge /as 0iled against 8u.y .y Assistant District Attorney William F. AleAander, 'ustice o0 the Peace Pierce =c;ride
ordered him held /ithout .ail.
!$"AT$,
H$A,"@C$*
+orldVs "eaders to Attend
!eNuiem Today in CapitalG
2rs) :ennedy +ill +alk
3ehind the Caisson to 2ass
at CathedralG <fficials of
Cearly 100 "ands in ()*) ##
They +ill 2eet Johnson
Crowd @s HushedG 2ourners
at Capitol Dile Past the
Coffin Dar @nto the Ci%ht
2illions of 9iewers *ee
<swald :illin% on . T9
Cetworks
Johnson *purs <swald
@nNuiryG President <rders
D)3)@) to Check ,eath ##
Handlin% of Case +orries
Capital
2rs) :ennedy "eads Pu/lic
2ournin%
3usiness of City +ill Halt
TodayG 2ayor *ays <nly
$ssential *er4ices +ill 3e
Pro4ided
<TH$! H$A,"@C$*
Johnson Affirms Aims in
9ietnamG !etains :ennedyVs
Policy of Aidin% +ar on
!eds ## "od%e 3riefs
President
Johnson *cored /y Chinese
!edsG 9iews Called
V!eactionaryV ## Taiwan Aid
Attacked
Pope Paul +arns That Hate
and $4il @mperil Ci4il <rder
Detectives Flan@ 7im
>s/ald /as arrested Friday a0ter =r. Kennedy /as shot dead /hile riding through Dallas in an o$en car. 7e /as charged /ith
murdering the President and a $oliceman /ho /as shot a short time later /hile trying to Buestion >s/ald.
As the ?35year5old $risoner, 0lan@ed .y t/o detectives, ste$$ed onto a .asement garage ram$, 8u.y thrust a .(+5cali.er, snu.5nose
revolver into >s/aldGs le0t side and 0ired a single shot.
-he ,?5year5old night5clu. o$erator, an ardent admirer o0 President Kennedy and his 0amily, /as descri.ed as having .een
distraught.
CDistrict Attorney 7enry Wade said he understood that the $olice /ere loo@ing into the $ossi.ility that >s/ald had .een slain to
$revent him 0rom tal@ing, -he Associated Press re$orted. =r. Wade said that so 0ar no connection .et/een >s/ald and 8u.y had
.een esta.lished.D
>s/ald slum$ed to the concrete $aving, /ordlessly clutching his side and /rithing /ith $ain.
>s/ald a$$arently lost consciousness very Buic@ly a0ter the shooting. Whether he /as at any $oint a.le to s$ea@, i0 he /anted to, /as
not @no/n.
-he $olitically eccentric /arehouse cler@ /as ta@en in a $olice am.ulance to the Par@land 7os$ital, /here President Kennedy died
Friday. 7e died in surgery at *:)H P.=., less than t/o hours a0ter the shooting. -he eAact time >s/ald /as shot /as not de0initely
esta.lished.
Four $lainclothes men, 0rom a detail o0 a.out ,) $olice o00icers carrying out the trans0er, $ounced on 8u.y as he 0ired the shot and
over$o/ered him.
8u.y, /ho came to Dallas 0rom Chicago *, years ago, had a $olice record here listing siA allegations o0 minor o00enses. -he
dis$osition o0 0ive /as not noted. A charge o0 liBuor la/ violation /as dismissed. -/o o0 the entries, in 'uly, *9,(, and =ay, *9,3,
involved carrying concealed /ea$ons.
-he city $olice, /or@ing /ith the 6ecret 6ervice and the Federal ;ureau o0 Investigation, said last night that they had the case against
>s/ald Mcinched.M
A0ter some () hours o0 intermittent interrogations and con0rontations /ith scores o0 /itnesses, >s/ald /as ordered trans0erred to
the custody o0 the Dallas County sheri00.
-his /as $reliminary to the $lanned $resentation o0 the case, neAt Wednesday or the 0ollo/ing =onday, to the county grand #ury .y
District Attorney Wade.
-he trans0er involved a tri$ o0 a.out a mile 0rom the u$to/n munici$al .uilding, /here the Police De$artment and #ail are. -he
route /ent do/n =ain 6treet to the county #ail, overloo@ing the s$ot /here President Kennedy /as @illed and Gov. 'ohn ;. Connally
/as /ounded .y shots 0rom the .oo@ /arehouse /here >s/ald /or@ed.
A Change in Plans
-he original $lan had .een 0or the sheri00 to assume custody o0 >s/ald at the city #ail and handle the trans0er. Late last night, 0or
uns$eci0ied reasons, it /as decided that the city $olice /ould move the $risoner.
Police Chie0 'esse Curry declined to comment on suggestions that he had scheduled the trans0er o0 >s/ald at an un$ro$itious time
.ecause o0 $ressure 0rom ne/s media.
Chie0 Curry announced a.out 9 oGcloc@ last night that the investigation had reached a $oint /here >s/aldGs $resence /as no longer
needed. 7e said that >s/ald /ould .e turned over to the county sheri00 today.
As@ed /hen this /ould ta@e $lace, the chie0 said: MI0 you 0ello/s are here .y *) A.=., youGll .e early enough.M
When ne/smen assem.led at the $olice administrative o00ices at *) oGcloc@, Chie0 Curry commented: MWe could have done this
earlier i0 I hadnGt given you 0ello/s that *) oGcloc@ time.M
Armored 2an Fsed
-his /as generally construed as meaning that $re$arations 0or the trans0er had .een in readiness 0or some hours, rather than
im$lying a com$laint 0rom the chie0 that the $ress had had any $art in setting the time.
Chie0 Curry disclosed this morning that to th/art an attem$t against >s/ald, the tri$ /as to .e made in an armored van o0 the @ind
used to trans0er money.
MWeGre not going to ta@e any chances,M he said. M>ur sBuad cars are not .ullet5$roo0. I0 some.odyGs going to try to do something,
they /ouldnGt sto$ him.M
A ram$ di$s through the .asement garage o0 the munici$al .uilding, running 0rom =ain 6treet to Commerce 6treet. Patrol /agons
drive do/n this ram$ and discharge $risoners at a .asement .oo@ing o00ice. -he garage ceiling /as too lo/ 0or the armored car, so
the van /as .ac@ed u$ in the Commerce 6treet $ortal o0 the ram$.
-he $lan /as to lead >s/ald out the door/ay in the center o0 the .asement and a.out H, 0eet u$ the ram$ to the .ac@ o0 the armored
car.
Prisoner on Fourth Floor
At a.out ** oGcloc@, Chie0 Curry le0t his third50loor o00ice, 0ollo/ed .y $lainclothes detectives and ne/smen, to go to the .asement.
>s/ald /as still in a 0ourth50loor #ail cell.
As the grou$ /ith the chie0 /al@ed through a short corridor $ast the .asement .oo@ing o00ice and out the door onto the guarded
ram$, uni0ormed $olicemen chec@ed the re$ortersG credentials. ;ut they $assed 0amiliar 0aces, such as those o0 $olicemen and
colla.orating 6ecret 6ervice and F.;.I. agents.
8u.yGs 0ace /as 0amiliar to many $olicemen /ho had encountered him at his t/o night clu.s and in his 0reBuent visits to the
munici$al .uilding.
Incons$icuous in Grou$
4eatly dressed in a dar@ suit and /earing a 0edora, he /as incons$icuous in a grou$ o0 $erha$s ,) men /ho 0or the neAt ?) minutes
/aited in a *?50oot5/ide vesti.ule and ad#acent $ortions o0 the ram$.
-elevision cameras, 0acing the vesti.ule, /ere set u$ against a metal railing se$arating the *,5 0oot5/ide ram$ 0rom the rest o0 the
garage. 6ome ne/smen clustered along this railing.
Across Commerce 6treet, in 0ront o0 a ro/ o0 .ail .onds5menGs o00ices, a cro/d o0 several hundred $ersons /as held .ac@ .y a $olice
line.
6oon >s/ald /as ta@en in an elevator to the .asement. 7e /as led through the .oo@ing o00ice to the o$en vesti.ule .et/een t/o lines
o0 detectives.
Wal@s ;ehind Ca$tain
Ca$tain FritJ, chie0 o0 the $olice homicide division, /al@ed #ust ahead o0 him. >s/ald /as handcu00ed, /ith a detective holding each
arm and another 0ollo/ing. >n >s/aldGs right, in a light suit, /as '. 8. Leavelle and on his le0t, in a dar@ suit, L. C. Graves.
As they turned right 0rom the vesti.ule to start u$ the ram$, 8u.y #um$ed 0or/ard 0rom against the railing. -here /as a sudden
loud noise that sounded li@e the eA$losion o0 a $hotogra$herGs 0lash.ul.. It /as 8u.yGs revolver 0iring.
A momentary 0uror set in as 8u.y /as seiJed and hustled into the .uilding. Policemen ran u$ the ram$ in .oth directions to the
street, 0ollo/ed .y others /ith orders to seal o00 the .uilding.
A.out 0ive minutes ela$sed .e0ore an am.ulance could .e rolled do/n the ram$ to >s/ald.
-he am.ulance, its siren sounding, /as 0ollo/ed .y $olice and $ress cars on the 0our5mile drive to the hos$ital.
-he hos$italGs emergency de$artment had .een on the alert 0or $ossi.le in#uries arising out o0 the $ro#ected trans0er.
>s/ald /as moved almost immediately into an o$erating room, at the other end o0 the .uilding 0rom the one /here President
Kennedy /as treated.
-he .ullet had entered >s/aldGs .ody #ust .elo/ his heart and had torn into most o0 the vital organs.
Dr. -om 6hires, the hos$italGs chie0 o0 surgery, /ho o$erated on Governor Connally Friday, too@ over the case. -he gamut o0
emergency $rocedures55.lood trans0usion, 0luid trans0usion, .reathing tu.e and chest drainage tu.e55/as instituted immediately.
;ut Dr. 6hires Buic@ly re$orted through a hos$ital o00icial that >s/ald /as in MeAtremely critical conditionM and that surgery /ould
ta@e several hours.
Family Put in Custody
>s/aldGs .rother, George, a 0actory /or@er 0rom Denton, -eA., got to the hos$ital .e0ore the assassin died.
-he $olice too@ >s/aldGs mother, /i0e and t/o in0ant daughters into $rotective custody. -hey /ere escorted to the hos$ital to vie/
the .ody, then /ere ta@en to an undisclosed lodging $lace in Dallas.
Governor Connally is still a $atient at the Par@land 7os$ital. -he eAcitement o0 the >s/ald case s/irled around the tem$orary o00ice
the Governor had set u$ there.
;ac@ at the #ail, 8u.y /as ta@en to the same 0ourth50loor cell.loc@ /here his victim had .een the 0ocus o0 attention the last t/o days.
8e$orts that 0iltered out a.out his $reliminary remar@s said that he had .een im$elled to @ill President KennedyGs assassin .y
sym$athy 0or =rs. Kennedy. It /as re$orted he did not /ant her to go through the ordeal o0 returning to Dallas 0or the trial o0
>s/ald.
District Attorney Wade said yesterday he /as sure the $rosecution o0 >s/ald could .e carried out /ithout the $ersonal involvement
o0 any mem.ers o0 the Kennedy 0amily.
A hal05doJen la/yers /ho have /or@ed 0or 8u.y converged on $olice headBuarters in the neAt hour or t/o. -hey said they had .een
directed there .y relatives and 0riends o0 8u.y and had not .een called .y 8u.y himsel0.
>ne la/yer said that he had arranged 0or a hearing .e0ore a #ustice o0 the $eace tomorro/ morning to as@ 0or 8u.yGs release on .ail.
M7eGs a res$ecta.le citiJen /hoGs .een here 0or years and certainly is entitled to .ail,M the la/yer said. MWeGll ma@e any amount o0
.ail.M
M7e is a great admirer o0 President Kennedy,M the la/yer said, Mand $olice o00icers.M
-he last remar@ /as an allusion to the 0act that >s/ald /as accused o0 0atally shooting the Dallas $atrolman a0ter the PresidentGs
assassination.
8u.y, the la/yer said, Mis a very emotional man.M
Chie0 Curry called the second 0ormal ne/s con0erence o0 the last three days in the $olice headBuarters .asement assem.ly room at
*:() P.=.
7is 0ace dra/n, he said in a hus@y voice:
M=y statement /ill .e very .rie0. >s/ald eA$ired at *:)H P.=.
MWe have arrested the man. 7e /ill .e charged /ith murder. -he sus$ect is 'ac@ 8u.enstein. 7e also goes .y the name o0 'ac@
8u.y. -hatGs all I have to say.M
6heri00 ;ill Dec@er commented that the $olice Mdid everything humanly $ossi.leM to $rotect >s/ald, as he said they had in the case
o0 President Kennedy.
MI donGt thin@ it /ould have made a .it o0 di00erence i0 >s/ald had .een trans0erred at night,M he said. MI0 someone is determined to
commit murder, itGs almost im$ossi.le to sto$ him.M
Ironically, it a$$eared that 8u.y might have had a num.er o0 0ar easier o$$ortunities 0or @illing >s/ald than the method he 0inally
used.
7e /as re$orted to have circulated re$eatedly the last t/o days among the throng o0 $eo$le that /as constantly in the third50loor
corridor near the homicide .ureau. >s/ald /as led along this corridor a num.er o0 times as he /as ta@en do/n 0rom the 0ourth5
0loor #ail 0or interrogation.
httpGHHwww)nytimes)comHlearnin%H%eneralHonthisdayH/i%H11.0)html
'ee #arvey Os/ald< %-A Agent );traordinaire>
FThe thing - a! concerned a*out5 and so is Mr. G.eputy Attorney General (icholasH Kat,en*ach5 is having so!ething
issued so /e can convince the pu*lic that Os/ald is the real assassin.F 44 FB> $irector J. =d#ar (oo&er) s%eakin# on the
tele%hone to Johnson aide Walter Jenkins two hours after <swald was murdered 0y Jack 1u0y) (S*! 1e%ort) &ol. >>>) %%. 2C+4
C3. (:he Warren *ommission 44 char#ed with determinin# the truth in the JFK assassination 44 relied u%on (oo&erPs FB> as its
%rimary in&esti#ati&e arm.)
FAt the +irst !eeting o+ the ne/ly constituted arren %o!!ission5 G+or!er %-A .irectorH Allen .ulles handed out
copies o+ a *oo0 to help de+ine the ideological para!eters he proposed +or the %o!!issionIs +orthco!ing /or0.
A!erican assassinations /ere di++erent +ro! )uropean ones5 he told the %o!!ission. )uropean assassinations /ere
the /or0 o+ conspiracies5 /hereas A!erican assassins acted alone.F G Peter $ale Scott) 0ee& "olitics and the 0eath of
JF5
Fe have not *een told the truth a*out Os/ald.F G U.S. Senator 1ichard 1ussell) former Warren *ommission mem0er)
con&ersation with researcher (arold Weis0er# in +,C6) Whitewash 1%
F'ee #arvey Os/ald is a ?uestion !ar0 to history. The de*ate is o+ten raised< Ias 'ee #arvey Os/ald alone as the
assassin5 or /as he part o+ a conspiracy>I The ?uestion is never raised< I-s it possi*le he didnIt do it at all>IF G 1o0ert
"roden) assassination researcher) inter&iewed 0y 'i#el :urner for the documentary) The #en Who 5illed 5ennedy$ "art 6
>s/ald is intervie/ed .y the ne/s media a0ter his arrest. >s/ald
declared, MIGm #ust a $atsy.M
The +ollo/ing transcri*ed te;t is +ro! the docu!entary5 The en !ho Killed Kennedy" Part #.
'!11!:<1/ <ne %erson with no illusions a0out <swaldPs role @as a %atsy for JFKPs real killersA launched his own in&esti#ation
into the Kennedy assassination in +,-C) the former $istrict !ttorney of 'ew <rleans) Jud#e Jim "arrison.
"!11>S<'/ @<swaldA was em%loyed 0y the *entral >ntelli#ence !#ency and was o0&iously drawn into a sca%e#oat situation
and made to 0elie&e ultimately that he was %enetratin# the assassination. !nd then when the time came) they took the
sca%e#oat 44 the man who thou#ht he was workin# for the United States #o&ernment 44 and killed him real ;uick. !nd then the
machinery) disinformation machinery) started turnin# and they started makin# a &illain out of a man who #enuinely was %ro0a0ly
a hero.
'!11!:<1/ Si? months 0efore the assassination) <swald had taken a mundane Lo0 @in 'ew <rleansA with the 1eily *offee
*om%any. But it seems his real acti&ities were centered a few 0locks away. From a small office on the corner of Lafayette and
*am% Street) <swald mana#ed a local cha%ter of the %ro4*astro Fair Play For *u0a *ommittee. <%eratin# from an adLoinin#
office was a sinister fi#ure named "uy Banister.
Guy ;anister 55 Former F;I Agent and
4aval Intelligence >$erative. Also a
=em.er o0 the =inutemen, the 'ohn
;irch 6ociety, the Louisiana Committee
on Fn5American Activities, and Pu.lisher
o0 the 8acist Louisiana Intelligence Digest

"!11>S<'/ "uy Banister 44 itPs difficult to say much a0out him) 0ecause he always stood in the shadows and %ushed someone
else to the front. (e was a stron#ly disci%lined man) %erha%s the out#rowth of his many years as a s%ecial a#ent in char#e of
the *hica#o office of the FB>. But he was a key man in the assassination) and thatPs clear from the fact that <swaldPs Qshee%4
di%%in#Q 44 his 0ein# %ortrayed as a *ommunist 44 was done out of "uy BanisterPs office. So he was shee%4di%%ed for months as
a *ommunist 0y #i&in# literature/ QLee) hand this out today. :his is your assi#nment.Q
> came across the fact that <swald) a %ri&ate in the 8arines) had taken a 1ussian e?amination. !nd > knew that %ri&ates did not
take 1ussian e?aminations unless they were connected with intelli#ence. So that caused me to 0e curious a0out B22 *am%)
which was the address stam%ed on one circular that he #a&e out one time 0efore) o0&iously) Banister told him) QLee) no more
addresses.Q >t turned out that was a side address of "uy BanisterPs %ri&ate detecti&e a#ency.

>s/ald distri.uting $ro5Castro literature in 0ront o0 Clay 6ha/Gs
International -rade =art at *?3 Cam$ 6treet, a stoneGs thro/ a/ay
0rom Guy ;anisterGs ,33 Cam$ 6treet o00ice, August *:, *9:(.

Well > went down there to look at it) and > found myself not merely outside of "uy BanisterPs office) 0ut across the street from
'a&al >ntelli#ence) across the street from Secret Ser&ice) around the corner was the *rescent *ity "ara#e) the #ara#e for the
intelli#ence community and then) two doors away) the 1eily *offee *om%any. > used to 0e in the FB>. > knew %eo%le in 'a&al
>ntelli#ence and they were either across the street) around the corner 44 the whole intelli#ence community was there) and ri#ht in
the middle of it was "uy Banister ha&in# <swald shee%4di%%ed as a *ommunist....
When the President ends u% 0ein# assassinated and the sca%e#oat #ra00ed 0y the federal #o&ernment) and killed 0efore
anythin# can 0e done to hel% him) turns out to 0e the man that "uy Banister had 0een the tutor of all the time) you ha&e to
conclude that "uy Banister was a key man in the assassination) and %ossi0ly the most im%ortant man that we encountered in
our whole in&esti#ation. But hePs 0een dead so many years itPs a little hard to ;uestion him.

Was <swald a s%yS !fter re&iewin# all a&aila0le e&idence) the answer to the ;uestion seems to 0e a resoundin# Qyes.Q
:he followin# is a ;uick look at some of the e&idence %ointin# to <swaldPs in&ol&ement with s%y work/
(is childhood 44 a 0ri#ht loner who read a wide ran#e of 0ooks and was drawn to un%o%ular ideas) attracted 0y
s%y stories (the :F show Q> Led :hree Li&esQ and >an Flemin#Ps James Bond no&els were amon# his fa&orites) 44
%erfectly fits the %rofile of %ersons most desired for intelli#ence work.
<swaldPs 8arine career is checkered with inconsistencies and une?%lained e&ents that su##est secret
intelli#ence trainin#.
(is assi#nment to !tsu#i 0ase in Ja%an) which housed a lar#e *>! facility.
<swaldPs incredi0le a0ility with the 1ussian lan#ua#e. Se&eral 1ussians) includin# his wife) said he s%oke like a
nati&e) yet this hi#h4school dro%out re%ortedly tau#ht himself 1ussian from 0ooks.
:he fact that se&eral %ersons 44 includin# a former *>! %aymaster) <swaldPs 8arine roommate) and fellow 8arine
"erry Patrick (emmin# 44 ha&e su##ested that <swald worked for U.S. intelli#ence.
:he manner in which <swald tra&eled so easily in and out of 1ussia as well as the unaccounted4for funds he
used su##ests intelli#ence #uidance.
:he a0ility of this !merican QdefectorQ to lea&e the So&iet Union with his 1ussian40orn wife at a time when most
1ussians were 0ein# denied e?it %ermits.
:he ease with which this would40e defector o0tained %ass%orts 0oth in +,B, and +,-3.
:he fact that <swald wrote a len#thy re%ort on his acti&ities in 1ussia and) later) made a detailed re%ort to the
FB> concernin# his Fair Play For *u0a acti&ities in 'ew <rleans.
<swaldPs note0ook contained the word Qmicrodots)Q a common s%y techni;ue of %hoto#ra%hically reducin#
information to a small dot.
<swaldPs non0indin# QdefectionQ to 1ussia fits %erfectly the %rofile of an <ffice of 'a&al >ntelli#ence %ro#ram to
infiltrate !merican ser&icemen into the So&iet Union durin# the late +,B6Ps.
<ne of <swaldPs closest contacts) "eor#e $e8ohrenschildt) was himself an intelli#ence o%erati&e) first for the
'a9is and later for the *>!.
<ne of the stron#est %ieces of e&idence for <swaldPs in&ol&ement in s%y work concerns a small 8ino? camera
found amon# his effects 0y $allas Police. >nformation de&elo%ed 0y the 0allas #ornin News in +,CD re&ealed
the camera was not a&aila0le to the %u0lic in +,-3. >t may ha&e 0een s%y e;ui%ment issued to <swald. :his
e&idence was so e?%losi&e that the FB> tried to #et $allas detecti&es to chan#e their re%orts re#ardin# the
camera and also ke%t %hotos taken 0y <swald hidden for nearly fifteen years.... $etecti&e 1ose told the 0allas
#ornin News/ Q@FB> a#entsA were callin# it a li#ht meter) > know that. But > know a camera when > see it.... :he
thin# we #ot at >r&in# out of <swaldPs sea0a# was a 8ino? camera. 'o ;uestion a0out it. :hey tried to #et me to
chan#e the records 0ecause it wasnPt a li#ht meter. > donPt know why they wanted it chan#ed) 0ut they must ha&e
had some moti&e for it.Q :he moti&e may ha&e 0een that the e?istence of the camera %ointed to <swaldPs
intelli#ence connections.... :he three4inch4lon# "erman4made camera was famous for 0ein# used 0y s%ies on
0oth sides durin# World War >>.
'ote/ :he a0o&e te?t is e?cer%ted from the 0ook) 4rossfire$ The "lot that 5illed 5ennedy 0y Jim 8arrs

=inoA 6$y Camera

FThe &eport o+ the arren %o!!ission in+ers that Os/ald so!eho/ !ust have learned &ussian on his o/n5 ostensi*ly
in preparation +or his +orthco!ing de+ection. Actually5 Os/ald /as taught &ussian *y the United $tates govern!ent5
as is indicated *y 'ieutenant %olonel Folso!Is testi!ony during /hich he happened to re+er to one o+ Os/aldIs grades
in a U.$. Ar!ed Forces &ussian e;a!ination 3Colu!e C---5 p. 9JK:. The +or!al designation +or this &ussian e;a!ination
/as F.epart!ent o+ the Ar!y5 Ad@utant GeneralIs O++ice5 "&T=6AK. Os/ald too0 the &ussian e;a!ination on Fe*ruary
4A5 67A75 /hile stationed at )l Toro Marine Base in %ali+ornia.F 44Jim "arrison) $istrict !ttorney of 'ew <rleans) "ress
Release) Fe0ruary .+) +,-D
FOn at least t/o separate occasions5 Banister e!ployees sa/ Os/ald handing out pro=%astro literature and reported it
to their *oss. -n one instance Banister si!ply laughed5 and on the other5 he told his secretary .elphine &o*erts< I.onIt
/orry a*out hi!.... #eIs /ith us. #eIs associated /ith the o++ice.I &o*erts also said she sa/ Os/ald at ABB %a!p
$treet5 and that he +illed out one o+ BanisterIs IagentI application +or!s. $he later told author Anthony $u!!ers<
IOs/ald ca!e *ac0 a nu!*er o+ ti!es. #e see!ed to *e on +a!iliar ter!s /ith Banister and /ith the o++ice.IF 44Jim
8arrs) 4rossfire$ The "lot that 5illed 5ennedy
FThey are the !ost ruthless !other+===ers there are and i+ they /ant to get so!e*ody5 they /ill. They /ill do their o/n
people up.F 44$a&id Sanche9 8orales) talkin# a0out the *>!) (8orales was the *hief of <%erations at the *>! station in 8iami 44
J87W!F= 44 and a consultant to the $e%uty $irector of the Joint *hiefs)) "aeton Fon9i) The Last 1nvestiation
Fe do 0no/ Os/ald had intelligence connections. )very/here you loo0 /ith hi!5 thereIre +ingerprints o+
intelligence.F 441e%u0lican Senator 1ichard Schweiker) mem0er of the U.S. Senate Select *ommittee on >ntelli#ence) %illae
%oice) $ecem0er +B) +,CB
FThe ?uestion o+ /hether Os/ald had any relationship /ith the FB- or the %-A is not +rivolous. The agencies5 o+ course5
are silent. Although the arren %o!!ission had +ull po/er to conduct its o/n independent investigation5 it per!itted
the FB- and the %-A to investigate the!selves == and so cast a per!anent shado/ on the ans/ers.F 44Walter *ronkite)
*BS 'ews anchor) June .D) +,-C
F-+ he had it to do over again5 he /ould *egin his investigation o+ the Kennedy assassination *y pro*ing IOs/aldIs ties
to the %entral -ntelligence Agency.IF 441ichard S%ra#ue) first staff director and chief counsel to the U.S. (ouse Select
*ommittee on !ssassinations) statement to Sam !nson of New Times ma#a9ine) "aeton Fon9i) The Last 1nvestiation
FG'ee Os/aldIs !otherH Mrs. Marguerite Os/ald +re?uently e;pressed the opinion that her son /as recruited *y an
agency o+ the U.$. Govern!ent and sent to &ussia in 67A75 *ut she stated *e+ore the %o!!ission that I- cannot prove
'ee is an agent.IF 44Warren *ommission 1e%ort) !%%endi? M>>/ S%eculations and 1umors) <swald and U.S. "o&ernment
!#encies) %. --6
FGFor!er %-A .irector &ichardH #el!s told reporters during a *rea0 that no one /ould ever 0no/ /ho or /hat 'ee
#arvey Os/ald ... represented. As0ed /hether the %-A 0ne/ o+ any ties Os/ald had /ith either the KGB or the %-A5
#el!s paused and /ith a laugh said5 I- donIt re!e!*er.IF 44(elms) chattin# with the Washinton "ost7s "eor#e Lardner and
other re%orters in +,CD) durin# a recess of the U.S. (ouse Select *ommittee on !ssassinations) "aeton Fon9i) The Last
1nvestiation
FA+ter the assassination the pu*lic /as *urdened /ith no ?uandary. herever the guilt really lay5 the !an identi+ied as
0illing "resident Kennedy /as sta!ped as a disciple o+ the e;tre!e le+t. &ightly or /rongly5 the political le+t /as
i!plicitly convicted along /ith Os/ald. as that verdict @ust5 or /ere Os/ald and his apparent heroes victi!s o+ a
vicious dou*le=cross *y +orces o+ the e;tre!e right>F 44!nthony Summers) Not in Your Lifetime
F- no longer *elieve that /e /ere a*le to conduct an appropriate investigation o+ the G%entral -ntelligenceH Agency and
its relationship to Os/ald.... - do not *elieve any denial o++ered *y the Agency on any point. The la/ has long +ollo/ed
the rule that i+ a person lies to you on one point5 you !ay re@ect all o+ his testi!ony.... e no/ 0no/ that the Agency
/ithheld +ro! the arren %o!!ission the %-A=Ma+ia plots to 0ill %astro. #ad the co!!ission 0no/n o+ the plots5 it
/ould have +ollo/ed a di++erent path in its investigation.... e also no/ 0no/ that the Agency set up a process that
could only have *een designed to +rustrate the a*ility o+ the co!!ittee in 67K8=K7 to o*tain any in+or!ation that !ight
adversely a++ect the Agency. Many have told !e that the culture o+ the Agency is one o+ prevarication and
dissi!ulation and that you cannot trust it or its people. "eriod. )nd o+ story. - a! no/ in that ca!p.F 441o0ert Blakey)
staff director and chief counsel for the U.S. (ouse Select *ommittee on !ssassinations) statement from .663
F- have +elt5 - al/ays +elt5 a sy!pathy +or Os/ald5 and - @ust donIt +eel itIs right that he /ould *e5 or his children should
*e5 stuc0 /ith that stig!a5 thatIs all.F 44*hauncey (olt) *>! contract a#ent and 8afia associate (also identified as one of the
Qthree tram%sQ %hoto#ra%hed in $ealey Pla9a)) &ideo inter&iew) .6 June +,,C
F'ee Os/ald /as totally5 une?uivocally5 co!pletely innocent o+ the assassination. And the +act that history ... has *een
!ade a villain o+ this young !an5 /ho /anted nothing !ore than to *e a +ine Marine5 is in so!e /ays the greatest
in@ustice o+ all.F 44Jim "arrison) inter&iewed 0y 'i#el :urner for the documentary) The #en Who 5illed 5ennedy$ "art 6

Guy ;anisterGs ,33 Cam$ 6treet address. -he .uilding also housed the Cu.an
8evolutionary Council 55 a militant anti5Castro organiJation created .y the CIA.

For more information on "uy BanisterPs B22 *am% Street office click 0elow/
The ;arrison @n4esti%ation
"et Justice 3e ,oneG The !eturn of "ee Har4ey <swald
*ourceG httpGHHwww)%eocities)comHoswaldpatsyH
-<6-I=>4I >F 4<L6>4 D<LGAD> KA$ril *:, *9:3L

The testimony of Celson ,el%ado was taken on April 1A, 1>A0, at the ()*) Courthouse, Doley *Nuare, Cew Mork, C)M), /y 2r)
+esley J) "ie/eler, assistant counsel of the PresidentVs Commission)

Celson ,el%ado, ha4in% /een first duly sworn, was e6amined and testified as followsG
2r) "@$3$"$!) 2y name is +esley J) "ie/eler) @ am a mem/er of the le%al staff of the PresidentVs Commission in4esti%atin% the
assassination of President :ennedy) *taff mem/ers ha4e /een authoriBed to take the testimony of witnesses /y the Commission pursuant to
authority %ranted to the Commission $6ecuti4e <rder) Co) 11130, dated Co4em/er .>, 1>A3, and Joint !esolution of Con%ress Co) 131)
(nder the CommissionVs rules for the takin% of testimony, each witness is to /e pro4ided with a copy of the $6ecuti4e order and of
the -oint resolution, and a copy of the rules that the Commission has adopted %o4ernin% the takin% of testimony from witnesses)
The Commission will pro4ide you copies of those documents) @ cannot do it
at this point /ecause @ do not ha4e them with me, /ut we will pro4ide you with copies of the documents to which @ ha4e referred)
(nder the CommissionVs rules for the takin% of testimony, each witness is entitled to 3 daysV notice, /efore he is reNuired to come in
and %i4e testimony) @ donVt think you had 3 daysV notice)
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) 3ut each witness can wai4e that notice reNuirement if he wishes, and @ assume that you would /e willin% to wai4e
that notice reNuirement since you are hereO is that correctQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +e want to inNuire of you this mornin% concernin% the association that the Commission understands you had with
"ee Har4ey <swald durin% the time that he was a mem/er of the (nited *tates 2arine Corps) The Commission has /een ad4ised that you
also were a mem/er of the (nited *tates 2arine Corps and were stationed with <swald in *anta Ana, Calif), for a period of time)
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) 3efore we %et into the details of that, would you state your full name for the record, pleaseQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Celson ,el%ado)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou are now in the (nited *tates ArmyO is that correctQ
2r) ,$";A,<) That is correct)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat is your rankQ
2r) ,$";A,<) *pecialist 0)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat is your serial num/erQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !A.8. 3 1>>)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +here are you stationedQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @ am stationed at ,elta 3attery, 0th 2issile 3attalion, 11st Artillery, in HaBlet, C)J)
2r) "@$3$"$!) How lon% ha4e you /een in the ArmyQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @ -oined the Army on Co4em/er 1, 1>A0)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat kind of work do you do in the ArmyQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @ am a >011A, which means that @ am a cook, with a lin%uist di%it, which means @ can speak and write *panish
fluently) That is what that last A in that di%it means)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +here did you %o into the ArmyQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @ went into the Army at Dort <rd, Calif)
2r) "@$3$"$!) And would you /riefly tell us the trainin% that you recei4ed after you went into the Army and the places at which
you were stationed from the time you went into the Army up to the present timeQ
2r) ,$";A,<) +ell, in 1>A0, Co4em/er 1>A0, @ reported at Dort <rd) Appro6imately 1 days after @ reported there @ recei4ed
orders for ;ermany) @ had no /asic trainin% /ecause of my 2arine Corps /asic trainin% took care of that)
,ecem/er the 1th, 10th, around there, @ left for ;ermany) And @ arri4ed in ;ermany, and @ ser4ed with HeadNuarters 3attery, th
2issile 3attalion, Ath Artillery, AP< 30, at 3aumholder, ;ermany)
2r) "@$3$"$!) How lon% were you stationed in ;ermanyQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @ was stationed there appro6imately . years and a day)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +ere you stationed with the same outfit all that timeQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) *i6 months of the time @ was with themO then @ was transferred to a line /attery, C 3attery, same missile
/attalion, same artillery, and @ was for a while the old manVs dri4er, the captainVs dri4erO and then @ was##@ asked for a transfer to the messhall
so @ could %et ad4anced in my ratin%, and @ was put in the messhall, then promoted there also, and @ ha4e /een a cook since then)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you stay with the C 3attery until you left ;ermanyQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Appro6imately when did you lea4e ;ermanyQ
2r) ,$";A,<) ,ecem/er the 8th) ,ecem/er the 8th)
2r) "@$3$"$!) 1>A.Q
2r) ,$";A,<) 1>A., ri%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +here were you stationed after thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Dort Hancock, C)J)O and from there @ was put in the line /attery, ,elta 3attery)
2r) "@$3$"$!) And that is where you are assi%ned at the present timeQ
2r) ,$";A,<) That is ri%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Are you workin% now as a cookQ
2r) ,$";A,<) That is ri%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou are also the mess steward of your messhallO is that correctQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co, not mess stewardO first cook)
2r) "@$3$"$! Dirst cookQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) *o you are not in char%e of the messhallQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO @ am in char%e of the personnel that work the day @ am workin%)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou mentioned that your 2<*, @ /elie4e it is called, your military occupation specialty, has an indication that you
are Nualified to speak *panish or another lan%ua%eO is that correctQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you take tests while you were in the Army to esta/lish your proficiency in the *panish lan%ua%eQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes, @ took the lan%ua%e proficiency test, and also the <C* test, the re%ular test they %i4e you when you first %o
into the ser4ice, and @ passed them all) @tVs in my .01 files, my military records)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you pass the *panish proficiency testQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes) @n fact @ was offered to /e sent to 2onterey lan%ua%e school)
2r) "@$3$"$!) To continue your studies in connection with the *panish lan%ua%eQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou took the *panish proficiency test when you came into the Army at Dort <rdO is that correctQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +here were you /ornQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @ was /orn in 3rooklyn, C)M), in 1>3>)
2r) "@$3$"$!) At what addressQ +hereQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @ /elie4e it was :in%s County Hospital)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mour parents still reside in 3rooklynQ
2r) ,$";A,<) 303 01th *treet) ThatVs what my address was durin% the 2arine Corps, /ut ri%ht now the nei%h/orhood is tore
down, so thereVs no record of it now)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mour parents reside in 3rooklynQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) 2y parents are di4orced) <ne li4es in Puerto !ico, and my mother li4es in California)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou li4ed at the address in 3rooklyn that you -ust %a4e me from the time you were /orn until the time you went
into the 2arine CorpsO is that correctQ
2r) ,$";A,<) ThatVs correct)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Tell us /riefly where you went to school)
2r) ,$";A,<) ThatVs pretty hard to keep track of, /ecause @ was like a yo#yo, /ack and forth from one parent to the other) 3ut @
went to school in P)*# Co) .)
2r) "@$3$"$!) @n 3rooklynQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @n 3rooklyn, until the third %rade, and @ was transferred) @ went to California with my mother) @ was there in the
Park A4enue ;rammar *chool from the third %rade to the fifth)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat city in CaliforniaQ
2r) ,$";A,<) +ilmin%ton, Calif) And then @ went /ack to Cew Mork, /ack to P)*) Co) . for the th %rade to the Ath, %raduated
from there, went to pu/lic school, ,ewey Junior Hi%h *chool##@ donVt know what P)*) it is##from the 1th %rade to the 8th and then went /ack
to California and went to +ilmin%ton Junior Hi%h *chool from the 1th to the a/out the 11th %rade, and the 11th %rade @ went /ack to
3rooklyn into 2anual Trainin% Hi%h *chool and dropped out after the 11th %rade)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou ha4e not %raduated from hi%h schoolQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) @ ha4e my hi%h school %raduation throu%h (*AD")
2r) "@$3$"$!) That is the (nited *tates Armed Dorces @nstituteO is that correctQ
2r) ,$";A,<) ThatVs correct)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hen you dropped out of school here in 3rooklyn, did you then -oin the 2arine CorpsQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) @ held a -o/ for a while at 9an ,yk L !ee4es, on 0.d *treet and .d A4enue, in 3rooklyn, C)M)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat kind of a -o/ was thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @t was -ust a re%ular la/orer at an oli4e factory, makin% 2araschino cherries and oli4es and so forth) And it lasted
a/out . 1H. months, and @ -oined the 2arine Corps)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,o /oth of your parents speak *panishQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Are they /oth from Puerto !ico ori%inallyQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Appro6imately when did they come from Puerto !icoQ
2r) ,$";A,<) 2y father came when he was rou%hly .0 years of a%e) 2y mother came when she was a/out 13)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Appro6imately hold old are your parents nowQ
2r) ,$";A,<) 2y father is around 08) 2y mother is a/out 0.)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +here did you -oin the 2arine CorpsQ
2r) ,$";A,<) ,own at +hitehall *treet, in Cew Mork City)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat trainin% did you recei4eQ +here were you sentQ
2r) ,$";A,<) +ell, when we left Cew Mork @ was sent to Parris @sland, *)C), for /asic trainin%) (pon completion of that, @ was
sent to Camp "e Jeune, C)C), for intensi4e trainin%) Then @ recei4ed schoolin% in electronics school at Jackson4ille Ca4al Air *tation,
Jackson4ille, Dla)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Can you remem/er when you were there at Jackson4illeQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @ was there in 1>##the the /e%innin% of 1>1)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat is the e6act title of the school that you went toQ ,o you remem/erQ
2r) ,$";A,<) $lectronics school is all @ can remem/er) Drom there, upon %raduation from there, @ recei4ed my choice of trainin%,
which was aircraft control and warnin%, and @ was sent to school at 3ilo6i Air Dorce 3ase) 2iss), and there @ went to aircraft control and
warnin% school there, and it lasted a/out 1 weeks) (pon completion there and %raduation, @ recei4ed my orders for 2arine Air Control
*Nuadron >, *anta Ana, Calif)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Appro6imately when did you arri4e at *anta AnaQ
2r) ,$";A,<) The /e%innin% of 1>8)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you make the acNuaintance of "ee Har4ey <swald at any time prior to the time that you arri4ed at *anta AriaQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou didnVt know <swald while you were in school at 3ilo6i or Jackson4illeQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) He was past that already)
2r) "@$3$"$!) <swald had /een to these schoolsQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you learn su/seNuently that <swald had /een in school in Jackson4ille and 3ilo6iQ
2r) ,$";A,<) All of us in 2<* A101 knew that he had /een there)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Dor the /enefit of the record, 2<* stands for 2ilitary <ccupation *pecialty) @s that ri%htQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) And the 2<* num/er that you ha4e -ust referred to was whatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Air/orne electronics operators is a/out the eNui4alent, @ %uess)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Air/orne electronics operatorQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO our -o/ was the sur4eillance of aircraft in distress, control of intercepts and approaches, and mostly air
sur4eillance and help of aircraft runnin% into pro/lems)
2r) "@$3$"$!) How lon% were you stationed at *anta AnaQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Drom 1>8, @ would say, until Co4em/er ., 1>>, when @ %ot dischar%ed)
2r) "@$3$"$!) *o you were at *anta Ana after you completed your trainin%, throu%hout your entire 2arine Corps careerQ
2r) ,$";A,<) ThatVs ri%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) (ntil the time you were dischar%edQ
2r) ,$";A,<) ThatVs ri%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you ha4e access to classified information of any sort in the course of your work at *anta AriaQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO we all had access to information, classified information) @ /elie4e it was classified secret) +e all had secret
clearances) There was some information there as to different codes and challen%es that we had to %i4e to aircraft and challen%es and so on)
2r) "@$3$"$!) @n other words, if @ can understand correctly the nature of your work, you actually worked in a control roomQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) </ser4in% radar screensQ
2r) ,$";A,<) ThatVs ri%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) And when the radar screen would pick up an aircraft, you would then challen%e that aircraftQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) And it would ha4e to identify itselfQ
2r) ,$";A,<) ThatVs true)
2r) "@$3$"$!) And the code or si%nals that you sent to the aircraft reNuestin% it to identify itself were classified informationQ
2r) ,$";A,<) ThatVs ri%ht, alon% with the ran%e capa/ilities of the radar sets and their /lindspots and so forth and so on) Mou
know, each site has /lind#spots, and we know the de%rees where our /lindspots are and who co4ers us and that information) ThatVs considered
secret, what outfit co4ers us and thin%s like that)
2r) "@$3$"$!) And what was the latter####
2r) ,$";A,<) +hat outfit co4ers us, that we can see) And as @ say, the capa/ilities of the radars, as @ said /efore)
2r) "@$3$"$!) How far out they can reachQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) And pick up an aircraftQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO and how hi%h####
2r) "@$3$"$!) And how hi%h####
2r) ,$";A,<) And how low we can catch them and where we canVt catch them)
2r) "@$3$"$!) And @ suppose all the men who worked, with the radar sets knew these thin%sQ
2r) ,$";A,<) They all knew) +hat do they call it now##authentication charts, which is also a secret)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat is the nature of these chartsQ
2r) ,$";A,<) AuthoriBation chart is, if we recei4e an order o4er the phone, o4er the headsets##authentication) Pardon me) ThatVs
the word) "etVs say this order, we can Nuestion it) +hat it actually amounts to, he has to authenticate it for us) Cow, he should ha4e the same
ta/le or code in front of him that @ ha4e) He %i4es me a code) @ would look it up in my authentication chart, decipher it, and @ could tell
whether or not this man has the same thin% @ am usin%) And this chan%es from hour to hour, see) ThereVs no chance of it##and day to day, also)
2r) "@$3$"$!) *o that the information, the code itself would not /e of any particular 4alue to the enemy, since it is chan%edQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @tVs chan%ed from day to dayO no)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id there come a time when you were stationed at *anta Ana that you met "ee Har4ey <swaldQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO in the /e%innin% of 1>>) He arri4ed at our outfit) @ didnVt take no particular notice of him at the time, /ut later
on we had##we started talkin%, and we %ot to know each other Nuite well) This is all /efore Christmas, /efore @ took my lea4e)
2r) "@$3$"$!) This was in 1>1 or 1>8Q
2r) ,$";A,<) 1>8) And we had /asic interests) He liked *panish, and he talked to me for a while in *panish or tried to, and
since no/ody /othered, you know##@ was kind of a loner, myself, you know) @ didnVt associate with too many people)
2r) "@$3$"$!) How old were you at that timeQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @ was 11##18 years of a%eO 11 or 18)
2r) "@$3$"$!) A/out the same a%e as <swaldQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht) He was the same a%e as @ was) And nothin% really de4eloped until @ went on lea4e oh, yes) At the time he
was##he was commentin% on the fi%ht that Castro was ha4in% at *ierra 2adres at the /e%innin%, -ust a/out the turn of 1>>) +hen @ went on
lea4e, it -ust so happened that my lea4e coincided with the first of January, when Castro took o4er) *o when @ %ot /ack, he was the first one to
see me, and he said, W+ell, you took a lea4e and went there and helped them, and they all took o4er)W @t was a /i% -oke)
*o we %ot alon% pretty well) He had trou/le in one of the huts, and he %ot transferred to mine)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,o you know what trou/le he had in the other hutQ
2r) ,$";A,<) +ell, the way @ understand it, he wouldnVt hold his own) Came time for cleanup, and %eneral cleanliness of the
/arracks, he didnVt want to participate, and he would /e %ripin% all the time) *o the ser%eant that was in char%e of that hut asked to ha4e him
put out, you know) *o conseNuently, they put him into my hut)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat were these hutsQ +ere they Nuonset hutsQ
2r) ,$";A,<) 8uonset huts, ri%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) And they ser4ed as /arracks, ri%htQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) How many men####
2r) ,$";A,<) $ach Nuonset hut was di4ided in half) Cow, in each half li4ed si6 men, two to a room) They were di4ided into two
rooms with a /ath room each side, each half of the Nuonset hut) @ was li4in% in one room) <swald in the other room) And then we had our
/arracks, we had Nuite a /it of turno4ers, /ecause %uys kept comin% in and /ein% transferred) Him and @ seemed to /e the only ones stayin% in
there) And we would meet durin% workin% hours and talk) He was a complete /elie4er that our way of %o4ernment was not Nuite ri%ht, that##@
donVt know how to say itO itVs /een so lon%) He was for, not the Communist way of life, the Castro way of life, the way he was %oin% to lead
his people) He didnVt think our ;o4ernment had too much to offer)
7e never said any su.versive things or tried to ta@e any classi0ied in0ormation that I @no/ o0 out or see any.ody a.out it.
As I said to the men that intervie/ed me .e0ore, /e /ent to the range at one time, and he didnGt sho/ no $articular as$ects o0
.eing a shar$shooter at all.
=r. LI<;<L<8. 7e didnGt seem to .e $articularly $ro0icient /ith the ri0leN is that correct
=r. D<LGAD>. -hatGs right.
=r. LI<;<L<8. What @ind o0 ri0le did you use
=r. D<LGAD>. 7e had an =5*. We all had =5lGs.
2r) "@$3$"$!) Car/ine or rifleQ
2r) ,$";A,<) The 2#1 rifle)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you ha4e them in your Nuonset hut at all timesQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co, sirO we had them in the armory, in the Nuonset hut desi%nated as the armory) And we went there periodically to
clean them up) And at the time in *anta Ana, he was with me at one time)
2r) "@$3$"$!) $ach man was assi%ned a particular rifleO is that correctQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you ha4e to use the rifles to stand inspectionQ
2r) ,$";A,<) ThatVs ri%ht)
=r. LI<;<L<8. Do you remem.er /hether or not >s/ald @e$t his ri0le in good sha$e, clean
=r. D<LGAD>. 7e @e$t it mediocre. 7e al/ays got gigged 0or his ri0le.
=r. LI<;<L<8. 7e did
=r. D<LGAD> IesN very seldom did he $ass an ins$ection /ithout getting gigged 0or one thing or another.
=r. LI<;<L<8. With res$ect to his ri0le
=r. D<LGAD>. With res$ect to his ri0le. 7e didnGt s$end as much time as the rest o0 us did in the armory cleaning it u$. 7e
/ould, /hen he /as told to. >ther/ise, he /ouldnGt come out .y himsel0 to clean it. 7e /as .asically a man that com$lained Buite
0reBuently.
=r. LI<;<L<8. Do you thin@ he com$lained more than the other =arines
=r. D<LGAD>. Well, yesN a little .it more. Anything, anything that they told him to do, he 0ound a /ay to argue it to a
$oint /here .oth him and the man giving him the order .oth got disgusted and mad at each other, and /hile the rest o0 us /ere
/or@ing, heGs arguing /ith the man in charge. For him there /as al/ays another /ay o0 doing things, an easier /ay 0or him to get
something done.
=r. LI<;<L<8. 7e didnGt ta@e too /ell to orders that /ere given to him
=r. D<LGAD>. 4oN he didnGt.
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you e4er notice that he responded /etter if he were asked to do somethin% instead of ordered to do somethin%Q
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +ould you say thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO well, thatVs what @ worked with him) @ ne4er called him "ee or Har4ey or <swald) @t was always <B)
2r) "@$3$"$!) <B)
2r) ,$";A,<) <BBie) @ would say, W<B, how a/out takin% care of the /athroom todayQW Dine, he would do it) 3ut as far as
some/ody from the outside sayin%, WAll ri%ht, <swald, @ want you to take and police up that areaW##W+hyQ +hy do @ ha4e to do itQ +hy are
you always tellin% me to do itQW +ell, it was an order, he actually had to do it, /ut he didnVt understand it like that)
2r) "@$3$"$!) How lon% were you and <swald stationed to%ether at *anta AnaQ
2r) ,$";A,<) 3asically there were 11 months, from January to the date of my dischar%e or the date that he took off) He %ot
dischar%ed /efore @ did)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Au%ust or *eptem/er 1>>, appro6imatelyQ
2r) ,$";A,<) 1>>, ri%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) And when were you dischar%edQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @ was dischar%ed Co4em/er ., 1>A0##1>>)
=r. LI<;<L<8. Did >s/ald tell you that he had .een overseas $rior to the time he came to 6anta Aria
=r. D<LGAD>. 4oN he didnGt tell me has /as overseas. I got that 0rom the 0ello/s /ho @ne/ him overseas, Atsugi, 'a$an,
and he /as /ith the =arine Air Control 6Buadron, I .elieve it /as, at Atsugi. -here /as a cou$le o0 guys stationed /ith him.
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,o you remem/er their namesQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO @ donVt) @ think one of them was ,i-ono4ich) There was two of them stationed with him o4erseas)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you e4er learn whether <swald had /een any place else o4erseas other than Atsu%iQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou ne4er heard that he was stationed in the Philippines for a whileQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO not that)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you know whether any of these other men that had /een stationed o4erseas with <swald had /een to the
PhilippinesQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO if they went on a pro/lem from there and %ot a/oard a small carrier, they pro/a/ly may ha4e taken him, say, to
Hawaii or the Philippines or ;uam, somethin% like that, for maneu4ers, or <kinawa)
2r) "@$3$"$!) 3ut you had no knowled%e of it at the timeQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou were a/out to tell us, /efore @ went into this Nuestion of how lon% you and <swald were to%ether, a/out the
rifle practice that you en%a%ed in) +ould you tell us a/out that in as much detail as you can remem/erQ
2r) ,$";A,<) +e went out to the field, to the rifle ran%e, and /efore we set out we had set up a pot) Hi%h score would %et this
moneyO second hi%hest, and so forth down to a/out the fifth man that was hi%h)
2r) "@$3$"$!) How many men were thereQ
2r) ,$";A,<) <h, in our company there was a/out rou%hly 80 men, 80 to 100 men, and @ would say a/out 00 of us were in the
pot) All low rankin% $2Vs, thou%h) 3y that @ mean corporal or /elow) Cone of the ser%eants were asked to -oin) Cine times out of ten they
werenVt firin%, -ust watchin% you) They mostly watched to see who was the /est firer on the line)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou say there were a/out 00 men in4ol4ed in this potQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) And you say that <swald finished fifth from the hi%hestQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO he didnVt e4en place there) He didnVt %et no money at all) He -ust /arely %ot his score, which @ think was a/out
110, @ think it was, -ust /arely sharpshooter)
2r) "@$3$"$!) *harpshooter is the minimum)
2r) ,$";A,<) 2inimum)
2r) "@$3$"$!) !ankQ
=r. D<LGAD>. ItGs .ro@en do/n into three categories: shar$shooters55noN $ardon me, ta@e that .ac@N itGs mar@sman is the
lo/est, shar$shooters, and eA$erts. And then >s/ald had a mar@smanGs .adge, /hich /as #ust a $lain, little thing here /hich stated
M=ar@smanM on it.
=r. LI<;<L<8. And that /as the lo/est one
=r. D<LGAD>. -hat /as the lo/est. Well, that /as Buali0yingN then there /as nothing, /hich meant you didnGt Buali0y.
=r. LI<;<L<8. Did you 0ire /ith >s/ald
=r. D<LGAD>. 8ightN I /as in the same line. ;y that I mean /e /ere on line together, the same time, .ut not 0iring at the
same $osition, .ut at the same time, and I remem.er seeing his. It /as a $retty .ig #o@e, .ecause he got a lot o0 M=aggieGs dra/ers,M
you @no/, a lot o0 misses, .ut he didnGt give a darn.
=r. LI<;<L<8. =issed the target com$letely
=r. D<LGAD>. 7e #ust Buali0ied, thatGs it. 7e /asnGt as enthusiastic as the rest o0 us. We all loved55li@ed, you @no/, going
to the range.
=r. LI<;<L<8. =y recollection o0 ho/ the ri0le ranges /or@ed is that the troo$s divided u$ into t/o di00erent grou$s, one
o0 /hich o$erates the targets.
=r. D<LGAD>. 8ight.
=r. LI<;<L<8. And the other one 0ires
=r. D<LGAD>. 8ight.
=r. LI<;<L<8. When you said .e0ore that you /ere in the same line as >s/ald, you meant that you 0ired at the same time
that he did
=r. D<LGAD>. 8ight. And then all o0 us /ent to the $its, our $articular linesN then /e /ent to the $its, you @no/.
=r. LI<;<L<8. >s/ald /or@ed the $its /ith you, the same time you did
=r. D<LGAD>. 8ight. And he /as a cou$le o0 targets do/n. It /as very comical to see, .ecause he had the other guy
$ulling the target do/n, you @no/, and he /ill ta@e and may.e gum it once in a /hile or run the dis@ u$N .ut he had the other guy
$ulling it u$ and .ringing it do/n, you @no/. 7e /asnGt hardly going to eAert himsel0.
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,o you remem/er appro6imately how far away <swald was in the line from you when you firedQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO he was -ust one o4er from me)
2r) "@$3$"$!) The ne6t one, the 4ery ne6t oneQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Cot the ne6t one, /ut the one o4er from that)
2r) "@$3$"$!) There was one man /etween you and <swaldQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you talk to him a/out his performance with the rifle at that timeQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Cot durin% that day, /ecause @ was mostly interested in my pickin% up the money, you know, and @ wasnVt worryin%
a/out what he was doin%O in fact if he wasnVt /rin%in% it in, @ didnVt care, you know) @ didnVt want no competition)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you win any of the moneyQ
2r) ,$";A,<) <h, yes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) How many of the 2arines wonQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Just fi4e of us)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Just fi4eQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) And which one were youQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @ was###@ shot a/out 1>.) @ came in a/out third)
2r) "@$3$"$!) 2y recollection of the rifle ran%e from the time @ was in the is that sometimes the scores that were reported###
2r) ,$";A,<) +ere erroneous)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +ere erroneous) Has that /een your e6perience alsoQ
2r) ,$";A,<) <h, yesO if there is not close super4ision) 3y this, that you ha4e your /uddy in /ack of you, he could /e pencilin%
in your scoreO if you %et a 0, he will put a in there) @t doesnVt work that way if you %o to fire for record, like we did, /ecause they ha4e an
CC< line and they %ot a pit CC<) Cow they ha4e a man at that tar%et down there keepin% score, and they also ha4e a man /ack here keepin%
score, and when /oth those score cards are turned into the line officer, they /oth /etter correspond, and you ha4e no way of communicatin%
with the man down the pit)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +as that the way it was handled when you fired this timeQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) *o there was 4ery little, if any, chance that <swaldVs score could ha4e /een fi6ed upO is that correctQ
2r) ,$";A,<) The only time you could fi6 up the score, when you %o down for -ust strai%ht firin%, what they call /attery column
firin%, and there is no/ody to super4ise, you pencil yourself) The 2arines is pretty strict a/out that when you %o for line firin%) They want
/oth scorecards to correspond with each other)
2r) "@$3$"$!) @s this the only time that you fired####
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +ith <swald durin% the time that you were stationed at *anta AnaQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou mentioned /efore in your testimony that you had /een inter4iewed prior to this timeQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) 3y whomQ
2r) ,$";A,<) D3@ a%ents)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,o you remem/er their namesQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO @ donVt)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,o you remem/er appro6imately when they talked to youQ
2r) ,$";A,<) They talked to me a/out fi4e times)
2r) "@$3$"$!) A/out fi4e timesQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Could it ha4e /een three timesQ
2r) ,$";A,<) <ne is at home, twice in the /attery##no, four times, /ecause they 4isited me once at home, twice at the /attery) the
same fellowO then he /rou%ht another man in) MesO four times) Two different fellows) And one time one was a *panish##@ donVt know, @ %uess
he was a *panish interpreter)
2r) "@$3$"$!) He spoke *panishQ
2r) ,$";A,<) He spoke Castilian *panish)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Castilian *panishQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) That is a different kind of *panish from the kind you speakQ
2r) ,$";A,<) All ri%ht) He could %o out here in Cew Mork City and %o down in *panish Harlem and he would /e lost) @ mean it
would /e all ri%ht if >0 percent of the *panish people down there were colle%e %raduates, they could understand him) They donVt speak that
type of *panish there, nor do they speak it in a lot of other *panish countries) @tVs like speakin% the $n%lish as spoken in $n%land, you know)
Mou canVt e6pect a man from ;eor%ia to try and understand a man from $n%land the way he speaks pure $n%lish)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you ha4e difficulty in understandin% this a%ent when he spoke to you in *panishQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) *ee, @ took it in hi%h school) 3ut he had difficulty in interpretin% my *panish)
2r) "@$3$"$!) *o you think he was likely to ha4e %otten the opinion that you werenVt 4ery proficient in *panishQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht) 3ut @ would /e willin% to challen%e him if he and @ %o down to *panish Harlem and see who %ets across
faster)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you form an impression of these D3@ a%ents when they talked to youQ +ere they####
2r) ,$";A,<) The one fellow, the older one, white#haired fellow, he was a nice %uy) And the two other ones, @ ne4er seen them
/efore, two different fellows)
2r) "@$3$"$!) How many a%ents talked to you alto%etherQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @ donVt know if this *panish %uy was an a%ent or not) He ne4er introduced himself) 3ut there was this white#hatred
fellow, and then two different menO three men alto%ether, not includin% this *panish %uy)
2r) "@$3$"$!) *o there would ha4e /een four men alto%etherQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou are Nuite sure a/out thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Can you tell me appro6imately when these people talked to youQ
2r) ,$";A,<) The first time @ came in contact was, letVs see, a/out January was the first time @ was contacted /y the white#haired
fellow)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +as he the fellow who spoke *panishQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO he was the man from the !ed 3ank office, @ /elie4e he said he was, !ed 3ank, C)J) And then . weeks later he
came to the /attery to see me, a/out a month later he came /ack with this *panish fellow, and a/out another month these other two fellows
came in) They were all D3@ a%ents thou%h) They showed me their /ook)
2r) "@$3$"$!) The first time that the white#haired a%ent talked to you was whenQ
2r) ,$";A,<) A/out January, a/out a month or a month and a half after :ennedyVs assassination)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Could it ha4e /een in the middle of ,ecem/erQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO @ donVt think it was that close) "etVs see, Co4em/er ..###@ think it was more to the last part of ,ecem/er, not to
the middle)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id this D3@ a%ent talk to you a/out this rifle practice that you ha4e -ust told us a/outQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO he did)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,o you remem/er what you told himQ
2r) ,$";A,<) 3asically the same thin% @ told you, e6cept he didnVt ask for it like you did, a/out the possi/ility of for%in% the
score, and @ didnVt e6plain to him a/out the CC<s in the lines and in the pits, also keepin% the score)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou told the D3@ that in your opinion <swald was not a %ood rifle shotO is that correctQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) And that he did not show any unusual interest in his rifle, and in fact appeared less interested in weapons than the
a4era%e marineQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes) He was mostly a thinker, a reader) He read Nuite a /it)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou told us -ust a few minutes a%o that you took third in the poolO is that correctQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id the D3@ a%ent ask you a/out thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) He asked me how @ placed) @ told him @ placed pretty hi%hO thatVs a/out all)
2r) "@$3$"$!) @n the report that @ ha4e in front of me of an inter4iew that *pecial A%ents !ichard 3) 2urdoch and James A)
2arley, Jr), took of you on January 1, 1>A0, at Holmdel, C)J), which would ha4e /een at the /ase###is that correctQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) @t appears from the record here, from the report that @ ha4e, that the *panish#speakin% a%ent was 2r) 2urdoch)
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) *o that this would ha4e /een the time that the *panish#speakin% man was thereQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht) That was the third 4isit @ had from him)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you discuss at that time the rifle practice, do you remem/erQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesG @ did) @ discussed the rifle practice all the time they came up)
2r) "@$3$"$!) They asked you the same NuestionsQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%htO same thin% o4er and o4er a%ain)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Cow, the report that @ ha4e says that <swald, like most marines, took an interest in the pool##they call it a pool
instead of a pot, /ut that is the same thin%Q
2r) ,$";A,<) Arm) MesO pool)
2r) "@$3$"$!) <swald took an interest in the pool, which was started for the marine %ettin% the hi%hest score) @t says, howe4er,
W,el%ado said neither he nor <swald came close to winnin%)W
2r) ,$";A,<) Co, noO that is erroneous, /ecause @ won) He didnVt win at all)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou ne4er told these D3@ a%ents that you yourself did not come close to winnin%Q
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO /ecause @ was##@ was one of the hi%hest ones there, @ always had an e6pert /ad%e on me)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou were a %ood rifle shotQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO -ust like @ %ot one now Eindicatin%F)
2r) "@$3$"$!) That is an e6pertQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes) This is a sharpshooter)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou ha4e /oth a sharpshooter and an e6pert /ad%eO is that correctQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht) <ne for the 2#1 rifle and the other for the car/ine rather, this is the 2#10, the new one)
2r) "@$3$"$!) The scores that you %ot on that practice would /e reflected in your military records, would they notQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%htO in all our##well, @ think they call them .01 flies also in the 2arines Corps##@ canVt remem/er what they are
now, /ut they are all there, especially that one particular day, /ecause that %oes into your records) ThatVs why they are so strict)
2r) "@$3$"$!) And there is no chance in connection with that Nualification firin% that you can pencil in your scoreQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou did not tell the D3@ that in your opinion <swald had penciled in his Nualifyin% score, did youQ <r did you tell
them thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) He may ha4e done, you knowO /ut if you %ot away with it you were more than lucky)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you talk to the D3@ a/out that possi/ilityQ
=r. D<LGAD>. Ies, I told him he may have, to Buali0y, .ecause there /as a lot o0 M=aggieGs dra/ersM on his side. 4o/, he
may have had some /ay o0 @no/ing /ho /as $ulling, that is another thing. Iou donGt @no/ /ho is out there in the $its, $ulling it,
seeN and it could .e a .uddy o0 yours or some.ody you @no/, and they /ill hel$ you out. you @no/, get together, li@e .e0ore /e all go
and se$arate, you @no/, and I /ill say to my .uddy, MWell, loo@, I /ant to try and get on line ??, you get on target ?? and I /ill try to
.e the 0irst one on lineMN so hel$ each other li@e that. And /hen they go to the $its, they have their choice o0 getting on the lines, you
@no/, so I /ill try to /or@ it out /ith the 0ello/ out there. ;ut sometimes it doesnGt /or@ out that /ay. Iou #ust have to ta@e your
chances.
=r. LI<;<L<8. Iou told us that in this $articular ri0le $ractice, or 0iring, that the scores /ere @e$t .y 4C>s.
=r. D<LGAD>. Ies.
=r. LI<;<L<8. Was it a common $ractice 0or the $rivates to ma@e deals li@e this /ith the noncommissioned o00icers in
connection /ith a thing li@e this
=r. D<LGAD>. -hey are ma@ing a deal /ith the other guys $ulling the targets. 6ee, the guy .ac@ there is also @ee$ing a
score.
4o/, your 4C>, $articularly your 4C>, may /ant to $ush you or ma@e you Buali0y, .ecause he doesnGt /ant to s$end
another day out there on the ri0le range, seeN so itGs not all that strict. Li@e i0 I /as line 4C> and I had 0ive men in my section, and
0our o0 them Buali0ied, that means that some other day, may.e on my day o00, I /ill have to come in /ith this other 0ello/, so I /ill
hel$ him along and $ush each other along.
Iou donGt try to mess no.ody u$, .ut you canGt ta@e a man that is shooting $oorly and give him a *9) score, seeN you could
#ust give him the .are minimum, *H) or *H*, to ma@e it loo@ good.
=r. LI<;<L<8. 'ust to Buali0y him
=8. D<LGAD>. 'ust to Buali0y him.
=8. LI<;<L<8. 6o it is a $ossi.ility that that might have ha$$ened even in this
=8. D<LGAD>. 8ight.
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou said that you came in a/out third in this poolQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,o you remem/er who the marines were that won it and took second placeQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) These men were mostly transients) "ike @ said, @ didnVt ha4e too many close friends in the 2arine Corps) @
went to school with Nuite a few of them that were stationed with us, /ut @ ne4er %ot real close to any of them)
2r) "@$3$"$!) This statement in this D3@ report indicates that you said that neither you nor <swald came close to winnin% the pool
and that -ust must /e a mistakeO is that correctQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes, Correct) @ think in the first statement, too @ said that @ ha4e won too, @ /elie4e, the first one he took) @ won, /ut
he didnVt)
=r. LI<;<L<8. -he 0irst re$ort indicates that you said that >s/ald /as a $oor shot and didnGt do /ell, .ut it doesnGt say
anything a.out ho/ you did. Do you remem.er discussing ho/ you did /ith the F;I in the 0irst intervie/ that you had
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes, the first one was at home) +e had more time to talk, and @ was at ease there)
2r) "@$3$"$!) And where would that ha4e /eenQ
2r) ,$";A,<) The addressQ
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mes)
2r) ,$";A,<) 31 <akwood !oad###30 <akwood !oad, "eonardo, C)J)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou say that this incident where you had to %o out and Nualify was some time in the sprin% of 1>>Q
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Can you remem/er any closer than thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) @ -ust knew it was the sprin% /ecause that is the time e4eryone %oes out to fire) @tVs either %oin% to /e warm or
itVs %oin% to /e 4ery cold when they %o out thereO itVs ne4er in /etween) @ could ha4e said that, /ut that was the day @ was upset, /ecause this
%uy kept on /ad%erin% me)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou are talkin% now a/out the inter4iew when the *panish#speakin% a%ent was presentQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hich one of them kept /ad%erin% youQ
2r) ,$";A,<) The *panish a%ent)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat was he /ad%erin% you a/outQ
2r) ,$";A,<) He kept on sittin%##heVd /een talkin%, heVd /een lookin% at me, doin% this Eindicatin%F, you know, and he was sittin%
-ust a/out where this %entleman is now, and @Vd /een lookin% out of the corner of my eye, /ecause @ couldnVt concentrate on what he was
sayin% /ecause he kept starin% at me, and he was %i4in% me a case of -itters, you know)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you ha4e the impression that he didnVt /elie4e youQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes) 3ut @ told him, itVs all ri%ht in the te6t/ooks, thatVs fine, you know, /ut my theory, my way is you are not %oin%
to %et anythin%##@ mean the ma-ority of the stuff out of /ooks, you ha4e %ot to apply yourself on the outsideO and he may ha4e %otten an A in
*panish, and may write in##/e a/le
to decipher anythin% in *panish into $n%lish, which is fine, as lon% as he stays in the lower court, you know, where they are %oin% to speak
hi%h *panish, /ut when you %o to min%le with the people and speak their lan%ua%e, you know, donVt %o in there with a colle%e *panish,
/ecause, to /e%in with, they are %oin% to tell ri%ht off, you know, well, this %uy is a hi%hfalutin fellow, you know, They are not %oin% to ha4e
anythin% to do with him)
Mou know, common *panish is Nuite often o4erlooked, and that is where we make our mistake +hen we %o###@ think when we %o
a/road, /ecause we try to speak *panish the way $l Camino !eal tells you to speak *panish, and that is not %oin% to do)
@f you come, a fellow comes and tries to /e friends with you, and he is %i4in% you all these thees and thous, first of all you are not
%oin% to hit it off ri%ht) *peak like they do) @f they say damnO say damn, you know, %et with them)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou and this a%ent did not strike it off too wellQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co, @ am afraid not) +e -ust spent hours ar%uin% /ack and forth)
2r) "@$3$"$!) <ff the record)
=,iscussion off the record)?
2r) "@$3$"$!) +e -ust referred to the $l Camino !eal that you mentioned, and you mentioned that that was a *panish te6t/ookO is
that correctQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) <ne in which the Castilian *panish is tau%htQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Can you tell us some more a/out your discussions with <swald concernin% the Castro mo4ement or the situation in
Cu/aQ
2r) ,$";A,<) +e had Nuite many discussions re%ardin% Castro) At the time @ was in fa4or of Castro, @ wholeheartedly supported
him, and made it known that @ thou%ht he was a pretty %ood fellow, and that was one of the main thin%s <swald and @ always hit off so well,
we were alon% the same lines of thou%ht) Castro at the time showed all possi/ilities of /ein% a freedom#lo4in% man, a democratic sort of
person, that was %oin% to do away with all tyranny and finally %i4e the Cu/an people a /reak) 3ut then he turned around and started to pur%e
the !ussian pur%e, started e6ecutin% all these pro#3atistas or any/ody associated with a pro#3atista, -ust word of mouth) @ would say he is a
3atista, and ri%ht away they would %ra/ him, %i4e him a kan%aroo court and shoot him) He and @ had discussed a/out that, and ri%ht and
wron% way that he should ha4e %one a/out doin% it)
Castro at the time, his /rother !aoul was the only known Communist, and @ mentioned the fact that he was a Communist, /ut that
althou%h Castro was the leader, @ dou/t if he would follow the Communist line of life, you know) At the time @ donVt remem/er Che ;ue4ara
/ein% there) He came in after that) And we talked how we would like to %o to Cu/a and####
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou and <swald didQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht) +e were %oin% to /ecome officers, you know, enlisted men) +e are dreamin% now, ri%htQ *o we were
%oin% to /ecome officers) *o we had a head start, you see) +e were %ettin% honora/le dischar%es, while 2or%an##there was a fellow in Cu/a
at the time, he %ot a dishonora/le dischar%e from, the Army, and he went to Castro and fou%ht with Castro in the $scam/res)
2r) "@$3$"$!) A fellow named 2or%anQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO Henry 2or%an##not Henry, /ut it was 2or%an, thou%hO and at the end of the re4olution he came out with the
rank of ma-or, you know)
*o we were all thinkin%, well, honora/le dischar%e, and @ speak *panish and heVs %ot his ideas of how a %o4ernment should /e run,
you know, the same line as Castro did at that time)
2r) "@$3$"$!) <swaldQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht) *o we could %o o4er there and /ecome officers and lead an e6pedition to some of these other islands and
free them too, you know, from##this was really weird, you know, /ut####
2r) "@$3$"$!) That is what you and <swald talked a/outQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht, thin%s like thatO and how we would %o to take o4er, to make a repu/lic, you know, /ecause that was another
form of 3atista, American#
supported %o4ernment, you know) And one of his main, pet pee4es was that he thou%ht that 3atista was /ein% supported /y the (nited
*tates, and that is why we were so a%ainst him in the /e%innin% of Castro)
2r) "@$3$"$!) *o a%ainst CastroQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht, /ecause of the fact that we had lost so much and were a/out to lose so much money in Cu/a, /ecause now
that our man was out) And we would talk a/out how we would do away with Tru-illo, and thin%s like that, /ut ne4er %ot no farther than the
speakin% sta%e) 3ut then when he started, you know, %oin% alon% with this, he started actually makin% plans, he wanted to know, you know,
how to %et to Cu/a and thin%s like that) @ was shyin% away from him) He kept on askin% me Nuestions like Whow can a person in his cate%ory,
an $n%lish person, %et with a Cu/an, you know, people, /e part of that re4olution mo4ementQW
@ told him, to /e%in with, you ha4e %ot to /e trusted##ri%ht##in any country you %o to you ha4e %ot to /e trusted, so the /est way to /e
trusted is to know their lan%ua%e, know their customs, you knowO so he started applyin% himself to *panish, he started studyin%) He /ou%ht
himself a dictionary, a *panish#American dictionary) He would come to me and we would speak in *panish) Mou know, not %reat sentences
/ut enou%h) After a while he %ot to talk to me, you know, in *panish)
2r) "@$3$"$!) How much of a fluency did <swald de4elop in *panishQ
2r) ,$";A,<) He didnVt acNuire too much) He could, speak a common *panish, like WHow are youQ @ am doin% fine) +here are
you %oin%Q +hich way is thisQ Common stuff, you know, e4eryday stuff)
As far as %ettin% in in4ol4ed political ar%ument, say, or like de/ate of some sort, he couldnVt hold his own)
2r) "@$3$"$!) He couldnVt speak *panish well enou%h to do somethin% like thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) 3ut as far as meetin% the people out in pu/lic and askin% for thin%s and tellin% them somethin%)
And, letVs see, what elseQ <h, yes, then he kept on askin% me a/out how a/out##how he could %o a/out helpin% the Castro
%o4ernment) @ didnVt know what to tell him, so @ told him the /est thin% that @ know was to %et in touch with a Cu/an $m/assy, you know)
3ut at that time that @ told him this we were on friendly terms with Cu/a, you know, so this wasnVt no su/4ersi4e or malintent, you know) @
didnVt know what to answer him) @ told him %o see them)
After a while he told me he was in contact with them)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +ith the Cu/an $m/assyQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht) And @ took it to /e -ust a###one of his, you know, lies, you know, sayin% he was in contact with them, until
one time @ had the opportunity to %o into his room, @ was lookin% for##@ was %oin% out for the weekend, @ needed a tie, he lent me the tie, and @
seen this en4elope in his footlocker, wall#locker, and it was addressed to him, and they had an official seal on it, and as far as @ could recollect
that was mail from "os An%eles, and he was tellin% me there was a Cu/an Consul) And -ust after he started recei4in% these letters##you see,
he would ne4er %o out, heVd stay near the post all the time) He always had money) ThatVs why)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat did you -ust sayQ
2r) ,$";A,<) He always had money, you know, he ne4er spent it) He was pretty ti%ht)
*o then one particular instance, @ was in the train station in *anta Aria, Calif), and <swald comes in, on a Driday ni%ht) @ usually
make it e4ery Driday ni%ht to "os An%eles and spend the weekend) And he is on the same platform, so we talked, and he told me he had to
see some people in "os An%eles) didnVt /other Nuestionin% him)
+e rode into "os An%eles, nothin% e4entful happened, -ust small chatter, and once we %ot to "os An%eles @ went my way and he
went his)
@ came to find out later on he had come /ack *aturday) He didnVt stay like we did, you know, come /ack *unday ni%ht, the last train)
9ery seldom did he %o out) At one time he went with us down to Ti-uana, 2e6ico)
2r) "@$3$"$!) 3efore we %et into that, tell me all that you can remem/er a/out <swaldVs contact with the Cu/an Consulate)
2r) ,$";A,<) +ell, like @ stated to these D3@ men, he had one 4isitorO after he started recei4in% letters /e had one 4isitor) @t was
a man, /ecause @ %ot the call from the 2P %uard shack, and they %a4e me a call that <swald had a 4isitor at the front %ate) This man had to
/e a ci4ilian, otherwise they would ha4e let him in) *o @ had to find some/ody to relie4e <swald, who was on %uard, to %o down there to
4isit with this fellow, and they spent a/out an hour and a half, . hours talkin%, @ %uess, and he came /ack) @ donVt know who the man was or
what they talked a/out, /ut he looked nonchalant a/out the whole thin% when he came /ack) He ne4er mentioned who he was, nothin%)
2r) "@$3$"$!) How lon% did he talk to him, do you remem/erQ
2r) ,$";A,<) A/out an hour and a half, . hours)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +as he supposed to /e on duty that timeQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht) And he had the %uy relie4e him, callin% me a/out e4ery 1 minutes, where is his, the relief, where is the
relief, you know, /ecause he had already pulled his tour of duty and <swald was posted to walk 0 hours and he only walked a/out an hour
and a half /efore he recei4ed this 4isitor, you know, which was an odd time to 4isit, /ecause it was after A, and it must ha4e /een close to 10
oVclock when he had that 4isitor, /ecause any/ody, ci4ilian or otherwise, could %et on post up to > oVclock at ni%ht)) After > oVclock, if you are
not military you canVt %et on that post) *o it was after > oVclock at ni%ht that he had the 4isitor, it was late at ni%ht)
@ donVt think it could /e his /rother or father /ecause @ ne4er knew that he had one, you knowO in fact the only one @ knew was a sick
mother, and then later on, towards the end of our friendship there, he was tellin% me he was tryin% to %et a hardship dischar%e /ecause his
mother was sick)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou ne4er asked <swald who this fellow was that he talked toQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co, no)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat time did the shifts of duty runQ This was a %uard duty that he was onO is that ri%htQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) How did those shifts runQ
2r) ,$";A,<) They ran, letVs see, from 1. to 0, 0 to 8, 8 to 1., 1. to 0, 0 to 8, like thatO and he was rou%hly on 8#to#10 shift, you
know) 2ust ha4e /een a/out > oVclock when the %uy called)
2r) "@$3$"$!) The 8#to#1. shiftQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO and @ had to relie4e another %uard and put him on)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you connect this 4isit that <swald had at that time with the Cu/an ConsulateQ
2r) ,$";A,<) PersonallyO @ didO /ecause @ thou%ht it funny for him to /e recei4in% a caller at such a late date time) Also, up to
this time he hardly e4er recei4ed mailO in fact he 4ery seldom recei4ed mail from home, /ecause @ made it a policy, @ used to pick up the mail
for our hut and distri/ute it to the %uys in there, and 4ery seldom did @ see one for him) 3ut e4ery so often, after he started to %et in contact
with these Cu/an people, he started %ettin% little pamphlets and newspapers, and he always %ot a !ussian paper, and @ asked him if it was,
you know, a Commie paper##they let you %et away with this in the 2arine Corps in a site like this##and he said, WCo, itVs not CommunistO itVs a
+hite !ussian) To me that was ;reek, you know, +hite !ussian, so @ %uess he is not a CommunistO /ut he was steady %ettin% that periodical)
@t was a newspaper)
2r) "@$3$"$!) @n the !ussian lan%ua%eQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) And he recei4ed that prior to the time he contacted the Cu/an consulateO did he notQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht) And he also started recei4in% letters, you know, and no /ooks, may/e pamphlets, you know, little like
church, thin%s we %et from church, you know, /ut it wasnVt a church)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +ere they written in *panish, any of them, do you knowQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Cot that @ can recallO no)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you ha4e any reason to /elie4e that these thin%s came to <swald from the Cu/an consulateQ
2r) ,$";A,<) +ell, @ took it for %ranted that they did after @ seen the en4elope, you know)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat was on this en4elope that made you think thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) *omethin% like a 2e6ican ea%le, with a /i%, impressi4e seal, you know) They had different colors on it, red and
whiteO almost looked like our colors, you know) 3ut @ canVt recall the seal) @ -ust knew it was in "atin, (nited, somethin% like that) @ couldnVt
understand) @t was "atin)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou donVt know for sure whether it was from the Cu/an consulateQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) 3ut he had told me prior, -ust /efore @ found that en4elope in his wall locker, that he was recei4in% mail from
them, and one time he offered to show it to me, /ut @ wasnVt much interested /ecause at the time we had work to do, and @ ne4er did ask to see
that paper a%ain, you know)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id he tell you what his correspondence with the Cu/an consulate was a/outQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO he didnVt)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id he e4er indicate to you that it had to do with the con4ersation that you had a/out %oin% o4er to Cu/aQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) The only thin% he told me was that ri%ht after he had this con4ersation with the Cu/an people was that he was
%oin% to###once he %ot out of the ser4ice he was %oin% to *witBerland, he was %oin% to a school, and this school in *witBerland was supposed
to teach him in . years##in A months what it had taken him to learn in psycholo%y o4er here in . years, somethin% like that)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id he tell you the name of the schoolQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO /ut he applied for it while in the ser4ice, and as far as @ knew, thatVs where he was %oin% once he %ot
dischar%ed)
2r) "@$3$"$!) This con4ersation that you and <swald had a/out %oin% o4er in Cu/a and helpin% Castro was -ust /arracks talkQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou didnVt seriously consider####
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO /ut thatVs when @ started %ettin% scared) He started actually makin% plans, and how we would %o a/out %oin%
to Cu/a, you know, and where we would apply to %o to Cu/a and the people to contact if we wanted to %o, you know, /ut####
2r) "@$3$"$!) *o you %ot the impression that he started to %et serious a/out %oin% to Cu/aQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes) And a/out this time Castro started chan%in% colors, so @ wasnVt too keen on that idea, myself)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you talk to <swald a/out this chan%e in CastroVs attitude and his approachQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht) He said that was all due to mal##/ad newspaper reportin%, that we were distortin% the true facts, and for the
same reason @ told you that, /ecause we were mad, /ecause now we wasnVt %ettin% the money from Cu/a that we were /efore)
2r) "@$3$"$!) *o <swald /asically took the position that you were %ettin% a distorted 4iew of Cu/aQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%htO and we werenVt %ettin% the true facts of what was happenin% in Cu/a) +e were %ettin% the distorted facts)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou ha4e no definite way of knowin% how much correspondence <swald recei4ed from the Cu/an consulate, do
youQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) He told you that he had recei4ed some correspondenceQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou donVt know whether the !ussian newspaper that he %ot came from the Cu/an consulateQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) He was %ettin% that way /efore he e4en started correspondin% with them)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,o you know whether <swald e4er recei4ed any /ooks or pamphlets or materials in any lan%ua%e other than
!ussian###aside from $n%lish, of courseQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) He had one /ook that was $n%lish, ,as :apital) @ think it was !ussian, a /ook, like @ said) @ %o#/y !ussian
when itVs /i% /lock letters)
And he had one /ook like that) He spoke !ussian pretty %ood, so @ understand)
2r) "@$3$"$!) How do you understand thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) He tried to teach me some !ussian) He would put out a whole phrase, you know) @n return for my teachin% him
*panish, he would try to teach me !ussian) 3ut itVs a ton%ue twister)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou didnVt ha4e any understandin% of the !ussian lan%ua%eQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) 3asically @ wasnVt interested in it) @n order to learn a lan%ua%e, @ think you ha4e to /e moti4ated) Mou ha4e to
ha4e a desire to use this lan%ua%e, you know, and @ had no need to learn !ussian) And -ust the re4erse of him) He wanted to learn *panish)
He had some idea of usin% *panish later on) @Vm sure if this hadnVt happened, he pro/a/ly would /e o4er there now, if he hadnVt /een already)
2r) "@$3$"$!) @n Cu/a, you meanQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,o you ha4e any reason to /elie4e that he has /een in Cu/aQ
2r) ,$";A,<) +ell, a %uy like him would find##would ha4e no difficulty in %ettin% into Cu/a) They would accept him real fast)
The fact that he was in !ussia) Cow, all these years in !ussia, he could ha4e come o4er to Cu/a and learned some doctrine) ThatVs where he
%ot his ideas to start this Dair Play for Cu/a Committee down in "ouisiana) That must ha4e /een supported /y Castro)
2r) "@$3$"$!) How do you know that he was in4ol4ed in the Dair Play for Cu/a Committee in "ouisianaQ
2r) ,$";A,<) +ell, this was /rou%ht out in the newscast at the time of his arrest)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou ha4e no direct knowled%e of that, thou%hQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) @n one of the news pictures @ seen him distri/utin% pamphlets out in the street)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you e4er see <swald after####
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) After you were dischar%ed from the 2arine CorpsQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou said /efore that you were in ;ermany until appro6imately the end of 1>A.O is that correctQ ,ecem/er of 1>A.Q
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou ne4er met <swald at any time while you were in ;ermanyQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) @ wanted to###@ knew that he was o4er there %oin% to school, and @ canVt for the life of me recall where @ %ot the
scoop that @ thou%ht he was %oin% to some school in 3erlin, and @ was thinkin% of %oin% o4er there, to see if @ could find him, /ut @ ne4er did
follow throu%h) There was too much redtape)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou say that you thou%ht he was in 3erlin %oin% to schoolQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes) Dor some reason or other) @ canVt say ri%ht now why, /ut it -ust seemed to me that @ thou%ht he was %oin% to
school there)
2r) "@$3$"$!) After you were dischar%ed from the 2arine Corps, you learned that <swald had %one to the *o4iet (nion, did you
notQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @ knew he had %one to the *o4iet (nion /efore @ %ot dischar%ed)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hen were you dischar%edQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @n Co4em/er) As##when @ %ot /ack, @ saw the pictures all o4er the papers as him ha4in% defected) and then we had
the in4esti%ation there)
2r) "@$3$"$!) 3ut e4en thou%h you had heard /efore you had %otten out of the 2arine Corps that <swald had %one to the *o4iet
(nion, while you were the Army in ;ermany you %ained the impression that somehow that he was in 3erlin, %oin% to schoolQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO in the uni4ersity there)
2r) "@$3$"$!) 3ut you donVt ha4e any recollection of where you %ot this ideaQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou were under the impression, then, that he had left the *o4iet (nionQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes) @ couldnVt##<swald lo4ed to tra4el, ri%ht, /ut if he couldnVt take military life, where e4erythin% was told to
him, @Vm sure he couldnVt take no life in !ussia, where he was su/-ected to strict, you know, watchin%) @ couldnVt picture him li4in% o4er
there) @ thou%ht he had %one to, you know, like @ said, the uni4ersity in 3erlin, to study there) He wanted to study psycholo%y)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you think that he was perhaps at the same uni4ersity that you spoke of /efore, that he had applied for when he
was in the 2arinesQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO /ecause @##the way @ understand it, itVs##thereVs two /i% psycholo%ists institutes in $urope) <ne is in
*witBerland) @f he was a de4out Communist or pro#!ussian, as they say he was###one was in $ast 3erlin, and one was in *witBerland##he
couldnVt ha4e %one to *witBerland) @ knew he applied for *witBerland)
2r) "@$3$"$!) *o you fi%ured that /ecause he had this interest in psycholo%y, and )since he was interested in communism, he
pro/a/ly wouldnVt ha4e %one to the uni4ersity in *witBerland, /ut he mi%ht 4ery well ha4e %one to the one in 3erlinQ
2r) ,$";A,<) +ell, actually it was on their own le4el) They would train him their way)
=*hort recess)?
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you think that <swald was an a%ent of the *o4iet (nion or was actin% as an a%ent for the *o4iet (nion at that
timeQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hom did you mean to refer to when you said that they would train him their wayQ
2r) ,$";A,<) +ell, after he was defectin%, @ assumed he would take the Communist way of life, and @ would ima%ine that they
would put him to use to the /est of their ad4anta%e) 3ut this was later /rou%ht out to /e false, /ecause they came out and said that all he did
was work in a factory) +hether or not thatVs so, @ canVt say) ThatVs what they said)
2r) "@$3$"$!) 3ut at the time you were in $urope, you were speculatin% to yourself that he mi%ht ha4e /een in the 3erlin schoolQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou recei4ed no particular informationQ Mou -ust fi%ured this out for yourselfQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Just how well do you think <swald learned to speak *panish durin% the time that he was associated with you in the
2arine CorpsQ
2r) ,$";A,<) He could meet the a4era%e people from the streets and hold a con4ersation with them) He could make himself
understood and /e understood) ThatVs not too clear, is itQ
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you think <swald was an intelli%ent personQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO @ did) 2ore intelli%ent than @ am, and @ ha4e a 111, supposedly, @8, and he could comprehend thin%s faster
and was interested in thin%s that @ wasnVt interested inG politics, music, thin%s like that, so much so like an intellectual) He didnVt read poetry or
anythin% like that, /ut as far as /ooks and concert music and thin%s like that, he was a %reat fan)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou said /efore that <swald was not sufficiently proficient in *panish so that he could carry on a political
ar%ument or anythin% like that)
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Cow, did you talk to the D3@ a/out this Nuestion of how well <swald could speak *panishQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO @ did)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,o you remem/er what you told himQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @ told him /asically the same thin% @ told you, only then this fellow came out, this other a%ent came out with this
test he %a4e me)
2r) "@$3$"$!) He %a4e you a testQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) @n *panishQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Just in speakin% to you, you meanQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO a written thin%)
2r) "@$3$"$!) He %a4e you a written testQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @ told him off the /at, @ canVt##my spellin% is /ad, you know) @ told him ri%ht then) 3ut outside of the spellin%, @
could read it and write it, you know) *o he %a4e me a test, and he didnVt tell me what the outcome was, /ut @ %athered it wasnVt too fa4ora/le)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat made you %ather thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) The sarcasm in his 4oice when he said, W+hat makes you think you speak *panish so %oodQW##after he %a4e me the
test, you know) +ell, @ told him, WMour *panish is all ri%ht in its place, you know, colle%e or somethin% like that, /ut people ha4e a hard time
understandin% you,W which is true) @f you ha4e any *panish#speakin% fellows workin% here, letVs say, a clerk or somethin%, well, ask him what
the word WpelolosoW means, and @ would /et you > out of 10 times he would not know) ThatVs the Castilian word for WlaByW) +e %ot words
for WlaBy,W three or four of them, W/a%o,W Wlento,W thin%s like that) ThatVs one of the thin%s @ /rou%ht up to him) 3ut he -ust lau%hed it off)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you tell the D3@ that <swald was so proficient in *panish that he would discuss his ideas on socialism in
*panishQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou didnVt tell them thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou are a/solutely sure of thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO he wouldnVt ar%ue with me) All those ar%uments on socialism and communism and our way of life and their
way of life were held in $n%lish) He talked, /ut he couldnVt hold his own) He would speak three or four words and then ,/rin% it out in
$n%lish) 3ut as far as /asic con4ersation and de/ateO no)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you tell the D3@ a%ent that <swald would speak a/out socialism and thin%s like that in *panish and that it
seemed to %i4e him a feelin% of superiority to talk a/out thin%s like that in *panish in front of the officers so that the officers couldnVt
understand himQ
2r) ,$";A,<) +e were speakin% *panish) That %a4e him a sense of superiority, /ecause they didnVt know what we were talkin%
a/out) @n fact, more than once we were reprimanded for speakin% *panish, /ecause we were not supposed to do it, and they didnVt for/id us to
speak *panish##now, no political discussions were talked a/out) This was small talk when we were talkin% *panish)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Cow, the D3@ report that @ ha4e of an inter4iew with you on ,ecem/er 10, accordin% to this report, 1>A3, at
"eonardo####
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO thatVs my home)
2r) "@$3$"$!) This D3@ a%ent says that you told him that <swald /ecame so proficient in *panish that <swald would discuss his
ideas on socialism in *panish)
2r) ,$";A,<) He would discuss his ideas, /ut not anythin% a%ainst our ;o4ernment or##nothin% *ocialist, mind you)
2r) "@$3$"$!) @n *panishQ
2r) ,$";A,<) He would speak to me in *panish in front of the people, in front of the officers in the ward, what we call the
wardroom) 3asically the fact that they could /e standin% o4er us and we would /e talkin%, and they wouldnVt understand what we were
sayin%) 3ut no ideas were e6chan%ed, political ideas were e6chan%ed durin% those times) +hene4er we talked a/out the Communist or
*ocialist way of life, we would do it either in our hut or, you know, in low whispers doin% the wardroom####
2r) "@$3$"$!) That was in in $n%lishQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @n $n%lish)
2r) "@$3$"$!) He ne4er spoke of these thin%s in *panishQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO he couldnVt)
2r) "@$3$"$!) He didnVt know *panish that wellQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou mentioned one time that you and <swald and a couple of other fellows went to Ti-uana)
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Had <swald learned the *panish lan%ua%e at that timeQ
2r) ,$";A,<) He knew the *panish lan%ua%e at that time, /ecause when we
went to the /ar, the %irls would come alon%, and @ was *panish###they knew that ri%ht off the /at, and they would tell me somethin% in
*panish that was funny, and him and @ would lau%h, and he would lau%h understandin%ly, and he would /e talkin% small talk with the %irls,
you know, which was in my##you know, @ had tau%ht him -ust what he knew, and he was 4ery fast learnin%) Just like @ told the D3@ a%ent that
thereVs a couple of fellows in my outfit now that wanted to learn, you know, *panish, and would walk up to me, and @ tried to teach them the
/est @ can) <ne of them wanted to learn it, /ecause he was %oin% to JuareB for a pro/lem we had down there, and he used it down there, what
he learned) He learned off of /ooks and also /ecause he asked me for help for some phrases, and when he went down there he had no trou/le)
And the same thin% with <swald)
2r) "@$3$"$!) This is a fellow that you -ust referred to now, in your outfitQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) @n JerseyQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat is his nameQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Jones)
2r) "@$3$"$!) JonesQ
2r) ,$";A,<) +illie Jones)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat is his ratin%Q
2r) ,$";A,<) *pecialist 0)
2r) "@$3$"$!) @s he in C 3atteryQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) ,elta 3attery)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat does he doQ
2r) ,$";A,<) HeVs a radar operator also) And thereVs another fellow, ;eor%e 3radford, specialist ) HeVs asked for it, and @V4e
reached##tau%ht him to speak *panish) @n fact, @Vll ask him for some money, you know, and heVll come out and say, W@Vm /roke ri%ht now) @
ha4enVt %ot it with me)W <r, WHa4e you %ot a ci%arette, ;eor%eQW in *panish, you know) WCo, /ut @Vll %et you one,W or thin%s like that) Cow, @
met this fellow in ;ermany, and there @ started teachin% him a little /it) Cot an awful lot, /ut smalltalk)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +ould you say that 3radford and Jones knew a/out the same amount of *panish as <swald knewQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Cot as muchQ
2r) ,$";A,<) They donVt know as much as <swald) <swald knew more than they did,W /ecause he applied himself more) These
%uys would pick up a /ook once or twice a week and learn a phrase here and there) 3ut <swald was continuously tryin% to learn somethin%,
and more often as not he would come in to me any time we were off, and he would /e askin% me for this phrase) *panish is 4ery tricky)
ThereVs some sentences you can use, and if you use them, letVs see how can @##well, the pants and present, you know, past and present tense of
a sentence) He would %et a misinterpretation and say, W@ canVt say this in a con4ersationQW, and @ would say WCo) Mou donVt say this this
particular time) Mou use it some place else)W "ike, WMo 4oy al teatroW#W@Vm %oin% to the theatreW##you know) And thereVs a correct way of
sayin% that and thereVs a wron% way of sayin% it) The /est way##let me see if @ can %et you a %ood phrase) @ canVt fi%ht offhand think of a
phrase that would fit) 3ut some of these thin%s when he picked up the lan%ua%e, some thin%s he couldnVt put into a sentence ri%ht away, and
he would want to know why) ThatVs the type of %uy he was) W+hy canVt these thin%s /e usedQ +hy is it that you use it now and not laterQW
Thin%s like that)
2r) "@$3$"$!) He would learn some of the words and then he would try to put them in a sentence lo%icallyQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) And the lan%ua%e -ust wasnVt constructed that wayQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) And he had difficulty in understandin% thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mou see, in $n%lish you say thin%s strai%ht outO ri%htQ @n *panish, > times out of 10 it is -ust the re4erse) @ am
%oin% to the show) 3ut if @ was to translate it into *panish, it would come, out the show @ will %o, or to the show @ will %o) *o you ha4e %ot to
turn it around, you know, for him) That is what @ was tryin% to e6plain)
2r) "@$3$"$!) He tried to construct *panish sentences in pretty much the same way $n%lish sentences would /e constructed after
he learned the *panish wordsQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%htO and that is where he %ot his help from me, you know)
2r) "@$3$"$!) 3ut as far as ordinary, simple ideas, you think that <swald could make himself understood in *panish)
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) 3ut you wouldnVt, would you, say that he was hi%hly proficient in the *panish lan%ua%e, /ut at least he knew some
*panish phrases and he could speak some sentences and make his /asic ideas knownQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @f there is a word, you know, like semiproficient, he wasnVt necessarily low, or was he as hi%h *panish like @ speak,
you knowO he was ri%ht in the middle) <f course, there would /e words, if you tau%ht him, he may not understand, /ut /asically he
understood and made himself understood)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,o you remem/er what kind of *panish dictionary he hadQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO @ donVt) @t was -ust re%ular pocket/ook edition, the kind you /uy out there for a/out 7.)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you know whether <swald spoke any other lan%ua%e) Mou mentioned /efore he spoke !ussian)
2r) ,$";A,<) !ussian)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you think that he was proficient in !ussian at that time or hi%hly proficientQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO @ ima%ine he would /e, /ecause he was readin% the paper, and /asically if he can read it, you know, @ ima%ine
he could speak it also)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you hear him speak !ussianQ
2r) ,$";A,<) +ell, like @ say, he tried to teach me !ussian, /ut then another time @ had some thou%ht that what he was speakin%
to me was ;ermanO /ut accordin% to the a%ent, he messed me all up, and @ couldnVt fi%ure whether it was He/rew or ;erman) @ tried to tell
him that some of the words he had mentioned to me at the time @ didnVt reco%niBe them, /ut when @ came /ack from ;ermany some of those
words @ do remem/er, you know)
2r) "@$3$"$!) @t seemed to you like it was ;ermanQ
2r) ,$";A,<) "ike ;ermanO yes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) 3ut you only came to that conclusion after you had /een to ;ermanyQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht) At the time it could ha4e /een Middish or ;erman, you know)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Could it ha4e /een !ussianQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO different %utteral sounds alto%ether)
2r) "@$3$"$!) 3ut you did not know whether <swald spoke this other lan%ua%e to any e6tentO he -ust used a few wordsQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO @ -ust remem/er his particular lan%ua%e, which @ am in dou/t a/out, had a WchW %utteral sound to it Eindicatin%F,
you knowO and @ could only assume it was Jewish or ;erman, and later on when @ was in ;ermany, @ think, @ am pretty sure it was ;erman
that he was speakin%)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id he speak it well or did he -ust use a few wordsQ
2r) ,$";A,<) He speaks it like @ speak it now, you know, like, -ust phrases, you know) +here he picked them up, @ donVt know)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you teach any/ody else *panish while you were in the 2arinesQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Just one fellow, /ut he denied that @ tau%ht him any *panish)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +ho was thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) ,on 2urray) He took *panish in colle%e, and we were stationed in 3ilo6i, 2iss), to%ether, and he would ask me
for the same thin%) He tried to construct a sentence in *panish like you do in $n%lish, and it came out all /ackwards, and @ tried to e6plain it
to him)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +as he stationed with you at *anta Ana tooQ
2r) ,$";A,<) ThatVs ri%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat makes you say he denied that you tau%ht him any *panishQ
2r) ,$";A,<) That is what the a%ent inter4iewin% me told me)
2r) "@$3$"$!) The D3@ a%ent told you thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat did you say thenQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @ told him that was his prero%ati4e, /ut @ had tau%ht him##@ mean @ had talked to him in *panish, and he had asked
for my help) @ assumed that he wanted to know my association with this thin% that is happenin% now)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you %et the impression that the a%ent was tryin% to %et you to chan%e your storyQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) He was tryin% to %et you to /ack away from the proposition that <swald understood *panishQ
2r) ,$";A,<) +ell, am @ allowed to say what @ want to sayQ
2r) "@$3$"$!) MesO @ want you to say e6actly what you want to say)
2r) ,$";A,<) @ had the impression now, wholeheartedly, @ want to /elie4e that <swald did what he was supposed to ha4e done,
/ut @ had the impression they werenVt satisfied with my testimony of him not /ein% an e6pert shot) His *panish wasnVt proficient where he
would /e at a tie with the Cu/an %o4ernment)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Dirst of all, you say you %ot the impression that the D3@ a%ents that talked to you didnVt like the statement that you
made a/out <swaldVs ina/ility to use the rifle wellO is that ri%htQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat a/out this *panish thin%, what impression did you %et a/out the a%entsQ
2r) ,$";A,<) +ell, they tried to make me out that @ didnVt ha4e no authority to consider myself so fluent in *panish where @
could teach some/ody else) That is there opinion and they can ha4e it as far as @ am concerned)
@f a man comes up to me without knowin% a /it of *panish, if within A months##and @ told these D3@ men##he could hold a
con4ersation with me, @ consider myself as /ein% some sort of an authority on teachin%, my a/ility to teach some/ody to speak *panish,
which @ told him @ could take any man with a sincere desire to learn *panish and @ could teach him my *panish, the *panish the people speak,
you know, @ could teach him in, @ could ha4e him hold a con4ersation, @ would say, in 3 monthsV time he could hold a con4ersation)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Cow, the D3@ tried to indicate to you that you yourself were not %ood at *panishQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) And did you ha4e any feelin% a/out the D3@ a%entsV attitude toward <swaldVs a/ility with the *panish lan%ua%eQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO they didnVt think he was too well 4ersed, you know, he didnVt know too much *panish, as much as @ wanted
them to think he did, you know) @n other words, they felt he could say W@ ha4e a do%) 2y do% is /lack)W And W@ ha4e an automo/ile,W and
thin%s like that, you know, /asic *panish, /ut @ donVt teach##@ mean @ am not a teacher) @ donVt %o with that, you know) @f a %uy wants to learn
*panish, @ donVt tell him, W+ell, letVs start off with V@ ha4e a do%,V Wyou know) That is no practical use for him, you know)
@ tell him, WHow do @ %et to such#and#such a streetQW Mou %o to a *panish fellow#you are in JuareB###and /e prepared to recei4e an
answer from him, and he is %oin% to shoot it to you fast, see, so thatVs what @ teach these %uys, you know)
2r) "@$3$"$!) And <swald was a/le to ask Nuestions like this and understand themO is that ri%htQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht) Cow, we had 2e6ican fellows in our outfit, and <swald could understand their *panish, and made it known
to me that he could understand their *panish, /ut in return those 2e6icans could not understand my *panish /ecause the Puerto !icans,
Cu/ans, the ,ominican !epu/lics, they all speak real fast) Mour 2e6ican is your *outhern eNui4alent to your *outhern drawl, you know,
WMou all,W and real slow) +ell, that is the 2e6icans, you know) And when we speak *panish to them, Puerto !ican, rather, or *panish, they
ha4e a hard time understandin% you) 3ut he could understand what was %oin% on, and sometimes he would tell me, W+ell, these %uys here are
plannin% a /eer /ust toni%ht,W he said) WAre you %oin%QW HeVd o4erhear and tell me, you know)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hen did the D3@ a%ents tell you that 2urray had denied that you had tau%ht him *panishQ +as that when the
*panish#speakin% a%ent was thereQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) The *panish#speakin% a%ent only talked to you onceO is that ri%htQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,o you find that you ha4e to mi6 $n%lish words with your *panish to e6press yourself completelyQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO what @ meant to tell the fellow there##@ think is what that sentence you ha4e in front of you is##that, say## how
can @ say itQ##you speak to me in $n%lish, and @ could say it in *panish -ust a/out as fast as you could tell me in $n%lish, you know, like he is
workin% there, you know, all comin% to his fin%ertips, like the other fellow was tellin% me) @ could translate that fast, you know, and
decipherin% is the only proper way of sayin% it, you know) And @ made another statement at home, you know, my family was speakin%, and
the ma-ority of the words /ein% *panish, and $n%lish -ust come out, you know)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,o you speak *panish around the homeQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) @s your wife Puerto !icanQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,oes she speak *panishQ
2r) ,$";A,<G Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +as your wife /orn in Puerto !icoQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hen did she come to the (nited *tatesQ
2r) ,$";A,<) A/out 1>00, 1>0)
2r) "@$3$"$!) How old was she thenQ
2r) ,$";A,<) *he was a/out 13)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou mentioned that <swald used to %o into "os An%eles with you from time to time) Can you tell me
appro6imately how many times <swald went to "os An%elesQ
2r) ,$";A,<) <nce he went with me)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Just onceQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Just once) That was, you know, he -ust stayed a ni%ht, as far as @ can remem/er)
2r) "@$3$"$!) *o that <swald only went into "os An%eles with you on one occasionQ
2r) ,$";A,<) That @ knowO yes) !i%ht after he corresponded with these people)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +ith the Cu/an ConsulateQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @ assumed he was %oin% there to see some/ody) @ ne4er asked him) @t wasnVt my /usiness, you know)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id he later tell you that he had /een to the Cu/an ConsulateQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO /ut @ thou%ht it was -ust his, you know, /ra%%in% of some sort)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou didnVt really /elie4e that he hadQ
2r) ,$";A,<) +ell, noO @ didnVt ha4e no interest in it, whether or not)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you learn that <swald had %one into "os An%eles on weekends at other timesQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO not that @ knew of)
2r) "@$3$"$!) The only thin% that you know####
2r) ,$";A,<) That @ am sure of was that one particular incident, one particular time, it struck me as /ein% odd that he had %one
out, you know)
2r) "@$3$"$!) *o that <swald only went into "os An%eles with you on one occasion that you can remem/erO is that ri%htQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO that @ can recall)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id the D3@ a%ent ask you a/out thisQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO he asked me that, and @ /elie4e @ %a4e him the same answer @ ha4e %i4en you now, /ecause the other time they
had two men, that other fellow was askin% me Nuestions too, you know, this is /ack and forth, tryin% to answer you, and he is askin% me
somethin% else, you know) @ was sittin% in the old
manVs office, the commandin% officerVs office, you know, and @ wasnVt too at ease there either)
2r) "@$3$"$!) <swald did not %o with you to "os An%eles on e4ery other week or anythin% like thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co, no) @ went e4ery week to "os An%eles)
2r) "@$3$"$!) $4ery weekQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO e4ery weekend that @ was off, you know, rou%hly three weekends a month)
2r) "@$3$"$!) 3ut <swald only accompanied you on one occasionQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou donVt know of your own knowled%e of any other times that he went into "os An%elesQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) The only outstandin% thin% @ can remem/er was that <swald was a casual dresser) 3y that @ mean he would %o
with a sport shirt, somethin% like that, and this particular instance he was suited upO white shirt, dark suit, dark tie)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou told the D3@ that <swald en-oyed classical musicO is that ri%htQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) And that he would often talk at len%th a/out the operaO is that correctQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht) @ tried to /e a listener, /ut @ wasnVt too interested)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id <swald seem to /e interested in %irlsQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO not to my knowled%e) He didnVt ha4e a %irl friend write him, @ know that for a factO he didnVt ha4e no %irl
writin%O ne4er went to a dance down at the ser4ice clu/O always /y himself) And when we had no duty, him and @ used to %o to the show, you
know, > times out of 10 @ ended up payin% for it)
2r) "@$3$"$!) How a/out sports, did he e4e,# show any interest in sportsQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) That is somethin% @ would like to /rin% up)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ;o ahead)
2r) ,$";A,<) 2ay @ %o on the record, /ecause there was a statement @ read in "ife 2a%aBineQ
2r) "@$3$"$!) ;o ahead)
2r) ,$";A,<) And itVs erroneous)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat did it sayQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @t is Nuotin% a "ieutenant Cupenack, and he made a statement there in "ife, last month, @ /elie4e it was) He made a
statement sayin% he was <swaldVs commandin% officer, <swald was on the foot/all team) He was on the foot/all team, that is the only true
fact in the whole statement that he made) Also that he had a run#in with a captain that was on the foot/all team, and /ecause of this ar%ument
he went off the team)
To /e%in with, our company commander was a li%ht colonel, lieutenant colonel) "ieutenant Cupenack was a supply officer) He
seldom came in contact with <swald, and when he did, it was only when <swald was on details or when "ieutenant Cupenack had duty that
particular ni%ht in the war room when <swald was on) And as far as a captain /ein% on the foot/all team, the only captain we had was in the
*#3 section where we worked, and he was too old to play foot/all)
"ieutenant Cupenack played foot/all) He was %ood) He was tackle) @ remem/er @ played a%ainst him plenty of times myself) And
why <swald left, @ donVt know) @ donVt think he went out, he -ust /u%%ed out, itVs what he wanted, and he had it for a while, and he -ust Nuit)
2r) "@$3$"$!) He did come out for foot/all thou%hQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you tell the D3@ a%ents a/out thisQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id they ask a/out itQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO @ didnVt tell them) @ -ust couldnVt see why a /i% a%ency like "ife would not check into the story and let
somethin% like this, you know, %et out) @ mean itVs all well, you know, to %o alon% and /elie4e what the fellow did, /ut /rin% out the truth)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,o you remem/er which article in "ife 2a%aBine this wasQ +as this the issue####
2r) ,$";A,<) The /i% writeup on him, the latest one, where he had the picture of him in the Philippines, and thin%s like that)
2r) "@$3$"$!) The one that they had <swaldVs picture on the co4er, holdin% the rifleQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht) And ri%ht now he is an instructor of philosophy or psycholo%y in Colum/ia (ni4ersity, @ think it is,
somethin% like that)
2r) "@$3$"$!) This lieutenantQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht) @ -ust thou%ht it funny, him sayin% that he was commandin% officer o4er <swaldO that he had a lot of trou/le
with <swald) And you ha4e /een m the Army, a supply officer hardly e4er comes in contact with the troops, and to say that a lieutenant is
%oin% to o4erride a lieutenant colonel is ridiculous)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you tell the D3@ that <swald did not show any interest in sportsQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO @ told them he didnVt show any interest in sports)
2r) "@$3$"$!) @n spite of the fact that he had actually %one on the foot/all teamQ
2r) ,$";A,<) That is -ust one e6ample, the foot/all) 3ut he ne4er went out for /asket/all, /ase/all, or hand/all, like the rest of us
did, you know) And myself, @ didnVt %o out for sports either, -ust foot/all and hand/allO and that was it)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +as <swald a %ood foot/all playerQ
2r) ,$";A,<) 2ediocre, he was so#so)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat position did he playQ
2r) ,$";A,<) He played tackle or end, you know, ne4er full/ack, Nuarter/ack or anythin% like that, you know)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat kind of foot/all teams were theseQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Dla%) Dla% foot/all)
2r) "@$3$"$!) That is, the different companies or /atteriesQ
2r) ,$";A,<) +ell, when <swald went out for the team, it was in the /attery, %ettin% the lines set up, /ut he Nuit /efore we went
for competition)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +as this re%ular foot/all or -ust touch foot/all)
2r) ,$";A,<) Dla% foot/all)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Touch foot/allQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Touch foot/all)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ;o /ack and tell us all that you can remem/er a/out this trip to Ti-uanaQ
2r) ,$";A,<) +ell, it happened on one of our weekends off)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hen was it, appro6imatelyQ
2r) ,$";A,<) <h, you %ot me there) @ would say a/out 2ay, somethin% like that)
2r) "@$3$"$!) @n 1>>)
2r) ,$";A,<) 1>>O ri%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Can you remem/er whether your trip to Ti-uana was /efore the rifle Nualification or afterQ
2r) ,$";A,<) After)
2r) "@$3$"$!) How much afterQ
2r) ,$";A,<) <h, a/out 3 to 0 weeks) +ithin the same month period, /ecause we were a/out -ust %otten paid, you know)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ;o ahead)
2r) ,$";A,<) And these two colored fellows we had in our outfit, @ canVt remem/er their names, like @ told the a%ents, @ donVt
know why /ecause they worked in a different department than @ did there, ne4er had no trou/le with them, they wanted to %o down to
Ti-uanaO so @ had the car, and they asked me if @ would take them down there) *o @ told them yeah, they are %oin% to pay for the %as, so why
not, @ will %o for a free trip) *o in the process of %ettin% ready @ asked <swald if he wanted to %o there, you know, and @ ha4e asked him to %o
to ")A) with me plenty of times and he ne4er /othered %oin%##@ said, W<swald, letVs %o to Ti-uana)W
He said, W<kay, fine)W "ike a casual dresser, he went like the rest of us were, in casual clothes)
+e went down to Ti-uana, hit the local spots, drinkin% and so on, and all of a sudden he says, W"etVs %o to the Dlamin%o)W *o it didnVt
re%ister, and @ didnVt /other to ask him, W+here is this Dlamin%oQ How did you know a/out this placeQW @ assumed he had /een there /efore,
/ecause when we %ot on the hi%hway he told me which turns to take to %et to this place, you know)
2r) "@$3$"$!) To the Dlamin%oQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Dlamin%o, ri%ht) And as far as @ know itVs still there)
2r) "@$3$"$!) @s this outside of Ti-uanaQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @tVs outside of Ti-uana) Ha4e you /een o4er thereQ
2r) "@$3$"$!) Co)
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) +ell, itVs the street /efore the /ullrin%) Mou ha4e %ot to make a ri%ht#hand turn and you %o out for a/out 1
mile, . miles out into the /oondocks, the country) @tVs out in the country, a/out . miles away from the center of the town)
+hen we arri4ed in there, the way the a%ents tried to ask me if he had known any/ody, @ told them noO the way it looked, he -ust had
/een there /efore, /ut no/ody reco%niBed him) The only thin%s @ can remem/er, like @ told these a%ents, were the two contrastin% /artenders,
you know, a real %ood#lookin% woman, amaBonO she must ha4e /een at least A#foot tallO and then there was this fra%ile#lookin% fellow /ehind
the /ar, one of those funny men, you know, and outside of /ein% a 4ery nice and e6clusi4e clu/, you know##it wasnVt one of these clip -oints
they had downtown, it was far different from thatO it was really nice, a nice place)
2r) "@$3$"$!) The /artender was a homose6ualQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +as that apparent to youQ
2r) ,$";A,<) <h, yesO it was apparent to us sittin% on the /ar stool, he looked like a little kittenO and the other /artender was this
/i% %irl) *he was a %ood#lookin% doll) And thatVs a/out all)
Cothin% e4entful happened there) There is where the %irls were tellin% stories, you know) They %ot these %irls, you pick them up
there, you know, and they started tellin% us stories, and heVd lau%h -ust a/out the same time @ lau%hed, and he understood what they were
sayin%)
2r) "@$3$"$!) They spoke *panishQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Cow, did anythin% else happen at the Dlamin%o that you can remem/erQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO durin% the ni%ht thou%h @ had lost my wallet) That was when @ went to the pro4ost marshal##not the pro4ost
marshal##the 2)P) %ate, and reported it, /ut that is neither here nor there) @ had to put in for a new @),) card and what ha4e you)
2r) "@$3$"$!) This was in Ti-uanaQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @n Ti-uana)
2r) "@$3$"$!) The shore patrol had an office across####
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht at the /order)
2r) "@$3$"$!) !i%ht at the /orderQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht at the /order they ha4e an 2)P) shack, ri%ht in the customs office, /ut they couldnVt do nothin%, what money
@ had was %one)
"ike @ said, these two Ce%ro fellows, they paid for the way /ack, you know)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou did ha4e to put in for a new @),) cardO is that ri%htQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$! ,id you stay in Ti-uana itself or did you stay across the /orderQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO we stayed in downtown Ti-uana)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,o you remem/er whereQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht across the street from the -ai#alai %ames, there are some hotels, these houses, you knowO and as far as @ knew,
<swald had a %irl) @ wasnVt payin% too much attention, you know, /ut it seemed to me like he had one)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id he show any interest in the -ai#alai %amesQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou stayed o4er only one ni%htO is that ri%htQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) *aturday ni%htQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) <n *unday you dro4e /ack to the /aseQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id <swald say anythin% a/out his trip down there, his e6periences, that you can remem/erQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO it was##nothin% e6traordinary was said) The way of life down there was so poor, you know) They shouldnVt
allow a town like that to e6ist, thin%s like that)
2r) "@$3$"$!) <swald said thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you mention to the D3@ the fact that <swald had a copy of ,as :apitalQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou mentioned that in your testimony pre4iously tooQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id <swald ha4e any other /ooks that you can remem/erQ
2r) ,$";A,<) He had 2ein :ampf, HitlerVs /i/le, /ut that was circulatin% throu%hout the /attery, e4ery/ody %ot a hold of that
one time or another, you know, and he asked me, how did @ know he was readin% ,as :apital) @ said, well, the man had the /ook, and he said
that doesnVt necessarily mean that he was readin% it)
*o @ told him in one instance @ walked into the room and he was layin% the /ook down, you know, as he %ot up to %reet me, you
know)
He says that still doesnVt pro4e that he was readin% it)
+ell, if you are sittin%, readin% a /ook, and some/ody walks into the room, you are not %oin% to keep on readin% the /ookO you are
%oin% to put it down and %reet whoe4er it isO and then @ assume he is %oin% to assume you ha4e /een readin% the /ook, if it is open) @tVs the
only lo%ical e6planation)
They didnVt want to %o for thatO they wanted to know did @ actually see him readin% the /ook, which @ couldnVt unless @ sneaked up on
the %uy, you know)
2r) "@$3$"$!) This is the D3@ a%ent you are talkin% a/outQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) 3ut you do remem/er that when you would walk into the room <swald would /e sittin% there with this /ook and it
would /e openQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO and then he had this other /ook) @ am still tryin% to find out what it is) @tVs a/out a farm, and a/out how all the
animals take o4er and make the farmer work for them) @tVs really a weird /ook, the way he was e6plainin% it to me, and that struck me kind of
funny) 3ut he told me that the farmer represented the imperialistic world, and the animals were the workers, sym/oliBin% that they are the
socialist people, you know, and that e4entually it will come a/out that the socialists will ha4e the imperialists workin% for them, and thin%s
like that, like these animals, these pi%s took o4er and they were runnin% the whole farm and the farmer was workin% for them)
2r) "@$3$"$!) @s that what <swald e6plained to youQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you tell the D3@ a/out thisQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id they know the name of the /ookQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) The D3@ did not know the name of the /ookQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,o you want to know the name of the /ookQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) @t is called the Animal Darm) @t is /y ;eor%e <rwell)
2r) ,$";A,<) He didnVt tell me) @ asked him for the thin%, /ut he wouldnVt tell me) @ %uess he didnVt know) The Animal Darm)
,id you read itQ
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mes)
2r) ,$";A,<) @s it really like thatQ
2r) "@$3$"$!) MesO there is only one thin% that <swald did not mention
apparently and that is that the pi%s took o4er the farm, and then they %ot to /e -ust like the capitalists were /efore, they %ot fi%htin% amon%
themsel4es, and there was one /i% pi% who did -ust the same thin% that the capitalist had done /efore) ,idnVt <swald tell you a/out thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO -ust that the pi%s and animals had re4olted and made the farmer work for them) The Animal Darm) @s that a
socialist /ookQ
2r) "@$3$"$!) Co)
2r) ,$";A,<) That is -ust the way you interpret itO ri%htQ
2r) "@$3$"$!) MesO @ think so) @t is actually supposed to /e Nuite an anti#Communist /ook)
2r) ,$";A,<) @s it reallyQ
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mes) Mou and <swald finally /e%an to cool off toward each other a little /itO is that ri%htQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) How did that come a/outQ
2r) ,$";A,<) +ell, like @ said, his ideas a/out Castro kept on persistin% in the same way as at the /e%innin%, when e4idence was
/ein% shown that Castro was re4ertin% to a Communist way of %o4ernment, you know, and secret state, secret police state, and the turnin%
point came a/out when there was this one corporal 3atista had in his army, 4ery thin, small fellow, and he had no si%nificant -o/ whatsoe4er,
he was -ust a corporal in the army, and /ecause of the fact that a lady stepped forward at the tri/unal and said that this corporal was in char%e
of mass murderin% all these people, that 3atista was supposed to ha4e done away with, they e6ecuted him on the pure fact of one ladyVs
statement with no proof whatsoe4er)
*o @ /rou%ht that to his attention and he said, W+ell, in all new %o4ernments some errors ha4e to occur, /ut you can /e sure that
somethin% like this was in4esti%ated prior to his e6ecution /ut you will ne4er know a/out it /ecause they wonVt pu/liciBe that hearin%,W you
know)
@ couldnVt see that, what was happenin% o4er there then, when they started e6ecutin% these people on -ust mere word of mouth)
3atista e6ecuted them when he had them, a re%ular /lood /ath %oin% on there) 3ut thatVs when @ started coolin% off, and he started
%ettin% more re4erent toward Castro, he started thinkin% hi%her####
2r) "@$3$"$!) 2ore hi%hlyQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO more hi%hly of Castro than @ did, and a/out a month later @ was on lea4e, and when @ came /ack he was %one)
And it must ha4e /een a fast processin%, /ecause @ wasnVt %one o4er 1 daysO when @ come /ack he was already %one)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you and <swald stay in the same hut to%ether until he actually %ot out of the 2arinesQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you e4er put in for a transfer to another hut to %et away from <swald /efore you went on lea4eQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @ did, /ut it ne4er went throu%h) @ was the hut CC<, and all the other huts had CC<Vs, and if @ went into another hut
@ would /e under another %uy)
2r) "@$3$"$!) And you didnVt want to do thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO @ had my rank)
2r) "@$3$"$!) *o you stayed there and remained CC< in char%e of the hutQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO /ut he ne4er %ot into ar%uments with me) He liked to talk politics with one fellow particularly, Call, and he
would ar%ue with him, and <swald would %et to a point where he would %et utterly distrusted with the discussion and %ot out of the room)
+hene4er it %ot to the point where an%er was %oin% to show, he would stop cold and walk out and lea4e the con4ersation in the air)
2r) "@$3$"$!) He ne4er %ot mad at any/odyQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Cot physically mad, no)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you e4er know him to %et into a fi%ht with any/ody at *anta AnaQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou say you did put in for a transfer to another hutO is that ri%htQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +as that permission %rantedQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @ was waitin% for it to /e %ranted) @ turned it in to the section ser%eant, and @ ne4er knew what the outcome was) @
ne4er found out) They ne4er notified me as to why @ wanted to %et transferred to the other huts)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou ne4er did mo4e from your hut to another hutQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou actually were dischar%ed, from the 2arines /efore this Nuestion of your transfer e4er came upQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hen did you %o into the 2arinesQ Mou told us /efore) "et us re4iew that for a moment)
2r) ,$";A,<) @ went into the 2arines Co4em/er 1, 1>A)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou were dischar%ed 1 Co4em/er, appro6imately####
2r) ,$";A,<) 1>>)
2r) "@$3$"$!) 1>>O is that correctQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you %o on lea4e prior to your dischar%eQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO @ did)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Terminal lea4eQ
2r) ,$";A,<) +hatQ
2r) "@$3$"$!) +as it a terminal lea4e, and you -ust took your lea4e and left, or did you %o on lea4e and then come /ackQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) @ went on lea4e and then came /ack)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +here did you %o on lea4eQ
2r) ,$";A,<) A/out in Au%ust, @ think##*eptem/er to <cto/er, somethin% like that) A 1#day lea4e, to %o to California) Au%ust
or *eptem/er) @ think it was in the latter part of the summer) @ always take that part to come into Cew Mork, /ut when @ came /ack, <B was
%one)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +here did you %o on lea4eG to California, or did you come /ack to Cew MorkQ
2r) ,$";A,<) To Cew Mork)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you talk to the D3@ -ust a/out this series of e4entsQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,o you remem/er what you told themQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @ told them that @ had %one on lea4e, and when @ came /ack <swald had /een dischar%ed and that then they came
out with the story that he defected, @ think, then, and that we all had %one under in4esti%ation)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you tell the D3@ a%ents when you went on lea4eQ
2r)) ,$";A,<) Mes) @ %a4e them a specific date) @ think @ told them a/out Au%ust)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou didnVt tell them June or JulyQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) @ donVt /elie4e so)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Could you ha4e told them it was June or JulyQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @ may ha4e told them June or July) @Vm not too sure) @ know it was the midsummerO /ecause @ came into Cew Mork
in the %ood weather)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you tell the D3@ a%ents that you had actually transferred to another hutQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou didnVt tell them thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou are positi4e of thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO /ut @ told them that <swald was transferred) The only transfer that occurred was <swald to my hut, and that @
put in for a transfer, and transfer was waitin% to /e appro4ed for an CC< to /e /umped into my hut, /ut it ne4er %ot appro4ed) @ %uess thin%s
came up, and a/out . or 3 weeks later @ went on lea4e)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hen you came /ack from lea4e, <swald was %oneQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes Prior to my lea4in% @ knew he was puttin% in for a
hardship dischar%e /ecause he had %one to see the old man and so forth and so on, /ut, like @ say, it usually took so lon% time to %et a
hardship dischar%e, too)
2r) "@$3$"$!) *o you and <swald were actually Nuartered in the same Nuonset hut up to the time <swald +as dischar%edQ
2r) ,$";A,<) (p to the time @ went on lea4e)
2r) "@$3$"$!) And when you came /ack <swald was %oneQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou ne4er saw him after thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id <swald say anythin% to you while you were in the 2arines to%ether a/out %oin% to !ussiaQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) He ne4er didQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO @ couldnVt understand where he %ot the money to %o)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou said /efore he didnVt spend 4ery much money)
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO /ut @ ima%ine the way it costs now, it costs at least 7800 to a 71,000 to tra4el across $urope, plus the red tape
you ha4e to %o throu%h)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hen did you see this official#lookin% en4elope that you mentioned /efore with the seal on itQ ,o you remem/er
when that wasQ
2r) ,$";A,<) <utside of /ein% prior to one of my departures for "os An%eles##the month, you wantQ
2r) "@$3$"$!) MesO if you can remem/er it) @ mean, was it####
2r) ,$";A,<) @tVs hard to say, /ecause we were to%ether so lon%) @t was one of the weekends @ was %oin% into "os An%eles)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,o you remem/er whether it was /efore or after your rifle practiceQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO @t was after, /ecause prior to our rifle practice @ donVt think we had any political discussions at all)
2r) "@$3$"$!) 2ost of those were after the rifle NualificationsQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO you see, this all happened,, oh, /etween when @ say, 2ay to *eptem/er or 2ay to Au%ust, of %oin% on lea4e,
all these incidents, you know)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,o you remem/er how lon% you were /ack at *anta Ana after your lea4e /efore you were dischar%edQ
2r) ,$";A,<) A/out . months, @ %uess)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id the D3@ a%ents ask you a/out thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou mentioned this fellow /y the name of Call)
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) !ichard CallQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +as he in your Nuonset hutQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO he was in our company) He was in a different Nuonset hut)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +as he a friend of <swaldQ
2r) ,$";A,<) *emifriendly) @ know personally that he used to call <swald <swaldo4ich or Comrade) +e all called him
Comrade, which is ;erman for friend) +e didnVt put no communistic influence whatsoe4er) 3ut then he made the statement sayin%, no, he
ne4er called <swald WComrade,W or anythin% like that, you know)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +ho said thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Call)
2r) "@$3$"$!) How do you knowQ
2r) ,$";A,<) The D3@ a%ent told me)
2r) "@$3$"$!) The D3@ a%ent told you thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou -ust mentioned the term W<swaldo4ichWO is that ri%htQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO he asked me if anyone had called him <swaldo4ich) Co) Comrade commissarO yes) +e all used to kid
around that lan%ua%e) He used to like it, and he would come out, we would call him Wcomrade,W and he would %o strai%ht, -ack up and %i4e a
/i% impression) 3ut Call said he didnVt) +ell, thatVs his prero%ati4e) He didnVt want to %et mi6ed up in it)
2r) "@$3$"$!) 3ut you are pretty sure you ne4er heard him call <swaldo4ichQ
2r) ,$";A,<) ThatVs ri%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +ho is Pri4ate, Dirst Class +aldQ +as he in your hut, tooQ
2r) ,$";A,<) He was in our outfit)
2r) "@$3$"$!) And was he a friend of <swaldQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Just speakin% acNuaintances) ThatVs all) He didnVt ha4e too many close friends)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +ho didnVtQ
2r) ,$";A,<) <swald And these %uys were all different, like +ald was a for sports) And Call was the closest you would come
to <swald, /ecause he liked classical music and %ood /ooks, now)
2r) "@$3$"$!) 3ut +ald and <s/orne, they were more in sports and that sort of thin%Q
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat a/out *er%eant DunkQ ,id you mention him to the D3@Q
2r) ,$";A,< MesO *er%eant Dunk wasnVt in our outfit too lon% to know <swald) <swald and him didnVt hit it off at all)
2r) "@$3$"$!) How did that come a/outQ
2r) ,$";A,<) +ell, one instance was when we were all standin% formation, waitin% for work call) +e were off this day) And
Call and some other fellows were all around there, you know, makin% like they were, you know, shootin% their %uns off, you know, -ust
playin% around) *o it -ust happens, when Dunk came out <swald was the only one doin% it) *o they %ra//ed <swald and rode him march
with a full field pack around the foot/all field in the area) And he /itched when he pulled that tour of duty, and it stuck in my mind, /ecause
itVs the first time since /asic that @ seen that happen) 3ut it happened when Dunk stepped out, <swald the first one he seen)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id <swald complain a/out Dunk after thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) He had nothin% to do with him) Always tried to find fault) The man had a lot of faults) He was 4ery sloppy)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hoQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Dunk) And he had a tendency to###he was 4ery##4ery /ad leader, in my opinion, /ecause CC<Vs in the 2arine
Corps, you carry a sword, and we lo4ed to see him carry a sword, /ecause when you salute him, he /rin%s the sword up to here =indicatin%?
like this, and one of these days itVs %oin% to happen, /ecause the /lade would /e swin%in% ne6t to his ear, and weVre all waitin% for that thin%
to happen) ThatVs what @ remem/er a/out Dunk) He wasnVt there too lon%)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,o you know any of the other fellows in the outfit who mi%ht ha4e known <swaldQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) There was one ser%eant @ was tryin% to think of, /ut @ couldnVt think of his name) @ think @ %a4e a name to the
D3@ a%ents, Hol/rook or##somethin% like that)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,o you remem/er a Corporal 3otelhoQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes) 3otelho) He was from upstate California, a potato rancher)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat was his relationship with <swaldQ
2r) ,$";A,<) The same as the rest of the fellowsG Cot too close)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id <swald e4er ha4e any ar%uments with any of these peopleQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes) 8uite freNuentlyV he had ar%uments, /ut 3otelho usually would ha4e ar%uments a/out, well, 3otelho was
pretty proud a/out his car, you know, and <swald would find some fault in it, not the ri%ht make he had a Che4y, a 1>A Che4y, and one time
@ walked in on the discussion) @ didnVt know what it was a/out) And they were pretty mad at each other) And, as @ said, <swald -ust took off)
3ut 3otelho was a pretty Nuiet fellow)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat a/out Pri4ate, Dirst Class !ousselQ ,o you remem/er mentionin% him to the D3@ a%entsQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !ousselQ Mes) He was a sports enthusiast) A little, short
fellow from "ouisiana) @n fact, @ took him home when @ %ot dischar%ed from the 2arine Corps)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat rank was callQ
2r) ,$";A,<) At the time at the time when <swald was in the outfit, he was corporal) 3ut then later on he %ot promoted to a
ser%eant)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat was your rank when you were dischar%edQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Corporal)
2r) "@$3$"$!) <swald was whatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Pri4ate)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Just a strai%ht pri4ateQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id <swald e4er complain a/out the fact that he hadnVt /een promotedQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co, ne4er) Ce4er) @ donVt %uess he e6pected it) @ knew he was court#martialed)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id he tell you thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) @ %ot that from the scuttle/utt, one of the %uys who knew him from o4erseas)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you hear what he was court#martialed forQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) After all this came out later, @ read a/out it)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat is the silent areaQ
2r) ,$";A,<) ThatVs what @ referred to) He put silent area) ThatVs the war room)
2r) "@$3$"$!) He, you mean the D3@ a%entQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) This is where you actually worked in watchin%####
2r) ,$";A,<) +atchin% the scopes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Accordin% to the D3@ a%entVs notes, you and <swald were passin% notes /ack and forth)
2r) ,$";A,<) +e worked in a room similar to this, and there would /e a /i% plottin% /oard there with the aircraft in fli%ht, and
radar sets would /e /ack there, with the officers /ack there, and he and @, when we werenVt watchin% the scopes, we would /e writin% down
what aircraft were up, and we had a small lamp on our ta/le) *o when we wanted to talk, he would hand a note to me)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou were not permitted to talk durin% this timeQ
2r) ,$";A,<) The enlisted men)
2r) "@$3$"$!) The enlisted menQ
2r) ,$";A,<) +ell, the enlisted men were permitted to talk, /ut not at this ones permitted to talk were the controllers who had
the aircraft on their scopes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mour -o/ was to watch one of the scopesQ
2r) ,$";A,<) +atch one of the scopes, and when we were relie4ed from doin% that, we sat on the front ta/le and kept track of
the aircraft on the plottin% /oard)
2r) "@$3$"$!) *o while you were actually watchin% the scope, you were permitted to speakQ Mou had to talk at that timeQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes, to the aircraft)
2r) "@$3$"$!) To keep track of the aircraftQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes) ThatVs why they didnVt want too much noise in there) Just enou%h for the controller to understand the pilot and
4ice 4ersa)
2r) "@$3$"$!) There are two of these D3@ reports here that tell me that you told the D3@ that <swald used to %o to "os An%eles
e4ery . weeks)
2r) ,$";A,<) @ used to %o to "os An%eles e4ery other week)
2r) "@$3$"$!) 3ut not <swaldQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) And you are sure that you told that to the D3@Q
2r) ,$";A,<) Positi4e)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou ha4e no Nuestion a/out that at allQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co Nuestion a/out that at all) <therwise @ wouldnVt ha4e made the statement that he had /een with me one time) @t
would ha4e /een common to see him in the train station) 3ut it wasnVt)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,o you remem/er "ieutenant ,epadroQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat was heQ
2r) ,$";A,<) He was a first lieutenant) He was from Dlorida) His Parents were /oat/uilders) He owned##his family owned a /i%
/oat/uildin% place in Dlorida) @ couldnVt tell the a%ents what town) @ wouldnVt remem/er that) @ thou%ht it was a town, @ %a4e them####
2r) "@$3$"$!) +ho was heQ
2r) ,$";A,<) He was -ust a section officer) He worked as a controller, and he was also our platoon officer)
2r) "@$3$"$!) The D3@ report indicates that you ha4e told "ieutenant ,epadro that <swald was recei4in% !ussian lan%ua%e
newspapersO is that correctQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes) @ mentioned that to him on the way from the %uard shack at one time, and he -ust /rushed it off) He didnVt
seem to care)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +ho is *er%eant "uskQ
2r) ,$";A,<) <ur ser%eant ma-or)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,o you remem/er talkin% to the D3@ a%ents a/out *er%eant "uskQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat did you tell themQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @ told them that in one instance *er%eant "usk had the misfortune of wakin% us up in the mornin%) Co/ody
/othered wakin% us up, and the formation had %athered, and we were all sleepin% away)
2r) "@$3$"$!) The men in your Nuonset hutQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht) And @Vm the one in char%e of them, and a/out 8 oVclock in the mornin% @ hear the door open up, and @ see
this %uy walkin% into my room) The first thin% @ wake up and see was the diamond, the stripes, and he says, W@ want to see you men in the old
manVs office, in class AVs)W *o @ knew it was a /ad step) +e went up there, and he chewed us out for sleepin%) And on the way /ack he said,
WMouVre %ettin% as /ad as <B)W
3ut it wasnVt our fault) @t wasnVt <swaldVs fault) He slept away with the rest of us) @t was too far for the C8) And he -ust didnVt feel
like walkin% that far) *o @ told the a%ents that @ was the only corporal on restriction at the same time)
2r) "@$3$"$!) They restricted your /arracks for thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht) +ell, itVs /etter to /e restricted than to /e court#martialed for it)
2r) "@$3$"$!) @t is) ,o you remem/er discussin% e6tradition treaties with <swaldQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat was that discussionQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Any crime perpetrated in the *tates, say some/ody was to do somethin% wron% in the (nited *tates, and they
wanted to %et him) +e talked a/out countries he could %o to) @ said, well, not includin% Cu/a, which at that time would take any/ody, and
!ussia, he could %o to Ar%entina, which @ understand is e6tradition#free) 3ut the other countries all ha4e treaties with the (nited *tates) They
would %et you /ack)
2r) "@$3$"$!) @n that discussion what did <swald sayQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Cothin% that @ remem/er)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id he say he would %o to Ar%entina if he e4er %ot in trou/le like thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @f he e4er %ot in trou/leO yes) 3ut this is the period of time we are talkin% a/out, of takin% o4er the ,ominican
!epu/lic) And this is what @ donVt understandG <swald /rou%ht out a fact a/out a route to take to %o to !ussia, /ypassin% all ()*) censorship,
like if you wanted to %et out without /ein% worried a/out /ein% picked up) And he definitely said 2e6ico to Cu/a to !ussia, and whether or
not @Vm /rin%in% into the fact these two %uys that defected) 3ut that was the same route) And he told me a/out the two %uys, the same way
these two %uys defected)
Cow, @ canVt ima%ine who he meant) @ thou%ht he was referrin% to this later case) 3ut the D3@ a%ent confused me all to heck) He
told me it was a year
later that these two %uys from the (nited *tates, workin% for the mathematicians, somethin% like that, defected, takin% the *ame route that
<swald had told me a/out) @ remem/er him e6plainin% to me, and he had drawn out a re%ular little map on a scratch paper showin% -ust how
you %o a/out doin% it)
2r) "@$3$"$!) <swald did thisQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mour recollection is that he mentioned two men who also defected to !ussia at that timeQ
2r) ,$";A,<) The same routeO yes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) 3ut the D3@ man said that didnVt happen until a year afterwardsQ
2r) ,$";A,<) A year later)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Ha4e you checked up on this to find out when these men did defectQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) @ took it for %ranted they had the scoop, you know) @ assume that @ may ha4e /een interpretin% these e4ents
and runnin% the two to%ether) 3ut in my estimation @ donVt think it was possi/le) @ remem/er him at the time mentionin% two men that had
defected, and we were wonderin% how they %ot there, and he said this is how he would %et there, now)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id he say these two men had %one from the (nited *tates into 2e6ico into Cu/aQ
2r) ,$";A,<) He said, WThis is the route they took) This is the way @ would %o a/out it) This is the way they apparently did it)W
*omethin% to that effect)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mour recollection isnVt too clear on thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) 3ut you do recall that <swald mentioned that if he were %oin% to %o to !ussia, that he would %o to 2e6ico and
then to Cu/aQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Cow, you read in the newspapers after the assassination that 2e6icoQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO that he was in 2e6ico for a while on 4acation or somethin% like that)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mes)
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you read in the newspaper that <swald had %one to 2e6ico with the idea in mind of %oin% on to Cu/aQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou had ne4er read that in the newspaperQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou didnVt know that /efore nowQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO outside of him /ein% in !ussia, and he went to 2e6ico on his own) Drom Te6as @ think he went to 2e6ico)
And @ didnVt know him to cross o4er into Cu/a)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +ell, now, @ am not sayin% that he actually went to Cu/a)
2r) ,$";A,<) <r had any####
2r) "@$3$"$!) @ am sayin% he went to 2e6ico with the intention of %oin% to Cu/a)
2r) ,$";A,<) @ didnVt read that far)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou didnVt read thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) *o there is no chance that you read this later and are confusin% this as somethin% that <swald said /eforeQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) This was definitely said then, in 1>>, and accordin% to the D3@ records this supposed same route or near to the
same route was done in 1>A0 or 1>A1)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you and <swald e4er talk a/out reli%ionQ
2r) ,$";A,<) He was##he didnVt /elie4e in ;od) HeVs a de4out atheist) ThatVs the only thin% he and @ didnVt discuss, /ecause he
knew @ was reli%ious)
2r) "@$3$"$!) He knew that you are reli%iousQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou are reli%iousQ
2r) ,$";A,<) +ell, to the effect that @ /elie4e there is a ;od or a 2aker)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou attend church re%ularlyQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO and in one instance he told me that ;od was a myth or a le%end, that /asically our whole life is /uilt around
this one falsehood, and thin%s like that) @ didnVt like that kind of talk)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Can you remem/er anythin% else that he said a/out reli%ionQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO outside of condemnin% anythin% that had to do with reli%ion, you know) He lau%hed) He used to lau%h at
*unday school, you know, mimic the %uys that fell out to %o to church on *undays) He himself ne4er went)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id he e4er Nuote from the 3i/le or anythin% like thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id he e4er make fun of the 3i/leQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) @t was -ust /ein% a %ood /ook, written /y a few men, you know, that had %otten to%ether and wrote up a no4el)
ThatVs all) <utside of /ein% a well#written /ook, thereVs no fact to it)
2r) "@$3$"$!) 3ut he didnVt Nuote sections from the 3i/le -ust to show how wron% it wasQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you talk to the D3@ men a/out this NuestionQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) @ donVt think @ did) They asked me a/out reli%ion, and @ told them he was an atheist) ThatVs all)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou donVt remem/er tellin% them that <swald used to Nuote from the 3i/le and show you how wron% it was and
tried to make it look sillyQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) That was typical of him)
2r) "@$3$"$!) 3ut you ha4e no recollection of him doin% thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,o you ha4e any recollection of tellin% the D3@ men he did thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO @ donVt)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Cow, this Nuestion of socialism, discussions of socialism that you had with <swaldG ,id he compare that with the
military lifeQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat did he say a/out thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) +ell, this is##military life is the closest to the *ocialist way of life, where you had##letVs see) How did he phrase
it###e4erythin% was common or somethin% like that)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id <swald seem to think that socialism would /e a %ood thin%Q
2r) ,$";A,<) ThatVs ri%ht, for people) @f they worked for the military, they could work for e4ery/ody, instead of e4ery/ody
/ein% an indi4idualist and -ust a few of them ha4in%##if they all %ot to%ether in one common denominator, if e4ery/ody worked with the state
ownin% e4erythin%, and e4ery/ody worked for the state)
2r) "@$3$"$!) <swald didnVt really like the 2arine Corps, did heQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) How could he say that socialism was like the military, and like socialism, and still hate the militaryQ
2r) ,$";A,<) He liked the life /ut hated the military) *ome people lo4e to /e /ossed around, you know, and told what to do)
Met, the same people may not like for certain indi4iduals, letVs say like *er%eant Dunk, for instance, to tell them what to do)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you e4er ha4e the feelin% that <swald disliked discipline as a %eneral proposition, or -ust indi4idual people that
told him what to doQ
2r) ,$";A,<) @ would say discipline /y certain indi4iduals, you know) He used to take orders from a few people there without no
trou/le at all) Just a few people that didnVt like him or he didnVt like them, or he thou%ht to /e###he thou%ht Dunk to /e too stupid to %i4e him
any kind of order) That was /eyond his le4el) That was fact) This man was a complete moron, accordin% to <swald) +hy should he, /ecause
heVs /een lon%er, ha4e the authority to %i4e him orders, you knowQ *o he had no respect for him) @f he had respect, he would follow, %o alon%
with you) 3ut if he thou%ht you to /e inferior to him or mentally##mental idiot, he wouldnVt like anythin% you told him to do)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Can you remem/er any other discussions a/out this comparison of socialism with the 2arine Corps or the
militaryQ
=*hort recess)?
=8uestion read)?
2r) ,$";A,<) +ell, accordin% to the point where he would /rin% out that the military, there was always one /oss, and if he tells
e4ery/ody to do somethin%, they all do it with no Nuestion, and e4erythin% runs alon% smoothly) 3ut in our %o4ernment, no one person could
%i4e that order where the whole populace would o/ey or act to it) There were a whole /unch of indi4idualists) *ome may, some wonVt, and
some would ar%ue a/out it) ThatVs not the same e6act word he used, /ut thatVs####
2r) "@$3$"$!) He indicated that he thou%ht it was a %ood thin% that some/ody should %i4e orders like this and####
2r) ,$";A,<) That e4ery/ody would o/ey without Nuestion)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +ere you surprised when you learned that <swald had %one to the *o4iet (nionQ
2r) ,$";A,<, MesO @ was)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou had no reason to /elie4e####
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$! Drom your association with him that he was intendin% to do any such thin%Q
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hile he was in the 2arine CorpsO is that correctQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) He ne4er spoke to you or indicated to you in any way that he planned to %o to !ussiaQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou thou%ht he was %oin%, as you mentioned /efore####
2r) ,$";A,<) To *witBerland)
2r) "@$3$"$!) To school in *witBerlandQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou are a/solutely certain that you did not indicate to the D3@ that <swald accompanied you to "os An%eles as a
re%ular matterQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou -ust told them he went with you onceQ
2r) ,$";A,<) <nce)
2r) "@$3$"$!) @n connection with this discussion of e6tradition treaties, did <swald say that he would %o to !ussia if he e4er %ot
into any trou/leQ ,o you remem/er thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) He had mentioned !ussia as a place of refu%e if he e4er %ot into any trou/le, /ut the answers went around to the
other countries, well, @ would say, We6cludin% !ussia or Cu/a, Ar%entina would /e the ne6t /est)W
2r) "@$3$"$!) 3ut you didnVt %et any impression from him that he intended to %o to !ussiaQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) This was -ust a %eneral discussion of e6tradition treatiesQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Just %eneral con4ersationQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) This Pfc, !oussel####
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Henry !) !oussel, Jr)Q
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) He was from Cew <rleans, ri%htQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co) 3aton !ou%e, "ouisiana, ri%ht outside of "*()
2r) "@$3$"$!) !oussel was from 3aton !ou%eQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,o you remem/er discussin% !oussel with the D3@Q
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,o you remem/er tellin% them where he was fromQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Mes)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat did you tell themQ
2r) ,$";A,<) 3aton !ou%e) <n account of he had taken us to the "*(, you know, uni4ersity##campus)
2r) "@$3$"$!) This is when you were at 3ilo6iQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO this is at the terminal when we %ot dischar%ed) !oussel was on lea4e) @ was dischar%ed) @ took Call##Call was
dischar%ed also, and Call and myself and !oussel and another two or three two other %uys, we made a trip to the east coast, /ut we went
down to the *outh to take !oussel home) And @ remem/er it well, /ecause it was the year 3illy Cannon was famous down there at the "*()
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou didnVt tell the D3@ that !oussel was from Cew <rleansQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,o you remem/er this Pfc) 2urrayQ +hat is his first nameQ
2r) ,$";A,<) ,on)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,onQ
2r) ,$";A,<) ,on)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,o you remem/er him as knowin% *panish to a/out the same e6tent that <swald knew *panish, or more or lessQ
+hat is your recollection on thatQ
2r) ,$";A,<) He knew less than <swald did when <swald##the last time @ seen <swald)
2r) "@$3$"$!) How would you descri/e 2urrayVs command of *panishQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Cot too %ood) @n his particular instance it was phrases, you know, that kind of talk)
2r) "@$3$"$!) *o that you werenVt as successful in your attempts to teach####
2r) ,$";A,<) @ didnVt ha4e the time) *ee, when we were in 3ilo6i, we were /oth to%ether, %oin% to school there) 3ut we didnVt
ha4e the time once we %ot to California) He was li4in% off post) His wife was there, so we didnVt ha4e that much time to%ether)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id 2urray mo4e off post ri%ht away, or did he li4e on the post for a while after he came to####
2r) ,$";A,<) He li4ed a/out##after @ %ot there, a/out . months, and then his wife he went to Dlorida and %ot married and /rou%ht
his wife in to California) @ would say he mo4ed off post a/out De/ruary of 1>>)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat did most of the marines call <swaldQ ,id they call him "ee or####
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) <swald, -ust /y his last nameQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Just <s or <swald) 9ery seldom do you find in the military, at least @ ha4enVt come in contact with, where one
fellow referred to another fellow /y the first name) @tVs always /y the last name, mainly /ecause the name is written on his -acket, you know)
@ didnVt e4en know his name was "ee)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou didnVt know that his first name was "eeQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +ould you say that you, concernin% your contact with 2urray, -ust tau%ht him a few phrases or answered Nuestions
when he asked you Nuestions a/out *panish, or would you say that you en%a%ed in any kind of real pro%ram to teach him *panishQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO -ust answer some Nuestions he had or phrases that he wanted interpreted, thatVs it)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,o you remem/er a fellow /y the name of Charley 3rown in your outfitQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Charley 3rownQ
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mes)
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO that is a name @ %a4e him) @ /elie4e it was one of the fellows that was in the /arracks with us at one time or
another, Charley 3rown, /ut @ canVt recall)
2r) "@$3$"$!) That doesnVt rin% a /ellQ
2r) ,$";A,<) Co)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you mention the name of Charley 3rown to the D3@Q
2r) ,$";A,<) @ may ha4e) +e %ot a Charley 3rown in our outfit now)
2r) "@$3$"$!) CowQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO /ut @ may ha4e, may not ha4e mentioned Charley 3rown) @ %a4e them the name of who @ thou%ht###felt who
the one or two colored fellows were, /ut @ couldnVt think of it, and -ust made a sta/ in the dark)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Mou donVt remem/er what the name was that you told the D3@ nowQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO +alt, +alt##+atts, that is the name @ %a4e him, not 3rown)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Can you think of anythin% else a/out <swald that you think mi%ht /e of some help to the Commission in its
in4esti%ationQ
2r) ,$";A,<) He didnVt like the immediate people o4er him in this particular outfit) All of them werenVt as intelli%ent as he was
in his estimation)
2r) "@$3$"$!) +hat a/out your estimation, did you think that they were as smart as <swald wasQ
2r) ,$";A,<) <swald, @ remem/er, for instance, that <swald used to %et in heated discussions with a couple of the officers there)
2r) "@$3$"$!) The officersQ
2r) ,$";A,<) !i%ht) And theyVd /e talkin% a/out letVs say, politics, which came up Nuite freNuently durin% a /reak, letVs say, and @
would say out of the con4ersation <swald had them stumped a/out four out of fi4e times) They -ust ran out of words, they couldnVt come
/ack, you know) And e4ery time this happened, it made him feel twice as %ood, you know) He thou%ht himself Nuite proficient with current
e4ents and politics)
2r) "@$3$"$!) He used to en-oy doin% this to the officers, @ could ima%ine)
2r) ,$";A,<) He used to cut up any/ody that was hi%h rankin%, he used to cut up#and make himself come out top do%) ThatVs
why whene4er he %ot in a con4ersation that wasnVt %oin% his way he would %et mad, heVd -ust walk off, you know, and lea4e)
2r) "@$3$"$!) Can you think of anythin% else a/out himQ
2r) ,$";A,<) He didnVt drink) He didnVt drink too much) <ccasional /eer) @ ne4er seen him drunk)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you ha4e any reason to think that he had any homose6ual tendenciesQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO ne4er once) @t was odd that he wouldnVt %o out with %irls, /ut ne4er once did he show any indications of /ein%
that) @n fact we had two fellows in our outfit that were cau%ht at it, and he thou%ht it was kind of dis%ustin% that they were in the same outfit
with us, and that is also in the records of the outfit, these two fellows they cau%ht)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id he e4er tell you why he wasnVt interested in %irls or did you e4er discuss that with himQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO @ fi%ured this fellow here looked to me like he was studyin% and applyin% himself for a %oal, he wanted to
/ecome some/ody, you know what @ meanO later on, after he reached that %oal, he will %o and %et married, or somethin% like thatO /ut the time
@ knew him he was more or less interested in readin% and findin% out different ideas here and there) That is, heVd ask what we thou%ht of a
current crisis, you know, and heVd ar%ue that point)
2r) "@$3$"$!) He was a pretty serious#minded fellowQ
2r) ,$";A,<) MesO he was) 9ery seldom clowned around, you know)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you think he had much of a sense of humorQ
2r) ,$";A,<) CoO he didnVt appreciate it) Mou couldnVt pull a practical -oke on him, 4ery sarcastic sneer all the time, you know)
He had only one /ad charteristic, one thin% that can really identify him was a Nuirk he had) @ donVt know what it was, when he spoke, the side
of his face would sink in and cause a hollow and heVd kind of speak throu%h open lips like that, you know, and thatVs the only thin% you could
remem/er a/out <swald when he spoke, you know, somethin% like that, you know Eindicatin%F)
2r) "@$3$"$!) ,id you e4er think that he was mentally un/alancedQ
2r) ,$";A,<) He ne4er %ot real mad where heVd show any ra4in%s of any sort, you know) He controlled himself pretty %ood)
2r) "@$3$"$!) @f you canVt remem/er anythin% else a/out <swald, @ ha4e no more Nuestions) <n /ehalf of the Commission @ want
to thank you 4ery much)
*ourceG httpGHHwww)wf)netH_/ilesH-fkHdel%ado)htm
2arine 3uddies
The Affida#its 1resented in this article are all from 7olume 7000 of the W' "earin!s 8 E9hi.its, 11 :;<=:>:
A$$idavit o$ John %ene &eindel
The followin! affida#it was e9ecuted .y John ?ene "eindel on $ay ;@, ;@AB
P!$*@,$CTV* C<22@**@<C
<C TH$ A**A**@CAT@<C <D
P!$*@,$CT J<HC D) :$CC$,M
*tate of "ouisiana,
4arish of 2ew *rleans, ss:
@, John !ene Heindel, 81. 3elle4ille *treet, Cew <rleans, "ouisiana, /ein% first duly sworn, depose and sayG
That @ ser4ed in the (nited *tates 2arine Corps from July 1, 1>1, until July 1, 1>A1) @ was stationed at Atsu%i, Japan, with
"ee Har4ey <swald)
@ recall that <swald was often in trou/le for failure to adhere to rules and re%ulations and %a4e the impression of dislikin% any
kind of authority)
+hile in the 2arine Corps, @ was often referred to as WHidellW###pronounced to rhyme with W!ydellW rather than WDidel)W This
was a nickname and not merely an inad4ertaent mispronunciation) @t is possi/le that <swald mi%ht ha4e heard me /ein% called
/y this nameO indeed he may himself ha4e called me WHidell)W Howe4er, @ ha4e no specific recollection of his either usin% or
hearin% this name)
Althou%h @ %enerally re%arded <swald as an intelli%ent person, @ did not o/ser4e him to /e particularly interested in politics or
international affairs)
+hile in Japan, <swald drank a %ood deal, at times /ecomin% into6icated) He was willin% to do so /ecause he did not %reatly
care whether or not he %ot /ack to the post on time)
<swald did not often talk /ack to his superiors, /ut he was likely to complain a/out their orders when he was alone with his
fellow 2arines)
<swald %enerally went on li/erty /y himselfO @ therefore do not know what his acti4ities off post were)
@ do not recall <swaldVs /ein% called /y any nicknames)
Althou%h our 2arine Air ;roup was sent to Dormosa for a period of time, @ am una/le to remem/er <swaldVs /ein% there)
*i%ned this 1>th day of 2ay, 1>A0, Cew <rleans, "a)
John ?ene "eindel
A$$idavit o$ David Christie 'rray( Jr)
The followin! affida#it was e9ecuted .y Da#id 'hristie $urray, Jr on $ay ;C, ;@AB
P!$*@,$CTV* C<22@**@<C
<C TH$ A**A**@CAT@<C <D
P!$*@,$CT J<HC D) :$CC$,M
*tate of Dlorida
'ounty of Du#al, ss:
@, ,a4id Christie 2urray, Jr), 101> Pinewood !oad Corth, Jackson4ille 3each, Dlorida, /ein% first duly sworn, depose
and sayG
That @ ser4ed in the (nited *tates 2arine Corps from appro6imately <cto/er, 1>A, to <cto/er, 1>>) @ ser4ed with "ee
Har4ey <swald in 2AC*#> at the "i%hter Than Air *tation at *anta Anna, California) Part of the time @ was stationed at
*anta Anna, @ was married and therefore durin% that time li4ed off the /ase) +hile at *anta Anna, @ ser4ed also with a
2arine named Celson ,el%ado, whom @ had pre4iously known while @ was stationed at Parris @sland, *outh Carolina)
2y impression is that at this time ,el%ado was an immature person with few ori%inal thou%hts)
<swald did not often associate with his fellow 2arines) Althou%h @ know of no %eneral e6planation for this, @ personally
stayed away from <swald /ecause @ had heard a rumor to the effect that he was homose6ual) @ personally o/ser4ed
nothin% to support this rumor, and am not sure that @ heard it from more than one person) <swald seldom, if e4er, went
out with womenO this may ha4e /een one of the reasons @ came to the conclusion that he mi%ht ha4e /een homose6ual)
<swald complained a/out orders %i4en him more than the a4era%e 2arine did) He was a person who was ne4er satisfied
with any e4ent or situation) He was Nuietly sarcastic) Thou%h he tried to /e witty, in my opinion his attempts at humor
failed) Howe4er, he##unlike ,el%ado##was not a show#offO he did not seem to want to /e the center of attention)
@ re%arded <swald as Nuite intelli%ent, and, prior to the assassination of President :ennedy, was of the opinion that he
had recei4ed a colle%e education) @ am under the impression that he told me that he was a colle%e %raduate, /ut @ may
ha4e come to this conclusion /ecause he once spoke to me of %oin% to <fficer Candidate *chool)
<swald was not personally neat, /ut he performed his -o/ well) +hen @ knew him, he was studyin% !ussian) He often
made remarks in !ussianO the less intelli%ent mem/ers of the unit admired him for this)
@ do not recall <swaldVs makin% any remarks on the su/-ect of reli%ion) Cor do @ recall his drinkin%) Althou%h @ do not
remem/er his %ettin% into any fi%hts, he had a Wchip on the shoulderW personality which would /e likely to in4ol4e him
in fi%hts) @ do not remem/er his studyin% either *panish or ;erman)
Althou%h @ recall that <swald read a %reat deal, @ do not remem/er what sort of /ooks he read) He played chess a %ood
deal, particularly with !ichard Call) @ ha4e no recollection of his en-oyin% music) Cor do @ remem/er his makin% any
trips off post, or his su/scri/in% to a !ussian newspaper)
2ost of his fellow 2arines called <swald W"ee)W @ do not remem/er his /ein% called W<B)W
*i%ned this 1th day of 2ay, 1>A0, at ,u4al County, Dla)
Da#id 'hristie $urray, Jr
A$$idavit o$ Pa'l *dward 'r+hy
The followin! affida#it was e9ecuted .y 4aul Edward $ur1hy on $ay ;A, ;@AB
P!$*@,$CTV* C<22@**@<C
<C TH$ A**A**@CAT@<C <D
P!$*@,$CT J<HC D) :$CC$,M
*tate of California,
'ounty of *ran!e, ss:
@, Paul $dward 2urphy, 110A *outh $4er%reen *treet, Apartment C, *anta Ana, California, /ein% first duly sworn,
depose and sayG
That @ ser4ed in the (nited *tates 2arine Corps from June, 1>A, to *eptem/er, 1>>) @ was stationed at Atsu%i, Japan,
and thereafter at *anta Ana, California, with "ee Har4ey <swald)
The unit which was stationed at Atsu%i spent four to si6 weeks in <kinawa late in 1>1) @t also spent some time in the
Philippines, where it was at times at /ases at *u/ic 3ay and Cu/i Point) Another trip took it to Corre%idor)
<swald was self#contained and withdrawn) He complained a/out orders he had recei4ed from superiors, /ut followed
them)
Althou%h <swald did not normally e6pound to me his political or ideolo%ical 4iews, @ am of the opinion that he was
%enerally in sympathy with Castro)
<ne ni%ht in the /arracks in Japan, @ heard a shot in an ad-oinin% cu/icle) @ rushed into the cu/icle to find <swald sittin%
on a foot locker lookin% at a wound in his arm) +hen @ asked what had happened, <swald 4ery unemotionally replied, W@
/elie4e @ shot myself)W <swald was at that time in possession of a small cali/re pistol which he was not authoriBed to
possess)
+hile at *anta Ana, <swald had a su/scription to a newspaper printed in $n%lish which @ /elie4e was titled either WThe
+orkerW or WThe *ocialist +orker)W 2em/ers of the unit saw copies of this paper as they passed throu%h the mailroomO
when the paper was identified as /ein% directed to <swald, few were surprised) @ do not recall <swaldVs recei4in% other
literature of a *ocialist nature)
@ remem/er that <swald could speak a little !ussian, e4en when he was o4erseas) @ ha4e no recollection of his studyin%
either *panish or ;erman)
<swald was proficient at his assi%ned -o/, /ut he was /elow a4era%e in the areas of discipline and military courtesy) He
was, howe4er, personally Nuite neat)
Althou%h <swald drank, he did not drink e6cessi4ely) His temperament was such that he would push companions to the
4er%e of fi%htin% with him, /ut seldom, if e4er, actually took the step of en%a%in% in a fi%ht)
@t is my opinion that <swald was a4era%e in intelli%ence) He read a %reat deal at the li/rary at Atsu%i) @ do not recall
what sort of /ooks he read) He also went to the mo4ies a %reat deal) @ ha4e no specific recollection of his appreciation of
classical music, althou%h @ remem/er that <swald##like e4eryone else##watched ,ick ClarkVs American 3andstand on
tele4ision) <swald also played chess)
@ ha4e no recollection concernin% <swaldVs reli%ious /eliefs)
@ can recall <swald ha4in% no dates while stationed at *anta Ana) +hile o4erseas, howe4er, <swald had an acti4e social
life as most other 2arines) <swald seldom left the post at *anta AnaO @ do not know where he went on those occasions
when he did lea4e)
<swald was nicknamed WHar4eyW after WHar4ey the !a//it,W a mo4ie which was then circulatin%) *o far as @ know,
<swald acNuired this nickname for no reason other than that it was his middle name)
@ do not recall <swaldVs recei4in% any 4isitors)
*i%ned this 1Ath day of 2ay, 1>A0, at *anta Ana, Calif)
4aul Edward $ur1hy
A$$idavit o$ &enry J) %o'ssel( Jr)
The followin! affida#it was e9ecuted .y "enry J ?oussel, Jr, on $ay >C, ;@AB
P!$*@,$CTV* C<22@**@<C
<C TH$ A**A**@CAT@<C <D
P!$*@,$CT J<HC D) :$CC$,M
*tate of "ouisiana,
4arish of Daton ?ou!e, ss:
@, Henry J) !oussell, Jr), .11. $lissalde *treet, 3aton !ou%e, "ouisiana, /ein% first duly sworn, depose and sayG
That while in the (nited *tates 2arine Corps @ ser4ed for appro6imately three or four months with "ee Har4ey <swald
in 2AC*#> in *anta Ana, California)
<n one occasion @ arran%ed a date for <swald with my aunt, !osaleen 8uinn, an airline stewardess who, /ecause she
was interested in workin% for the American $m/assy in !ussia, had taken a lea4e from her -o/ in order to study !ussian)
@ arran%ed the date /ecause @ knew of <swaldVs study of the !ussian lan%ua%e) @ also arran%ed a date for my aunt with
"ieutenant John $) ,ono4an) @ am under the impression that prior to studyin% !ussian, <swald had studied ;erman)
@ recall no serious political remarks on the part of <swald) <n occasion, howe4er, <swald, when addressin% other
2arines, would refer to them as WComrade)W @t seemed to me##and, as far as @ know, to my fellow 2arines##that <swald
used this term in fun) At times some of us responded /y callin% him WComrade)W <swald also en-oyed listenin% to
recordin%s of !ussian son%s)
2y recollection of <swald is to the effect that he was personally Nuite neat, and that he stayed to himself) <swald
complained a/out orders that he was %i4en, /ut no more than did the a4era%e 2arine) @ re%arded <swald as Nuite
intelli%ent, in 4iew of the fact that he had tau%ht himself two forei%n lan%ua%es) @ do not recall <swaldVs ha4in% any
dates other than the one which @ arran%ed for him with my aunt)
@ do not remem/er <swaldVs %ettin% into any fi%hts) @ ha4e no recollection concernin% <swaldVs readin% ha/its, reli%ious
/eliefs, or trips off the post) @ do not remem/er his readin% a !ussian newspaper, and do not recall his ha4in% any
nicknames) =@ was nicknamed W3eeBer)W? @ do not remem/er <swaldVs ha4in% his name written in !ussian on his -acket,
and ha4e no recollection of any 4isitors recei4ed /y <swald)
*i%ned this .th day of 2ay, 1>A0, at 3aton !ou%e, "a)
"enry J ?oussel, Jr
A$$idavit o$ a,- .s/orne
The followin! affida#it was e9ecuted .y $ack *s.orne on $ay ;<, ;@AB
P!$*@,$CTV* C<22@**@<C
<C TH$ A**A**@CAT@<C <D
P!$*@,$CT J<HC D) :$CC$,M
*tate of Te6as,
County of "u//ock, ssG
@, 2ack <s/orne, .81A 03rd *treet, "u//ock, Te6as, /ein% first duly sworn, depose and sayG
That while @ was in the (nited *tates 2arine Corps, @ ser4ed in 2arine Air Control *Nuadron > in *anta Ana, California,
with "ee Har4ey <swald) Prior to his dischar%e, @ shared a room with him)
<swald was at that time studyin% !ussian) He spent a %reat deal of his free time readin% papers printed in !ussian##
which @ /elie4e he /ou%ht in "os An%eles##with the aid of a !ussian#$n%lish dictionary) @ /elie4e he also had some
/ooks written in !ussian, althou%h @ do not remem/er their names)
@ once asked <swald why he did not %o out in the e4enin% like the other men) He replied that he was sa4in% his money,
makin% some statement to the effect that one day he would do somethin% which would make him famous) @n retrospect,
it is my /elief##althou%h he said nothin% to this effect##that he had his trip to !ussia in mind when he made this
statement)
Althou%h <swald did not directly talk /ack to his superiors, he did the tasks assi%ned him poorly and complained a/out
them to his fellow 2arines)
2y recollection is that <swald was a radar operator of a4era%e a/ility) Althou%h he was personally clean, he scored
Nuite oorly on /arracks inspections)
Althou%h <swald was not openly hostile to his fellow 2arines, when they asked him to participate in their acti4ities, he
would refuse , statin% that he had somethin% else to do) He there/y encoura%ed others to lea4e him alone)
<swald drank only in clu/s located on the post) He e6plained to me that he did not drink off the post /ecause while
stationed in Japan, he had /een court#martialed for hittin% a ser%eant with a /eer /ottle) @ do not recall his ha4in% any
fi%hts while at *anta Ana) Howe4er, @ remem/er <swaldVs tellin% me of a fi%ht with a /ri% %uard, as well as of the fi%ht
with the ser%eant, in Japan)
@ do not recall <swaldVs studyin% either *panish or ;erman) @ do not recall any remarks on his part concernin%
Communism, russia, or Cu/a) 3ecause of the fact that he was studyin% !ussian, fellow 2arines sometimes -okin%ly
accused him of /ein% a !ussian spy) @n my opinion he took such accusations in fun)
Althou%h @ did not re%ard <swald as particularly intelli%ent, @ %ot the idea that he thou%ht he was intelli%ent and tried
4er/ally to su%%est to others that he was)
<swald read a %reat deal, althou%h @ do not remem/er what sort of /ooks he read) He also watched tele4ision and played
chess) @ ha4e no recollection of any interest in music on his part) Althou%h he would discuss reli%ion with others, he was
noncommital as to his own opinions)
@ do not recall <swaldVs ha4in% any nicknames) He was simply called W<swaldW or##/y those who knew him well##W"ee
Har4ey)W
@ ha4e no recollection of <swaldVs recei4in% any 4isitors)
*i%ned this 18th day of 2ay, 1>A0, at "u//ock, Te6)
$ack *s.orne
A$$idavit o$ %i,hard Dennis Call
The followin! affida#it was e9ecuted .y ?ichard Dennis 'all on $ay >E, ;@AB
P!$*@,$CTV* C<22@**@<C
<C TH$ A**A**@CAT@<C <D
P!$*@,$CT J<HC D) :$CC$,M
*tate of Pennsyl4ania
County of Corthampton, ssG
@, !ichard ,ennis Call, !),) 1, Hellertown, Pennsyl4ania, /ein% first duly sworn, depose and sayG
That @ ser4ed in the (nited *tates 2arine Corps from *eptem/er, 1>A, to ,ecem/er, 1>>) Drom ,ecem/er, 1>8, to
,ecem/er, 1>>, @ was stationed with 2arine Air Control *Nuadron U>, "i%hter Than Ar *tation, *anta Ana, California)
,urin% this time @ made the acNuaintance of "ee Har4ey <swald) @ li4ed in the ensi%n hut ne6t to, and was on the same
radar crew as, <swald) @ estimate that @ talked to some e6tent with <swald each day durin% the period that we were
stationed to%ether)
@t was 4ery difficult to e4aluate <swaldVs personality /ecause he ne4er talked a/out his life prior to -oinin% the 2arine
Corps or a/out what he did while in the 2arine Corps) Althou%h /y the usual standards @ was -ust an acNuaintance of
<swald, @ pro/a/ly was one of his /est friends)
<swald once dated an airline stewardess who was learnin% !ussian)
<swald spent a %reat deal of time readin%) @ do not remem/er what he read, /ecause he ne4er talked a/out it) He also
spent a %reat deal of time playin% chess) @ played chess with him a/out once a weekO we were of appro6imately the same
a/ility)
Althou%h mem/ers of the unit often had discussions on forei%n affairs, <swald sledom, if e4er, participated)
,urin% this time, <swald was studyin% !ussian) Dor this reason many mem/ers of the unit kidded him a/out /ein% a
!ussian spyO <swald seemed to en-oy this sort of remark) At that time @ had a phono%raph record of !ussian classical
pieces entitled W!ussian Direworks)W +hen @ wold play this record, <swald would come o4er to me and say WMou
calledQW @ had a chess set which contained red and white chessmenO <swald always chose the red chessmen, makin%
some remark to the effect that he preferred the W!ed Army)W @n connection with this %eneral -okin% a/out <swaldVs
interest in !ussian, he was nicknamed W<swaldsko4ich)W Howe4er, @ do not recall <swaldVs makin% serious remarks
with re%ard to the *o4iet (nion or Cu/a)
<n one occasion, <swald remarked to me that he had /een awarded a scholarship to Al/ert *chweitBer (ni4ersity and
that he planned to attend, remarkin% that they tau%ht $n%lish at *chweitBer)
@ /elie4e <swald %enerally remained on the postO @ do not remem/er anyoneVs %oin% on li/erty with him) *ometimes he
and @ went to the /ase mo4ie theatre)
<swald was not enthusiastic a/out his -o/, and performed a/out as well as the a4era%e radar operator)
Althou%h @ sometimes o/ser4ed <swald drinkin% in the $nlisted 2enVs Clu/, @ do not remem/er his e4er /ecomin%
into6icated)
<swald complained a/out the orders he was %i4en, /ut no more than did the a4era%e 2arine) Howe4er, it was my
opinion that the *taff Con#Commissioned <fficers did not think of <swald as capa/le) @n myopinion, this attitude was a
result of the fact that <swald did not try to hide his lack of enthusiasm)
@ ha4e no recollection of <swaldVs studyin% either *panish or ;erman)
@t was difficult to tell how intelli%ent <swald was, /ecause of his refusal to communicate) @t was clear, howe4er, that
<swald wanted to /e thou%ht of as intelli%ent)
Celson ,el%ado was at this time de4outly reli%ious) Another 2arine from California, who at that time was interested in
Zen 3uddhism, had an idol of 3uddha solely for the purpose of makin% ,el%ado an%ry) He succeeded in this attempt)
<swald en-oyed this successful attempt to an%er ,el%ado)
<swaldVs reactions to e4erythin% were su/dued and *toic)
<swaldVs hardship dischar%e came as a surprise to the mem/ers of the unitO we had not known of it lon% in ad4ance) @
ha4e no recollection of<swaldVs recei4in% any 4isitors)
*i%ned this .0th day of 2ay, 1>A0, at Helltown EsicF, Pa)
?ichard Dennis 'all
A$$idavit o$ *rwin Donald 0ewis
The followin! affida#it was e9ecuted .y Erwin Donald Lewis on June A, ;@AB
P!$*@,$CTV* C<22@**@<C
<C TH$ A**A**@CAT@<C <D
P!$*@,$CT J<HC D) :$CC$,M
*tate of California
*ran!e 'ounty, ss:
@, $rwin ,onald "ewis, >A8. 2ystic "ane, Anaheim, California, /ein% first duly sworn, depose and sayG
That while @ was in the (nited *tates 2arine Corps, @ ser4ed in 2arine Air Control *Nuadron U> in *anta Ana,
California, with "ee Har4ey <swald) @ knew him only casually as a workin% acNuaintance)
<swald, a radar operator, was 4ery Nuiet, kept to himself, and did not appear to ha4e any close friends) To the /est of my
knowled%e, he seldom left the /ase)
@t was a matter of common knowled%e amon% sNuadron mem/ers that he could read, write, and speak !ussian)
@ know from personal o/ser4ation that he read the W,aily +orker)W @ heard##althou%h of this @ am not completely
certain##that he had a su/scription to that pu/lication)
*i%ned this Ath day of June, 1>A0)
Erwin Donald Lewis
R R R
*ourceG httpGHHspot)acorn)netH-fkplace))H0>Hfp)/ackYissuesH0AthY@ssueH/uddies)html
,$PA!T2$CT <D TH$ CA9M
H$A,8(A!T$!* (C@T$, *TAT$* 2A!@C$ C<!P*
+A*H@C;T<C ,)C)
8 Jun 1>A0
2r) J) "ee !ankin
;eneral Counsel
PresidentVs Commission on the Assassination of President :ennedy
.00 2aryland A4enue C$
+ashin%ton, ,) C) .000.
,ear 2r) !ankinG
This is in reply to your letter of . June 1>A0 relati4e to marksmanship capa/ilities of "ee Har4ey <*+A",, former Pri4ate
Dirst Class, 1A3.30, () *) 2arine Corps) @n 4iew of the lapse of time since 2r) <swald was separated from the 2arine Corps,
it would /e impossi/le to ascertain precisely the num/er of hours in which he participated in weapons marksmanship practice or
how many rounds of ammunition he fired) @n addition, the ser4ice records of the 2arine Corps are desi%ned only to show what
formaliBed marksmanship practice and marksmanship Nualification courses a 2arine has fired) As you will note from 2r)
<swaldVs ser4ice record /ook, a copy of which @ /elie4e the Commission has in its custody, the form marked CA92C 118=A?#
P, =!e4) 1#0? shows 2r) <swaldVs weapons firin% record)
,urin% the time <swald fired at the +eapons Trainin% 3attalion, 2arine Corps !ecruit ,epot, he was attached to the *econd
!ecruit Trainin% 3attalion, 2arine Corps !ecruit ,epot, *an ,ie%o, California) At the time he completed familiariBation firin%
at the ran%e at the Ca4al Air *tation Atsu%i, Japan, he was attached to 2arine Air Control *Nuadron 2arine Aircraft ;roup 11,
1st 2arine Aircraft +in%) At the times he fired the ran%e at the 2arine Corps Air Dacility, *anta Ana, and 2arine Corps Air
*tation, $l Toro, California he was attached to 2arine Air Control *Nuadron >, 2arine +in% HeadNuarters ;roup, 3d 2arine
Aircraft +in%)
The information pro4ided to the ri%ht of the final Nualification column is not contained in his ser4ice records /ut is /ased upon
re%ulations in effect at the time) @n addition, under course WAW you will notice the entry of .1.22) This final Nualification score
/ein% desi%nated as 22 =marksman? is in error and should ha4e read ** =sharpshooter?)
!AC;$ ,AT$ C<(!*$ +$AP<C
D@CA"
8(A"
A(TH<!@Z$,
A22< A""<+
P$!@<,
+pnsTrn%
3n 2C!,
.1,ecA UWAW 2#1 .1.22 0>> rds . +ks
+pnsTrn%
3n 2C!,
11,ecA DA2 3A! Cone 1 rds
+pnsTrn%
3n 2C!,
11,ecA DA2 Pistol Cone 100 rds
CA* Atsu%i
Jap
.2ay8 DA2
1. ;ua%e
!@<T ;(C
Cone 10 rds
CA* Atsu%i
Jap
12ay8 DA2
0
Pistol
Cone 100 rds
2CAD *anta
Ana Calif
>2ar> DA2
1. ;ua%e
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Cone 10 rds
2CA* $l A2AM> UW3W 2#1 1>122 .00 rds
Toro Calif
Dor Course WAW, as shown a/o4e, Nualification scores were as followsG
$`P$!T # ..0O *HA!P*H<<T$! # .10G 2A!:*2AC # 1>0
The Course marked W3W, the Nualification isG
$`P$!T # ..O *HA!P*H<<T$! # .1G 2A!:*2AC # 1>1
!e%ardin% a comparison of the 2arine Corps reNuirements with those of other ser4ices, it is /elie4ed that the reNuirements of the
other ser4ices can /est /e o/tained /y you directly from those ser4ices) $nclosed, howe4er, are copies of 2arine Corps
re%ulations descri/in% the se4eral marksmanship courses) These were effecti4e at the time <swald was on acti4e duty in the
2arine Corps)
The 2arine Corps considers that any reasona/le application of the instructions %i4en to 2arines should permit them to /ecome
Nualified at least as marksman) To /ecome Nualified as sharpshooter, the 2arine Corps is of the opinion that most 2arines with
a reasona/le amount of adapta/ility to weapons firin% can /ecome so Nualified) ConseNuently a low marksman Nualification
indicates a rather poor WshotW and a sharpshooter Nualification indicates a fairly %ood WshotW) @ trust the fore%oin% will ser4e the
purpose of your inNuiry)
EsF A);) Dolsom Jr)
A);) D<"*<2, J!)
"ieutenant Colonel ()*) 2arine Corps
Head, !ecords 3ranch, Personnel ,epartment
3y direction of the Commandant of the 2arine Corps
$nclG
=1? Copies of 2A!C<! !e%s
descri/in% marksmanship courses
*ourceG httpGHHmcadams)posc)mu)eduHrussH-fkinfo3He6hi/itsHanderson1)htm
:he late Lee (ar&ey <swald a%%ears on the front co&er of the <cto0er .) +,-2 edition of :ime ma#a9ine. (Source/ :ime 8a#a9ine)
Ti!eline o+ the 'i+e o+ 'ee #arvey Os/ald
By W. :racy Parnell


!ncestry

July D) +D,C/ :he maternal #rand%arents of Lee (ar&ey <swald (hereafter L(<)) John *la&erie and $orothea Stucke) are
married in 'ew <rleans) Louisiana.

July +,) +,6C/ L(<Is mother) 8ar#uerite Francis *la&erie) is 0orn in 'ew <rleans.

+,.2/ 8ar#uerite finds work as a rece%tionist at the 'ew <rleans law firm of $efour) 1osen) Wolff and Kammer.

!u#ust D) +,.,/ 8ar#uerite marries =dward John Pic) Jr. in "ulf%ort) 8ississi%%i.

Summer) +,3+/ :he Pics se%arate.

January +C) +,3./ 8ar#uerite #i&es 0irth to her first child) John =dward Pic.

+,33/ 8ar#uerite di&orces Pic.

July .6) +,33/ 8ar#uerite marries 1o0ert =dward Lee <swald (father of L(<). <swald had di&orced his %re&ious wife) 8ar#aret
Keatin#) in January.

!%ril C) +,32/ 8ar#uerite #i&es 0irth to her second son) 1o0ert) Jr.

+,3D/ :he <swalds %urchase a home on !l&ar Street in 'ew <rleans.

!u#ust +,) +,3,/ 1o0ert <swald) Sr. dies.

<cto0er +D) +,3,/ L(< is 0orn.

=arly Life
Se%tem0er) +,26/ 8ar#uerite rents the !l&ar Street house to $r. Bruno 8ancuso and mo&es to *on#ress Street.

8arch B) +,2+/ 8ar#uerite and sons mo&e to Bartholomew Street in 'ew <rleans where she o%erates a store called Q<swaldPs
'otion Sho%Q.

January 3) +,2./ John and 1o0ert are sent to the Bethlehem *hildrenPs (ome. L(< is reLected admission 0ecause of his a#e.

January) +,2./ 8ar#uerite sells her house on Bartholomew Street and mo&es to Pauline Street and returns to work. L(<
s%ends much of his time with his aunt Lillian.

S%rin#) +,2./ L(< is taken care of 0y 8rs. :homas 1oach who li&es in the same house as the <swalds.

Summer) +,2./ 8ar#uerite mo&es to Sherwood Forest $ri&e near the 8urrets) and Lillian 8urret once a#ain takes care of L(<.

$ecem0er) +,2./ 8ar#uerite a%%lies a#ain to admit L(<) and he Loins his 0rothers in the Bethlehem *hildrenPs (ome on
$ecem0er .-.

July) +,23/ 8ar#uerite is hired to work at a (osiery Sho% on *anal Street. 8ar#uerite meets =dwin !. =kdahl.

January .,) +,22/ 8ar#uerite withdraws L(< from Bethlehem and mo&es to $allas) where she and =kdahl %lan to locate after
marryin#. 8ar#uerite sells the !l&ar Street house and 0uys a house on Fictor Street.

June) +,22/ John and 1o0ert lea&e Bethlehem and Loin the family on Fictor Street.
Fe0ruary) +,2B/ 8ar#uerite tries unsuccessfully to return John and 1o0ert to Bethlehem.
8ay C) +,2B/ 8ar#uerite marries =dwin !. =kdahl.
Se%tem0er) +,2B/ John and 1o0ert are %laced in the *ham0erlain4(unt 8ilitary !cademy in 8ississi%%i.
Fall) +,2B/ :he =kdahls mo&e to "ran0ury 1oad in Ben0rook) a Fort Worth su0ur0.
<cto0er 3+) +,2B/ L(< enters his first school) Ben0rook =lementary.
Fe0ruary D) +,2-/ L(< enters (arris (os%ital in Fort Worth for a 8astoidectomy.

Summer) +,2-/ 8ar#uerite and =kdahl se%arate and) after remo&in# John and 1o0ert from *ham0erlain4(unt) she mo&es to
*o&in#ton) Louisiana.

Se%tem0er) +,2-/ John and 1o0ert return to *ham0erlain4(unt) and L(< enters *o&in#ton =lementary.
January .3) +,2C/ :he =kdahls reunite and mo&e to =i#hth Street in Fort Worth.
January .C) +,2C/ L(< enters Lily B. *layton =lementary School.
Summer) +,2C/ 8ar#uerite disco&ers =kdahl is ha&in# an affair and confronts him in Fort Worth.
January +6) +,2D/ 8ar#uerite orders =kdahl out of the house.
8arch +D) +,2D/ 8ar#uerite mo&es to Willin# Street.
8arch +,) +,2D/ L(< enters "eor#e *. *lark =lementary.
8arch .3) +,2D/ =kdahl files for di&orce.
8ay) +,2D/ John and 1o0ert Loin the family on Willin# Street.
June .2) +,2D/ :he =kdahls are di&orced) and 8ar#uerite retains the name <swald. L(< com%letes the second #rade.

July) +,2D/ 8ar#uerite 0uys a small house on San Sa0a Street in Ben0rook) where an incident occurs in which L(< threatens
John with a knife.

!u#ust) +,2D/ !t the end of the summer) 8ar#uerite sells the house and 0uys a lar#er house in Fort Worth on =win# Street.

Se%tem0er) +,2D/ L(< enters the third #rade at !rlin#ton (ei#hts =lementary. John #ets a Lo0 at =&ery0odyPs $e%artment
Store. 1o0ert returns to school.

<cto0er) +,2D/ John enters the 8arine *or%s 1eser&e.
January) +,2,/ John returns to school) 0ut continues to work %art4time.
Se%tem0er) +,2,/ L(< enters 1id#elea West =lementary) where he will remain for 3 years.
$ecem0er .B) +,2,/ 8rs. *lyde >. Li&in#ston recei&es a %u%%y from L(<) who would sto% 0y thereafter to &isit the do#.
January) +,B6/ John Pic Loins the *oast "uard. 1o0ert ;uits school to work full4time.
Se%tem0er) +,B+/ 1o0ert returns to school.
July) +,B./ 1o0ert Loins the 8arine *or%s.
!u#ust) +,B./ 8ar#uerite and L(< #o to 'ew ork *ity and mo&e in with John) now married) and his family on =. ,.nd Street.
!u#ust) +,B./ L(< enrolls at :rinity =&an#elical Lutheran School.
!u#ust) +,B./ L(< threatens 8rs. Pic with a %ocket knife) and the <swalds are asked to lea&e.

Se%tem0er) +,B./ :he <swalds mo&e to Sheridan !&enue in the Bron?) and L(< enters P.S. ++C) where he is fre;uently a0sent
from classes. 8ar#uerite is em%loyed 0y LearnerPs $ress Sho%.

January) +,B3/ :he <swalds mo&e to =ast +C,th Street. :ruancy hearin#s are held re#ardin# L(<Ps a0sences.
Fe0ruary) +,B3/ :he Pics &isit the <swalds.
8arch +.) +,B3/ ! %etition is filed 0y L(<Ps attendance officer.
8arch .3) +,B3/ L(< re#isters at school.
!%ril) +,B3/ 8ar#uerite is workin# at 8artinPs $e%artment Store.
!%ril +-) +,B3/ L(< is declared a truant and remanded to outh (ouse where he recei&es a %sycholo#ical e&aluation.
8ay) +,B3/ 8ar#uerite is workin# for a chain of hosiery sho%s.
8ay C) +,B3/ !fter 0ein# released from outh (ouse) L(< returns to court and is %laced on %ro0ation.
8ay +6) +,B3 (%resumed)/ L(< recei&es a handout a0out Julius and =thel 1osen0er# that 0e#ins his interest in 8ar?ism.
July) +,B3/ 1o0ert &isits 8ar#uerite and Lee.
Se%tem0er +2) +,B3/ L(< enters the ei#hth #rade at P.S. 22.
Se%tem0er) +,B3/ Parole is e?tended in L(<Is truancy case until <cto0er .,th.
<cto0er) +,B3/ Parole is e?tended until 'o&em0er +,th.
'o&em0er +,) +,B3/ :he <swalds a%%ear in court) and %arole is continued until January .Dth.
January 2) +,B2/ ! Bi# BrothersP caseworker &isits the <swalds.

January ,) +,B2 (a%%.)/ :he <swalds mo&e to 'ew <rleans and stay with the 8urrets on French Street. :he <swalds would
later li&e on Saint 8ary Street in two different a%artments.

January +3) +,B2/ L(< enrolls in the ei#hth #rade at Beaure#ard Junior (i#h.
8arch ++) +,B2/ :he court case a#ainst L(< is dismissed.
Se%tem0er) +,B2/ L(< enters the ninth #rade at Beaure#ard.
<cto0er) +,B2/ L(< takes a series of achie&ement tests in which he scores well in readin# and &oca0ulary and %oorly in math.
S%rin#) +,BB/ :he <swalds mo&e to =?chan#e Place in the French Nuarter.
June .) +,BB/ L(< fills out a %ersonal history on which he indicates his future career choices as Q8ilitaryQ and QUndecidedQ.
July +2) +,BB/ 1o0ert &isits 8ar#uerite and Lee.
July .C) +,BB/ L(< Loins the *i&il !ir Patrol where he %ro0a0ly meets *a%tain $a&id Ferrie.
Se%tem0er D) +,BB/ L(< enters +6th #rade at Warren =aston (i#h School.
<cto0er +6) +,BB/ L(< dro%s out of school.
<cto0er) +,BB/ L(< tries to enlist in the 8arines 0ut is denied.
'o&em0er +6) +,BB/ L(< starts work as a messen#er 0oy at "erald F. :uLa#ue >nc.
January) +,B-/ L(< works as an office 0oy at J.1. 8ichels >nc.
Fe0ruary) +,B-/ L(< 0e#ins work for Pfisterer $ental La0oratory) where he would 0e em%loyed for se&eral months.
July) +,B-/ 8ar#uerite) L(<) and 1o0ert mo&e to *ollinswood Street in Fort Worth.
Se%tem0er) +,B-/ L(< enrolls at !rlin#ton (ei#hts (i#h School.
Se%tem0er .D) +,B-/ L(< dro%s out.
<cto0er 3) +,B-/ L(< contacts the Socialist Party of !merica.
<cto0er .2) +,B-/ L(< enlists in the United States 8arine *or%s at the a#e of +C.

8arine *or%s

<cto0er .-) +,B-/ L(< re%orts for duty in San $ie#o.
<cto0er 36) +,B-/ L(< takes a series of a%titude tests in which he scores . %oints 0elow a&era#e o&erall.
$ecem0er .+) +,B-/ L(< scores a .+. (Shar%shooter) on a marksmanshi% test.
January +D) +,BC/ L(< re%orts to *am% Pendleton) *alifornia) where he is assi#ned to the Q!Q *om%any of the +st Battalion)
.nd >nfantry :rainin# 1e#iment.

Fe0ruary .C) +,BC/ L(< #oes on lea&e for . weeks.
8arch +D) +,BC/ L(< re%orts to the 'a&al !ir :echnical :rainin# *enter in Jackson&ille) Florida.
8ay +) +,BC/ L(< is %romoted to Pri&ate +st *lass.
8ay 3) +,BC/ L(< is #i&en a Q*onfidentialQ security clearance.
8ay 3) +,BC/ L(< lea&es for Keesler !ir Force Base in Bilo?i) 8ississi%%i.
June +C) +,BC/ L(< com%letes the !ircraft *ontrol and Warnin# <%erator *ourse in Bilo?i.
June .6) +,BC/ (e #oes on lea&e) %ossi0ly &isitin# 8ar#uerite.
June .B) +,BC/ L(< is #i&en the occu%ational s%ecialty of !&iation =lectronics <%erator.

July ,) +,BC/ L(< re%orts to the 8arine *or%s !ir Station at =l :oro) *alifornia) and is attached to the 2th 1e%lacement
Battalion.

August 445 67AK< '#O departs +or Japan.

Se%tem0er +.) +,BC/ (e arri&es in Ja%an at okosuka) where he is assi#ned to the 8arine !ir *ontrol S;uadron W+) 8arine !ir
"rou% ++) +st 8arine !ircraft Win#) 0ased in !tsu#i.

<cto0er .C) +,BC/ L(< accidentally shoots himself in the arm with a derrin#er.
'o&em0er +B) +,BC/ L(< is dischar#ed from the hos%ital at okosuka.
'o&em0er .6) +,BC/ L(<Is unit sails for the Phili%%ine >slands.
8arch C) +,BD/ L(<Ps unit sails for !tsu#i.
8arch +D) +,BD/ :he unit reaches !tsu#i.
!%ril ++) +,BD/ L(< is court4martialed for the first time for ille#al %ossession of a firearm.
June .C) +,BD/ L(< is court4martialed for the second time for assaultin# a su%erior and sentenced to the 0ri#.
!u#ust +3) +,BD/ L(< is released from confinement.
Se%tem0er +2) +,BD/ L(< and his unit sail for the South *hina Sea.
Se%tem0er) +,BD/ L(<Ps unit arri&es in :aiwan) where he suffers a ner&ous 0reakdown and is sent 0ack to Ja%an.
<cto0er B) +,BD/ L(< arri&es in !tsu#i.
<cto0er -) +,BD/ L(< is %ut on #eneral duty.
<cto0er 3+) +,BD/ L(< recei&es his last o&erseas ratin#) a 2.6.
'o&em0er .) +,BD/ L(< de%arts Ja%an.
'o&em0er +B) +,BD/ (e arri&es in San Francisco.
'o&em0er +,) +,BD/ L(< takes 36 days lea&e.

$ecem0er ..) +,BD/ L(< is assi#ned once a#ain to =l :oro) this time with 8!*S4,.

January) +,B,/ L(< is #i&en his semi4annual ratin#s) which are a&era#e.
Fe0ruary .B) +,B,/ L(< re;uests a forei#n lan#ua#e test in 1ussian and scores Q%oorQ.
8arch ,) +,B,/ L(< is %romoted to Pri&ate +st *lass a#ain.
8arch +,) +,B,/ L(< a%%lies to the !l0ert Schweit9er *olle#e in Swit9erland.
S%rin#) +,B,/ L(< meets Kerry :hornley) who often en#a#ed him in %olitical de0ate and years later would write a 0ook 0ased
on him.
June +,) +,B,/ L(< forwards a Z.B re#istration fee to the !l0ert Schweit9er *olle#e.
July) +,B,/ L(< is #i&en his semi4annual ratin#s) which are a&era#e.
!u#ust +C) +,B,/ L(< re;uests a de%endency dischar#e 0ecause of an inLury sustained 0y his mother.
!u#ust .D) +,B,/ (is re;uest is recommended for a%%ro&al.
Se%tem0er 2) +,B,/ L(< is transferred to (. 5 (. S;uadron.
Se%tem0er 2) +,B,/ L(< a%%lies for a %ass%ort.
Se%tem0er +6) +,B,/ :he %ass%ort is issued.
Se%tem0er ++) +,B,/ L(< is released from acti&e duty in the 8arine *or%s.
Se%tem0er +2) +,B,/ L(< arri&es in Fort Worth.
Se%tem0er +B) +,B,/ L(< &isits 1o0ert and his family.
Se%tem0er +C) +,B,/ L(< tra&els to 'ew <rleans to make tra&el arran#ements for his tri% to 1ussia. :hat ni#ht) he stays at the
Li0erty (otel.
Se%tem0er .6) +,B,/ L(< de%arts the United States with the So&iet Union as his final destination.
So&iet Union
<cto0er D) +,B,/ L(< disem0arks at Le (a&re. (e lea&es for =n#land the same day.
<cto0er ,) +,B,/ L(< arri&es in =n#land and the same day 0oards a %lane to (elsinki) Finland.
<cto0er +6) +,B,/ L(< arri&es in (elsinki and re#isters at the :orni (otel.
<cto0er ++) +,B,/ L(< mo&es to the Klaus Kurki (otel.
<cto0er +.) +,B,/ L(< a%%lies for a &isa at the 1ussian consulate.
<cto0er +2) +,B,/ :he &isa is issued.
<cto0er +B) +,B,/ L(< lea&es (elsinki 0y train.
<cto0er +-) +,B,/ L(< arri&es in 8oscow) re#isters at the (otel Berlin) and meets his >ntourist #uide 1ima Shiroko&a.
<cto0er +C) +,B,/ 1ima meets L(< for some si#htseein#.
<cto0er +D) +,B,/ <n L(<Ps .6th 0irthday) 1ima #i&es him a co%y of $ostoe&skyIs :he >diot.
<cto0er +,) +,B,/ L(< is inter&iewed 0y Le& Setyaye&) who was %ro0a0ly actin# for the K"B.
<cto0er .6) +,B,/ 1ima tells L(< that the Pass%ort and Fisa $e%t. will see him.

<cto0er .+) +,B,/ L(< is notified that his &isa is a0out to e?%ire) and he tries to commit suicide in his hotel room. (e is rushed
to the hos%ital.

<cto0er ..) +,B,/ 1ima &isits L(< at the hos%ital) where he has 0een %laced in the %sychiatric ward. (e com%lains a0out the
food.

<cto0er .3) +,B,/ L(< is transferred to a re#ular area of the hos%ital.
<cto0er .2) +,B,/ 1ima &isits L(<.
<cto0er .B) +,B,/ 1ima &isits a#ain.
<cto0er .-) +,B,/ L(< meets an Qelderly !mericanQ) who is Qsus%iciousQ of him.
<cto0er .C) +,B,/ L(<Ps stitches are remo&ed from his arm.
<cto0er .D) +,B,/ L(< is released from the hos%ital and chan#es hotels from the Berlin to the 8etro%ole. Later) he is
summoned to a meetin# at the Pass%ort and 1e#istration <ffice) where he re;uests So&iet citi9enshi%. (e is told to wait while
they decide what to do with him.

<cto0er .,436) +,B,/ L(< waits at his hotel for word.

<cto0er 3+) +,B,/ L(< meets Second Secretary 1ichard =. Snyder and attem%ts to renounce his U.S. citi9enshi%. Snyder %uts
him off for the time 0ein#.

'o&em0er 3) +,B,/ ! letter from L(< arri&es at the !merican =m0assy re;uestin# his citi9enshi% 0e re&oked.
'o&em0er ,) +,B,/ :he =m0assy tries unsuccessfully to deli&er a letter from John Pic to L(<.
'o&em0er +3) +,B,/ L(< #rants an inter&iew to !line 8os0y) a re%orter for UP>.

'o&em0er +-) +,B,/ (e #rants another inter&iew to Priscilla Johnson) who in +,CC would write a 0ook called 8arina and Lee.
$ecem0er +C) +,B,/ 1o0ert recei&es a letter from L(< askin# for no further corres%ondence.

January 2) +,-6/ L(< is told he is 0ein# sent to 8insk.
January C) +,-6/ L(< arri&es in 8insk) where he checks in at the (otel 8insk. (e meets 1o9a Ku9netso&a) who 0efriends him.
January ++) +,-6/ L(< meets !le?ander Hi#ler) a Polish Jew who 0efriends him.
January +3) +,-6/ L(< 0e#ins work at the Belorussian 1adio and :ele&ision Factory.
8arch4!%ril) +,-6/ L(< meets Pa&el "oloache&) who 0efriends him.
June +D) +,-6/ L(< o0tains a huntin# license and shortly afterward 0uys a shot#un.
June) +,-6/ (e meets =lla "erman) who would 0ecome his first lo&e.
Se%tem0er +3) +,-6/ L(< is #i&en an Qundesira0le dischar#eQ from the 8arine *or%s.
<cto0er +D) +,-6/ L(<Ps .+st 0irthday finds him entertainin# se&eral friends at his a%artment.
January +) +,-+/ L(< s%ends 'ew earPs $ay with =lla and her family and decides to %ro%ose to her.
January .) +,-+/ L(< %ro%oses to =lla 0ut is turned down.

January 2) +,-+/ L(< reLects So&iet citi9enshi%) 0ut asks that his residence %ermit 0e e?tended. >n his diary) he confides
thou#hts of lea&in# 1ussia for the first time.

Fe0ruary +3) +,-+/ :he !merican =m0assy in 8oscow is notified 0y L(< that he wants to return to the United States.
Fe0ruary .D) +,-+/ :he =m0assy notifies L(< that he will ha&e to come to 8oscow to discuss his case.

8arch B) +,-+/ L(< re%lies to the =m0assy that he cannot lea&e 8insk and asks that Q%reliminary in;uiriesQ 0e made re#ardin#
his re;uests.

8arch (second week)) +,-+/ Katherine 8allory) an !merican) 0elie&es she sees L(< in 8insk.
8arch +C) +,-+/ L(< attends a trade dance where he meets 8arina Prusako&a.
8arch .2) +,-+/ :he =m0assy reiterates that L(< must come to 8oscow.

8arch 36) +,-+/ L(< is hos%itali9ed for an ear infection) and 8arina is a fre;uent &isitor. $urin# a su0se;uent &isit) L(<
%ro%oses.

!%ril ++) +,-+/ L(< lea&es the hos%ital.
!%ril .6) +,-+/ 8arina acce%ts L(<Ps marria#e %ro%osal.
!%ril 36) +,-+/ L(< and 8arina are married.
8ay B) +,-+/ L(< reo%ens his corres%ondence with his family 0y writin# his 0rother 1o0ert.
8ay .B) +,-+/ L(< notifies the =m0assy that he has married) and his wife would like to accom%any him to the U.S.
July D) +,-+/ L(< tra&els to 8oscow to talk to Snyder concernin# his efforts to return to the U.S.
July ,) +,-+/ !fter a call from L(<) 8arina Loins him in 8oscow.
July +6) +,-+/ L(< returns to the =m0assy to see Snyder) who a#rees to return his %ass%ort.
July ++) +,-+/ L(< and 8arina return to the =m0assy to fill out %a%ers for 8arina.
July +2) +,-+/ L(< and 8arina return to 8insk. >n a letter to 1o0ert) L(< re%orts on his efforts to lea&e 1ussia.
!u#ust .6) +,-+/ :he <swalds send the necessary %a%ers to lea&e the country to 1ussian officials.
<cto0er) +,-+/ 8arina s%ends 3 weeks with her aunt in Kharko&.
<cto0er 2) +,-+/ L(< writes the =m0assy re;uestin# the U.S. "o&ernment inter&ene in his case.
<cto0er +.) +,-+/ :he =m0assy re%lies to L(< offerin# little ho%e for a s%eedy e?it from the country.
<cto0er +D) +,-+/ L(< s%ends his ..nd 0irthday at the o%era.
'o&em0er +) +,-+/ L(< writes the =m0assy sayin# that if his residence %ermit were renewed) it would 0e o&er his %rotest.
'o&em0er +.) +,-+/ 8arina returns from Kharko&.
'o&em0er +3) +,-+/ :he =m0assy re%lies tellin# L(< that retention of his %ass%ort would not Leo%ardi9e his re;uest to lea&e.
$ecem0er) +,-+/ L(< writes :e?as Senator John :ower) askin# for his hel% with the e?it &isas.
$ecem0er .B) +,-+/ 8arina is called to the %ass%ort office and told that she and L(< will 0e #ranted e?it &isas.
$ecem0er .C) +,-+/ L(< tells the =m0assy that they will 0e #i&en &isas and asks to e?tend his %ass%ort.
January +) +,-./ L(< and 8arina s%end 'ew earPs $ay with their friends) the Hi#ers.
January .) +,-./ L(< writes his mother that he and 8arina e?%ect to arri&e in the U.S. in 8arch.
January B) +,-./ L(< writes to the =m0assy askin# for a loan from the U.S. "o&ernment.
January +3) +,-./ L(< writes to the >nternational 1escue *ommittee askin# for ZD66.
January +B) +,-./ :he =m0assy tells L(< it needs %roof that 8arina will not 0ecome a ward of the state.
January .3) +,-./ L(< re%lies to the =m0assy) sayin# that his affida&it should 0e enou#h 0ut contacts 8ar#uerite the same day
re;uestin# that she file an affida&it.

January .2) +,-./ :he =m0assy recei&es an affida&it from L(< for 8arina) 0ut tells L(< to o0tain another one.
January .-) +,-./ L(< writes to the >nternational 1escue *ommittee a#ain askin# for Z+)666.
January 36) +,-./ L(< learns of his QUndesira0leQ dischar#e) which is incorrectly re%orted 0y his mother to 0e Q$ishonora0leQ.
January 36) +,-./ (e writes John *onnally) former Secretary of the 'a&y) askin# for hel% re&ersin# the dischar#e.
Fe0ruary +) +,-./ L(< writes his mother reLectin# her su##estion re#ardin# raisin# money throu#h a news%a%er a%%eal.
Fe0ruary -) +,-./ :he =m0assy contacts L(< askin# him to make a formal a%%lication for a loan.
Fe0ruary +B) +,-./ June Lee <swald is 0orn.
Fe0ruary .3) +,-./ 8arina comes home from the hos%ital.
8arch 3) +,-./ the =m0assy recei&es L(<Ps re;uest for a loan.
8arch +B) +,-./ 8arinaPs &isa is a%%ro&ed.
8arch .D) +,-./ L(< recei&es an affida&it of su%%ort from 8ar#ueritePs em%loyer.
!%ril +.) +,-./ >n a letter to 1o0ert) L(< indicates they are not in a hurry to lea&e since #ood weather has arri&ed.
8ay +6) +,-./ :he =m0assy asks L(< to come and si#n the final %a%ers for the de%arture to !merica.
8ay +D) +,-./ L(< lea&es his Lo0.
8ay ..) +,-./ (e %icks u% his e?it &isa.
8ay .2) +,-./ :he <swalds arri&e in 8oscow to &isit the =m0assy.
June+) +,-./ L(< si#ns a %romissory note for Z23B.C+) and the <swalds lea&e for !merica.
June +3) +,-./ :he <swalds arri&e in (o0oken) 'J.
June +2) +,-./ :hey lea&e 0y %lane for Fort Worth.
1eturn to !merica
June +2) +,-./ :he <swalds arri&e in Fort Worth) where they mo&e in with 1o0ert.
June +D) +,-./ L(< asks steno#ra%her Pauline Bates to ty%e a manuscri%t that he had written in 1ussia.
June +,) +,-./ L(< contacts Peter "re#ory) who #i&es him a letter testifyin# to L(<Ps 1ussian lan#ua#e a0ility.
June .-) +,-./ L(< is inter&iewed 0y the FB> for the first time.
July +2) +,-./ :he <swalds mo&e in with 8ar#uerite at +B6+ W. Cth Street in Fort Worth.
July +C) +,-./ L(< o0tains a Lo0 at Lou&414Pak $i&ision of the Leslie Weldin# *om%any.
!u#ust +6) +,-./ :he <swalds mo&e to .C63 8ercedes St. in Fort Worth.
!u#ust +-) +,-./ :he FB> inter&iews L(< a second time.
!u#ust .B) +,-./ :he <swalds attend a dinner %arty at the home of Paul "re#ory) where they meet se&eral mem0ers of the
local 1ussian [mi#r[ community.

Se%tem0er) +,-./ :he <swalds meet "eor#e $e 8ohrenschildt and his wife.
<cto0er) +,-./ 8arina and June mo&e in with =lena (all while L(< looks for work in $allas.

<cto0er ,) +,-./ L(< &isits the :e?as =m%loyment *ommission in $allas where he scores well on a%titude tests. (e also rents
a P< Bo? under his own name at the main Post <ffice.

<cto0er +6) +,-./ L(< fills out a chan#e of address form forwardin# his mail to the new P< 0o?.

<cto0er ++) +,-./ L(< is referred to Ja##ars4*hiles4Sto&all *o. 0y the =m%loyment *ommission) and he is hired.
<cto0er +.) +,-./ (e 0e#ins work at Ja##ars4*hiles4Sto&all.
<cto0er +B) +,-./ L(< mo&es into the 8*!.
<cto0er +-) +,-./ June is 0a%ti9ed without L(<Ps knowled#e.
'o&em0er 2) +,-./ :he <swalds are reunited at -62 =ls0eth St. in $allas) where L(< had found an a%artment.
'o&em0er B) +,-./ :he <swalds ha&e a &iolent ar#ument) and 8arina and June mo&e in with their friends) the 8ellers.
'o&em0er +6) +,-./ 8arina and June mo&e to the home of the Fords.

'o&em0er +C) +,-./ 8arina and June s%end the day at the home of 8rs. Frank 1ay. L(< calls and asks to &isit 8arina) who
a#rees to return to him. :hey return to the =ls0eth St. address that ni#ht.

'o&em0er ..) +,-./ <n :hanks#i&in# $ay) the <swalds &isit 1o0ertPs home) where L(< and John Pic are reunited after +6
years.

$ecem0er .D) +,-./ :he <swalds attend a 'ew earPs %arty at the FordsP home.
January +2) +,-3/ L(< enrolls in a ty%in# course at *ro9ier :echnical School.
January .B) +,-3/ L(< makes the final two %ayments on the State $e%artment loan.
January .D) +,-./ L(< orders a .3D cali0er Smith and Wesson re&ol&er 0y mail.
Fe0ruary +3) +,-3/ :he <swalds attend a dinner %arty at the home of the $e 8ohrenschildts.
Fe0ruary ..) +,-3/ :he <swalds attend a dinner %arty at the home of =&erett "lo&er) where they meet 1uth Paine.
8arch .) +,-3/ :he <swalds mo&e to .+2 West 'eely Street.
8arch ,4+6) +,-3/ L(< takes %hoto#ra%hs of the home of "eneral =dwin Walker) a ri#ht4win# acti&ist.
8arch ++) +,-3/ :he 8ilitant) a %rominent left4win# %u0lication) %u0lishes a letter si#ned L.(.) %ro0a0ly written 0y L(<.
8arch +.) +,-3/ 1uth Paine &isits 8arina at the new a%artment. !lso that day) L(< orders a rifle from KleinPs S%ortin# "oods in
*hica#o.

8arch .6) +,-3/ :he rifle and the re&ol&er are shi%%ed.
8arch .B) +,-3/ L(< %icks u% the wea%ons.
8arch 3+) +,-3/ 8arina takes the infamous QBackyard PhotosQ of L(<.
!%ril +) +,-3/ L(< is fired 0y Ja##ars4*hiles4Sto&all.
!%ril .) +,-3/ :he <swalds attend a dinner %arty at the home of 1uth and 8ichael Paine) where "eneral Walker is mentioned.
!%ril -) +,-3/ L(<Ps last day at Ja##ars4*hiles4Sto&all.
!%ril +6) +,-3/ L(< (accordin# to e&idence disco&ered later) fires a sin#le shot at "eneral Walker) which misses him.
!%ril +.) +,-3/ L(< files for unem%loyment 0enefits.
!%ril +2) +,-3/ L(< retrie&es the rifle which he had hidden near the shootin# site.
!%ril +C) +,-3/ L(< decides to mo&e to 'ew <rleans.
!%ril .2) +,-3/ 1uth dri&es L(< to the 0us station) where he lea&es for 'ew <rleans.
!%ril .B) +,-3/ L(< mo&es in with his aunt Lillian 8urret.
!%ril .-) +,-3/ L(< &isits the em%loyment office in 'ew <rleans.
!%ril .D) +,-3/ L(< makes an effort to contact relati&es on his fatherPs side.
!%ril .,) +,-3/ L(< files an a%%eal concernin# his unem%loyment 0enefits.
8ay ,) +,-3/ With the hel% of 8yrtle =&ans) L(< finds work at the 1eily *offee *o. (e also finds an a%artment.
8ay +6) +,-3/ L(< starts work and mo&es into his new a%artment at 2,6B 8a#a9ine St.
8ay ++) +,-3/ 1uth) 8arina and June arri&e at the a%artment. 1uth stays on to &isit.
8ay +2) +,-3/ 1uth returns to $allas.
8ay .-) +,-3/ L(< writes to the Fair Play for *u0a *ommittee re;uestin# a charter.
8ay .,) +,-3/ L(< orders +)666 hand0ills for FP**.
June 3) +,-3/ L(< rents a new P< 0o?) usin# !.J. (idell as one of the %eo%le that will recei&e mail there.
June D) +,-3/ 8arina is reLected for treatment at the 'ew <rleans *harity (os%ital) infuriatin# L(<.
June +-) +,-3/ L(< distri0utes FP** literature at the $umaine Street wharf where the U.S.S. Was% is docked.
June .2) +,-3/ L(< a%%lies for a new %ass%ort.
July -) +,-3/ L(< is in&ited 0y his cousin =u#ene to s%eak to a #rou% of students at the Jesuit (ouse of Studies in 8o0ile)
!la0ama) where =u#ene is studyin# to 0e a %riest.

July ++) +,-3/ 1uth in&ites 8arina to li&e with her se%arately from L(<.
July +,) +,-3/ L(< is fired from the 1eily *offee *o.
July ..) +,-3/ (e files a claim for unem%loyment 0enefits.
July .B) +,-3/ L(<Ps re;uest for a re&iew of his undesira0le dischar#e is denied.
July .C) +,-3/ L(< s%eaks to the Jesuit #rou% for 36 minutes on the su0Lect of Q*ontem%orary 1ussia and the Practice of
*ommunismQ.

!u#ust B) +,-3/ L(< offers to hel% anti4*astro *u0an *arlos Brin#uier in his stru##le a#ainst *astro.
!u#ust -) +,-3/ (e lea&es his 8arine *or%s manual at Brin#uierPs store.
!u#ust ,) +,-3/ Brin#uier confronts L(< when he sees him distri0utin# FP** literature on *anal Street. ! scuffle ensues) and
the two are arrested. L(< s%ends the ni#ht in Lail.

!u#ust +6) +,-3/ L(< is inter&iewed 0y John Nui#ley of the FB> at L(<Ps re;uest. ! friend of the 8urrets 0ails him out late in
the afternoon.

!u#ust +.) +,-3/ L(< %leads #uilty to the char#e of distur0in# the %eace and is fined Z+6.

!u#ust +C) +,-3/ Bill Stuckey from radio station W$SU &isits L(< and asks him to a%%ear on the %ro#ram Latin Listenin# Post.
(e arri&ed at the station at B/66 P8 and ta%ed a 3C4minute se#ment) which was cut to 2 and a half minutes and 0roadcast at
C/36 that e&enin#.

!u#ust +,) +,-3/ L(< acce%ts StuckeyPs offer to de0ate Brin#uier on a li&e radio %ro#ram.

!u#ust .+) +,-3/ L(< de0ates Brin#uier and =d Butler) director of a ri#ht4win# #rou%) on the %ro#ram *on&ersation *arte
Blanche) which runs from -/6B to -/36 P8.

Se%tem0er +C) +,-3/ L(< o0tains a tourist card #ood for one &isit to 8e?ico *ity from the 8e?ican consulate in 'ew <rleans.
Se%tem0er .6) +,-3/ 1uth &isits the <swalds) and it is decided that 8arina will return to >r&in# with 1uth for the 0irth of the 0a0y.
Se%tem0er .3) +,-3/ 1uth and 8arina lea&e for >r&in#.
Se%tem0er .2) +,-3/ =ric 1o#ers) a nei#h0or) sees L(< runnin# to catch a 0us.

Se%tem0er .B) +,-3/ L(< collects his unem%loyment check of Z33. Later) he catches a 0us 0ound for (ouston. Late that ni#ht)
he %laces a %hone call to (orace :wiford) an official of the :e?as Socialist La0or Party.

8e?ico *ity
Se%tem0er .-) +,-3

=arly in the mornin#) L(< 0oards a 0us for Laredo) :e?as. (e crosses the 0order into 8e?ico in the early afternoon.
./+B P8/ !t 'ue&o Laredo) L(< 0oards a 0us for 8e?ico *ity.

Se%tem0er .C) +,-3

+6/66 !8/ L(< arri&es in 8e?ico *ity.
++/66 !8/ L(< re#isters at the (otel del *omercio) where he will stay for the duration of his &isit.

++/36 !8/ L(< makes his first &isit to the *u0an =m0assy) where he fills out the a%%lication for a &isa to *u0a. >n the afternoon)
L(< returns with %ass%ort %hoto#ra%hs he had o0tained. When L(< is told that the &isa could take u% to four months and was
not %ossi0le without a 1ussian &isa as well) he 0ecomes an#ry. (e walks a short distance to the 1ussian =m0assy to in;uire
a0out a &isa to 1ussia and is %ut off until the ne?t day.

Se%tem0er .D) +,-3

L(< returns to 0oth the *u0an and the 1ussian =m0assies with no success.

Se%tem0er .,) +,-3

L(< %ro0a0ly attends a 0ullfi#ht on this) a Sunday.

Se%tem0er 36) +,-3

L(< %hones the 1ussian =m0assy one last time with no success. Later) he 0uys a 0us ticket from 8e?ico *ity to Laredo) :e?as.

<cto0er +) +,-3

L(< %ays the (otel 0ill throu#h that day.

<cto0er .) +,-3
D/36 !8/ L(< de%arts on 0us W33. for :e?as.

<cto0er 3) +,-3

+/3B !8/ L(< crosses into the U.S.
./.6 P8/ L(< arri&es in $allas.

$allas
<cto0er 3) +,-3/ L(< checks in at the 8*!. Later in the day) he files a claim at the em%loyment office.

<cto0er 2) +,-3/ L(< a%%lies for work at Pad#ett Printin# *o. (e makes a fa&ora0le
im%ression) 0ut is not hired 0ecause of %oor references. Later) he tele%hones 8arina and
asks for a ride to 1uth PainePs home and is denied. (e hitchhikes the +. miles to 1uthPs house.

<cto0er C) +,-3/ 1uth dri&es L(< to the 0us station) and he returns to $allas to look for
work. Later) L(< o0tains a room at -.+ 8arsalis St.

<cto0er +.) +,-3/ L(< ad&ised his landlady that he was lea&in# for the weekend) and
she stated that she didnPt want him to return. L(< went to 1uthPs for the weekend.

<cto0er +2) +,-3/ 1uth dri&es L(< to $allas) where he later re#isters as <.(. Lee at a new roomin# house on 'orth Beckley.
Later) 1uth mentions to a #rou% of nei#h0ors that L(< is ha&in# trou0le findin# work. <ne of the ladies) Linnie 8ae 1andle)
mentioned a %ossi0le o%enin# at the :e?as School Book $e%ositoryE and when L(< calls the Paine home that e&enin#) 1uth
informs him of the o%enin#.

<cto0er +B) +,-3/ L(< a%%lies at the :SB$ and is hired.
<cto0er +-) +,-3/ L(< 0e#ins work at the :SB$.
<cto0er +D) +,-3/ L(< recei&es a ride from Buell Fra9ier to the Paine home) where a sur%rise 0irthday %arty is waitin# for him.
<cto0er .6) +,-3/ 8arina #i&es 0irth to !udrey 8arina 1achel <swald.
<cto0er .3) +,-3/ L(< attends a ri#ht4win# rally where "eneral Walker is a s%eaker.
<cto0er .B) +,-3/ 8ichael Paine and L(< attend a meetin# of the !*LU.
<cto0er .,) +,-3/ FB> a#ent James (osty makes in;uiries in the PainePs nei#h0orhood re#ardin# L(<.

'o&em0er +) +,-3/ (osty inter&iews 1uth and 8arina at the Paine home. !lso that day) L(< rents a new P< 0o? and sends
letters to the !*LU and the !merican *ommunist Party.

'o&em0er .) +,-3/ L(< instructs 8arina that if (osty returns she should #et his %late num0er.

'o&em0er 3) +,-3/ 1uth #i&es L(< a dri&in# lesson.

'o&em0er B) +,-3/ (osty returns for another inter&iew) and 8arina o0tains his %late num0er.

'o&em0er D) +,-3/ Fra9ier dro%s L(< off at the PainePs home) as usual.

'o&em0er ,) +,-3/ 1uth takes L(< to the $ri&er =?amination Station accom%anied 0y 8arina and the children. When they
disco&ered it was closed) they s%ent time at a local fi&e and dime store.

'o&em0er ++) +,-3/ L(< s%ends FeteranPs $ay at the Paine home.

'o&em0er +.) +,-3/ L(< deli&ers a note to the FB> 0uildin# addressed to (osty warnin# him to lea&e his family alone.

'o&em0er +B) +,-3/ 8arina ad&ises L(< not to come the followin# weekend as 8ichael Paine will 0e there to cele0rate his
dau#hterPs 0irthday.

'o&em0er +C) +,-3/ 1uth calls L(<Ps roomin# house at 8arinaPs re;uest to find they donPt know him 0y the name L(< (ar&ey
<swald.

'o&em0er +,) +,-3/ :he $allas :imes (erald details the e?act route of the %residential motorcade.

'o&em0er .+) +,-3/ L(< 0reaks routine 0y ha&in# 0reakfast at the $o00Ps (ouse
restaurant. Later) he arri&es at the Paine home without callin# first. (e retires early that e&enin#.

:he !ssassination Weekend
Friday) 'o&em0er ..) +,-3

-/36 !8/ L(< rises.
C/+B !8/ Linnie 8ae 1andle sees L(< carryin# a lon# %a%er 0a#.
C/.3 !8/ L(< and Fra9ier lea&e for the :SB$ with the %acka#e.
C/B6 !8 (a%%.)/ !t the :SB$) L(< enters with the %acka#e.
,/2B !8 (a%%.)/ L(< is seen lookin# out toward the motorcade route 0y Junior Jarman.
++/26 !8/ L(< is seen on the si?th floor near the windows.
++/2B !8/ L(< remains on the si?th floor while the others descend 0y ele&ator to the second floor for lunch.
++/BB !8 (a%%.)/ L(< assem0les the rifle and creates the QSni%erPs nestQ(%resumed).
+./+D P8/ (oward Brennan arri&es near the :SB$ to watch the motorcade and shortly after sees a man in the si?th floor
window.
+./36 P8/ L(< assassinates President John F. Kennedy.
+./3+/36 P8/ L(< is confronted in the lunchroom 0y Patrolman 8arrion Baker. :he su%erintendent of the 0uildin#) 1oy :ruly)
&ouches for L(<) and he is released.
+./33 P8/ L(< lea&es the :SB$ 0y the front door (%resumed).
+./26 P8/ L(< 0oards a 0us to make his esca%e.
+./22 P8/ L(< lea&es the 0us when it 0ecomes 0o##ed down in traffic.
+./2D P8/ L(< hails a ca0 and asks to 0e taken to B66 'orth Beckley.
+./B2 P8/ L(< e?its the ca0 in the C66 0lock of Beckley.
+/66 P8/ L(< arri&es on foot at his roomin# house) where he retrie&es his %istol.
+/63 P8/ L(< lea&es the roomin# house.
+/+- P8/ L(< shoots <fficer J.$. :i%%it and continues fleein#.
+/.. P8/ Police 0roadcast a descri%tion of the sus%ect in the :i%%it murder.
+/26 P8/ L(< enters the :e?as :heater.
+/B6 P8/ !fter a stru##le with %olice) L(< is ca%tured.
./66 P8/ L(< arri&es at $allas Police head;uarters.
./36 P8/ L(< is first ;uestioned 0y $allas %olice.
2/6B P8/ L(< is taken to the 0asement for the first lineu%.
2/.6 P8/ L(< is returned u%stairs for further ;uestionin# in *a%tain Frit9P office.
-/.6 P8/ L(< is taken for the second lineu%.
-/3B P8/ L(< is returned u%stairs for ;uestionin#.
C/+6 P8/ L(< is formally arrai#ned for the murder of :i%%it.
C/26 P8/ L(< is taken for the third lineu%.
++/.- P8/ L(< is char#ed with the murder of JFK.

Saturday) 'o&em0er .3) +,-3
+./6B !8 (a%%.)/ L(< a%%ears 0efore the media in the 0asement.
+./.6 !8/ L(< is returned to his cell.
+/36 !8/ L(< is formally arrai#ned for the murder of JFK.
+6/.B !8/ !nother day of ;uestionin# 0e#ins.
++/3B !8/ L(< is returned to his cell.
+./3B P8/ L(< is taken to Frit9P office for ;uestionin#.
+/+6 P8/ 8arina and 8ar#uerite &isit L(<.
+/26 P8/ L(< tries unsuccessfully to contact !ttorney John !0t.
./+B P8/ L(< a%%ears in another lineu%.
./2B P8/ Fin#ernail scra%in#s and hair sam%les are o0tained from L(< with his %ermission.
3/36 P8/ 1o0ert &isits L(<.
2/6642/36 P8/ L(< %hones 1uth and asks her to try to o0tain John !0t as his attorney.
B/36 P8/ L(< is &isited 0y the %resident of the $allas Bar !ssociation) (. Louis 'ichols.
-/66 P8/ L(< is taken a#ain for ;uestionin#.
C/+B P8/ L(< is returned to his cell.
D/66 P8/ L(< %hones 1uth Paine and asks to s%eak to 8arina. 1uth tells him she is no lon#er there.

Sunday) 'o&em0er .2) +,-3
,/36 !8/ L(< is si#ned out of Lail in antici%ation of a transfer to the county facility.
++/+B !8/ :he transfer %arty lea&es Frit9P office after a final round of ;uestions.
++/.+ !8/ L(< is shot 0y Jack 1u0y in the 0asement of the $allas city Lail.
+/6C P8/ L(< is %ronounced dead at Parkland (os%ital.

Sources

Bu#liosi) Fincent. 1eclaimin# (istory/ :he !ssassination of President John F. Kennedy. 'ew ork/ W. W.
'orton) .66C.

=%stein) =dward Jay. Le#end/ :he Secret World of L(< (ar&ey <swald. 'ew ork/ 1eaderPs $i#est
Press78c"raw4(ill) +,CD.

8anchester) William. $eath of a President. 'ew ork *ity/ (ar%er and 1ow) +,-C.

8c8illan) Priscilla Johnson. 8arina and L(<. 'ew ork *ity/ (ar%er and 1ow) +,CC.

Posner) "erald. *ase *losed/ Lee (ar&ey <swald and the !ssassination of JFK. 'ew ork/ 1andom
(ouse) +,,3E !nchor Books) +,,2.

1e%ort of the PresidentPs *ommission on the !ssassination of President John F. Kennedy with .- &olumes
of testimony and e?hi0its. Washin#ton) $*/ U.S. "o&ernment Printin# <ffice) +,-2.
Source: http://jfkassassination.net/parnell/chrono.htm
A Timeline of the "ife of "ee Har4ey <swald
Date 8esidence Activity
>ct. ?:, *9,: 6an Diego 8e$orts to =arine Cor$s ;asic -raining
=arch *+, *9,H 'ac@sonville, FL 4aval Air -echnical -raining Center
=ay *9,H ;iloAi, =6 Keesler AF;
'uly *9,H <l -oro, CA =arine Cor$s Air 6tation
Aug.O6e$t. *9,H U.S.S. Bexar Paci0ic Crossing
6e$tem.er *9,H Atsugi, 'a$an =arine Air Control 6Buadron 4o. *
4ovem.er *9,H Atsugi, 'a$an 6hoots sel0 /ith derringer O Court5martialed
4ov. ,HO=arch ,+ 2arious Paci0ic =aneuvers /ith =arine Fnit
'une ?H, *9,+ Atsugi Court5martialed 0or 0ight /ith 6ergeant O Con0ined until August *(
6e$t.O>ct. *9,+ 6outh China 6ea With =arine unit
Decem.er *9,+ <l -oro, CA =arine Cor$s Air 6tation
6e$t. **, *9,9 E 8eleased 0rom active duty
6e$t. ?), *9,9 4e/ >rleans 6ails 0or <uro$e
>ct. *), *9,9 London -a@es Plane to 7elsin@i
>ct. *:, *9,9 E Arrives in =osco/
>ct. ?*, *9,9 7otel ;erlin A$$arent suicide attem$t
>ct. (*, *9,9 F. 6. <m.assy Attem$ts to renounce F.6. citiJenshi$
'an. H, *9:) E Arrives in =ins@
'an. *9:) E =ay
*9:?
=ins@ >s/ald very closely surveiled .y KG;
Fe.. *9:* =ins@ Writes F.6. <m.assy O Wants to return to F.6.
=arch *H, *9:* =ins@ =eets =arina 4i@olayevna Prusa@ova
A$ril (), *9:* =ins@ Lee and =arina =arried
=ay, *9:? E >s/alds leave =ins@, travel to Fort Worth
'uneO'uly *9:? Fort Worth Live /ith 8o.ert >s/ald
'ulyOAug. *9:? Fort Worth Lived /ith =arguerite >s/ald O Gets #o. at Leslie Welding Co.
Aug. *9:? Fort Worth =ove to ?H)( =ercedes 6treet
>ct. *9:? Dallas ;egins at 'aggars5Chiles56tovall Co.
4ov. *9:? Dallas =ove to :)3 <ls.eth 6treet
Fe.. ??, *9:( Dallas >s/alds meet Paines
=arch *?, *9:( Dallas
Lee orders ri0le 0rom ad 0or KleinGs 6$orting Goods in American
Rifleman
=arch *9:( Dallas =ove to ?*3 West 4eely 6treet O Lee receives $istol and ri0le
=arch (*, *9:( Dallas
>s/ald, in .lac@ Mhunter o0 0ascistsM out0it, gives chea$ Im$erial
8e0leA camera to =arina, is $hotogra$hed /ith ri0le and $istol
A$ril *), *9:( Dallas
Assassination attem$t on General Wal@er. Lee leaves note 0or =arina,
telling her ho/ to deal /ith his death or arrest. -his is the 0irst $age o0
the note, and this is the second.
A$ril ?3, *9:( E Lee leaves 0or 4e/ >rleans O =arina moves to Paine home
=ay *), *9:( 4e/ >rleans Gets #o. /ith 8eily Co00ee Com$any
=ay **, *9:( 4e/ >rleans =arina #oins Lee at 39), =agaJine 6treet
'uly *9, *9:( 4e/ >rleans >s/ald 0ired .y 8eily Co00ee Com$any
August 9, *9:( 4e/ >rleans >s/ald arrested in altercation $assing out Fair Play 0or Cu.a lea0lets
6e$t. ?(O?,, *9:( 4e/ >rleans
=arina leaves 0or Dallas /ith =rs. Paine O >s/ald leaves 0or =eAico
City
>ct. (, *9:( E >s/ald arrives in Dallas
>ct. *,, *9:( Dallas >s/ald 7ired .y 8oy -ruly at -eAas 6chool ;oo@ De$ository
>ct. *:, *9:( Dallas >s/ald .egins /or@ at De$ository
4ov. ??, *9:(, *?:()
$m.
Dealey PlaJa,
Dallas
Kennedy 6hot, 0atally /ounded
4ov. ??, *9:(, *?:3)
$m. Ka$$roA.L
<lm 6treet
Fleeing >s/ald .oards Cecil =cWatters .us, then gets o00, ta@ing
trans0er.
4ov. ??, *9:(, *:*,
Ka$$roA.L
*)th and Patton
6treets
>s/ald shoots >00icer -i$$it
4ov. ??, *9:(, *:()
Ka$$roA.L
'e00erson 6treet
'ohnny Calvin ;re/er, shoe store cler@, sees >s/ald acting
sus$iciously, 0ollo/s to -eAas -heater
4ov. ??, *9:( Dallas
>s/ald arrested in -eAas -heater O -a@en to $olice car O ;oo@ed,
charged /ith @illing -i$$it
4ov. ??, *9:( Dallas Phony 6elective 6ervice Card 0ound on >s/ald
4ov. ??, *9:(
Ka0ternoonL
Dallas Police
7eadBuarters
=arina tells $olice that >s/ald o/ned ri0le, /hich is no/ missing.
4ov. ??, *9:( Klate
eveningL
Dallas >s/ald 0aces $ress in ne/s con0erence
4ov. ?3, *9:( Dallas >s/ald shot, @illed .y 'ac@ 8u.y
4ov. ?3, *9:(
Ka0ternoonL
Dallas LeeGs dead .ody lies in Par@land morgue
4ov. ?,, *9:( Fort Worth
>s/ald 0uneral, Lee .uried at 8ose 7ill cemetery, .y =iller Funeral
7ome.
*ourceG httpGHHmcadams)posc)mu)eduHoswald)htm
<swald L 9,G An @ntelli%ence ConnectionQ
.y =ar@ 6. Paid
<4er the years there ha4e /een many insinuations that "ee Har4ey <swald was a mem/er of the (nited *tates intelli%ence
network)
=1?
A si%nificant amount of e4idence has /een proffered o4er the years pointin% toward the <C@, C@A or D3@)
(nfortunately, most of the e4idence has ena/led us to only speculate on, rather than conclusi4ely pro4e, the e6istence of a
relationship /etween <swald and intelli%ence acti4ities) @n fact some of the e4idence has /een utiliBed out of conte6t to support
the theory that <swald was an a%ent) +hether <swald was or was not an a%ent will continue to remain open to Nuestion for
many years to comeO howe4er, further research and scrutiny of a4aila/le e4idence is needed in order to /ase the intelli%ence
theory on le%itimate facts)
<ne such misconception that collapses under further inspection is that <swaldVs contractin% of %onorrhea is conclusi4ely linked
to his acti4ities as an intelli%ence operati4e) The cause of the speculation can /e found amon% the +arren CommissionVs
reproduction of <swaldVs medical file durin% his ser4ice in the 2arines from 1>A#>)
=.?
The reason for this speculation is a
dia%nosis /y Captain Paul ,eranian, the senior medical officer at Atsu%i, that <swald contracted W(rethritis, Acute, due to
%onococcus U0303)W The Captain noted its ori%in as /ein% W@n line of duty, not due to own misconduct)W +hile on the surface
this notation mi%ht seem odd, especially to those not acNuainted with military re%ulations and procedures in4ol4in% law and
medicine, there is no mystery surroundin% this determination)
!e%ardless, the theory has now /een promul%ated for o4er two decades and was especially a fa4orite of Penn Jones Jr) durin% the
days of his +or!i#e $y -rief series) @t has /een tolled as the Wfinal proofW of <swaldVs intelli%ence acti4ities) @ndeed, e4en in Jim
2arrsV compendium, 'rossfire, the document is stated as pro4idin% WtantaliBin% e4idenceW that <swald participated in
intelli%ence work)
=3?
W!esearchers 4iew this astonishin% comment as e4idence that <swald was ordered to consort with
prostitutes while ser4in% in Japan,W wrote 2arrs)
=0?
@n fact, as recently as this past year, Jack +hite 4oiced his opinion durin% a
seNuence of his new 4ideo, WThe 2any Daces of "ee Har4ey <swald,W that the document %a4e rise to an assumption of
intelli%ence acti4ities on the part of <swald)
Howe4er, the statement of ori%in, which is actually a le%al determination pertainin% to the allocation of future /enefits, is
entirely innocuous and a/solutely pro4ides no su/stanti4e proof of intelli%ence acti4ities on the part of <swald) Therefore, with
all due respect to 2r) 2arrs, his statement that Wthe fact that <swald was a/sol4ed of any responsi/ility in contractin% %onorrhea
astounds ser4ice 4eterans and is stron% e4idence that his e6tracurricular acti4ities had the /lessin%s of the military, if not the
C@AW
=?
is unfounded) Admittedly, howe4er, this does not mean the conclusion drawn /y the a/o4e authors does not possess a
certain de%ree of merit when 4iewed in connection with other a4aila/le e4idence)
@n order to properly e4aluate the implications of the ori%in of <swaldVs se6ual promiscuity, it is necessary to re4iew the sections
pertinent to these circumstances which can /e found in the 2anual of the Jud%e Ad4ocate ;eneral ) +hat would constitute a
findin% of Wline of dutyW and Wnot due to own misconductQW +as this determination unusualQ
The 2anual states that Wto support an opinion of misconduct it must /e esta/lished /y clear and con4incin% e4idence that the
in-ury or disease was either intentionally incurred or was the pro6imate result of such %ross ne%li%ence as to demonstrate a
reckless disre%ard of the conseNuences)W
=A?
$4en conduct that W4iolates a law, re%ulation or order ) ) ) does not, of itself, constitute
a /asis for a determination of misconduct)W
=1?
Durthermore, Wunless the in-ury or disease was incurred due to the mem/erVs own
misconduct, or while the mem/er was either incarcerated or a/sent without lea4e, the in-ury or disease will /e found to /e Vin
line of duty)VW
=8?
A determination otherwise could threaten a ser4icemanVs se4erance /enefits)
,eterminations in4ol4in% misconduct and line of duty must /e made when a mem/er of the na4al ser4ices incurs an in-ury
which mi%ht result in a permanent disa/ility or a physical ina/ility to perform duty for a period e6ceedin% twenty#four hours)
=>?

*pecific consideration is %i4en in the 2anual to such cases as those in4ol4in% mental defects, suicide attempts, into6ication,
dru% use, death and 4enereal disease) 2ost importantly, section 080> =/? statesG
WAny disa/ility resultin% from 4enereal diseases shall not support a misconduct findin% if the mem.er has com1lied with
re!ulations reNuirin% him to report and recei4e treatment for such disease)W =emphasis added?
Therefore, in answer to e4eryoneVs initial assumption, if <swald followed the pertinent re%ulations surroundin% the contraction
of 4enereal disease he could continue a/out his e4eryday duties with no worries of punishment whatsoe4er) Durthermore, since
compliance with section 080> =/? will merit a determination of Win line of duty, not due to own misconduct,W the W%o4ernment
will assume responsi/ility for all medical e6penses in4ol4ed in reNuired treatment, as well as potential payment for any resultant
disa/ility)W
=10?

To that effect, <swaldVs medical records indicate he first sou%ht medical attention on *eptem/er 10, 1>8, complainin% of a
sli%ht /urn on urination)
=11?
*uspectin% a type of 4enereal disease, <swald was ordered to ha4e a smear taken)
=1.?
This was done
on *eptem/er 1A, 1>8, at which time he was dia%nosed as possi/ly ha4in% %onorrheaO he was prescri/ed penicillin and returned
to duty)
=13?
<swald recei4ed further medical attention re%ardin% this matter at least se4en additional times)
=10?
Thus, it certainly
appears that <swald followed proper notification procedures)
@n fact, Article ..#11 of the 2anual of the 2edical ,epartment only leads one to conclude that, while the military sou%ht to
Wpre4ent the spread of military diseases,W ordinary procedures were esta/lished to deal with those ser4icemen who did contract a
disease)
=1?
Article ..#18, which is cross #referenced to JA; section 080> =/?, sets forth pro4isions for adeNuate support staff to
pro4ide education and treatment for 4enereal diseases) +hat then can /e inferred from this incidentQ @s there anythin%
mysterious /ehind the whole affairQ
$6aminin% the document in li%ht of <swaldVs acti4ities in Japan and Dormosa has pro4ided two different interpretations of an
implied intelli%ence linka%e of <swald) Dirst, accordin% to authors 2arrs and $pstein, it is possi/le <swald was consortin% with
a Japanese hostess on orders of na4al intelli%ence) @t appears that <swald had informed a fellow 2arine that he was datin% a
/eautiful Japanese %irl who ser4ed as a hostess at the 8ueen 3ee ni%ht clu/ in Tokyo, one of the three most e6pensi4e ni%ht
clu/s in the city)
=1A?
@t was thou%ht that Ca4y @ntelli%ence was interested in the possi/ility that the 8ueen 3ee hostesses were
/ein% used to %arner intelli%ence information from ()*) ser4icemen, particularly since this specific ni%ht clu/ was often
freNuented /y an elite clientele that included (#. pilots)
=11?

@n an inter4iew with author 2ark "ane, one of <swaldVs former 2arine /uddies related a story supportin% this theory) Accordin%
to ,a4id 3ucknell, while /oth men were stationed in California in 1>> the men were approached /y two women in a /ar
lookin% for con4ersation) This incident led <swald to relate a similar e6perience he encountered in Atsu%i)
=18?
<swald stated that,
while in a Japanese /ar, he had /een /een approached /y an attracti4e woman who was askin% Nuestions re%ardin% (#. fli%hts)
After reportin% this to a superior officer, <swald was informed /y a man dressed in ci4ilian clothes to deli4er false information
to this woman) Thus, <swald was encoura%ed to continue seein% this woman and supposedly was %i4en the money to do so)
=1>?

(nfortunately, there is no supportin% e4idence of 3ucknellVs account presently known)
*econd, it has /een su%%ested that the disa/ility was a actually a sickness ploy, freNuently used /y intelli%ence a%encies, to co4er
an a%entVs operations) Author Anthony *ummers noted that unrelated research had led him to disco4er that 3ritish Ca4al
@ntelli%ence had often used Willness of e6pediencyW as a standard intelli%ence techniNue)
=.0?
*ummers theoriBed that the
WcontractionW of %onorrhea could concei4a/ly ha4e /een an e6cuse to %et <swald out of circulation for other purposes)
=.1?
@n fact,
althou%h <swald had accompanied his unit to Dormosa after the Chinese Communists /e%an shellin% the islands of 8uemoy and
2atsu on *eptem/er 10, 1>8, <swald was suddenly flown /y military aircraft /ack to Atsu%i on <cto/er , 1>8)
=..?
The only
e6planation %i4en was Wmedical treatment)W Howe4er, the 4enereal disease which <swald had contracted was mild in nature and
the prescri/ed penicillin should ha4e /een enou%h to counteract any of the effects within a#/rief period of time) +hy then was
he a/ruptly returned to Atsu%i for continuin% treatmentQ
=.3?
*o far, a sufficient or conclusi4e answer has not /een offered)
+hat then ha4e we learned from this documentQ As is so often true of +arren Commission documents, particularly those
concernin% <swald, the document raises more Nuestions than it pro4ides answers) +hether or not <swald was in4ol4ed with
intelli%ence acti4ities at Atsu%i or elsewhere remains a 4ia/le Nuestion) +hat this article does pro4e, howe4er, is that with
careful and detailed analysis speculations that ha4e de4eloped throu%hout the years can /e properly placed into their true
conte6t) The assassination of President :ennedy remains replete with mysteries, /ut the true researcher will stri4e to) dispel
unsu/stantiated rumors as well as state the facts) After all , the hope is to sol4e the murder and not to create a solution)
Drom The Third Decade, July 1>>.) Posted here with the permission of 2ark Zaid)
(otes
1) Dor /ack%round, see %enerally, Philip 2elanson %1y %a!a =1>>0?, Jim 2arrs, 'rossfire =1>8>?, pp) 101#11.O Anthony
*ummers, 'ons1iracy =1>80?, pp) 1#>.#181O $)J) $pstein, Le!end =1>18?)
.) ,ona/edian $6hi/it Co) 1, +arren Commission Hearin%s and $6hi/its, 4ol 1>, p) A0) =!eferences to this source cited
hereafter in formatG 1>HA0)? Captain ;eor%e ,ona/edian was the staff medical officer at the (nited *tates 2arine Corps
HeadNuarters in 1>A0) He had ne4er had any personal contact with <swald /ut testified /efore John $ly, a Commission staff
mem/er, to e6plain the medical notations contained in <swaldVs 2arine file) *ee 8H311#31)
3) 2arrs, 'rossfire, p) 30> =photo%raph immediately precedin%?)
0) 2arrs, 'rossfire) 2any prominent researchers su/scri/e to this theory) "i!h Treason author !o/ert ;roden indicated in a
January 1, 1>>. inter4iew with this author that he a%rees with this conclusion)
) 2arrs, 'rossfire, p) 10)
A) 2anual of the Jud%e Ad4ocate ;eneral, section 0803 =a? =hereafter referred to as JA;?) @n fact, Wit is presumed that in-ury or
disease suffered /y a mem/er of the na4al ser4ice is not the result of his own misconduct) Clear and con4incin% e4idence is
reNuired to o4ercome this presumption)W =JA; section 0803 =/? =emphasis added?) The same standard of proof is reNuired for a
showin% of Wnot in line of duty)W @n order to %rasp the meanin%s of the different standards of proof, in /asic criminal law it is
e6plained that clear and con4incin% e4idence can /e statistically stated as a/out 1a) The standard reNuired at a criminal trial,
that of W/eyond a reasona/le dou/t,W would /e a/out >0#100a)
1) JA;, section 0803 =a?)
8) "etter from :)$) 9o%elhu/er, "t) Commander, JA;C, (*C, ,eputy *pecial Assistant for 2edico#"e%al Affairs, to author
=*eptem/er 8, 1>8>?)
>) JA;, section 080)
10) "etter from H)C) Hewson, Commander, JA;C, (*C, ,eputy Assistant Jud%e Ad4ocate ;eneral =@n4esti%ations? to author
=January .0, 1>>.?)
11) 1>HA01)
1.) WA smear is to dia%nose the cause of the infection, the cause of the dischar%e, to see what type of /acteria is present) 8H313
=testimony of Capt) ,ona/edian?)
13) Technically, there is no le%al proof that <swald had %onorrhea /ecause the doctors took a smear rather than a culture) ,r)
,ona/edian testified =8H313#10? that normally the doctors would use the smear method and, if the results appeared to /e
%onorrhea, would -ust assume it was and treat it as such, re%ardless of whether it mi%ht actually ha4e /een a different /acteria
in4ol4ed)
10) 8HA03#0) 3y <cto/er A, 1>8, whate4er <swald was complainin% of was not %onorrhea =8H310?)
1) This is Nuoted from the pre#1>A0 re%ulations, to which <swald was su/-ect) Commander John :) Hene/erry, JA;C, (*C,
*taff Jud%e Ad4ocate, responded under directions of the *ur%eon ;eneral of the Ca4y to my January 10, 1>>. D<@A reNuest for
the reNuisite information) +hile the current re%ulations are sli%htly different from those <swald was su/-ect to, /oth are
administered to deal more with control after contraction than with pre4ention methods) As many ser4icemen of that era will
inform you, contraction of 4enereal diseases was not uncommon, especially o4erseas)
1A) $pstein, Le!end, p) 11O 2arrs, 'rossfire, p) 103, note 1) <swald was supposedly seen at the /ase with her /y se4eral other
2arines)
11) Accordin% to $pstein, to date a hostess reNuired not only payin% for the date, /ut reim/ursin% the ni%ht clu/ for the /usiness
lost durin% the %irlVs a/sence) An e4enin% at the 8ueen 3ee could cost from 7A0#100) <swaldVs monthly salary was less than 78)
$pstein, Le!end, p) 1.)
18) 2arrs, 'rossfire, p) 100)
1>) 2arrs, 'rossfire, p) 100)
.0) *ummers, 'ons1iracy, p) 1A)
.1) *ummers, 'ons1iracy, p) 1A)
..) (ne6plaina/ly, the ,epartment of ,efense told the House *elect Committee that <swald had remained at Atsu%i when his
unit left) =2elanson, %1y %a!a, p) >, citin% the H*CA !eport, p) ..0?) Met, one of <swaldVs officers, "ieutenant Charles !)
!hodes, distinctly remem/ers <swald in Dormosa)
.3) This has /een confirmed /y a licensed pharmacist) Howe4er, had <swald only contracted a mild case of %onorrheaQ Amon%
the many items of <swaldVs possessions confiscated /y the ,allas police from !uth PaineVs house were se4eral /ottles of
WPentids 000,W a type of penicillin =1H33A, 300?) The pro/lem e6ists that the amount of penicillin found was of a Nuantity
sufficient for o4er a yearVs worth of treatment) +hat is the e6planationQ @s there oneQ The doctors who treated <swald ha4e
stated they ha4e no recollection of these e4ents since to them they were of routine nature) $pstein, Le!end, p) .80 fn13)
httpGHHmcadams)posc)mu)eduH4d)htm
The (** *ka%it departed Mokosuka, Japan /ound for the !epu/lic of China on Taiwan on *eptem/er 10, 1>8
httpGHHhar4eyandlee)netH2arinesH2arines)html
*ourceG httpGHHhar4eyandlee)netH2arinesH2arines)html
httpGHHhar4eyandlee)netH2arinesH2arines)html
A Ca4al 2essa%e ,ated Co4em/er 0, 1>>
"ee H) <swald5s medical record
httpGHHhar4eyandlee)netH2arinesH2arines)html

"ee H) <swald5s medical record
httpGHHhar4eyandlee)netH2arinesH2arines)html
httpGHHwww)whokilled-fk)netHmino6Ycamera)htm
"ee Har4ey <swald5s primary duty station in 1>1 was ()*) Ca4al Air *tation Atsu%i, Japan, an American military /ase located to the
west of Mokohama and southwest of Tokyo
<ne of the airplanes stationed at ()*) Ca4al Air *tation Atsu%i in 1>1 was the (#. spy plane piloted /y ;ary Powers)
()*) Ca4al Air Dacility Atsu%i, Japan in .013, 0 years after the assassinations of President John D) :ennedy and "ee Har4ey <swald)
! Jmystery manK is %hoto#ra%hed 0y the *>! in 8e?ico *ity in early <cto0er +,B,. :he Jmystery manK does not resem0le Lee (ar&ey <swald)
who defected to the So&iet Union in <cto0er +,B,. (Photo/ htt%/77ri#orousintuition.ca70oard.7&iewto%ic.%h%SfOD5tO36+,,)
:he Jim "arrison >n&esti#ation
$istrict !ttorney Jim "arrison announces in 'ew <rleans on $ecem0er ++) +,-D that January .+) +,-,) the day after 1ichard 'i?on is sworn
in as President) will 0e the startin# date for the assassination cons%iracy trial of *lay Shaw. *lay Shaw) BB) a retired 0usinessman) was first
indicted on this char#e in early +,-C. Standin# 0ehind "arrison are !ssistant $.!.Ps !ndy Schiam0ra (left) and James !lcock.
(Bettmann7*<1B>S)
Jim "arrison) $istrict !ttorney of <rleans Parish @'ew <rleansA in Louisiana from +,-. to +,C3. Jim "arrison died on <cto0er .+) +,,..
*lay Shaw %uffs a ci#arette as he enters the *riminal *ourts Buildin# in 'ew <rleans on 8arch +2) +,-C for a %reliminary hearin# on char#es
that he cons%ired to assassinate President John F. Kennedy. Shaw) a retired 'ew <rleans 0usinessman) was arrested 0y $istrict !ttorney Jim
"arrison as %art of his in&esti#ation of an alle#ed assassination %lot. (Bettmann7*<1B>S)
*lay Shaw) standin# third from left in the front row) accused of cons%iracy in the assassination of President John F. Kennedy) walks away from
the courthouse in 'ew <rleans on 8arch +2) +,-C. (R Bettmann7*<1B>S)
*lay Shaw 1ides in a car with =d We#mann in 'ew <rleans on Se%tem0er ++) +,-C. (Bettmann7*<1B>S)
*lay Shaw) accused 0y <rleans Parish $istrict !ttorney Jim "arrison of cons%irin# to assassinate President John F. Kennedy) looks out at
newsmen from his attorneyPs car on Fe0ruary +3) +,-D as Shaw arri&ed at the *ourts 0uildin# in 'ew <rleans to seek a chan#e of &enue for
his trial which was scheduled to commence on Fe0ruary +3) +,-D. Jim "arrison had asked that the re;uest 0e %ut aside. (Bettmann7*<1B>S)
@nternational Trade 2art, located at 1.0 Camp *treet in Cew <rleans
=PhotoG httpGHHwww)%eocities)comH%arrisonin4esti%ationH?
;uy 3anisterVs 00 Camp *treet address in Cew <rleans) The /uildin% also housed the Cu/an !e4olutionary Council I a
militant anti#Castro or%aniBation created /y the Central @ntelli%ence A%ency =C@A?)
=PhotoG httpGHHwww)%eocities)comH%arrisonin4esti%ationH?
Co4em/er ., 1>A3G Jim ;arrison has ,a4id Derrie arrested
De/ruary 11, 1>A1G ;arrison5s in4esti%ation disclosed /y Cew <rleans *tates @tem
2arch 1, 1>A1G Clay *haw5s arrest
*eptem/er 0, 1>A1G $arl +arren says Jim ;arrison has /rou%ht no new elements
2arch 1, 1>A>G Clay *haw found not %uilty
June 30, 1>11G Jim ;arrison arrested
Jim ;arrison was arrested on June 30, 1>11O he was char%ed with 4iolatin% the <r%aniBed Crime Control Act of 1>10) ;arrison
and two police officers were accused of acceptin% /ri/es from %am/lers in Cew <rleans in4ol4in% ille%al pin/all machines)
This photo%raph, disco4ered in 1>>3, shows 1#year#old "ee Har4ey <swald =far ri!ht? in a Cew <rleans Ci4il Air Patrol %roup
headed /y ,a4id Derrie =left, in helmet?) Taken ei%ht years /efore the assassination, it is the first proof that <swald once knew
Derrie, lon% suspected of in4ol4ement in the assassination)
The apartment room of ,a4id Derrie =PhotoG httpGHHeducationforum)ip/host)comHlofi4ersionHinde6)phpHt10013)html?
The apartment room of ,a4id Derrie =PhotoG httpGHHeducationforum)ip/host)comHlofi4ersionHinde6)phpHt10013)html?
Photo of ,a4id Derrie after he was found dead in his apartment) ,a4id Derrie died on De/ruary .., 1>A1)
=PhotoG httpGHHeducationforum)ip/host)comHlofi4ersionHinde6)phpHt10013)html?
FBy the 67AJs5 KAL o+ U.$. i!ports +ro! 'atin A!erica ca!e through the port o+ (e/ Orleans. %ivic and *usiness leaders o+
the %rescent %ity throughout the decades +orged closer *usiness5 political and social ties /ith their 'atin A!erican
counterparts. Fidel %astroIs rise to po/er sent shoc0 /aves through (e/ Orleans and threatened a lucrative !utual
relationship.F 44Frank $eBenedictis) ! Short History of 1N4!
FThereIs a nu!*er o+ things that - *elieve that G%layH $ha/ testi+ied to that - did not *elieve. - *elieve he /as lying to the @ury.
O+ course5 the @ury pro*a*ly *elieved hi!. But - thin0 $ha/ put a good con @o* on the @ury.F
44Jud#e =dward (a##erty) %resided o&er the trial of *lay Shaw) inter&iewed in +,,. for the documentary) 8eyond 9JF59$ The :uestion
of 4ons&iracy
FThis GJFK assassinationH story isnIt going to die as long as thereIs a real reporter alive == and there are a lot o+ the!.F
44 $orothy Kil#allen) nationally syndicated columnist) wrote in her column of Se%tem0er 3) +,-B after o0tainin# a %ri&ate inter&iew with
Jack 1u0y. (>t would 0e her last column re#ardin# the JFK assassination. <n 'o&em0er D) +,-B) Kil#allen was found dead in her
home) officially from an o&erdose of alcohol and 0ar0iturates. She had %led#ed to Q0reakQ the JFK case. FB> $irector J. =d#ar (oo&er
had ke%t a file on her acti&ities.)
F- re!e!*er discounting everything Garrison had said. - had a negative point o+ vie/ a*out Garrison *ased upon all the
reportage that had gone on. And then - read all this !aterial that had co!e out o+ G+or!er %-A .irector &ichardH #el!Is o++ice5
that in +act /hat Garrison had said /as true. They G%-A agentsH /ere harassing his /itnesses5 they /ere inti!idating his
/itnesses.F
441o0ert :anen0aum) former $e%uty *ounsel for the U.S. (ouse Select *ommittee on !ssassinations) Q:he Pro0e >nter&iew/ Bo0
:anen0aum)Q "robe) July4!u#ust +,,- (Fol. 3 'o. B)
FGive Garrison nothingMF
44FB> $irector J. =d#ar (oo&er. ((oo&erPs directi&e was sent to FB> field offices a week after Jim "arrisonPs in&esti#ation 0ecame
%u0lic. >n reference to the S%ecial !#ent in *har#e in 'ew <rleans) 1o0ert 1i#htmyer) (oo&er added/ Q:ell 1i#htmyer that > want him
and all %ersonnel in 'ew <rleans to kee% their mouths shut\Q)
FGodda!n the Kennedys. First there /as Jac05 no/ thereIs Bo**y5 and then Teddy. eIll have the! on our nec0s until the
year 4JJJ.F
44*lyde :olson (J. =d#ar (oo&erPs associate director) confidant) and roommate) ;uoted 0y William Sulli&an) The 8ureau$ #y Thirty
Years in Hoover7s F81. (U%on hearin# :olsonPs comment) (oo&er re%ortedly nodded in a#reement. 'ote/ Sulli&anPs 0ook a0out the
FB> was %u0lished %osthumously after Sulli&an was shot dead near his 'ew (am%shire home 0y a man who mistook him for a deer.)
FThe thing - a! concerned a*out5 and so is G.eputy Attorney General (icholasH Kat,en*ach5 is having so!ething issued so
/e can convince the pu*lic that Os/ald is the real assassin.F
44FB> $irector J. =d#ar (oo&er) s%eakin# on the tele%hone to Johnson aide Walter Jenkins two hours after <swald was murdered 0y
Jack 1u0y) (S*! 1e%ort) &ol. >>>) %%. 2C+4C3. (:he Warren *ommission 44 char#ed with determinin# the truth in the JFK assassination
44 relied u%on (oo&erPs FB> as its %rimary in&esti#ati&e arm.)
F-Ive done a study o+ GJi!H Garrison. - ca!e out o+ it thin0ing that heIs one o+ the really +irst rate5 class act heroes o+ this
/hole ugly story5 /hich su++ers so *adly +or heroes.F
44*arl <#les0y) %olitical analyst) inter&iewed in the documentary) 8eyond 9JF59$ The :uestion of 4ons&iracy
FThe reason that the heart Go+ the intelligence co!!unityH is located so close to the river+ront is thatIs /here all the ships go
+ro! (e/ Orleans do/n to %entral A!erica and $outh A!erica. And a lot o+ the !e!*ers o+ the shipIs sta++5 as you !ight
i!agine5 are intelligence !en too.F
44Jim "arrison inter&iew) www;&routy;or<arrison;html
FTo sho/ you ho/ cos!ically irrelevant the arren &eport is +or the !ost part ... one o+ the e;hi*its is classi+ied in the +ront
as5 IA $tudy o+ the Teeth o+ Jac0 &u*yIs Mother.I )ven i+ Jac0 &u*y had intended to *ite Os/ald to death5 that still /ould not
have *een relevant.F
44Jim "arrison) The JF5 !ssassination$ The Jim /arrison Ta&es
F-n a very real and terri+ying sense5 our govern!ent is the %-A and the "entagon5 /ith %ongress reduced to a de*ating
society.F 44Jim "arrison) "layboy inter&iew) <cto0er +,-C
F#uey 'ong once said5 IFascis! /ill co!e to A!erica in the na!e o+ anti=+ascis!.I -I! a+raid5 *ased on !y o/n e;perience5
that +ascis! /ill co!e to A!erica in the na!e o+ national security.F
44Jim "arrison) "layboy inter&iew) <cto0er +,-C
FOne o+ the stated o*@ectives Go+ the arren %o!!issionH /as to cal! the +ears o+ the people a*out a conspiracy. But in our
country5 the govern!ent has no right to cal! our +ears5 any !ore than it has5 +or e;a!ple5 the right to e;cite our +ears a*out
&ed %hina5 or a*out +luoridation5 or a*out *irth control5 or a*out anything. ThereIs no roo! in A!erica +or thought control o+
any 0ind5 no !atter ho/ *enevolent the o*@ective. "ersonally5 - donIt /ant to *e cal! a*out the assassination o+ John F.
Kennedy. - donIt /ant to *e cal! a*out a president o+ !y country *eing shot do/n in the streets.F 44Jim "arrison) %art of
"arrisonPs res%onse to a 'B* 'ews White Pa%er) +B July +,-C
F-n retrospect5 the reason +or the assassination is hardly a !ystery. -t is no/ a*undantly clear ... /hy the %.-.A.Is covert
operations ele!ent /anted John Kennedy out o+ the Oval O++ice and 'yndon Johnson in it. The ne/ "resident elevated *y
ri+le +ire to control o+ our +oreign policy had *een one o+ the !ost enthusiastic A!erican cold /arriors.... Johnson had
originally risen to po/er on the crest o+ the +ul!inating anti=co!!unist crusade /hich !ar0ed A!erican politics a+ter orld
ar --. $hortly a+ter the end o+ that /ar5 he declai!ed that ato!ic po/er had *eco!e Iours to use5 either to %hristiani,e the
/orld or pulveri,e itI == a %hristian *enediction i+ ever there /as one. JohnsonIs de!onstrated enthusias! +or A!erican
!ilitary intervention a*road ... earned hi! the so*ri?uet Ithe senator +ro! the "entagon....IF
44Jim "arrison) =n the Trail of the !ssassins
FG&ichardH $ch/ei0er told !e in his opinion the %-A /as responsi*le +or the GJFKH assassination. ThatIs a hec0 o+ a state!ent
to co!e +ro! a United $tates $enator and one /ho had even *een &onald &eaganIs running !ate in 67K8....F
441o0ert :anen0aum) former $e%uty *ounsel for the U.S. (ouse Select *ommittee on !ssassinations) Q:he Pro0e >nter&iew/ Bo0
:anen0aum)Q "robe) July4!u#ust +,,- (Fol. 3 'o. B)
Fhen - !entioned a*out Adlai $tevenson5 i+ he /as vice=president there /ould never have *een an assassination o+ our
*eloved "resident Kennedy.F 44Jack 1u0yPs comment to re%orters while 0ein# transferred to his %rison cell. When asked to e?%lain
what he meant) 1u0y (<swaldPs killer and a %ro0a0le cons%irator in the JFK assassination) re%lied) QWell the answer is the man in
office now @Lyndon JohnsonA.Q 'ote/ !dlai Ste&enson ad&ocated a conciliatory a%%roach to international affairs in stark contrast to
$emocratic Party hawks like Lyndon Johnson. Johnson assumed the %residency followin# JFKPs murder and escalated the Fietnam
War e?%onentially. With his comment) it seems that 1u0y was dro%%in# a hint a0out the assassination 44 that the JFK cons%irators
could not ha&e achie&ed their #oal of %uttin# a hawk in the White (ouse had Ste&enson 0een KennedyPs &ice4%resident instead of
Johnson.
FThere are a great !any things that - donIt 0no/ a*out the assassination. - have never tried to pretend to 0no/ !ore than -
do5 although - have read !aga,ine articles /hich have !e saying things - havenIt said5 and indicating that - tend to 0no/
!ore.... But - can tell you generally /hat happened. Generally5 /hat happened /as this....F
G Jim "arrison 4 >n (is <wn Words 4 +,-C Lecture (!udio)
Source/ htt%/77www.#eocities.com7#arrisonin&esti#ation7
'ew <rleans) Louisiana) where Lee (ar&ey <swald) "uy Banister) $a&id Ferrie) and *lay Shaw li&ed %rior to the assassination of President
John F. Kennedy.
Camp *treet and "afayette *treet in Cew <rleans
&The real reason for the official secrecy, in most instances, is not to keep the opposition =the C@A5s euphemistic term for the
enemy? from knowin% what is %oin% onO the enemy usually does know) The /asic reason for %o4ernmental secrecy is to keep
you, the American pu/lic, from knowin% I for you, too, are considered the opposition, or enemy I so that you cannot interfere)
+hen the pu/lic does not know what the %o4ernment or the C@A is doin%, it cannot 4oice its appro4al or disappro4al of their
actions) @n fact, they can e4en lie to your a/out what they are doin% or ha4e done, and you will not know it) As for the second
ad4anta%e, despite freNuent su%%estion that the C@A is a ro%ue elephant, the truth is that the a%ency functions at the direction of
and in response to the office of the president) All of its ma-or clandestine operations are carried out with the direct appro4al of or
on direct orders from the +hite House) The C@A is a secret tool of the president I e4ery president) And e4ery president since
Truman has lied to the American people in order to protect the a%ency) +hen lies ha4e failed, it has /een the duty of the C@A to
take the /lame for the president, thus protectin% him) This is known in the /usiness as &plausi/le denial)' The C@A, functionin%
as a secret instrument of the ()*) %o4ernment and the presidency, has lon% misused and a/used history and continues to do so)'
I 9ictor 2archetti, former C@A officer, 4ro1a!anda and Disinformation: "ow the '0A $anufactures "istory, 1>8>
Pro+aganda and Disin$or1ation" &ow the CIA an'$a,t'res &istory
70'T*? $A?'"ETT0
Paper presented to the Cinth @nternational !e4isionist Conference)
0n the eyes of 1osterity it will ine#ita.ly seem that, in safe!uardin! our freedom, we destroyed it The #ast clandestine a11aratus
we .uilt u1 to 1ro#e our enemiesF resources and intentions only ser#ed in the end to confuse our own 1ur1osesG that 1ractice of
decei#in! others for the !ood of the state led infalli.ly to our decei#in! oursel#esG and that #ast army of clandestine 1ersonnel
.uilt u1 to e9ecute these 1ur1oses were soon cau!ht u1 in the we. of their own sick fantasies, with disastrous consequences for
them and us
## 2alcom 2u%%erid%e
2ay 1>AA
That, in a nutshell, sums up what the C@A has accomplished o4er the years throu%h its 4arious clandestine propa%anda and
disinformation pro%rams) @t has unwittin%ly and, often, deli/erately decei4ed itself ## and the American ta6payer) The C@A is a
master at distortin% history ## e4en creatin% its own 4ersion of history to suit its institutional and operational purposes) @t can do
this lar%ely /ecause of two %reat ad4anta%es it possesses) <ne is the e6cessi4ely secret en4ironment in which it operates, and the
other is that it is essentially a pri4ate instrument of the presidency)
The real reason for the official secrecy, in most instances, is not to keep the opposition =the C@AVs euphemistic term for the
enemy? from knowin% what is %oin% onO the enemy usually does know) The /asic reason for %o4ernmental secrecy is to keep
you, the American pu/lic, from knowin% ## for you, too, are considered the opposition, or enemy ## so that you cannot interfere)
+hen the pu/lic does not know what the %o4ernment or the C@A is doin%, it cannot 4oice its appro4al or disappro4al of their
actions) @n fact, they can e4en lie to your a/out what they are doin% or ha4e done, and you will not know it)
As for the second ad4anta%e, despite freNuent su%%estion that the C@A is a ro%ue elephant, the truth is that the a%ency functions
at the direction of and in response to the office of the president) All of its ma-or clandestine operations are carried out with the
direct appro4al of or on direct orders from the +hite House) The C@A is a secret tool of the president ## e4ery president) And
e4ery president since Truman has lied to the American people in order to protect the a%ency) +hen lies ha4e failed, it has /een
the duty of the C@A to take the /lame for the president, thus protectin% him) This is known in the /usiness as Wplausi/le denial)W
The C@A, functionin% as a secret instrument of the ()*) %o4ernment and the presidency, has lon% misused and a/used history
and continues to do so) @ first /ecame concerned a/out this historical distortion in 1>1, when @ was a youn% officer in the
Clandestine *er4ices of the C@A)
<ne ni%ht, after work, @ was walkin% down Constitution A4enue with a fellow officer, who pre4iously had /een a reporter for
(nited Press)
WHow are they e4er %oin% to know,W he asked)
W+hoQ How is VwhoV e4er %oin% to know whatQW @ asked)
WHow are the American people e4er %oin% to know what the truth isQ How are they %oin% to know what the truth is a/out what
we are doin% and ha4e done o4er the yearsQW he said) W+e operate in secrecy, we deal in deception and disinformation, and then
we /urn our files) How will the historians e4er /e a/le to learn the complete truth a/out what weV4e done in these 4arious
operations, these operations that ha4e had such a ma-or impact on so many important e4ents in historyQW
@ couldnVt answer him, then) And @ canVt answer him now) @ donVt know how the American people will e4er really know the truth
a/out the many thin%s that the C@A has /een in4ol4ed in) <r how they will e4er know the truth a/out the %reat historical e4ents
of our times) The %o4ernment is continually writin% and rewritin% history ## often with the C@AVs help ## to suit its own purposes)
Here is a current e6ample)
Just last month in 2oscow, there was a meetin%, a 4ery stran%e meetin%) Dormer *ecretary of ,efense !o/ert 2cCamara met
with former *o4iet forei%n minister Andrei ;romyko and a mem/er of the Cu/an Polit/uro) These three men, alon% with lesser
former officials of their %o4ernments, has all /een in4ol4ed in the Cu/an missile crisis of 1>A., and they had %athered in the
*o4iet capital to discuss what has really occurred in that monumental crisis, which almost led to +orld +ar @@@)
*ince @, too, had /een personally in4ol4ed in that crisis, @ took some interest in the news reports comin% out of 2oscow
concernin% the doin%s of this rather odd %atherin% of former officials) 2uch to my surprise, @ learned that !o/ert 2cCamara was
sayin% that neither he nor the ()*) intelli%ence community realiBed there actually had /een some 00,000 *o4iet troops in Cu/a in
the autumn of 1>A.) The Dormer defense chief of the :ennedy administration was also sayin% that he and the ()*) %o4ernment
did not realiBe that the few doBen medium and intermediate ran%e missiles the *o4iets had tried to sneak into Cu/a were actually
armed with nuclear warheads and ready to /e fired at tar%ets in the ()*)
Durthermore, he was claimin% that the ()*) did not understand that this hu%e military /uild#up /y the *o4iets had /een carried
out to protect Cu/a and to pre4ent the ()*) from attackin% the islandVs Communist re%ime) He added, for %ood measure, that he
was surprised to learn from the talks in 2oscow that the *o4iets and Cu/ans thou%ht the ()*) had plans to /rin% down the
%o4ernment of Didel Castro throu%h the use of force) Accordin% to 2cCamara, the entire Cu/an missile crisis was a dan%erous
misunderstandin% that came a/out /ecause of the lack of communication amon% the %o4ernments in4ol4ed in the near
catastrophe)
+ell, when @ heard what 2cCamara and the /and were playin% in 2oscow, @ said to myself, W$ither 2cCamara is %ettin% a little
dotty in his old a%e and doesnVt remem/er what really happened durin% the Cu/an missile crisis ## or thereVs some other reason
for this)W +ell, it soon /ecame apparent that 2cCamara was not senile) +hat, then, is the reason for these curious #and false ##
WadmissionsW in 2oscowQ The reason is that the (nited *tates and the *o4iet (nion ha4e decided to /ecome friends a%ain, and
+ashin%ton wants to set the sta%e for rapprochement with CastroVs Cu/a)
@t has e4idently /een decided /y the powers that /e in the ()*) to ha4e a little meetin% in 2oscow and tell the world that we
were all mi6ed up a/out Cu/a and we didnVt know what was %oin% on there in 1>A., /ecause we werenVt communicatin% well
with the *o4iets at the time) Thus, the American people would see how close to war we had come, how we should communicate
more with the *o4iets, and how they werenVt really 4ery /ad %uys after all) Dor that matter neither were Didel and his %an%)
Therefore, it would follow that we should in a few months from now %et on with disarmament and whate4er else is necessary to
/rin% a/out the new internationalism that is formin% /etween east and west) At the same time, we should /e%in re/uildin% the
/rid%e to Cu/a, too)
3ut to create the proper atmosphere for the comin% rapprochement with 2oscow and, later, Cu/a, it was necessary to scare the
American pu/lic and the world into thinkin% that the crisis of <cto/er 1>A. was worse than it really was) To do that, 2cCamara,
;romyko, et al) were playin% a little %ame ## their own distorted /rand of historical re4isionism) They were rewritin% history to
suit the present purposes of their %o4ernments)
Cow, @ thou%ht, what if @ were a reporter) +ould @ /e a/le to see throu%h this little charade that was %oin% on in 2oscowQ
Pro/a/ly not) @ /e%an studyin% the &knowled%ea/le' syndicated columnists) They were writin% thin%s like, W))) 2y ;od, we
ne4er did understand what the *o4iets were up to in Cu/a) Mes, we /etter do somethin% a/out this)W +hat 2cCamara and
friends were sayin% in 2oscow was now /ecomin% fact) @tVs /ecomin% fact that we, the ()*) %o4ernment, did not really know
what was %oin% on durin% the missile crisis) That is a lie)
@f there was e4er a time when the C@A in the (nited *tates intelli%ence community and the (nited *tates Armed Dorces really
cooperated and coordinated their efforts with each other, it was durin% the Cu/an missile crisis) The Cu/an missile crisis is
pro/a/ly one of the few e6amples ## perhaps the only one ## of when intelli%ence really worked the way it was supposed to work
in a crisis situation)
@ was there at the time, and @ was deeply in4ol4ed in this historical e4ent) A collea%ue and friend of mine, Tack, my assistant at
the time, and @ were the ori%inal Wcrate#olo%istsW#which was an arcane little intelli%ence art that we had de4eloped) +e had
learned throu%h a 4ariety of tricks of the trade, and some of our own makin%, to /e a/le to distin%uish what was in certain crates
on *o4iet merchant ships as they went into Cu/a, into @ndonesia into $%ypt, *yria, and other places) +e could tell if a crate
contained a 2@;#.1, or an @"#.8, or a *A2#. missile)
+e did this in such an amateurish way that we dared not tell anyone our methods) +hile the Cational Photo%raphic and
@nterpretation Center employed 1,.00 people in its office in downtown +ashin%ton, usin% state#of#the#art eNuipment to analyBe
aerial and satellite photo%raphy, Tack and @ would sit in our office, feet up on the desk, usin% a /eat#up old ruler to measure
photos taken from ()*) su/marines) @Vd measure a crate on the deck of the *o4iet frei%hter, say a/out three Nuarters of an inch in
the photo%raph)
WTack, do you think they could fit a 2i%#.1 in thereQW
HeVd thum/ throu%h an old Air Dorce manual and say,
W2i%#.1, fusela%e len%th . feet)W
W+ellQW
WTake the tail off, and we can fit it in)W
W<kay, letVs call it a 2i%#.1)W
+e were pretty %ood at this) +e had other aids to identification of course) +e were a/le to learn when the *o4iets were
preparin% shipments and from which ports they were sailin%) +e knew which personnel were in4ol4ed, and the shipsV
destinations) Thus we could alert the na4y, which sometimes conducted o4erfli%hts, sometimes tracked them with a su/marine)
+e had an attachP in @stan/ul row out in the middle of the ni%ht with a Turk whom heVd hired, lookin% for three thin%s in a
*o4iet frei%hterG its deck car%o, how hi%h it was ridin% in the water, and its name)
3y these and other sensiti4e we were a/le to learn, in the summer of 1>A., that the *o4iets were carryin% out an unprecedented
arms /uild#up in Cu/a) +hile some of the other a%encies, namely the Cational *ecurity A%ency and the ,efense @ntelli%ence
A%ency, didn5t a%ree with us, C@A director John 2cCone was a/le to %et President John :ennedy to authoriBe more intelli%ence
o4erfli%hts) The o4erfli%hts re4ealed that the *o4iets were /uildin%
*A2 =*urface#to#Air 2issiles? launchin% sites to protect the /uild#up) Durther o4erfli%hts re4ealed the construction of launchin%
sites for *o4iet 2!32s =2edium !an%e 3allistic 2issiles? capa/le of carryin% nuclear warheads to most cities in the (nited
*tates)
+e know e6actly how many there were) where they were, and that they had not yet /een armed, /ecause the warheads hadnVt
arri4ed yet)
Thus 2cCamara is lyin% when he claims that the *o4iet missiles in Cu/a were armed and ready for launch a%ainst the (nited
*tates) <n the contrary, we were watchin% the ships which carried the warheadsO American ships enforcin% the /lockade which
President :ennedy had ordered /oarded a !omanian ship =which we knew carried no arms?, and the !ussian ships /rin%in% the
nuclear warheads turned around in mid#ocean and went home)
@t is also Nuite untrue that there were forty thousand *o4iet troops in Cu/a) +e knew that there were only ten thousand of them,
/ecause we had de4eloped a simple /ut effecti4e way of countin% them)
The *o4iets had sent their troops o4er on passen%er liners to dis%uise the military /uildup) *ome %enius /ack in 2oscow must
ha4e then saidG W3ut these %uys need to wear ci4ilian clothesO letVs put sport shirts on them)W 3ut someone at the department store
saidG +eV4e only %ot two kinds)W *o half the troops wore one kind, half of them the other) They werenVt 4ery hard to spot)
Then, too, *o4iet soldiers are a lot like our own) As soon as the first %roup %ot esta/lished, the colonel sent them out to paint
some rocks white and then paint the name of the unit, 00th Dield Artillery 3attalion or whate4er, on the rocks) All we had to do
was take a picture of it from one of our (#.s) *o it was easy to esta/lish a *o4iet troop stren%th of far /elow 00,000) Thus,
2cCamara is a%reein% to a second lie)
The /i% lie, howe4er, is that the *o4iet (nion came into Cu/a to protect the Cu/ans) That was a secondary, or /onus,
consideration) The primary reason for the /uild#up was that the *o4iets at the time were so far /ehind us in nuclear strike
capa/ility that :hrushche4 fi%ured he could make a Nuantum leap /y suddenly puttin% in 08 missiles that could strike e4ery city
in America e6cept *eattle, +ashin%ton)
Cor did we come as close to war as many think, /ecause :hrushche4 knew he was cau%ht) His missiles werenVt armed, and he
hadnVt the troops to protect them) :ennedy knew this, so he was a/le to sayG Wtake them out)W And :hrushche4 had to say yes)
@ must admit that at the time @ was a little concerned, and so was my /uddy Tack) +e were mannin% the war room around the
clock, catchin% four hours of sleep and then %oin% /ack on duty) 2y wife had the station wa%on loaded with /lankets and
pro4isions, and TackVs wife was standin% /y on alert) @f either of them %ot a phone call with a certain word in it, they were to
take our children and dri4e to my home town in the anthracite re%ion of northeastern Pennsyl4ania) +e fi%ured theyVd /e safe
thereG if youV4e e4er seen the coal re%ion with its strip mines you would think it had already /een /om/ed and we were hopin%
the *o4iets would look at it that way too)
"ast monthVs conference in 2oscow is an e6ample of how history is /ein% rewritten) Any historian who relies on what he reads
in the newspapers, on the statements from 2cCamara and the !ussians and the Cu/ans will not /e learnin% the truth) The C@A
has manufactured history in a num/er of ways o4er the years not only throu%h its propa%anda and disinformation /ut throu%h the
co4er stories it uses for their operations, and the co4er#ups when an operation falls throu%h Then there is Wplausi/le denia/ility,W
which protects the president)
All these techniNues ha4e one thin% in common, and depend on one thin%G secrecy) *ecrecy is maintained not to keep the
opposition # the C@AVs euphemistic term for the enemy ## from knowin% whatVs %oin% on, /ecause the enemy usually does know)
*ecrecy e6ists to keep you, the American pu/lic, from knowin% what is %oin% on, /ecause in many ways you are the real enemy)
@f the pu/lic were aware of what the C@A is doin%, it mi%ht sayG W+e donVt like what youVre doin% ## stop it^,W or MouVre not doin%
a %ood -o/ ## stop it^W The pu/lic mi%ht ask for an accountin% for the money /ein% spent and the risks /ein% taken)
Thus secrecy is a/solutely 4ital to the C@A) *ecrecy co4ers not only operations in pro%ress, /ut continues after the operations,
particularly if the operations ha4e /een /otched) Then they ha4e to /e co4ered up with more lies, which the pu/lic, of course,
canVt reco%niBe as lies, allowin% the C@A to tell the pu/lic whate4er it wishes)
Presidents lo4e this) $4ery president, no matter what he has said /efore %ettin% into office, has /een deli%hted to learn that the
C@A is his own pri4ate tool) The presidents ha4e leapt at the opportunity to keep Con%ress and the pu/lic in the dark a/out their
employment of the a%ency)
This is what was at the /asis of my /ook, The '0A and the 'ult of 0ntelli!ence) @ had come to the conclusion, as a mem/er of the
C@A, that many of our policies and practices were not in the /est interests of the (nited *tates) /ut were in fact
counterproducti4e, and that if the American people were aware of this they would not tolerate it)
@ resi%ned from the C@A in 1>A>, at a time when we were deeply in4ol4ed in 9ietnam) And how did we %et into 9ietnam on a
lar%e scaleQ How did President "yndon Johnson %et a /lank check from Con%ressQ @t was throu%h the ;ulf of Tonkin incident
The American people were told /y President Johnson that Corth 9ietnamese motor torpedo /oats had come after two American
destroyers on the ni%ht of Au%ust 0, 1>A0) This was confirmed /y the intelli%ence community)
The fact of the matter is that while torpedo /oats came out and looked at the ()*) destroyers, which were well out in
international waters, they ne4er fired on them) They made threatenin% maneu4ers, they snarled a /it, /ut they ne4er fired) @t was
dark and %ettin% darker) <ur sailors thou%ht they mi%ht ha4e seen somethin%, /ut there were no hits, no reports of anythin%
whiBBin% /y)
That was the way it was reported /ackG a /it of a scrape, /ut no weapons fire and no attempt to fire) <ur ships had not /een in
dan%er) 3ut with the help of the intelli%ence community President Johnson took that report and announced that we had /een
attacked) He went to Con%ress and asked for and recei4ed his /lank check, and Con%ress went alon%) $4eryone knows the rest of
the storyG we %ot into 9ietnam up to our eye/alls)
$4ery president priBes secrecy and fi%hts for it) And so did President Ci6on, in my case) +hen @ came to the conclusion that the
American people needed to know more a/out the C@A and what it was up to, @ decided to %o to Capitol Hill and talk to the
senators on the intelli%ence o4ersi%ht su/committee) @ found out that *enator John *tennis, at that time head of the
su/committee, hadnVt conducted a meetin% in o4er a year, so the other senators were completely i%norant as to what the C@A was
doin%) *enators +illiam Dul/ri%ht and *tuart *ymin%ton would tell *tennis, W"etVs ha4e a meetin%,W /ut he was i%norin% them)
The other senators wrote *tennis a letter ur%in% him to at least hear what @ had to say in a secret e6ecuti4e session, /ut he
continued to i%nore them)
Then @ would meet Dul/ri%ht ## at the /ar/er shop) He was afraid to met me in his office) @ would meet with *ymin%ton at his
home) @ would meet with senators at cocktail parties, as if /y chance) 3ut still they couldnVt %et *tennis to con4ene the
intelli%ence su/committee)
*enator !ichard *chweiker of Pennsyl4ania told me he had learned more a/out the workin%s of the intelli%ence community in
one afternoon of con4ersation with me than in si6 years of work on the intelli%ence su/committee) That didnVt surprise me,
/ecause @, se4eral years /efore, had done the /ud%et for C@A director !ichard Helms) @t was feared that the *enate appropriations
su/committee mi%ht ha4e some hard Nuestions a/out the %rowin% cost of technical espiona%e pro%rams) ,irector Helms had
e4idently /een throu%h this /efore, howe4er)
As Helms put it, he and the C@AVs head of science and technolo%y, Al/ert =3ud? +heelon, sta%ed a Wma%ic lantern showW for the
committee, complete with color slides and demonstrations of the C@AVs most ad4ance spy %ad%etsG a camera hidden in a to/acco
pouch, a radio transmitter concealed in some false teeth, a tape recorder in a ci%arette case, and so on) <ne or two hard Nuestions
were deflected /y *enator !ussell of ;eor%ia, who chaired the committee and was a stron% supporter of the a%ency) There were,
of course, no slides or hi#tech hardware to e6hi/it the pro%rams the C@A wanted to conceal from Con%ress, and the /ud%et sailed
throu%h the su/committee intact)
+hat @ learned in my dealin%s with Con%ressmen, in the C@A and after lea4in%, was that the men who wanted to chan%e the
situation didnVt ha4e the power, while those who had the power didnVt want any chan%e) +ith Con%ress a hopeless case, and the
+hite House already in the know and well satisfied to let the C@A continue to operate in secrecy, @ decided to talk to the press) @
%a4e my first inter4iew to ()*) Cews and +orld !eport, and that started the /all rollin%) *oon @ was in touch with pu/lishers in
Cew Mork, talkin% a/out doin% a /ook)
@ soon %ot a telephone call from Admiral !ufus Taylor, who had /een my /oss in the a%ency, /ut /y that time had retired) He
told me to meet him at a motel in the 9ir%inia su/ur/s, across the Potomac from +ashin%ton) 2y suspicions aroused /y the
remoteness of the room from the office, @ was %reeted /y Admiral Taylor, who had thou%htfully /rou%ht alon% a lar%e supply of
liNuorG a /ottle of scotch, a /ottle of /our/on, a /ottle of 4odka, a /ottle of %in ))) W@ couldnVt remem/er what you liked,W he told
me, Wso @ /rou%ht one of e4erythin%)W
@ /e%an to make noiseG flushin% the toilet, washin% my hands, turnin% on the tele4ision) Admiral Taylor was ri%ht /ehind me,
turnin% e4erythin% off) @ kept makin% noise, -in%lin% the ice in my %lass and so on, until the admiral sat down) There was a ta/le
with a lamp on it /etween the admiralVs chair and the one which he now told me to sit down on) He looked at me with a little
twinkle in his eyeG the lamp was /u%%ed, of course)
+e talked, and Admiral Taylor told me the C@A was worried a/out what @ mi%ht write in my /ook) He proposed a dealG @ was to
%i4e no more inter4iews, write no more articles, and to stay away from Capitol Hill) @ could write my /ook, and then let him and
other retired senior officers look it o4er, and they would ad4ise me and the a%ency) After that the C@A and @ could resol4e our
differences) @ told him, WDair enou%h)W +e had a drink on it, and went out to dinner) That was our deal
+hat @ didnVt know was that a few ni%hts later John $rlichman and !ichard Ci6on would /e sittin% in the +hite House
discussin% my /ook) There is a tape of their discussion, WPresident Ci6on, John $hrlichman, 0 minutes, su/-ect 9ictor
2archetti,W which is still sealedG @ canVt %et it $hrlichman told me throu%h contacts that if @ listened to the tape @ would learn
e6actly what happened to me and why)
+hate4er the details of their con4ersation were, the president of the (nited *tates had decided @ should not pu/lish my /ook) @
was to /e the first writer in American history to /e ser4ed with an official censorship order ser4ed /y a court of the (nited
*tates, /ecause President Ci6on did not want to /e em/arrassed, nor did he want the C@A to /e in4esti%ated and reformedG that
would ha4e hampered his a/ility to use it for his own purposes) A few days later, on April 18, 1>1., @ recei4ed a federal
in-unction restrainin% me from re4ealin% any Wintelli%ence information)W After more than a year of court /attles, '0A and the
'ult of 0ntelli!ence was pu/lished) The courts allowed the C@A to censor it in ad4ance, and as a result the /ook appeared with
more than a hundred holes for C@A#ordered deletions) "ater editions show pre4iously deleted words and lines, which the court
ordered the C@A to restore in /oldface or italics) The /ook is therefore difficult to read, indeed somethin% of a curiosity piece)
And of course all the information which was ordered cut out ended up leakin% to the pu/lic anyway)
All this was done to help the C@A suppress and distort history, and to ena/le presidents to do the same) Presidents like Harry
Truman, who claimed falsely that W@ ne4er had any thou%ht when @ set up the C@A that it would /e in-ected into peacetime cloak#
and#da%%er operations,W /ut who willin%ly employed the a%ency to carry out clandestine espiona%e and co4ert inter4ention in the
affairs of other countries) <r ,wi%ht $isenhower, who denied that we were attemptin% to o4erthrow *ukarno in @ndonesia, when
we were, and was em/arrassed when he tried to deny the C@AVs (#. o4erfli%hts and was shown up /y :hrushche4 at Paris in
1>A0) John D) :ennedy, as e4eryone knows /y now, employed the C@A in se4eral attempts to assassinate Didel Castro) +e used
e4eryone from 2afia hoods to CastroVs mistress, 2arita "orenB =who was supposed to poison the dictator with pills concealed in
her cold cream ## the pills melted?) @ ha4e no dou/t that if we could ha4e killed Castro, the ()*) would ha4e %one in)
There was a fairly widespread /elief that one reason :ennedy was assassinated was /ecause he was %oin% to %et us out of
9ietnam) ,onVt you /elie4e it He was the C@AVs kind of president, rou%h, tou%h, and %un%#ho) (nder :ennedy we /ecame
in4ol4ed in 9ietnam in a serious way, not so much militarily as throu%h co4ert action) @t is a fact that the (nited *tates
en%ineered the o4erthrow of C%o ,inh ,iem, *outh 9ietnamVs premier, and C%o ,inh Chu, his powerful /rother) A ca/le was
sent out to the am/assador which said, W@f "ou Conein %oofs up E"ucien Conein was a key C@A operati4e in *ai%onF, itVs his
responsi/ility)W *o when $) Howard Hunt faked these memos and ca/les when he was workin% for the Wplum/ersW on /ehalf of
President Ci6on =and a%ainst the ,emocrats?, he knew what he was doin%) That was his defense, that he wasnVt really for%in% or
in4entin% anythin%) W*tuff like that really e6isted, /ut @ couldnVt find it,W he said) <f course Hunt couldnVt find it /y that time the
ori%inal documents were %one) 3ut Hunt knew what he was doin%)
President Ci6onVs o/session with secrecy led to the end of his presidency, of course) As indicated earlier, Ci6on was determined
to suppress my /ook) <n se4eral occasions after his resi%nation, Ci6on has /een asked what he meant when he said that the C@A
would help him co4er up the +ater%ate tapes, /ecause Wthey owed him one)W He has responded, W@ was talkin% a/out 2archetti,W
in other words the efforts =still secret? to pre4ent The '0A and the 'ult of 0ntelli!ence from /ein% pu/lished)
Another instance of the Ci6on administrationsV attempts to suppress history is the on%oin% attempt to co4er up the details of the
administrationVs WtiltW toward Pakistan in its conflict with @ndia in the early 1>10Vs) Althou%h the /asic facts soon emer%ed,
PulitBer PriBe#winnin% -ournalist *eymour HershVs account of the affair in his unflatterin% /ook on Henry :issin%er re4ealed that
2orar-i ,esai, an important @ndian political leader who later /ecame Prime 2inister, was a C@A a%ent) :issin%er spurred ,esai
to sue Hersh, and the case is still dra%%in% on today, se4en years later) @ know what the truth isO Hersh knows as well, /ut as a
conscientious -ournalist refused to re4eal his sources) Here historical truth is cau%ht /etween official secrecy and HershVs loyalty
to his informantsO ne4ertheless, @ ha4e a %reat deal of admiration for Hersh for his firm stand)
@t is a fact that a %ood many forei%n leaders, includin% those often seen as WneutralW or e4en hostile to the (nited *tates, ha4e
/een secretly on the C@AVs payroll) Dor instance, when Jimmy Carter came into office, he claimed he was %oin% to reform the
C@A) Co sooner than was he in the +hite House, they decided to test himG the news that 'ordanGs King 7ussein had .een $aid
.y the CIA was leaked) President Carter was outra%ed, /ecause now it was his C@A) His efforts to deny the relationship were
defeated /y HusseinVs nonchalant frankness) He told the press, WMes, @ took the money) @ used it for my intelli%ence ser4ice) And
thatVs all @Vm %oin% to say on that su/-ect)W
There were a lot of other national leaders in HusseinVs cate%ory) As @ re4ealed for the first time in my /ook, 'ose$h =o.utu, a
cor$oral in the ;elgian 0orces in the Congo .e0ore its inde$endence, /ent on the CIA $ayroll. -hat is /hy he rules Paire
today. -he CIA $aid the late 'omo Kenyatta, ruler o0 Kenya, 0i0ty or a hundred thousand dollars a year, which heVd spend
on drink and women) Therefore we ended up payin% :enyatta twice as much, tellin% himG WThis is for you and this is for your
party)W
The C@A has funded indi4iduals and mo4ements across the political spectrum in +est ;ermany) A $rime eAam$le is Willy
;randt, 0ormer chancellor o0 the Federal 8e$u.lic, /ho received much CIA su$$ort /hen he /as mayor o0 West ;erlin.
A6el *prin%er, the Christian ,emocratic#minded press and pu/lishin% ma%nate, who pointed the fin%er at 3randt for workin%
with C@A, was also a C@A asset, who used his pu/lications to spread C@A propa%anda and disinformation) @t was a case of the pot
callin% the kettle /lackG @ knew his case officer Nuite well)
This is the way the C@A sees its mission, the -o/ it was created to do) The C@A is supposed to /e in4ol4ed with e4eryone, not
merely the Christian ,emocrats or the *ocial ,emocrats) The a%ency is supposed to ha4e its fin%ers in e4ery pie, includin% the
Communist one, so that they can all /e manipulated in whiche4er way the ()*) %o4ernment desires)
An o/4ious area of disinformation and deception e6ists in our relationship with a nation often represented as our closest ally,
@srael) @ ha4e often /een asked a/out the relationship /etween the C@A and its @sraeli counterpart, the 2ossad) The C@A
maintains some kind of liaison with 4irtually e4ery forei%n intelli%ence a%ency, includin% the :;3) These relationships 4ary
from case to case, /ut our relationship with the 2ossad was always a peculiar one)
+hen @ was in the a%ency, the 2ossad was %enerally not trusted) There was an unwritten rule that no Jews could work on @sraeli
or near $astern mattersO it was felt that they could not /e totally o/-ecti4e)) There was a split in the a%ency, howe4er, and @srael
was not included in the normal area di4ision, the Cear $astern ,i4ision) @nstead it was handled as a special account in
counterintelli%ence) The man who handled that account, James Jesus An%leton, was e6tremely close to the @sraelis) @ /elie4e that
throu%h An%leton the @sraelis learned a lot more than they should ha4e and e6ercised a lot more influence on our acti4ities than
they should ha4e)
Dor his trou/le, James An%leton, who died last year, was honored /y the @sraelis, in the way that the @sraelis customarily honor
their ;entile helpers) They decided to plant a whole forest for An%leton in the Judean hills, and they put up a handsome plaNue
in se4eral lan%ua%es, lioniBin% An%leton as a %reat friend of @srael, on a near/y rock) @sraeliVs intelli%ence chiefs, past and
present, attended the dedication ceremony) "ater on, a tele4ision reporter of my acNuaintance sou%ht out An%letonVs memorial
durin% an assi%nment in @srael) After some difficulty, he was a/le to locate it, /ut somethin% seemed odd a/out it) <n closer
inspection, An%letonVs plaNue turned out to /e made, not of /ronBe, /ut of card/oard) Cor was the settin% particularly flatterin%
to @sraelVs late /enefactorG the trees and plaNue were at the ed%e of a %ar/a%e dump) 2y friendVs 3ritish cameraman put it /est
WThis %uy sold out his country for the /loody @sraelis, and this is the way they pay him /ack^W
The C@A has distorted history in other ways than /y outri%ht co4erups and suppression of the truth) <ne method was to produce
its own /ooks) Dor instance, one of its top a%ents in the *o4iet (nion was Colonel <le% Penko4sky) Penko4sky was e4entually
captured and e6ecuted) 3ut the C@A was unwillin% to let it %o at that The a%ency decided to write a /ook, which it pu/lished in
1>A, called The 4enko#sky 4a1ers) This was purported to /e drawn from a diary that Penko4sky had kept, a diary in which
Penko4sky re4ealed numerous espiona%e coups calculated to em/arrass the *o4iets and /uild up the C@A)
*pies do not keep diaries, of course, and the *o4iets were not likely to /elie4e the e6a%%erated claims made for Penko4sky and
the C@A in The 4enko#sky 4a1ers) +ho was taken inQ The American pu/lic, of course) 2ore than once people ha4e come up to
me after a lecture and shown me the /ook as if it were %ospel) @V4e told them, W@ know the man who wrote it)W WMou knew
Penko4skyQW they in4aria/ly ask, and @ tell them, WCo, @ didnVt know Penko4sky /ut @ know the man who wrote the /ook)W
Cot -ust ordinary citiBens were taken in /y the Penko4sky deception, either) *enator 2ilton Moun% of Corth ,akota, who ser4ed
on the C@A o4ersi%ht su/committee, said in a 1>11 *enate de/ate on cuttin% the inteli%ence /ud%etG
And if you want to read somethin% 4ery interestin% and authoritati4e where intelli%ence is concerned, read The 4enko#sky
4a1ers ))) this is a 4ery interestin% story, on why the intelli%ence we had in Cu/a was so important to us, and on what the
!ussians were thinkin% and -ust how far they would %o)
Perhaps the most startlin% e6ample of the ClAVs manipulation of the pu/lishin% world is the case of ,hrushche# ?emem.ers)
:hrushche4 is still widely /elie4ed to ha4e /een the author) He is supposed to ha4e dashed it off one summer and then said to
himself, W+here will @ %et this pu/lishedQ Ah^ Time#"ife^W The tapes reached Time#"ife, we all read it, and we told oursel4es,
W@snVt that interestin%)W
A little thou%ht should /e sufficient to dispel the notion that the :;3 would allow :hrushche4 to sit in his dacha dictatin% tape
after tape with no interference) He certainly dictated tapes, /ut the tapes were censored and edited /y the :;3, and then a deal
was struck /etween the ()*) and the (**!, after it was decided, at the hi%hest le4el, that such a /ook would /e mutually
/eneficial) 3reBhne4 could use a%ainst some of the resistance he was encounterin% from *talinist hardliners, and Ci6on could
use it to increase support for detente)
The C@A and the :;3 cooperated in carryin% out the operation) The tapes were %i4en to the Time /ureau in 2oscow) *tro/e
Tal/ot, who appears on tele4ision freNuently today and is TimeFs /ureau chief in +ashin%ton, /rou%ht the tapes /ack with him) @
was present in an apartment in which he hid them for a couple of days) The tapes were then translated and a manuscript
de4eloped) ,urin% this period Time refused to let people who had known :hrushche4 personally, includin% +hite House staff
mem/ers, listen to the tapes)
:nowled%ea/le people /e%an to tell me) W@ donVt /elie4e this)W WThereVs somethin% mi%hty fishy here)W +hen they read what
:hrushche4 was supposedly sayin%, they were e4en more incredulous) 3ut the /ook came out, ,hrushche# ?emem.ers,
accompanied /y a massi4e pu/licity campai%n) @t was a %reat propa%anda accomplishment for the C@A and the :;3)
@ touched on ,hrushche# ?emem.ers in my /ook) @ did not %o into any %reat detail, merely de4otin% se4eral tentati4e para%raphs
to the affair) Just /efore my /ook was pu/lished Time was considerin% doin% a two#pa%e spread on me until they learned of my
e6pressed reser4ations on the trustworthiness of ,hrushche# ?emem.ers) @ /e%an to %et phone calls from Tal/ot and Jerry
*chaechter, then TimeFs /ureau chief in +ashin%ton, tellin% me @ should take out the offendin% passa%es)
@ had written, correctly, that /efore pu/lication *tro/e Tal/ot had taken the /ound transcripts of the :hruschhe4 tapes /ack to
2oscow, 4ia Helsinki, so that the :;3 could make one final re4iew of them) @ told *chaechter and Tal/ot that if they came to
me, looked me in the eye, and told me @ had the facts wron%, @ would take out the section on ,hruschhe# ?emem.ers) Ceither of
them e4er came /y, the para%raphs stayed in my /ook, and in any e4ent Time went ahead with the two#pa%e spread anyway)
As @ pointed out in the preface to The C@A and the Cult of @ntelli%ence in 1>10, democratic %o4ernments fi%htin% totalitarian
enemies run the risk of imitatin% their methods and there/y destroyin% democracy) 3y suppressin% historical fact, and /y
manufacturin% historical fiction, the C@A, with its o/sessi4e secrecy and its 4ast resources, has posed a particular threat to the
ri%ht of Americans to /e informed for the present and future /y an o/-ecti4e knowled%e of the past) As lon% as the C@A
continues to manipulate history, historians of its acti4ities must /e !e4isionist if we are to know the truth a/out the a%encyVs
acti4ities, past and present)
*ourceG !eprinted from The Journal of "istorical ?e#iew, 4ol) >, no) 3, pp) 30#3.0)
httpGHHwww)ihr)or%H-hrH40>H40>p30Y2archetti)html
3reakin% years of silence, 2arina <swald Porter, the widow of "ee Har4ey <swald, declared at a press conference on <cto/er
13, 1>11, &@ /elie4e that "ee acted alone in this murder and shot the President, ironically a man whom he respected and
admired)' *he was in Cew Mork City to pu/liciBe a /ook she co#authored with Priscilla Johnson 2c2illan entitled, $arina and
Lee, pu/lished /y Harper L !ow) +as 2arina <swald Porter /ri/ed or coerced into makin% a /ook dealQ =3ettmannHC<!3@*?
The Kennedy Assassination< %-A %onspiracy or a 'one Assassin>
!n >nter&iew with Joan 8ellen
By John W. Whitehead
6376D76-
>1 uess &art of me still thouht 1 was livin in the country 1 was born in;?@Jim "arrison
>n ! Farewell to Justice) Joan 8ellen %resents a com%rehensi&e account of the in&esti#ati&e
work of 'ew <rleans $istrict !ttorney Jim "arrison into the assassination of President John F.
Kennedy. :his #round0reakin# work offers e?tensi&e e&idence that the co&er4u% 0e#an in
Louisiana months 0efore the President was shot.
"arrisonIs in&esti#ation %oints %articularly to *lay Shaw) a decorated maLor in the U.S. !rmy and %rominent 'ew <rleans 0usinessman who
hel%ed start the cityIs >nternational :rade 8arket) as a cons%irator thou#ht to ha&e 0een im%licated further in the assassination. Belie&in# the
true cons%irators to 0e mem0ers of the %olitical ri#ht win#) *>! %ersonnel and anti4*astro *u0an e?iles) "arrison was the only #o&ernment
official to indict a sus%ect for KennedyIs murder) claimin# to Jha&e e&idence 0eyond a shadow of a dou0t.K "arrison identified Shaw as the
mysterious J*lay BertrandK in the Warren 1e%ort and had do9ens of witnesses linkin# Shaw to Lee (ar&ey <swald and *>! em%loyee $a&id
Ferrie. >n +,-C) howe&er) a Lury i#nored much of his im%ortant data) ac;uittin# Shaw in less than an hour. ! Farewell to Justice 0rin#s to li#ht
the contradictions found 0y "arrison in the Warren 1e%ort and re&eals the hi#h le&el of #o&ernment sa0ota#e in the assassination) denouncin#
claims that <swald was an unsta0le %ro4*astro 8ar?ist who acted alone in killin# President Kennedy and findin# that instead he worked
alon#side the FB>) the *>! and e&en U.S. *ustoms.
:hou#h ha&in# a central focus on "arrisonIs work) 8ellen also undertook her own in&esti#ations) seekin# to show a clear connection to the
#o&ernment and its intelli#ence a#encies in 0oth the in&ol&ement and co&er4u% of the Kennedy assassination. 'ew e&idence includes
#o&ernment documents re&ealin# that the FB> and the *>! acti&ely worked with Lournalists and re%orters from Newsweek and The Saturday
,venin "ost and e&en a #o&ernment o%erati&e at 'B* tele&ision to Jco&erK the "arrison in&esti#ation. 8ellen also re&eals new information on
Lee (ar&ey <swaldIs relationshi% to the >nternational :rade 8art and *>!4s%onsored anti4*astro fi#ures in 'ew <rleans.
! %rofessor of =n#lish and creati&e writin# at :em%le Uni&ersity in Philadel%hia) 8ellen has authored se&enteen 0ooks on &arious su0Lects)
includin# 0io#ra%hy) film criticism) fiction) s%orts) Latin !merican studies and true crime. (er articles ha&e a%%eared in The New York Times)
The Los !neles Times) The "hilade&hia 1n.uirer and The 8altimore Sun. (er work The 8attle of !liers (+,C.) has 0een e?tensi&ely ;uoted
concernin# its connection with the e&ents of ,7++. !dditional articles 0y 8ellen can 0e found at www.Loanmellen.net.
>n this =ldS&eak inter&iew with John Whitehead) Joan 8ellen ela0orates on her research into the assassination of John F. Kennedy and
challen#es readers to reLect com%lacency and en#a#e in the daily stru##le to s%eak truth to %ower.
John hitehead< -t see!s that as you researched this *oo05 you *eca!e +ascinated /ith the assassination. A+ter eight years o+
research5 in /hich you conducted 654JJ intervie/s5 you concluded that Ji! Garrison5 the (e/ Orleans district attorney5 had it right
in that the %-AN/ith the help o+ other U.$. govern!ent agenciesNorchestrated the assassination o+ "resident John F. Kennedy and
/or0ed to th/art GarrisonEs investigation. As /ith anyone /ho /rites on the JFK assassination5 there are those /ho co!pletely
dispel any 0ind o+ connection /ith the %-A and re+ute any 0ind o+ conspiracy. One revie/ o+ your *oo0 *y Mel Ayton5 /ho has /ritten
several *oo0s on the JFK assassination5 raises so!e ?uestions. First5 Ayton states< 1MellenEs theories5 /hich center around a %-A
conspiracy5 !a0e little sense once e;a!ined closely. #er allegations that %lay $ha/ /as created and supervised *y the %-A have
*een e;a!ined ti!e and ti!e again *y JFK researchers and +ound to *e +alse.2 Your response>
Joan 8ellen/ :hat is a com%lete falsehood. :he files that were released 0y the *>! on *lay Shaw re&eal that contrary to what his defenders
alle#ed) Shaw was definitely a *>! o%erati&e. Shaw was not merely a 0usinessman who was de0riefed 0y the *>! after his tri%s to Latin
!merica) the way hundreds of thousands of 0usinessmen are de0riefed. <ne of the interestin# thin#s > found in lookin# at these defenses of
*lay Shaw is that the same lan#ua#e is used. =&ery sin#le %erson defendin# Shaw uses either the word JroutineK or Jroutinely.K !n e?am%le of
this is found in the mo&ie A) a film a0out the assassination of a "reek %olitical fi#ure named "re#ory Lam0rakis that occurred some si? months
0efore the Kennedy assassination. !s a result of the in&esti#ation into the murder of Lam0rakis) the way the *olonels were found to ha&e 0een
0ehind it was that they all used the e?act same lan#ua#e when they were inter&iewed se%arately 0y the %olice. > think one of the %hrases was
Jlies as a ti#er.K :hus) 0y all of them usin# the same %at answer) it was clear that they were %art of a cons%iracy in&ol&ed in the cou% in
"reece. When > look at the defense of *lay Shaw) > find the e?act same situation. :hese %eo%le are mouthin# the same words in their defense
of him.
Clay Shaw owes his whole
career to the CIA. The CIA
then asks Shaw to do a
favor and handle Lee
Harvey Oswald in the state
of Louisiana. And Shaw is
not about to say no to this.
J< hy do you thin0 they are !outhing the sa!e de+ense>
J8/ Primo Le&i) who was in the concentration cam%s in "ermany durin# World War >>) couldnIt understand the 'a9i rationale for the cam%s. (e
went u% to one of the #uards and said) JWhy are you doin# thisS >tIs so inhumane. >tIs 0eyond what humanity can understand.K :he #uard
looked at Le&i and said) J(ere there is no wine.K >n this instance) we are talkin# a0out the murder of the (ead of State) the murder of the
President of the United States in the streets of $allas) :e?as) 0y what a%%ears o&erwhelmin#ly to ha&e 0een a cons%iracy on the %art of the
clandestine ser&ices of the *>!. $o you ha&e to ask the ;uestion JwhyKS
J< 1hy2 is al/ays a good ?uestion.
J8/ What >Im sayin# is that there is no rationale for the %eo%le who are willin# to %artici%ate in such an act e?ce%t that Jthere is no wine.K LetIs
#et 0ack to my %oint a0out *lay Shaw and whether or not he was a 0usinessman routinely de0riefed 0y the *>!. When we look at the files)
ShawIs o%eration records would show o&erwhelmin#ly that he was on assi#nment for the *>!. !nd that far from 0ein# de0riefed) Shaw was
told what to do and what to tell them and what to look for. :hen he fulfilled his assi#nment. Furthermore) *>! records show that ShawIs files
reside in the <%erationIs $i&ision of the *>!) not in what was then called the $omestic *ontact Ser&ice. >f he were merely a 0usinessman
0ein# de0riefed) ShawIs files would 0e in the $omestic Ser&ice and not in <%erations. (e was %art of an o%eration) and that o%eration was a
fa&or that Shaw was doin# for the *>! in Louisiana. Why did *lay Shaw do them this fa&orS (e owed e&erythin#) his life) to the *>!. Why
would Shaw 0e made the mana#in# director of the >nternational :rade 8art in 'ew <rleansS :his is a *>! o%eration. !nd here is a man who
was a hi#h school dro%out who ne&er had a course in economics in his life. Shaw returns to 'ew <rleans after ser&in# in World War >> and
shortly thereafter is cata%ulted into the role of mana#in# director of a hu#e or#ani9ation called the >nternational :rade 8art. *lay Shaw owes
his whole career to the *>!. :he *>! then asks Shaw to do a fa&or and handle Lee (ar&ey <swald in the state of Louisiana. !nd Shaw is not
a0out to say no to this.
J< You say in your *oo0 that Garrison did have it right a*out %lay $ha/Es involve!ent /ith the %-A.
J8/ :hatIs correct. :hereIs no ;uestion. :ake a look at the records released under the !ssassinations 1e&iew !ct of +,,.) which was %assed
0y *on#ress. :here are some four million documents a&aila0le. !mon# them is enormous e&idence that *lay Shaw was workin# for the *>!.
'ot only that) 0ut in 'ew <rleans after a certain %oint) the clandestine ser&ice and the $omestic *ontact ser&ice mer#e. !nd the *>!Is field
office in 'ew <rleans handled 0oth.
J< Mel Ayton /rites< 1-n (ove!*er 677K the Assassination &ecords &evie/ Board5 instituted *y %ongress as a result o+ pu*lic
pressure a+ter the release o+ the !ovie J2K5 released %lay $ha/Es secret diary. -n it he /rote o+ *eing /rongly persecuted5 O- a! still
dis!ayed to +ind !ysel+ charged /ith the !ost heinous cri!e o+ the century *ut - a! co!pletely innocent and the +eeling o+ *eing a
stunned ani!al see!s to have gone no/.E -n another section o+ $ha/Es diary he /rote a*out his +eelings o+ *eing accused o+ having
associated /ith 'ee #arvey Os/ald and .avid Ferrie5 OAside +ro! any ?uestions o+ guilt or innocence5E /rote $ha/5 Oanyone /ho
0no/s !e 0no/s that - /ould have *etter sense than to plot /ith t/o nuts li0e that.E2
J8/ :his was a false diary. (e wrote it after the fact) and he wrote it for the record. So naturally it was self4ser&in#. :he %oint is that *lay Shaw
worked for the *>! and was in&ol&ed in framin# Lee (ar&ey <swald. <ne of the achie&ements of Jim "arrison was to clearly identify who Lee
(ar&ey <swald really was. <swald was not what he seemed. (e certainly was not what the Warren 1e%ort said he was) which was this lone
assassin with no confederates.
J< Ji! GarrisonEs investigation into the assassination o+ JFK revealed !any things. One o+ the 0ey ele!ents /as the s0epticis!
that 'ee #arvey Os/ald5 /ith a *olt=action ri+le5 its telescopic sight loose and a tree o*structing his vision5 could have acted on his
o/n in shooting Kennedy. The conclusion /as that it /as a conspiracy and Os/ald /as 1in on it.2
J8/ :his is true) 0ut look who they had makin# the %u0lic 0elie&e it]J. =d#ar (oo&er. :hey had the whole FB>. :hey had the Warren
*ommission) which was really controlled 0y !llen $ulles) director of the *>!]the same man later fired 0y John F. Kennedy. Suddenly Lyndon
Johnson) now as the President) a%%oints $ulles to run the Warren *ommission. <0&iously) they had a %reordained conclusion. Also( /ear in
1ind that three +eo+le on the !arren Co11ission dissented as to the ,on,l'sions o$ the +anel) And *arl !arren wasn3t even
allowed to +rint that three +eo+le on the !arren Co11ission dissented and re$'sed to endorse the view that 0ee &arvey .swald
had a,ted alone) These were Senator John Sher1an Coo+er( %e+resentative &ale Boggs and Senator %i,hard %'ssell) These
Congress1en wanted the !arren Co11ission %e+ort to ,ontain a dissent( and *arl !arren re$'sed) So we can see that this Warren
*ommission is hea&ily controlled and has a %reordained conclusion.
Oswald never thouht
he was oin to kill
!resident "ennedy. He
thouht he was
involved in #art of a CIA
and $afia #lan to kill
%idel Castro.
J< Your *oo0 reveals ?uite a lot o+ in+or!ation on Os/ald.
J8/ es. <ne of "arrisonIs #reat 0reakthrou#hs was to disco&er <swald takin# a tri% north of Baton 1ou#e to the cities of *linton and Jackson
in the com%any of *lay Shaw and the *>! contract %ilot who was "arrisonIs first sus%ect. :his %ilot was $a&id Ferrie) who was %layed in the
<li&er Stone film JF5 0y the actor Joe Pesci. <swaldIs assi#nment was to #et a Lo0 at =ast Louisiana State (os%ital at Jackson) 0ut he didnIt
e&en know that it was a mental hos%ital. <swald went to the hos%italIs 0ar0er sho%) run 0y a man named Lee 8c"ee) and said) J$oes this
hos%ital ha&e many Lo0sSK !nd the 0ar0er said) JWell) you know) this is a mental hos%ital.K !nd <swald said J<hK 0ecause he didnIt know.
"arrison was tryin# to understand why *lay Shaw would take Lee (ar&ey <swald u% to Jackson to #et a Lo0 in the insane asylum. 1emem0er
that the conclusion of the Warren *ommission 1e%ort was that <swald was cra9y) unsta0le and a socio%ath. "arrison concludes that the idea
was for <swald to #et a Lo0 at the mental hos%ital) 0eha&e erratically and suddenly he is a %atient rather than an em%loyee. <swald esca%es
and a%%ears at $ealey Pla9a in $allas as the insane #unman who kills President Kennedy. <swald) howe&er) ne&er #ot the Lo0 at the hos%ital.
:he reason he didnIt #et the Lo0 was 0ecause while he was there <swald started 0eha&in# erratically and rantin# and ra&in# a0out how he was
#oin# to *u0a to kill Fidel *astro. <swald ne&er thou#ht he was #oin# to kill President Kennedy. (e thou#ht he was in&ol&ed in %art of a *>!
and 8afia %lan to kill Fidel *astro. !t the hos%ital) <swald was sayin# he was in the 8arines and was #oin# to kill Fidel *astro. :he medical
director) $r. Frank Sil&a) a *u0an who came to the United States 0efore *astro took %ower) Lust ha%%ened to 0e walkin# 0y while <swald was
rantin# and ra&in#. $r. Sil&a took one look at him and said he would make sure that <swald ne&er #ot a Lo0 in the hos%ital. !nd so the *>!Is
%lan went awry. <swald does not #et the Lo0 0ut) of course) there are other ways of framin# him.
&arrison had #ut %errie in
a hotel' and %errie had
ad(itted that he had been
involved with the CIA. He
said Clay Shaw was also
with the CIA and that they
were both CIA o#eratives.
Then he died shortly
thereafter.
J< T/o o+ Os/aldEs alleged co=conspirators5 Guy Bannister and .avid Ferrie5 *oth o+ (e/ Orleans5 died under suspicious
circu!stances a+ter they /ere i!plicated in GarrisonEs investigation. .o you *elieve the %-A /as i!plicated in the suspicious nature
o+ the deaths o+ these !en>
J8/ John) > donIt s%eculate and > donIt theori9e in my 0ook. *oncernin# "uy Bannister) Lee (ar&ey <swald had an JofficeK on the second floor
of BannisterIs detecti&e a#ency. <n one set of anti4*astro leaflets that <swald %assed out in 'ew <rleans) he wrote the side4door address of
BannisterIs office. "uy Bannister died in June of +,-2. (e could ha&e 0een inter&iewed 0y the Warren *ommission) 0ut the *ommission ne&er
talked to him. :his is true e&en in li#ht of the fact that Bannister knew <swald well. !nd althou#h BannisterIs death was ruled a heart attack)
the *oroner at the time ruled all sus%icious incidents as heart attacks of natural causes. But there is a story in my 0ook a0out "uy BannisterIs
wife tele%honin# a friend and sayin# that "uy had 0een shot. !nd > found other witnesses who corro0orated the story that "uy had 0een shot.
(owe&er) > should also add that when one of "arrisonIs chief in&esti#ators went to look at BannisterIs 0ody at the mor#ue) he didnIt see any
effects of #un shots or anythin# unusual. So itIs unclear. *ertainly it is at a &ery unusual moment durin# the %eriod of the Warren *ommission.
When $a&id Ferrie died) he left ty%ed suicide notes. But Jim "arrison didnIt conclude anythin# a0out FerrieIs death. "arrison was a0out to
arrest Ferrie) as his chief sus%ect) when Ferrie suddenly died. "arrison did not say for sure how Ferrie died) althou#h my 0ook discusses all
the %ossi0ilities. :he fact is that Ferrie had already 0e#un talkin#. >n fact) a few days 0efore his death) Ferrie had tele%honed "arrisonIs chief
in&esti#ator. "arrison had %ut Ferrie in a hotel) and Ferrie had admitted that he had 0een in&ol&ed with the *>!. (e said *lay Shaw was also
with the *>! and that they were 0oth *>! o%erati&es. :hen he died shortly thereafter. But this didnIt sto% "arrison. (e said) JWell) > am Lust
#ettin# started.K !nd a week later "arrison arrested *lay Shaw.
J< A lot o+ people speculated as to the %-AEs involve!ent in the Kennedy assassination. For e;a!ple5 a !onth a+ter KennedyEs
!urder5 +or!er "resident #arry Tru!an e;pressed on the +ront page o+ the !ashington Post his dis!ay that the %-A5 /hich he had
helped create5 had *een running a shado/ govern!ent. Tru!an declared that the %-A /as 1in urgent need o+ correction.2 .o you
*elieve Tru!an /as in part !a0ing re+erence to the JFK assassination>
J8/ =?cellent ;uestion. *omin# one month after the assassination) it is %retty clear that what President :ruman is si#nalin# to the !merican
%u0lic) 0ut without sayin# so) is that %erha%s e&en the *>!) which had 0een in&ol&ed in so many assassinations and attem%ted assassinations
that would only come out later %u0licly with the *hurch *ommittee hearin# in the +,C6s) this had 0een one of the *>!Is %roLects. Let me
em%hasi9e that (arry :ruman does not say that. But comin# with the timin# that it did]the e?traordinary act of a former %resident on the front
%a#e of a maLor news%a%er) the Washinton "ost) talkin# a0out the *>! 0ecomin# o%erational]> think we can draw our own conclusions.
The CIA had been involved throuhout
the )*+,s and durin !resident
-isenhower.s ad(inistration with
various atte(#ted assassinations of
forein leaders and' of course' the
endless atte(#ts to (urder %idel
Castro.
J< hen ./ight )isenho/er *eca!e president5 he sa/ the autono!ous nature o+ the %-A. As you /rite5 1hen )isenho/er in his
!uch=?uoted +are/ell address /arned o+ the dangers o+ the !ilitary=industrial co!ple;Phe had in !ind his o/n political sa*otage
at the hands o+ the %-A in the U=4 +iasco.2 )isenho/er ca!e to see that the %-A had evolved into an autono!ous organi,ation5 and it
greatly concerned hi!. %an you e;plain>
J8/ President =isenhower was a %eace %resident. When =isenhower defined national security) he said national security meant that the country
was at %eace and there was no deficit. :his is in his farewell address. President =isenhower also talks a0out the military4 industrial com%le?) to
which we should add the intelli#ence community as well. (e was warnin# us a#ainst them) and he said that they are a threat to our ci&il
li0erties. !nd we see that today) of course) with the 'ational Security !#ency and the domestic electronic sur&eillance. We also see it with the
US! Patriot !ct and other laws where our ci&il li0erties are 0ein# limited. President =isenhower wanted to ca% his %residency with a d[tente
with the So&iet Union and a %eace conference in Paris) a meetin# of the 0i# %owers. But Lust at the last moment) a few weeks 0efore this was
scheduled) the *>! demanded to send one more U4. to fly o&er the So&iet Union) and the famous downed U4. fiasco occurred. President
=isenhower) howe&er) cut off those U4. fli#hts.
J< The pilot o+ that do/ned U=4 /as Gary "o/ers.
J8/ Powers was the %ilot. > ha&e a new document in my 0ook that shows how a traitor from the United States) who was a national security
o%erati&e turned s%y) had #i&en the So&iet Union information on how to down the U4.s without killin# the %ilots. So Francis "ary Powers li&ed.
<f course) Powers did not kill himself) which he was su%%osed to do. :here was a show trial in 8oscow. !s such) there was no way that the
%eace conference was #oin# to come a0out in =isenhowerIs d[tente. :his is another e?am%le of the *>! makin# %olicy. President =isenhower
wanted to create %eace) and the *>! %re&ented it 0y sta#in# this U4. incident.
J< By the early 67AJs5 the %-A had already *eco!e a rogue organi,ation>
J8/ :he *>! had 0een in&ol&ed throu#hout the +,B6s and durin# President =isenhowerIs administration with &arious attem%ted assassinations
of forei#n leaders and) of course) the endless attem%ts to murder Fidel *astro. 8oreo&er) as we now know) the Bay of Pi#s o%eration was
concocted not durin# PresidentIs KennedyIs administration 0ut durin# President =isenhowerIs. :he *>! was runnin# its own show there. :hus)
the *>!Is mischief has 0een #oin# on a lon# time. > try to connect the Kennedy assassination with current e&ents #oin# on today. <ne of the
failures of this country and its system of Lustice is the failure to 0rin# 0efore the 0ar of Lustice the %eo%le in&ol&ed in the Kennedy assassination
and to sto% such acti&ities. We can see some e&ents today that are directly related to that. So > want to also stress that the Kennedy
assassination is not a dead issue.
J< e have seen ra!i+ications +ro! it today.
J8/ es. >t is an unfortunate fact that the %eo%le who attem%ted and carried out this and other assassinations were ne&er 0rou#ht to Lustice.
But > want to note that the *>! under John F. Kennedy was not the same *>! that we ha&e under "eor#e W. Bush. :his truth is surfacin#
weekly. >n fact) the *>! really told the truth a0out what was ha%%enin# in >ra;. :he *>! intelli#ence was #ood. :he *>! knew that there were
no wea%ons of mass destruction in >ra;. :hey told this to the current administration) which %referred to mo&e forward rather than acce%t the
#ood intelli#ence of the *>!. !nd as a result of the Bush !dministrationIs actions a#ainst the *>!) we see a decimation of the *>!Is clandestine
ser&ices. :he *>! was not to 0lame in this call u% to war in >ra;. :his is not the same institution that was in&ol&ed in the murder of President
Kennedy.
"ennedy was cuttin
the #owers of the
/irector of Central
Intellience. "ennedy
was' as &erald !atrick
He((in' a CIA
o#erative' said' the
last #resident to believe
he could take #ower.
J< As you note in your *oo05 the %-A hated Kennedy !ost +or his atte!pts to circu!scri*e their activities. -n +act5 Kennedy /as
?uoted as saying that he /as threatening to 1splinter the %-A in a thousand pieces and scatter it to the /ind.2 -s that /hy the %-A
thought he /as going to do a/ay /ith the agency> -s it /hy the decision /as !ade to do a/ay /ith "resident Kennedy>
J8/ :here are two moti&es for the *>!. <ne is this lar#er moti&e of the *>! o%%osin# President KennedyIs %olicies. !nd the other deals with
the *>! re%resentin# what President =isenhower called the military4industrial com%le?. :he com%le? wanted war for monetary %rofit. We ha&e
to remem0er that the %eo%le who %rofited from the Fietnam War were (alli0urton]Brown and 1oot 0ecame %art of (alli0urton in +,-.) and
Brown and 1oot %rofited from the Fietnam War) Lust as they would as (alli0urton in >ra;. President Kennedy did not want a #round war in
Fietnam. But Kennedy was not the Prince of Peace. Kennedy is the one who sent the "reen Beret and S%ecial Forces into Fietnam. 8any
thousands of %eo%le died as a result of that. But President Kennedy was not #oin# to commit !merican troo%s and !merican 0oys to dyin# in
the mud in Fietnam. (e had issued the 'ational Security 8emorandum and was startin# to 0rin# the troo%s home. But as soon as President
Kennedy is out of the way) a new %olicy de&elo%s. :he *>! then hel%s the (alli0urtons) Brown and 1oot) the Penta#on) the armament makers)
the war machine and all those to %rofit enormously from the Fietnam War. :his was the first moti&e.
But moti&e num0er two was the warfare that President Kennedy %ersonally was in&ol&ed in a#ainst the *>!. :his is reflected in KennedyIs
;uoted statement in the New York Times to Js%linter the *>! into a thousand %ieces and scatter them to the wind.K Kennedy had already 0e#un
to reduce *>! %ower. (e wanted to take away the fli#hts o&er *u0a and %ut them under other aus%ices. (e was cuttin# the *>! 0ud#et. (e
was cuttin# the %owers of the $irector of *entral >ntelli#ence. Kennedy was) as "erald Patrick (emmin#) a *>! o%erati&e) said in one of his
inter&iews with me) Jthe last %resident to 0elie&e he could take %ower.K So we see a &icious 0attle here.
J< $ince then5 no president has really challenged the %-A.
J8/ :hatIs ri#ht) and > think (emmin# was correct. Kennedy was a &ery shrewd) intelli#ent man. (e was the last %resident who thou#ht he
could take %ower. 1ecently) when Bush #a&e his State of the Union !ddress) he looked u% at *heney) who was standin# 0ehind him) for his
a%%ro&al. *heney #a&e him the thum0s u%. :his President is not in control. (e is not in %ower. > 0elie&e (emmin# was ri#ht. President 'i?on
was terrified. President Johnson immediately sent troo%s to Fietnam. > donIt think Johnson %articularly relished the idea of all those 0oys dyin#
in Fietnam at all.
J< -s the %-A still a secret state in this country> .oes it still have an i!!ense po/er to threaten the "resident>
J8/ > donIt know e?actly what the *>! is doin# ri#ht now. > can only tell you that there is o&erwhelmin# e&idence of an in&ol&ement of
clandestine ser&ices of the *>! in the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.
J< Then ca!e the Bay o+ "igs. A+ter the Bay o+ "igs5 John Kennedy +ired the head o+ the %-A5 Allen .ulles. here )isenho/er had
e;ercised so!e constraint5 Kennedy /as5 as you ?uote a +or!er %-A asset as saying5 1the last president to *elieve he could ta0e
po/er.2 Only a !onth a+ter the Bay o+ "igs5 Kennedy +or!ed his o/n special group5 !eeting as the "residentEs Foreign -ntelligence
Advisory Board. -ts e;press purpose /as to *ring the %-A under control.
J8/ President Kennedy was terri0ly isolated in his own #o&ernment. !s "erald Patrick (emmin# said) Kennedy really didnIt reali9e how little
%ower he had. !nd the *>! did e&erythin# it could to try to stifle President KennedyIs administration. When the So&iet Union %laced missiles in
*u0a and the *>! had information a0out it) they leaked that information to Senator Kenneth Keatin#) rather than %resent it to the President of
the United States. When Keatin# #ot u% in the Senate and started #i&in# information) Kennedy wondered how he had #otten it. President
Kennedy at that %oint was ;uoted in 1ichard 1ee&esI e?cellent 0io#ra%hy as sayin#) J> am #oin# to #et those *>! 0astards if itIs the last thin#
that > do.K We can really see here what President *harles $e "aulle called intra4#o&ernment warfare 0etween President Kennedy and the *>!.
:hus) you are ;uite ri#ht) John) to ask the ;uestion of moti&e. Why would the *>! do such a thin#S We can see e?actly why their &ery
e?istence was threatened.
So(e #eo#le believe that 0obby
"ennedy thouht that when he
beca(e !resident' he could (ake
#ublic what had ha##ened to his
brother. 0ut that is 1ust s#eculation.
I believe that 0obby was i(#licated
so dee#ly that he had to re(ain
silent for the rest of his life.
J< Un0no/ingly5 Bo**y Kennedy5 as you /rite5 1/as enlisting the %-AEs !urder apparatus 3Oe;ecutive actionE capa*ility:5 the very
apparatus soon to *e turned against his *rother. $o Bo**y Kennedy +ell into a %-A trap that /ould render hi! silent a*out the
!urder o+ his *rother +or the rest o+ his li+e.2
J8/ What many %eo%le donIt want to reco#ni9e is that Lust as the *>! and the 8afia were in&ol&ed in assassination attem%ts on Fidel *astro)
so was Bo00y Kennedy. (e had his own team. Bo00y had "eneral =dward Lansdale who) of course) was disloyal to him and was constantly
re%ortin# to J. =d#ar (oo&er. Bo00y also had a #rou% of *u0ans) amon# whom was !n#elo 8ur#ado. Bo00y) knowin# the warfare that had
0een #oin# on 0etween the Kennedys and the *>!) was &ery worried that some hothead mi#ht kill President Kennedy. :hey were &ery
fri#htened of that so Bo00y sent his team of *u0ans u% to 'ew <rleans. !s 8ur#ado said to me) they knew that Jsomethin# was cookin# in
'ew <rleans.K !nd who should they find ri#ht in the middle of the anti4*astro communityS Lee (ar&ey <swald. Bo00y 0ecame aware of
<swald three months 0efore the assassination. Bo00yIs %eo%le disco&er that Lee (ar&ey <swald is workin# for the FB> as %art of the FB> field
office in 'ew <rleans. Bo00y Kennedy then makes the mistake of underestimatin# his enemies in the *>!. !nd he says to himself) as !n#elo
told me) J>f <swald is 0ein# controlled 0y the FB>) heIs no threat.K So they left him alone. <ne of the thin#s Bo00y wanted to do later was
conceal the fact that he was in&ol&ed in the %lots to murder Fidel *astro and also that he was aware of <swald]and that <swald was e&en
close to Bo00y KennedyIs own %eo%le who were in&ol&ed in these assassination %lots a#ainst Fidel *astro. >f this information had surfaced) it
would ha&e ruined Bo00y KennedyIs %olitical career. So he has to remain silent. Some %eo%le 0elie&e that Bo00y Kennedy thou#ht that when
he 0ecame President) he could make %u0lic what had ha%%ened to his 0rother. But that is Lust s%eculation. > 0elie&e that Bo00y was im%licated
so dee%ly that he had to remain silent for the rest of his life.
J< -+ he had any integrity5 /hich - thin0 Bo**y Kennedy did5 eventually he !ay have done so!ething to !a0e so!e o+ the
assassination in+or!ation pu*lic.
J8/ So he said. But Lust as he wins the %rimary in the state of *alifornia) Bo00y is assassinated. So when it looks as if Bo00y Kennedy is really
#oin# to 0ecome President) he cannot 0e allowed to li&e. > had the o%%ortunity in .663 to s%eak to :homas 'o#uchi) who was the coroner of
Los !n#eles at the time of the assassination of 1o0ert Kennedy. (e did the auto%sy. !nd to this day) his career is destroyed 0ecause he told
the truth. $r. 'o#uchi said 1o0ert Kennedy was killed with a 0ullet to the 0ack of the head which indicates) of course) that Sirhan Sirhan could
not %ossi0ly ha&e 0een the assassin of 1o0ert Kennedy. :hat leads to a cons%iracy. >t is a su0Lect that 0elon#s to other %eo%le to in&esti#ate
and write.
J< As +ate /ould have it5 A*raha! Qapruder /as in .allas on that (ove!*er day in 6789 and +il!ed the assassination o+ the
"resident. .oesnEt the Qapruder +il! sho/ clearly that Kennedy /as shot +ro! the +ront and that he /as shot !ore than once> )ven
Qapruder hi!sel+ testi+ied that JFK /as shot +ro! the +ront5 instead o+ the *ac05 as the arren %o!!ission reported. .o you thin0
that i+ the A!erican people had *een a*le to see the Qapruder +il! shortly a+ter the assassination5 it /ould have changed things>
J8/ >t certainly would ha&e. :he first time the Ha%ruder film was shown %u0licly was at the trial State of Louisiana vs; 4lay Shaw. :he
%rosecutor showed it o&er and o&er a#ain. *lay Shaw was stunned. :he defense team for Shaw stood u% and said) JJud#e (a##erty) do we
ha&e to see this one more timeSK :he Lud#e re%lied) J:hey can show it as many times as they want to.K >t was o&erwhelmin#. Later) "arrison
sent co%ies of the Ha%ruder film to uni&ersities throu#hout the country so the %u0lic could see it.
The 2a#ruder fil(
overwhel(inly shows
that !resident "ennedy
was shot fro( the front
and not fro( the back'
as the 3arren
Co((ission
concluded.
J< hat do you thin0 the Qapruder +il! sho/s>
J8/ :he Ha%ruder film o&erwhelmin#ly shows that President Kennedy was shot from the front and not from the 0ack) as the Warren
*ommission concluded. > conducted an inter&iew with $r. 1o0ert 8c*lelland) who was one of the doctors at Parkland (os%ital tryin# to sa&e
President KennedyIs life. $r. 8c*lelland held the head of the President and told me that the 0ack of his head was com%letely 0lown away)
which a#ain indicates that the shot had to ha&e come from the front. >n the +,C6s) $r. 8c*lelland went to the 'ational !rchi&es. (e looked at
the #o&ernment %hoto#ra%hs and ?4rays and found that the 0ack of the skull of President Kennedy had 0een reconstituted. :hey had created
false %hoto#ra%hs.
:he Ha%ruder film is the wonderful acoustic e&idence done 0y $on :homas in :e?as. :homasIs work) which you can find on the >nternet)
shows o&erwhelmin#ly that there were at least four shots fired in $ealey Pla9a. :his indicates that there had to 0e a cons%iracy 0ecause
<swald could not ha&e fired four shots with the rifle. !nd) of course) it dis%ro&es the a0surd ma#ic 0ullet theory) which made the %olitical
career of Pennsyl&ania Senator !rlen S%ecter.
@Fiew two short cli%s of foota#e of the Kennedy assassination. Part <ne. Part :wo. Files are lar#e and may take time to download.A
J< -n the 678Js5 John Kennedy /as 0illed5 then Martin 'uther King5 +ollo/ed *y &o*ert Kennedy. There /as an assassination
!atri; o+ three people /ho posed a threat to the )sta*lish!ent. For e;a!ple5 Martin 'uther King ca!e out against the Cietna! ar.
.o you thin0 it is possi*le that the %-A eli!inated anyone /ho posed a real threat to the !ilitary=industrial co!ple;>
J8/ Jim "arrison) alon# with others) said that a cou% dIetat occurred durin# that time. Power in the United States chan#ed hands. "arrison
said) J(ow did you think you could %rosecute any0ody for the murder of the President of the United States in a state court in LouisianaSK !nd
then he would say) J> #uess > thou#ht > was li&in# in the country > was 0orn in.K !fter the Kennedy assassination) we had a cou% dIetat. Power
switched o&er to (alli0urton4ty%e cor%orations and the defense4contractin# industry with the Penta#on) :he PresidentIs %ower is much reduced
now. We ha&e mo&ed closer to what 8artin "ar0us called in the New York =bserver a %olice state.
J< The !ilitary=industrial co!ple; has no/ *asically ta0en control o+ the A!erican govern!ent. True or +alse>
J8/ > think that ha%%ened at the Kennedy assassination.
J< e are at /ar in -ra?. There is a /ar in A+ghanistan. e are pro*a*ly getting ready to go to /ar /ith so!e other country. -s it the
pro+it andRor po/er !otive>
J8/ 1i#ht. >tIs also in order to do it. $emocracy is a casualty. :he hy%ocrisy of talkin# a0out 0rin#in# democracy to other countries while
destroyin# it here has to 0e noted. 8artin "ar0us) who is a lawyer for the New York Times) wrote in the New York =bserver that he saw
similarities 0etween what the United States is today and Weimar) "ermany. !nd he said that we are in a &ery dan#erous %lace. > donIt think
the dan#er can 0e underestimated. !s > said) it all #oes 0ack to the Kennedy assassination) which 1ichard 'i?on used to talk a0out e&en in
eu%hemism. When he wanted to talk a0out the Kennedy assassination) he called it the Bay of Pi#s. :he *>! Bay of Pi#s o%eration and the
cou% dIetat with the Kennedy assassination ha&e 0rou#ht us directly to this situation we find oursel&es in today.
J< "eople such as yoursel+ are shouting in the /ilderness. Are there so!e things that are so *ig and so over/hel!ing that !ost
people @ust cannot *elieve it>
J8/ > think %eo%le donIt want to 0elie&e it. > think %eo%le donIt want to li&e in a country where the *>! killed the President. :hat is not a &ery
comforta0le %lace to 0e li&in# in.
J< -s that /hy they deny reality>
J8/ > donIt 0elie&e %eo%le are stu%id. > think it is un%leasant. >tIs uncomforta0le. !nd %eo%le like comfort. :hey like com%lacency. :hey like
what is called the comfort 9one. :his is 0ecause if you knew that you were li&in# in Weimar) "ermany) you 0etter do somethin# a0out it. ou
would ha&e to act. ou would ha&e to make %ersonal sacrifices. Peo%le like Jim "arrison and others made tremendous %ersonal sacrifices. >
think most %eo%le do not want to do that. :hey want to li&e a %leasant %ersonal life. So do >.
J< hat hope do you see +or the +uture>
J8/ > donIt know. We ha&e to stru##le day 0y day. We ha&e to %resent the truth. >f some0ody tries to sto% us) we ha&e to call out our forces.
We ha&e to demonstrate. We ha&e to s%eak the truth to %ower e&ery o%%ortunity we #et. We ha&e li0raries. We ha&e 0ook stores. We ha&e
or#ani9ations like yours. We ha&e this inter&iew. We still ha&e a chance to s%eak out and tell the truth. >f we donIt do it now) > donIt know when
we are #oin# to do it.
.-$%'A-M)&< T#) C-)$ A(. O"-(-O($ )S"&)$$). -( O'.$")AK
A&) (OT ()%)$$A&-'Y T#O$) OF T#) &UT#)&FO&. -($T-TUT).
:he 1utherford >nstitute P.<. Bo? C2D. *harlottes&ille) F! ..,6-4C2D.
Phone // 232.,CD.3DDD (D/36 !8 4 B/66 P8 =astern) ^ Fa? // 232.,CD.+CD,
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R.66D :he 1utherford >nstitute ^ Pri&acy >nfo
httpGHHwww)rutherford)or%HoldspeakHArticlesH@nter4iewsHJD:)html
Ja!es ). Files %on+ession and FilesE "ri!ary &ole in the Kennedy Assassination
James $) Diles =real name James $) *utton?
Drom the confession of James Diles 1>>0G !When I got to the $oint /here I thought it /ould .e the last 0ield o0
0ire, I had Jeroed in to the le0t side o0 the head there that I had .ecause i0 I /ait any longer then 'acBueline
Kennedy /ould have .een in the line o0 0ire and I had .een instructed 0or nothing to ha$$en to her and at that
moment I 0igured this is my last chance 0or a shot and he had still not .een hit in the head. 6o, as I 0ired that
round, =r. 4icoletti and I 0ired a$$roAimately at the same time as the head started 0or/ard then it /ent
.ac@/ard. I /ould have to say that his shell struc@ a$$roAimately *)))th o0 a second ahead o0 mine may.e .ut
that /hat"s started $ushing the head 0or/ard /hich caused me to miss 0rom the le0t eye and I came in on the
le0t side o0 the tem$le.&
Drom the confession of James Diles .003G
J # +here were you aimin%Q
JD # <h, @ was aimin% for his ri%ht eye, which to me is the left side of his head lookin% head on) 3ut for him it would
/e his ri%ht eye, and when @ pulled the tri%%er, and @Vm ri%ht in on it, and itVs almost like lookin% A feet away throu%h
the scope) As @ sNueeBed, take off my round, his head mo4ed forward, @ missed and @ come in ri%ht alon% the temple)
Just ri%ht /ehind the eye)
J # Here or in the hairlineQ
JD # +ell, @Vm not sure, you know @ canVt see the penetration, @ know @ hit him ri%ht here =pointin% at temple?) @ know @
hit /ehind the eye) *omewhere within a half inch diameter ri%ht there =pointin% a%ain?)
+ # *o there were actually two shots almost simultaneouslyQ
J # Mou think he %ot hit as you sNueeBedQ
JD # +hat @ /elie4e is thisG S)) And @ %ot my readin%s as a marksman, @Vm a %ood shooter, always was, @Vm not
/ra%%in% on my stuff, donVt %et me wron%, /ut thatVs what %ot me my start with ,a4id Phillips) 3ecause of somethin%
that @ did in the ser4ice, and @ made a mark there and itVs on record and itVs recorded, for headshots, for what @ did, and
the thin%s that @ did) 3ut anyway, to make a lon% story short, as @ am preparin% to sNueeBe off my round, :ennedyVs
head mo4ed forward, -ust as @ sNueeBed) @t was already in process, the head started forward) To me S what @ /elie4e
is, S and @ did not see, let me clear the fact now, @ ne4er saw 2r) Cicoletti shoot :ennedy, /ut @ know he was the
man in the ,alte6 /uildin%, the man supposed to /e doin% the shootin%) Therefore the head started forward and as far
as @ am concerned 2r) Cicoletti hit him at that point) As @ sNueeBed off my round, the head started forward, @ hit it and
/lew the head /ackwards)
Source/ htt%/77Lfkmurdersol&ed.com7headshot.htm
James $) Diles, who confessed to assassinatin% President John D) :ennedy, indicates where he hit EshotF President :ennedy)
James $) Diles and his &passen%ers' Johnny !oselli and Charles Cicoletti escaped ,allas in a car after the assassination)
=PhotoG httpGHH-fkmurdersol4ed)comHheadshot)htm?
&@ was -ust with 2r) Cicoletti) +hate4er he said do, @ would do) +hen @ say we, @Vm referrin% like))) the only thin% @ did was -ust
dri4e the car or whate4er that they needed me for) 2r) Cicoletti had asked me then at that point when weVd decided not to do it in
Chica%o and it was %oin% to /e mo4ed to ,allas))) when John D) :ennedy had decided to %o to ,allas))) a week in ad4ance, @
took the VA3 Che4rolet that we had at that time)) @ left and @ went down a week earlier) @ picked up the weapons from the stora%e
/in that we had and loaded them in the car with e4erythin% that @ thou%ht we mi%ht need)) with a 4arious assortment))) and @ left
and @ dro4e to ,allas) @ stayed out at a place in 2esNuite, Te6as) <nce @ %ot there, @ called /ack and notified 2r) Cicoletti that @
was thee and on the scene) The followin% day, "ee Har4ey <swald came /y the motel where @ was at))) they had %i4en him my
location))) and he took me out to a place somewhere southeast of 2esNuite where @ test fired the weapons and cali/rated the
scopes on anythin% that mi%ht /e needed) Then he was with me for a few days in town there))) we dro4e around))) so @ would
know all the streets and not run into any dead ends streets if anythin% went wron% and we had to flee from the area)))@ had parked
the car /eside the ,al#Te6 /uildin%, 2r) Cicoletti and @ %ot out and we walked up and down the complete area of ,ealey PlaBa,
we co4ered e4ery corner, walked /y the /uildin%s, looked o4er se4eral different thin%s) +e were -ust talkin%, ha4in% casual talk
a/out the weather and e4erythin%) At a/out 10G30, 2r) Cicoletti asked me how would @ feel in supportin% him))) in /ackin% him
up on this))) and he told me @ wouldnVt fire unless it /ecame e6tremely necessary) @ told 2r) Cicoletti, Jesus, @Vd /e honored to do
anythin% to /ack you up) He asked me if you was to /e outside here, where would you position yourself at in ,ealey PlaBaQ @
told him, @ said well, from lookin% e4erythin% o4er and from walkin% it in the week @V4e /een down here, @ think @ would choose
up there /ehind the tree /ehind the stockade fence on the hi%h rid%e /y the knoll up there) He says why thereQ @ says well @V4e %ot
the railroad yard in /ack of me, weV4e %ot a parkin% lot there and @V4e %ot a place to where @ could stash whate4er @ would need) @
said @ can pass myself off as a railroad worker in the railroad yard for the time /ein% until that time comes and no/ody would
really pay any attention to me) He asked me then where do you think would /e the /est place for meQ @ said well, @ think the ,al#
Te6 /uildin%))) with the new chan%e in it)))@ say @ think the ,al#Te6 /uildin% o4er there)))that /uildin% would %i4e you the /est
ad4anta%e point there) He said @ think so too) *o we took a walk o4er, went throu%h the parkin% lot o4er /y the tracks, walked
around throu%h there and he seemed pretty well pleased with that) Then at that point, oh it was a/out 11G10, he asked me what
weapon would @ choose to use o4er there) @ told him @ would like to use the Dire/all) He said why that oneQ He said youV4e only
%ot one shot) @ said one shotVs all @Vm %onna %et anyway if @ wait until the last moment of fire and @ may not fire, @ said, and itVs
easy to conceal and @ carry it in a /riefcase and no/ody will pay any attention to me and itVs easier to walk away from there) And
thatVs e6actly what we did at that point) *hortly /efore noon, we went /ack to the 4ehicle, @ took the /riefcase out and turned my
-acket inside out, @ went /ack into the yard))) the railroad yard there))) @ secured the /riefcase, then @ hun% out /ack there and @
walked down on the %rassy knoll, no one paid any attention))) people were %atherin%) *hortly /efore the motorcade came, @ went
/ack up there and started securin% myself in a /etter position so @Vd /e a/le to reach the attache case at that point))) the /riefcase)))
@ knew once that @ opened the /riefcase up and pulled the weapon out, no/odyVs %onna /e lookin% at me, the motorcade would /e
comin%))) makin% its first time))) and @ wouldnVt ha4e to remo4e the Dire/all from the /riefcase until appro6imately))) they made
the first turn on $lm *treet there and @ would ha4e plenty of time at that point) At that point when they started proceedin% down
$lm *treet, shots started /ein% fired from /ehind) @ assumed that it was 2r) Cicoletti /ecause he was the one that was in the
/uildin% and @ knew that Johnny !osselli was there) @ remem/er the shots rin%in% out and e4en thou%h the President was /ein%
hit with the rounds, @ was considerin% it a miss /ecause @ knew that we were %oin% for a head shot on the President) @ had known
that he had /een hit in the /ody /ut @ didnVt know what part at that time) @ seen the /ody lurch and @ saw the /ody lurch a%ain, @
heard another shot that missed) +e were supposed to hit no one /ut Connally, @ mean no one /ut 2r) :ennedy) @ %uess ;o4ernor
Connally %ot hit with one of the rounds at that point) @ wasnVt e4en sure of that /ecause @ was keepin% :ennedy as /est @ could in
the scope on the Dire/all) +hen @ %ot to the point where @ thou%ht it would /e the last field of fire, @ had Beroed in to the left side
of the head there that @ had /ecause if @ wait any lon%er then JacNueline :ennedy would ha4e /een in the line of fire and @ had
/een instructed for nothin% to happen to her and at that moment @ fi%ured this is my last chance for a shot and he had still not
/een hit in the head) 6o, as I 0ired that round, =r. 4icoletti and I 0ired a$$roAimately at the same time as the head started
0or/ard then it /ent .ac@/ard. @ would ha4e to say that his shell struck appro6imately 1000th of a second ahead of mine
may/e /ut that whatVs started pushin% the head forward which caused me to miss from the left eye and @ came in on the left side
of the temple) At that point, throu%h the scope, @ witnessed e4erythin%, matter and skull /rin% /lown out to the /ack on the
limousine and e4eryone on tele4ision watchin% saw Jackie :ennedy crawl out there to %et it) @ watched her hold it in her hand,
crawl /ack on to the car, @ put the Dire/all /ack into the /riefcase, and closed it up, @ pulled my -acket off, re4ersed my -acket so
@ would ha4e, instead of the plaid side out, @ would ha4e the %ray like a dress -acket more or less and @ put a cap on my head, my
hat, to walk away, carryin% a /riefcase)'
I James $) Diles, in a confession statement he made to !o/ert ;) 9ernon on 2arch .., 1>>0
*ourceG httpGHHwww)spartacus)schoolnet)co)ukHJD:nicoletti)htm
=*ourceG httpGHH-fkmurdersol4ed)comHD3@1)htm?
=*ourceG httpGHH-fkmurdersol4ed)comHD3@.)htm?
=*ourceG httpGHH-fkmurdersol4ed)comHlhocia)htm?
'earn the %o!plete $tory o+ the Kennedy Assassination %onspirators
3y Jonathan b TruthAlliance)net b ,ec) 30, .001
'ames <. Files, *tate4ille Correctional Center, Joliet, @llinois, 1>8A
3orn January .0, 1>0., Diles resides at the *tate4ille Correctional Center at Joliet, @llinois under ,epartment of Correction @, #
C1000A)
This article is an e6amination of the James $) Diles confession and how it relates to <swaldVs story, the assassination e4idence,
and the C@AHmafia connections) @t does not address the co4er up of the assassination) There are many factors in the
assassination to understand as separate issues) <f these factors are who ordered the hit, and who carried out the hit which are
two different su/-ects all to%ether) These matters can /e confused from time to time) !esearch su%%ests that many factions
worked to%ether in or%aniBin% :ennedyVs death /ut this article will detail the men on the %rassy knoll) There is a lon% list of
suspects detailed in each of these roles pro4ided in /ooks, we/sites, 4ideos and other media after years of dedicated research
from thousands of antiNuarians and detecti4es) Their work li4es in a we/ of coincidences and con4eniences waitin% to /e
disco4ered) That mystery, for :ennedy assassination researchers, /e%ins for this approach, with the famous confession of James
$) Diles, an unknown person to the pu/lic, /ut well known to or%aniBed crime in4esti%ators workin% for the D3@)
@n 1>8>, Houston pri4ate in4esti%ator Joe +est launched an independent in4esti%ation to find the true assassins of President John
D) :ennedy) After 3 years, +est recei4ed a tip from an une6pected sourceG an D3@ a%ent who led +est to *tate4ille Correctional
Center at Joliet, @llinois)
James $) Diles %a4e a full confession in 1>>3, and on 2arch .., 1>>0, Joe +estVs 4ideotaped inter4iews with James $) Diles
were made a4aila/le to researchers) Joe +est died in 1>>3 from unknown causes, a death some su%%est is a story waitin% to /e
told) @t was durin% these inter4iews that +est captured James Diles confessin% to /ein% one of the men on the %rassy knoll in
,ealey PlaBa on Co4em/er .., 1>A3, and that it was Diles who deli4ered the final, fatal shot to JD:Vs ri%ht temple) He also
implicated or%aniBed crime mem/ers Charles Cicoletti, Johnny !oselli, Drank *tur%is and *am ;iancana, who all had /een
murdered in the 1>10s e6cept for Drank *tur%is who died in 1>>3 the same year as in4esti%ator Joe +est) Drank *tur%is was
made famous as one of the +ater%ate /ur%lars and worked with another man, $) Howard Hunt, another confessed hitman who
worked for the C@A and was also char%ed with the +ater%ate /ur%laries) $) Howard Hunt died this past year in .001 and
confessed to his role in the assassination of :ennedy as well) James Diles also stated that ,a4id Atlee Phillips was his handler
on the -o/) @nformation a/out ,a4id Atlee Phillips is presented further down in this article)
Phillips and others ha4e detailed su/seNuent in4ol4ement /y Zapata <il associates in the +ater%ate affair) ;eor%e 3ush, as
!ichard Ci6onVs am/assador to the (nited Cations, ur%ed his former Zapata partner 3ill "iedtke to launder 7100,000 to the
+hite House plum/ers) After Ci6onVs 1>1. re#election, he appointed 3ush as Chairman of the !epu/lican Party Cational
Committee) +hen the launderin% was e6posed, those in4ol4ed included se4eral C@A officialsG $) Howard Hunt, Drank *tur%is,
$u%enio 2artineB, 9ir%ilio ;onBaleB, and 3ernard 3arker) A discussion of the launderin% appears on the Ci6on tapes for June
.3, 1>13)
The story Diles %a4e has /een found to /e filled with a few historical inaccuracies, howe4er, much of what he says has /een
corro/orated and found to /e true) 2uch of it will /e presented in this in4esti%ation)
Dor two years, attempts were made to /rin% the James $) Diles inter4iew to the pu/lic) The tele4ision /roadcastin% company
that was tryin% to release the inter4iew in a series in the 1>>0s failed to complete such a task and researchers claim that a
consultant workin% for the company was solidly connected to the Central @ntelli%ence A%ency and was o/structin% that %oal)
Diles has indicated that upon his alle%ed return from ser4in% with the 8.nd Air/orne in "aos, he /ecame a chauffeur and Whit
manW for the Chica%o mo/) @nterestin%ly enou%h he has attracted the attention of another %roup includin% *am ;iancanaVs A8
year old W2afia PrincessW dau%hter, Antoinette) DilesV updated 4ersion of his in4ol4ement is detailed in a new /ook that came
out in <cto/er of .00) The /ook is entitled, JFK and Sam - Te !onnection Bet"een te #iancana and Kenned$
Assassinations) The /ook claims, W+ritten /y an insider with access to key fi%ures, it names the assassins and traces the
assassination teamVs mo4ements on Co4em/er .., 1>A3, the team leaderVs life, his taped confession, and his face#to#face meetin%
with Antoinette in the Joliet state prison where he is ser4in% a life sentence for killin% a policeman)W
He claims /y a%e .1 he was recruited /y, and worked with, mo/ster Johnny !oselli in orchestratin% the assassination) (sin% a
!emin%ton `P#100, known as the Dire/all, Diles claimed he fatally shot :ennedy in the head) @n the 4ideo, the supposed
assassin mana%es to descri/e his pistol shot enterin% the side of :ennedyVs head) WTo me it was like takin% out the %ar/a%e,W he
intoned in that inter4iew)
*ome of the indi4iduals who corro/orate JamesVs story were and are the late WCertified "e%al @n4esti%atorW Joe +est and 8.nd
Air/orne historian John ;rady, as well as, retired D3@ a%ent Zack *helton, Houston attorney ,on $r4in, $) Howard Hunt, Drank
*tur%is, ,a4id Atlee Phillips, ,istrict Attorney of Cew <rleans Jim ;arrison, and self professed -ournalist Jim 2arrs)
Le0t: Dormer President ;eor%e H)+) 3ush 8ight: D3@ *pecial A%ent Zach *helton
Zach *helton, who retired from the D3@ in 1>>8, was the source for the tip on James Diles) *helton, who worked or%aniBed
crime for .8 years, had an impecca/le ser4ice record) +ith the financial support of a ,utch /usinessman, +im ,ank/aar,
*helton proceeded with a new in4esti%ation to either pro4e or dispro4e DilesV claims) *helton called upon and recei4ed the
assistance of o4er 10 of his 4eteran D3@ collea%ues) All of these men ha4e had eNually impressi4e careers with the 3ureau)
*ince *helton worked in the or%aniBed crime unit at the D3@, he was in a position of e6traordinary power to ha4e access to
thousands of classified documents allowin% him leads many :ennedy assassination researchers dream of o/tainin%)
James Diles had pre4iously known <swald from /ein% an arms handler who transferred weapons from Chica%o to Clinton,
"ouisiana for a C@A operation that armed anti#Castro Cu/ans trainin% for a war with Cu/a) The C@A and mafia were workin%
4ery close to%ether on this in the 0s and A0s and the C@A, in fact, hired the mafia to assassinate Didel Castro in which the mafia
later failed three attempts to do so) 2ost of this information has /een declassifed and a lot of it has come to li%ht only recently)
The mafia had hotels and casinos in Ha4ana, Cu/a where they set up controllers in Dlorida to handle the flow of money) The
C@A operations in "ouisiana and Dlorida, which were connected to the mafia, contained the conspirators in the assassination and
James Diles is one of the connections researchers were waitin% for) Durther down in this article, information has /een %athered
to show all of this in further detail)
Here you can see part of the James $) Diles confession /elow, or you can order the ,9, from JD:murder*ol4ed)com /y
clickin% here)
*o what is the story with the other aspects of James DilesV confessionQ His story falls in line with research presented here on the
:ennedy assassination)
Fran@ 6turgis
3orn Drank An%elo Diorini, Drank *tur%is ser4ed in Didel CastroVs re4olutionary army as a soldier of fortune, and later trained
Cu/an e6iles for the 3ay of Pi%s @n4asion) Drank Diorini *tur%isV family mo4ed to Philadelphia when he was a child) @n 1>0.,
*tur%is -oined the ()*) 2arine Corps and, durin% the *econd +orld +ar, ser4ed in the Pacific) As fate would ha4e it, *tur%is
had met "ee Har4ey <swald in 2iami shortly /efore the assassination of John D) :ennedy) <swald had tried to infiltrate the
Anti#Communist 3ri%ade there)
Accordin% to a memo sent /y ") Patrick ;ray, ,irector of the D3@, to H) !) Haldeman in 1>1.G W*ources in 2iami say he
=*tur%is? is now associated with or%aniBed crime acti4itiesW) @n his /ook, Assassination of JD: =1>11?, 3ernard Densterwald
claims that *tur%is was hea4ily in4ol4ed with the 2afia, particularly with *anto Trafficante and 2eyer "ansky acti4ities in
Dlorida)
The !ockefeller Commission of the ()*) Con%ress in 1>10 in4esti%ated Drank *tur%is and $) Howard Hunt in connection with
the 1>A3 assassination of President John D) :ennedy) *pecifically, it in4esti%ated alle%ations that $) Howard Hunt and Drank
*tur%is were C@A a%ents and were present in ,allas at the time of the assassination and could ha4e fired the alle%ed shots from
the %rassy knoll)
<. 7o/ard 7unt
$) Howard Hunt worked for the Central @ntelli%ence A%ency =C@A? and later the +hite House under President !ichard Ci6on)
Hunt, with ;) ;ordon "iddy and others, was one of the +hite House5s &plum/ers' ] a secret team of operati4es char%ed with
fi6in% &leaks)' @nformation disclosures were an em/arrassment to the Ci6on administration when defense analyst ,aniel
$lls/er% sent a series of documents, which came to /e known as the Penta%on Papers, to The Cew Mork Times)
Hunt, alon% with "iddy, en%ineered the first +ater%ate /ur%lary) @n the ensuin% +ater%ate *candal, Hunt was con4icted of
/ur%lary, conspiracy, and wiretappin%, e4entually ser4in% 33 months in prison) @n .001 his son released audio tape of Hunt
namin% President "yndon 3) Johnson and others as the orchestrators of the John D) :ennedy assassination) "yndon 3) JohnsonVs
mistress, 2adeleine ,uncan 3rown, also e6posed JohnsonVs key in4ol4ement when she was inter4iewed in one of the nine part
series of the 33CVs, Te %en &o Killed Kenned$, that were aired in the 1>>0s) Today, Te %en &o Killed Kenned$, can /e
purchased with si6 parts from the ori%inal nine, the three parts missin% contained information the (nited *tates %o4ernment said
posed a national security threat) "uckily, those parts were kept under 9H* recordin% when ori%inally aired and are a4aila/le on
the internet if searched for, primarily in the torrent community, where all nine parts can /e found) $/ay is also a location where
the set can /e purchased, howe4er, most a4aila/le 4ersions of the series ha4e only si6 of the nine parts)
Here is HuntVs confession in 4ideo format) @n his death/ed confession, Hunt names ,a4id Atlee Phillips, Drank *tur%is and
"yndon 3) Johnson)
How does James $) Diles confession impact :ennedy assassination researchers today who ha4e fin%ered Drank *tur%is and
Howard Hunt, a look at the famed pictures of the %rassy knoll is a %ood start, since James Diles claims he was there) The %rassy
knoll was located -ust off to the side of the street of where the presidentVs motorcade was passin% at the e6act time the presidentVs
head recei4ed the last, deadly /ullet wound) A num/er of shots had already /een fired strikin% Te6as ;o4ernor Connelly in the
chest and in the wrist, the windshield of the "incoln limousine, the PresidentVs neck and /ack, and a stray /ullet missin% entirely
and strikin% near some spectators at the underpass) The presidentVs final /low was struck from a location some say caused his
/ody to -erk 4iolently /ack and to the left, a response from a shot comin% from the %rassy knoll direction and not from the Ath
floor of the *chool 3ook ,epository where <swald was accused to ha4e /een /ehind the motorcade some distance) 9ideo of
this can /e 4iewed further down in this article)
=ary Ann =oorman
2ary Ann 2oorman was on the opposite side of the street from A/raham Zapruder who filmed the seNuence of :ennedyVs final
%unshot to the head) *he took a photo -ust a split second /efore :ennedyVs head e6plodes with massi4e trauma) The photo was
analyBed for years and said to show fi%ures standin% on the %rassy knoll, one of which is wearin% a police uniform and appears
to /e holdin% up a rifle) (ntil the 1>>0s, the photo was /lack and white and was de/ated o4er shadows) +ith new technolo%y,
photo analysis e6perts ha4e %one /ack and taken thousands of shades of %ray and con4erted them into colors, a process known
as coloriBation, which has a >>a accuracy result)
Le0t: The 2oorman Photo -o$ 8ight: Close (p of Area in 8uestion ;ottom 8ight: ColoriBed Area
Here is 4ideo of the disco4ery of the three fi%ures on the %rassy knoll and a detailed inter4iew with one of the men in the
picture) ;ordon Arnold, a (* 2ilitary *er4iceman, was pictured to the far left in the close#up of the WshooterW on the %rassy
knoll) Here he recounts what he saw and heard, a sharpshooter -ust a couple of yards from him on the %rassy knoll) @n the
second clip, ;ordon is shown the coloriBed photo and is asked if that is him and to e6plain what he remem/ers) $d Hoffman,
one of the witnesses of the assassination who has also not died of a con4enient death, was inter4iewed in the second clip as well
where he too tells the story of the %rassy knoll shooter) His detail is astoundin% for he recalls seein% the man disassem/le the
rifle and place it into a case to dis%uise it)
Just seconds after the shootin% /roke out and the motorcade dro4e off to Parkland Hospital, hundreds of indi4iduals in the area
of the shootin% immediately /e%an to run toward the %rassy knoll where later the +arren Commission would entirely i%nore and
withhold the accounts of 81 witnesses who saw or heard shots from the %rassy knoll and ran to the area -ust moments after the
assassination) Here is dramatic 4ideo of this detail)
M8ailroad ;umsM
Cewsweek ma%aBine reported and printed photo%raphs of three men resem/lin% the youn% suspects, from left to ri%ht, James
Diles, Drank *tur%is and Howard Hunt, who were detained at the %rassy knoll shortly after the assassination) The Cewsweek
article stated the official reports that the men were released and were only Wrailroad /umsW who would find shelter sleepin% in
the /o6cars of the trains located near the %rassy knoll) Accordin% to Cewsweek, the men were released without further inNuiry)
Accordin% to the 1>1 !ockefeller Commission report, Hunt testified that he had ne4er met *tur%is /efore they were introduced
/y 3ernard 3arker in 2iami in 1>1.) *tur%is testified to the same effect, e6cept that he did not recall whether the introduction
had taken place in late 1>11 or early 1>1.) *tur%is further testified that while he had often heard of W$duardo,W a C@A political
officer who had /een acti4e in the work of the Cu/an !e4olutionary Council in 2iami prior to the 3ay of Pi%s operation in April
1>A1, he had ne4er met him and did not know until 1>11 or 1>1. that W$duardoW was $) Howard Hunt)
@n a death/ed statement released in .001, Howard Hunt names *tur%is as one of the participants in the JD: assassination)
6ome 2ideo <vidence
A/raham Zapruder was located -ust to the side of the %rassy knoll with a handheld camera watchin% the motorcade pass /y) He
was one of the some 30 indi4iduals who cau%ht the presidentVs last moments on 4ideo or still film) Here you can see the
PresidentVs headshot)
2arie 2uchmore cau%ht the presidentVs final seconds from a further distance /ut was una/le to firmly capture the %rassy knoll)
Here is her 4ideoG
'ac@ 8u.y, the man who shot "ee Har4ey <swald
James Diles also says that Johnny !oselli and him met with Jack !u/y prior to the assassination) Jack !u/y was connected to all
of these men named so far) 3efore the 1>01 mo4e to ,allas, !u/y had /een personally acNuainted with two professional killers
for the or%aniBed crime syndicate in Chica%o, ,a4id Maras and "enny Patrick) The committee esta/lished that !u/y, Maras and
Patrick were in fact acNuainted durin% !u/yVs years in Chica%o, particularly in the 1>30Vs and 1>00Vs) 3oth Maras and Patrick
admitted, when Nuestioned /y the D3@ in 1>A0, that they did know !u/y, /ut /oth said that they had not had any contact with
him for 10 to 1 years) Maras and Patrick further maintained they had ne4er /een particularly close to !u/y, had ne4er 4isited
him in ,allas and had no knowled%e of !u/y /ein% connected to or%aniBed crime) @ndeed, the +arren Commission used
PatrickVs statement as a footnote citation in its report to support its conclusion that !u/y did not ha4e si%nificant syndicate
associations)
<n the other hand, the House of Assassinations Committee esta/lished that Maras and Patrick were, in fact, notorious %unmen,
ha4in% /een identified /y law enforcement authorities as e6ecutioners for the Chica%o mo/ and closely associated with *am
;iancana, the or%aniBed crime leader in Chica%o who was murdered in 1>1) Maras and Patrick are /elie4ed to ha4e /een
responsi/le for numerous syndicate e6ecutions) includin% the murder of James !a%an, a %am/lin% wire ser4ice owner) The
e4idence implicatin% Maras and Patrick in syndicate acti4ities is unusually relia/le) Maras, for e6ample, was o4erheard in a 1>A.
electronic sur4eillance discussin% 4arious underworld murder contracts he had carried out and one he had only recently /een
assi%ned) +hile the committee found no e4idence that !u/y was associated with Maras or Patrick durin% the 1>0s or 1>A0s, it
concluded that !u/y had pro/a/ly talked /y telephone to Patrick durin% the summer of 1>A3)
@ncluded amon% !u/yVs closest friends was "ewis 2c+illie) 2c+illie mo4ed from ,allas to Cu/a in 1>8 and worked in
%am/lin% casinos in Ha4ana until 1>A0) @n 1>18, 2c+illie was employed in "as 9e%as, and law enforcement files indicate he
had /usiness and personal ties to ma-or or%aniBed crime fi%ures, includin% 2eyer "ansky and *anto Trafficante)
!u/y tra4eled to Cu/a on at least one occasion to 4isit 2c+illie) 2c+illie testified to the committee that !u/y 4isited him only
once in Cu/a, and that it was a social 4isit) The +arren Commission concluded this was the only trip !u/y took to Cu/a,3>
despite documentation in the CommissionVs own files indicatin% !u/y made a second trip)
3oth !u/y and 2c+illie claimed that !u/yVs 4isit to Cu/a was at 2c+illieVs in4itation and lasted a/out a week in the late
summer or early fall of 1>>) The committee, howe4er, o/tained tourist cards from the Cu/an ;o4ernment that show !u/y
entered Cu/a on Au%ust 8, 1>>, left on *eptem/er 11, reentered on *eptem/er 1. and left a%ain on *eptem/er 13, 1>>) These
documents supplement records the committee o/tained from the @mmi%ration and CaturaliBation *er4ice =@C*? indicatin% that
!u/y left Cu/a on *eptem/er 11, 1>>, tra4elin% to 2iami, returned to Cu/a on *eptem/er 1., and tra4eled on to Cew <rleans
on *eptem/er 13, 1>>) The Cu/an ;o4ernment could not state with certainty that the commercial airline fli%hts indicated /y
the @C* records were the only ones !u/y took durin% the period)
<ther records o/tained /y the committee indicate that !u/y was in ,allas at times durin% the Au%ust 8 to *eptem/er 11, 1>>,
period) He apparently 4isited his safe deposit /o6 on Au%ust .1, met with D3@ A%ent Charles +) Dlynn on Au%ust 31,=.? and
returned to the safe deposit /o6 on *eptem/er 0) ConseNuently, if the tourist card documentation, @C*, D3@, and /ank records are
all correct, !u/y had to ha4e made at least three trips to Cu/a) +hile the records appeared to /e accurate, they were incomplete)
The committee was una/le to determine, for e6ample, whether on the third trip, if it occurred, !u/y tra4eled /y commercial
airline or some other means) ConseNuently, the committee could not rule out the possi/ility that !u/y made more trips durin%
this period or at other times)
3ased on the unusual nature of the 1#day trip to 2iami from Ha4ana on *eptem/er 11#1. and the possi/ility of at least one
additional trip to Cu/a, the committee concluded that 4acationin% was pro/a/ly not the purpose for tra4elin% to Ha4ana, despite
!u/yVs insistence to the +arren Commission that his one trip to Cu/a in 1>> was a social 4isit) The committee reached the
-ud%ment that !u/y most likely was ser4in% as a courier for %am/lin% interests when he tra4eled to 2iami from Ha4ana for 1
day, then returned to Cu/a for a day, /efore flyin% to Cew <rleans)
The committee also deemed it likely that !u/y at least met 4arious or%aniBed crime fi%ures in Cu/a, possi/ly includin% some
who had /een detained /y the Cu/an %o4ernment) @n fact, !u/y told the +arren Commission that he was later 4isited in ,allas
/y 2c+illie and a Ha4ana casino owner and that they had discussed the %am/lin% /usiness in Cu/a)
@t has /een char%ed that !u/y met with *anto Trafficante in Cu/a sometime in 1>>) Trafficante, re%arded as one of the CationVs
most powerful or%aniBed crime fi%ures, was to /ecome a key participant in Castro assassination attempts /y the 2afia and the
C@A from 1>A0 to 1>A3) The committee de4eloped circumstantial e4idence that makes a meetin% /etween !u/y and Trafficante
a distinct possi/ility) ) ) )
+hile alle%ations of a !u/y link to Trafficante had pre4iously /een raised, mainly due to 2c+illieVs alle%ed close connections
to the 2afia leader, it was not until recent years that they recei4ed serious attention) Trafficante had lon% /een reco%niBed /y law
enforcement officials as a leadin% mem/er of the "a Cosa Costra, /ut he did not /ecome the o/-ect of si%nificant pu/lic attention
in connection with the assassination of the President until his participation in the assassination plots a%ainst Castro was disclosed
in 1>1)
Cew <rleans
Le0t: ,a4id Derrie Center: ;uy 3anister 8ight: Clay *haw
@n 1>A. ,a4id Derrie /e%an workin% as an in4esti%ator with ;uy 3anister for lawyer ;) +ray ;ill on /ehalf of his client,
2afioso Carlos 2arcello) This in4ol4ed attempts to /lock 2arcelloVs deportation to ;uatemala)
<n the afternoon of Co4em/er .., 1>A3, the day of John D) :ennedyVs assassination and the day 2arcello was acNuitted of
immi%ration fraud, ;uy 3anister and Jack 2artin went drinkin% to%ether) <n their return to 3anisterVs office the two men %ot
in4ol4ed in a dispute a/out a missin% file) 3anister /ecame so an%ry that he drew his 2a%num re4ol4er and hit 2artin with it
se4eral times) 2artin was so /adly in-ured that he had to /e detained in the local Charity Hospital)
<4er the ne6t few days 2artin told reporters and authorities that Derrie had /een in4ol4ed in the assassination of John D)
:ennedy) Accordin% to 2artin, Derrie had known "ee Har4ey <swald from their days in the Cew <rleans Ci4il Air Patrol, had
%i4en him lessons on how to use a rifle with a telescopic si%ht, had flown <swald to Te6as and had threatened JD: and outlined
plans to kill him)
<n Co4em/er ., 2artin was contacted /y the Dederal 3ureau of @n4esti%ation) He told them that he thou%ht Derrie had
hypnotiBed <swald into assassinatin% :ennedy) The D3@ considered 2artinVs e4idence unrelia/le) Ce4ertheless, they
inter4iewed Derrie twice and inter4iewed a/out .0 other people in connection with the alle%ations) They were una/le to de4elop
a su/stantial case a%ainst Derrie)
Jack 2artin also claimed that Derrie had /een informed that his li/rary card had /een found in <swaldVs possession when he was
arrested) 2artin had reported to the D3@ and others -ust after the assassination that Derrie was concerned a/out the card, and the
Committee heard statements from /oth <swald5s landlady and a former nei%h/or that Derrie had 4isited them separately askin%
a/out the li/rary card) Howe4er, no such li/rary card was found amon% <swaldVs possessions) Derrie was a/le to produce his
li/rary card for D3@ a%ents who inter4iewed him on Co4em/er .1, 1>A3)
This information reached Jim ;arrison, the district attorney of Cew <rleans who, /y 1>AA, was 4ery interested in the Cew
<rleans aspects of the assassination) @n ,ecem/er 1>AA he inter4iewed 2artin a/out these accusations) 2artin claimed that
durin% the summer of 1>A3 Derrie and ;uy 3anister were in4ol4ed in somethin% 4ery sinister with a %roup of Cu/an e6iles)
3efore Cew <rleans, ;uy 3anister spent many years as a special a%ent in char%e of the Chica%o office of the D3@ where Jack
!u/y and all the other named mafia connections started) "ee Har4ey <swald, a pri4ate in the 2arines durin% this time, had
taken a !ussian e6amination in the 1>0s) Pri4ates did not take !ussian e6aminations unless they were connected with
intelli%ence)
+hen <swald returned from !ussia durin% the cold war, he took up a pro#communist a%enda in the pu/lic eye while workin% at
00 Camp, which was the address stamped on a handout that <swald %a4e out and was on local Cew <rleans news for, where
3anister told him, W"ee, no more addresses)W @t turned out that was a side address of ;uy 3anisterVs pri4ate detecti4e a%ency)
3anister %ot "ee out of trou/le /ut for ,istrict Attorney Jim ;arrison, this was a 4ital connection)
Lee 7arvey >s/ald
<swald was photo%raphed for the local newspapers distri/utin% pro#Castro literature in front of Clay *hawVs @nternational Trade
2art at 1.0 Camp *treet, a stoneVs throw away from ;uy 3anisterVs 00 Camp *treet office, Au%ust 1A, 1>A3) <n Au%ust >th,
1>A3, "ee Har4ey <swald distri/uted leaflets a%ain that supported Didel Castro and his communist %o4ernment in Cu/a) <n
these leaflets was, a%ain, the address 00 Camp *treet, Cew <rleans) Drom <cto/er 1>A1 to De/ruary 1>A., this had /een the
address of the Cu/an !e4olutionary Council, an anti#Castro %roup) Around the corner from 00 Camp *treet, located in the
same structure /ut with a different entrance, was 31 "afayette *treet, which housed the detecti4e a%ency run /y ;uy 3anister)
Across the street was the <ffice of Ca4al @ntelli%ence, two doors down was the *ecret *er4ice, around the corner was the
Crescent City ;ara%e, the %ara%e for the intelli%ence community and then, two doors away, the !eily Coffee Company, which
was one of the C@A front companies in the 3ay of Pi%s fiasco) Jim ;arrison said, Wthe whole intelli%ence community was there,
and ri%ht in the middle of it was ;uy 3anister ha4in% <swald sheep#dipped as a Communist))))W
W<n at least two separate occasions, 3anister employees saw <swald handin% out pro#Castro literature and reported it to their
/oss) @n one instance 3anister simply lau%hed, and on the other, he told his secretary ,elphine !o/ertsG V,onVt worry a/out
him)))) HeVs with us) HeVs associated with the office)V !o/erts also said she saw <swald at 00 Camp *treet, and that he filled
out one of 3anisterVs Va%entV application forms) *he later told author Anthony *ummersG V<swald came /ack a num/er of times)
He seemed to /e on familiar terms with 3anister and with the office)VW ##Jim 2arrs, CrossfireG The Plot that :illed :ennedy)
WThey are the most ruthless motherf###ers there are and if they want to %et some/ody, they will) They will do their own people
up)W ##,a4id *ancheB 2orales, former Chief of <perations at the C@A station in 2iami =J2H+A9$? and a consultant to the
,eputy ,irector of the Joint Chiefs, talkin% a/out the C@A, ;aeton DonBi, The "ast @n4esti%ation)
W)))+e do know <swald had intelli%ence connections) $4erywhere you look with him, thereVre fin%erprints of intelli%ence)W
##!epu/lican *enator !ichard *chweiker, mem/er of the ()*) *enate *elect Committee on @ntelli%ence, 9illa%e 9oice,
,ecem/er 1, 1>1)
W)))if he had it to do o4er a%ain, he would /e%in his in4esti%ation of the :ennedy assassination /y pro/in% V<swaldVs ties to the
Central @ntelli%ence A%ency)VW ##!ichard *pra%ue, first staff director and chief counsel to the ()*) House *elect Committee on
Assassinations, statement to *am Anson of Cew Times ma%aBine, ;aeton DonBi, The "ast @n4esti%ation)
WEDormer C@A ,irector !ichardF Helms told reporters durin% a /reak that no one would e4er know who or what "ee Har4ey
<swald ))) represented) Asked whether the C@A knew of any ties <swald had with either the :;3 or the C@A, Helms paused
and with a lau%h said, V@ donVt remem/er)VW ##Helms, chattin% with the +ashin%ton PostVs ;eor%e "ardner and other reporters in
1>18, durin% a recess of the ()*) House *elect Committee on Assassinations, ;aeton DonBi, The "ast @n4esti%ation)
W@ no lon%er /elie4e that we were a/le to conduct an appropriate in4esti%ation of the ECentral @ntelli%enceF A%ency and its
relationship to <swald)))) @ do not /elie4e any denial offered /y the A%ency on any point) The law has lon% followed the rule
that if a person lies to you on one point, you may re-ect all of his testimony)))) +e now know that the A%ency withheld from the
+arren Commission the C@A#2afia plots to kill Castro) Had the commission known of the plots, it would ha4e followed a
different path in its in4esti%ation)))) +e also now know that the A%ency set up a process that could only ha4e /een desi%ned to
frustrate the a/ility of the committee in 1>1A#1> to o/tain any information that mi%ht ad4ersely affect the A%ency) 2any ha4e
told me that the culture of the A%ency is one of pre4arication and dissimulation and that you cannot trust it or its people)
Period) $nd of story) @ am now in that camp)W ##!o/ert 3lakey, staff director and chief counsel =1>11#1>?, ()*) House *elect
Committee on Assassinations, statement from .003)
Le0t: ,a4id Derrie 8ight: "ee Har4ey <swald
Clay *haw was part of the C@A <peration 2on%oose where acti4e trainin% for anti#Castro Cu/ans was undertaken in "ouisiana
in cooperation with Alpha#AA, the C@A /acked Cu/an pro%ram) <swald and Derrie were mem/ers of this pro%ram) Pretty
confusin% considerin% <swald was Wcommunist)W *o why hand out leaflets in front of the offices and create pro#Castro
awareness, perhaps to lure information and assets, as well as create disinformation) Theories /e%in to %row wild at this point,
/ut the fact remains that <swald was documented with /oth anti#Castro and pro#communist mo4ements)
2inister !aymond 3roshears reported that ,a4id Derrie, who had documented ties to <swald, the C@A, and the 2afia # would,
after %ettin% drunk, often talk a/out his role in the conspiracy) Derrie said his -o/ was to wait in Houston for two %unmen, one of
them a Cu/an e6ile Derrie referred to as Carlos, and then fly them on the second le% of an escape route that was to take the
assassins to *outh African 4ia *outh America) Derrie told 3roshears the plan fell apart when the assassins, flyin% in a li%ht plane,
decided to skip the stop in Houston and press on to 2e6ico) They alle%edly died when their plane crashed near Corpus Christi,
Te6as)
<n De/ruary .., 1>A1 Derrie was found dead in his apartment) The Cew <rleans coroner officially reported that the cause of
death was a 3erry Aneurysm)
James Diles had mentioned his handler was ,a4id Atlee Phillips, a Central @ntelli%ence A%ency officer for . years, one of a
handful of people to recei4e the Career @ntelli%ence 2edal) @n 1>1 he founded the Association of Dormer @ntelli%ence <fficers
=AD@<?, an alumni association comprisin% intelli%ence officers from all ser4ices) Phillips -oined the C@A as a part#time a%ent in
1>0 in Chile, where he owned and edited WThe *outh Pacific 2ailW, an $n%lish#lan%ua%e newspaper that circulated throu%hout
*outh America and se4eral islands in the Pacific) He /ecame a full#time operati4e in 1>0 and rose throu%h the ranks to
intelli%ence officer, chief of station and e4entually chief of all operations in the +estern hemisphere, ser4in% primarily in "atin
America, includin% Cu/a, 2e6ico, and the ,ominican !epu/lic)
Phillips used the alias W2aurice 3ishopW =not to /e confused with the former prime minister of ;renada, 2aurice 3ishop?) He
used the 1seudonym whilst workin% with Alpha AA, an or%aniBation of anti#Castro Cu/ans) Alpha AAVs founder, Antonio
9eciana, claimed that durin% one of his meetin%s with W3ishopW, "ee Har4ey <swald was also in attendance) H*CA in4esti%ator
;aeton DonBi /elie4ed Phillips was 3ishop) @n the H*CAVs report, it statedG
Q:he committee sus%ected that Feciana was lyin# when he denied that the retired *>! officer was Bisho%. :he committee reco#ni9ed
that Feciana had an interest in renewin# his anti4*astro o%erations that mi#ht ha&e led him to %rotect the officer from e?%osure as
Bisho% so they could work to#ether a#ain. For his %art) the retired officer aroused the committeePs sus%icion when he told the
committee he did not reco#ni9e Feciana as the founder of !l%ha --) es%ecially since the officer had once 0een dee%ly in&ol&ed in
!#ency anti4*astro o%erations. Further) a former *>! case officer who was assi#ned from Se%tem0er +,-6 to 'o&em0er +,-. to the
J87W!F= station in 8iami told the committee that the retired officer had in fact used the alias) 8aurice Bisho%. :he committee also
inter&iewed a former assistant of the retired officer 0ut he could not recall his former su%erior e&er ha&in# used the name or ha&in#
0een referred to as Bisho%.Q ((S*! 1e%ort) %a#e +3-) footnote .3)
The report went on to dismiss 9ecianaVs testimonyG
Q>n the a0sence of corro0oration or inde%endent su0stantiation) the committee could not) therefore) credit FecianaPs storyQ (%a#e +3C)
Phillips wrote and lectured freNuently on intelli%ence matters) He authored fi4e /ooks, includin% his C@A memoir WThe Ci%ht
+atchW, WCareers in *ecret <perationsW and spy no4el called WThe Carlos ContractW)
+ater%ate fi%ure and C@A officer Howard Hunt also names Phillips as one of the participants in the JD: assassination in his
death/ed statement released)
The 1>1> House *u/committee on Assassinations stated in its !eport that it heard e4idence that <swald, while li4in% in Cew
<rleans in the summer of 1>A3, had WapparentlyW esta/lished contact with ,a4id Derrie as well as with other non#Cu/ans of anti#
Castro sentiments) The Committee also found Wcredi/le and si%nificantW the testimony of si6 witnesses who placed <swald in
Clinton, "ouisiana in *eptem/er, 1>A3) The later release of witness statements taken /y ,istrict Attorney James ;arrisonVs
in4esti%ators in 1>A1, una4aila/le to the H*CA, showed su/stantial contradictions to the witnessesV testimony in 1>A> and 1>18)
@n 1>18, +illiam ;audet, a twenty#year C@A informant who had worked out of the @nternational Trade 2art in Cew <rleans,
told an in4esti%ator that Derrie Wwas withW <swald, althou%h he did not state where or when, or whether he knew this directly or
/y hearsay)
Former President George 7.W. ;ush
2iami, D" and ;eor%e H)+) 3ush
A se4erely /eaten prostitute named !ose Cheramie was found alon% a "ouisiana road on Co4 .0, 1>A3 -ust days /efore the
assassination) *he tells the doctors treatin% her that :ennedy is a/out to /e assassinated) They do not /elie4e her, for she is under
the influence of narcotics) *he was tra4elin% from Dlorida with men from 2iami she said were with the C@A, and that they had
%uns and ammo from Cu/an e6ile trainin% pro%rams) The names she mentioned led to an D3@ in4esti%ation in 2iami of Cu/an
e6iles and a 2iami 2a%aBine article in4esti%atin% ri%ht win% political men, 2eyer "ansky, and C@A officials)
2iami 2a%aBineVs inNuiry into the assassination /e%an with the 2iami Police tape#recordin% of men discussin% the assassination
details weeks /efore) *cattered references ha4e /een made to the recordin% since it was unco4ered in 1>A1, most nota/ly /y
assassination researcher Harold +eis/er% who pu/lished the transcript in his 1>10 /ook WDrame#(p)W @n4esti%ation of this
incident led to disco4ery of the Parrot Jun%le threat)
Circuit Jud%e *eymour ;el/er, then an assistant to *tate Attorney !ichard ;erstein, pro4ided nearly all the initial information
a/out the tape#recordin%) Cot only did he sa4e records and memoranda from the in4esti%ation, he kept a diary) The diary was
in4alua/le in our research) ;erstein too has /een totally cooperati4e)
Their in4esti%ation, which culminated in the tape#recordin% of Co4) >, 1>A3, /e%an in De/ruary 1>A. after a series of local
/om/in%s, includin% an attack upon the home of 2iami Herald editor ,on *hoemaker) A few days after that /om/in%, +illie
*omersett, a union or%aniBer with e6tensi4e ri%ht#win% political ties =he was a :lansman?, showed up at the Herald /uildin% to
offer his ser4ices as an informer) 8uickly, he /e%an workin% for the 2iami police and the Dederal 3ureau of @n4esti%ation) The
police were ne4er ad4ised of his ties to the D3@) =Actually, he had worked for the D3@, off and on, for a/out a decade, it is now
known?) <4er the ne6t se4eral months, *omersett imparted enou%h information to state in4esti%ators to ena/le them to arrest
and con4ict se4eral of the /om/ers)
Dor more a/out this recordin%, click here)
The anti#Castro Cu/an trainin% pro%rams conducted /y the Central @ntelli%ence A%ency were or%aniBed in 2iami, of many
places mentioned) <peration Zapata was the name of the pro%ram in 2iami and declassified to the pu/lic under its more
familiar name, W3ay of Pi%s)W @t would transfer arms and Cu/ans to and from Cu/a from an off#shore oil ri% and production
facility near the Cu/an coastline) That facility was owned /y Zapata <il) Zapata Corporation is a holdin% company /ased in
!ochester, Cew Mork and ori%inatin% from an oil company started /y a %roup includin% the former (nited *tates president
;eor%e H) +) 3ush) Throu%h his work with Zapata <ff#*hore, 3ush is alle%ed to ha4e come into contact with Deli6 !odri%ueB,
3arry *eal, Porter ;oss, and $) Howard Hunt, around the time of the 3ay of Pi%s operation)
Porter ;oss is currently the head of the C@A and 3arry *eal is famous for /ein% the lar%est cocaine smu%%ler in the history of the
(nited *tates durin% @ran#Contra) As fate would ha4e it, 3arry *eal had ;eor%e H)+) 3ushVs pri4ate num/er on him when he
was %unned down in "ouisiana /y the 2edellin Cartel, headed /y famed Pa/lo $sco/ar) 3arry *eal recei4ed his fli%ht trainin%
from ,a4id Derrie at the Ci4il Air Patrol in "ouisiana) A%ain, as fate would ha4e it, 3arry *eal would later train !udy ,ekkers)
!udy ,ekkers owned Hoffman A4iation where 2ohhamed Atta was trained for the >H11 attacks)
2ichael 2aholy alle%es that Zapata <ff#*hore was used as part of a C@A dru%#smu%%lin% rin% to pay for armin% Cicara%uan
Contras in 1>8A#1>88, includin% !odri%ueB, $u%ene Hasenfus and others) 2ahony claims ZapataVs oil ri%s were used as sta%in%
/ases for dru% shipments, alle%edly named W<peration +hale +atch)W 2ahony alle%edly worked for Ca4al @ntelli%ence, (*
*tate ,epartment and C@A for two decades)
<n January 8, .001, newly released internal C@A documents re4ealed that Zapata had in fact emer%ed from 3ush5s colla/oration
with a co4ert C@A officer in the 1>0s) Accordin% to a C@A internal memo dated Co4em/er .>, 1>1, Zapata Petroleum /e%an in
1>3 throu%h 3ush5s -oint efforts with Thomas J) ,e4ine, a C@A staffer who had resi%ned his a%ency position that same year to
%o into pri4ate /usiness, /ut who continued to work for the C@A under commercial co4er) ,e4ine would later accompany 3ush
to 9ietnam in late 1>A1 as a Wcleared and wittin% commercial assetW of the a%ency, acted as his informal forei%n affairs ad4isor,
and had a close relationship with him throu%h 1>1)
A newly disco4ered D3@ document re4eals that ;eor%e H)+) 3ush was directly in4ol4ed in the assassination conspirators of
President John :ennedy) The document places 3ush workin% with the now#famous C@A a%ent, Deli6 !odri%ueB, recruitin% ri%ht#
win% Cu/an e6iles for the in4asion of Cu/a) @t was 3ushVs C@A -o/ to or%aniBe the Cu/an community in 2iami for the in4asion)
The Cu/ans were trained as marksmen /y the C@A) 3ush at that time li4ed in Te6as) Hoppin% from Houston to 2iami weekly,
3ush spent 1>A0 and VA1 recruitin% Cu/ans in 2iami for the in4asion) That is how he met Deli6 !odri%ueB)
!odri%ueB as the @ran#contra C@A a%ent who recei4ed the first phone call tellin% the world the C@A plane flown /y ;ene
Hasenfus had crashed in Cicara%ua) As soon as !odri%ueB heard that the plane crashed, he called his lon%#time C@A super4isor,
;eor%e 3ush) 3ush denied /ein% in the contra loop, /ut in4esti%ators recently o/tained copies of <li4er CorthVs diary, which
documents 3ushVs role as a C@A super4isor of the contra supply network)
@n 1>88 3ush told Con%ress he knew nothin% a/out the ille%al supply fli%hts until 1>81, yet CorthVs diary shows 3ush at the first
plannin% meetin% Au%) A, 1>8) 3ushVs WofficialW lo% placed him somewhere else) *uch dou/le sets of lo%s are intended to hide
3ushVs real role in the C@AO to pro4ide him with Wplausi/le denia/ility)W The pro/lem is, it fell apart /ecause too many people,
like Corth and !odri%ueB, ha4e kept records that show 3ushVs C@A role /ack to the 1>A1 in4asion of Cu/a) =*ourceG The
+ashin%ton Post, 1H10H>0?)
That is e6actly how e4idence was unco4ered placin% ;eor%e 3ush workin% with Deli6 !odri%ueB when JD: was killed) A memo
from D3@ head J) $d%ar Hoo4er was found, statin% that, W2r) ;eor%e 3ush of the C@A had /een /riefed on Co4em/er .3rd, 1>A3
a/out the reaction of anti#Castro Cu/an e6iles in 2iami to the assassination of President :ennedy) =*ourceG The Cation,
8H13H88?)
<n the day of the assassination 3ush was in Te6as, /ut he denies knowin% e6actly where he was) *ince he had /een the
super4isor for the secret Cu/an teams, headed /y former Cu/an police commander Deli6 !odri%ueB, since 1>A0, it is likely 3ush
was also in ,allas in 1>A3) *e4eral of the Cu/ans he was super4isin% as dirty#tricks teams for Ci6on, were photo%raphed in the
Zapruder film)
@n 1>> !odri%ueB was a top cop in the Cu/an %o4ernment under 3atista) +hen 3atista was o4erthrown and fled to 2iami,
!odri%ueB went with him, alon% with Drank *tur%is and !afael 8uintero) <fficially, !odri%ueB didnVt -oin the C@A until 1>A1,
after the C@A in4asion of Cu/a, in which he participated, and the assassination of JD:) 3ut records recently unco4ered show he
actually -oined the C@A in 1>A1 for the in4asion of Cu/a when he was recruited /y ;eor%e 3ush) That is how !odri%ueB claims
he /ecame a Wclose personal friend of 3ush)W
Then WofficiallyW !odri%ueB claims he Nuit the C@A in 1>1A, -ust after he was sent to prison for his role in the +ater%ate
/ur%lary) Howe4er, accordin% to !ollin% *tone reporters :ohn L 2onks =11H3H88?, !odri%ueB still %oes to C@A headNuarters
monthly to recei4e assi%nments and ha4e his /lue 1>81 /ulletproof Cadillac ser4iced) !odri%ueB was asked /y a !ollin% *tone
reporter where he was the day JD: was shot, and claims he canVt remem/er)
;eor%e 3ush claims he ne4er worked for the C@A until he was appointed director /y former +arren Commission director and
then President Jerry Dord, in 1>1A) "o%ic su%%ests that is hi%hly unlikely) <f course, 3ush has a company duty to deny /ein% in
the C@A) The C@A is a secret or%aniBation) Co one e4er admits to /ein% a mem/er) The truth is that 3ush has /een a top C@A
official since /efore the 1>A1 in4asion of Cu/a, workin% with Deli6 !odri%ueB) 3ush may deny his actual role in the C@A in
1>>, /ut there are records in the files of !odri%ueB and others in4ol4ed in the 3ay of Pi%s in4asion of Cu/a that e6pose 3ushVs
role) The corporations would not put some/ody in char%e of all the state secrets held /y the C@A unless he was e6perienced and
well trained in the C@A) =*ourceG Pro-ect Censored !eport, De/ 1>8>, ,r Carl Jensen, *onoma *tate Colle%e?)
Two Dederal 3ureau of @n4esti%ation =D3@? memoranda ha4e /een offered to show connections /etween the C@A and ;eor%e H)
+) 3ush durin% his time at Zapata) The first memo names Zapata <ff#*hore and was written /y D3@ *pecial A%ent ;raham
:itchel on .. Co4em/er 1>A3, re%ardin% the John D) :ennedy assassination at 1.G30 p)m) C*T that day) @t /e%insG WAt 1G0 p)m)
2r) ;$<!;$ H) +) 3(*H, President of the Zapata <ff#*hore ,rillin% Company, Houston, Te6as, residence . 3riar,
Houston, telephonically furnished the followin% information to writer) )) 3(*H stated that he wanted to /e kept confidential) ))
was proceedin% to ,allas, Te6as, would remain in the *heraton#,allas Hotel)W
A second D3@ memorandum, written /y J) $d%ar Hoo4er, identifies W;eor%e 3ushW with the C@A) @t is dated .> Co4em/er 1>A3
and refers to a /riefin% %i4en 3ush on .3 Co4em/er) The D3@ ,irector descri/es a /riefin% a/out JD:Vs murder Worally furnished
to 2r) ;eor%e 3ush of the Central @ntelli%ence A%ency) )) E/yF this 3ureauW on WCo4em/er .3, 1>A3)
+hen this second memorandum surfaced durin% the 1>88 presidential campai%n, 3ush spokespersons =includin% *tephen Hart?
said Hoo4erVs memo referred to another ;eor%e 3ush who worked for the C@A) C@A spokeswoman *harron 3asso su%%ested it
was referrin% to a ;eor%e +illiam 3ush) Howe4er, others descri/ed this ;) +illiam 3ush as a Wlowly researcherW and Wcoast and
/each analystW who worked only with documents and photos at the C@A in 9ir%inia from *eptem/er 1>A3 to De/ruary 1>A0,
with a low rank of ;*#) Howe4er, this ;) +illiam 3ush swore an affada4it in federal court denyin% that Hoo4erVs memo
referred to himG
W@ ha4e carefully re4iewed the D3@ memorandum to the ,irector, 3ureau of @ntelli%ence and !esearch, ,epartment of *tate
dated Co4em/er .>, 1>A3 which mentions a 2r) ;eor%e 3ush of the Central @ntelli%ence A%ency) ))) @ do not reco%niBe the
contents of the memorandum as information furnished to me orally or otherwise durin% the time @ was at the C@A) @n fact, durin%
my time at the C@A, @ did not recei4e any oral communications from any %o4ernment a%ency of any nature whatsoe4er) @ did not
recei4e any information relatin% to the :ennedy assassination durin% my time at the C@A from the D3@) 3ased on the a/o4e, it is
my conclusion that @ am not the 2r) ;eor%e 3ush of the Central @ntelli%ence A%ency referred to in the memorandum)W =(nited
*tates ,istrict Court for the ,istrict of Colum/ia, Ci4il Action 88#.A00 ;H!, Archi4es and !esearch Center 4) Central
@ntelli%ence A%ency, Affida4it of ;eor%e +illiam 3ush, *eptem/er .1, 1>88)?
(* Army 3ri%adier ;eneral !ussell 3owen wrote that there was a co4er#up of ZapataVs C@A connectionsG
3ush, in fact, did work directly with the anti#Castro Cu/an %roups in 2iami /efore and after the 3ay of Pi%s in4asion, usin% his
company, Zapata <il, as a corporate co4er for his acti4ities on/ehalf of the a%ency) !ecords at the (ni4ersity of 2iami, where
the operations were /ased for se4eral years, show ;eor%e 3ush was present durin% this time)
Another writer Nuotes four former ()*) intelli%ence officials sayin% 3ush was in4ol4ed with the C@A prior to the 3ay of Pi%sG
!o/ert T) Crowley and +illiam Corson of the C@AG
3ush was officially considered a C@A /usiness asset, accordin% to Crowley and Corson) W;eor%eVs insecurities were clay to
someone like ,ulles,W +illiam Corson said) To recruit youn% ;eor%e 3ush, !o/ert Crowley e6plained, ,ulles con4inced him
that Whe could contri/ute to his country as well as %et help from the C@A for his o4erseas /usiness acti4ities)W E3ushF was,
accordin% to Corson, Wperfect at talent spottin% and lookin% at potential recruits for the C@A) Mou ha4e to remem/er, we had real
fears of *o4iet acti4ity in 2e6ico in the 1>0s) 3ush was one of many /usinessmen that would /e reim/ursed for hirin%
someone the C@A was interested in, or simply carryin% a messa%e)W
John *herwood of the C@AG
3ush was at first a tiny part of <P$!AT@<C 2<C;<<*$, the C@AVs code name for their anti#Castro operations) Accordin% to
the late John *herwood, W3ush was like hundreds of other /usinessmen who pro4ided the nuts#and#/olts assistance such
operations reNuire))) +hat they mainly helped us with was to %i4e us a place to park people that was discreet)W
An anonymous official connected to W<peration 2on%ooseWG
;eor%e 3ush would /e %i4en a list of names of Cu/an oil workers we would want placed in -o/s))) The oil platforms he dealt in
were perfect for trainin% the Cu/ans in raids on their homeland)
John "oftus, in his /ook *ecret +ar Nuotes former ()*) intelli%ence officials reportin% the same storyG
The Zapata#Permar%o deal cau%ht the eye of Allan ,ulles, who the Wold spiesW report was the man who recruited 3ushVs oil
company as a part time purchasin% front for the C@A) Zapata pro4ided commercial supplies for one of ,ullesV most notorious
operationsG the 3ay of Pi%s @n4asion) ##Chapter 1A pa%e 3A8
Dinally, accordin% to Cu/an intelli%ence official Da/ian $scalante in The Cu/a Pro-ectG C@A Co4ert <perations 1>>#A., Jack
Crichton and ;eor%e H)+) 3ush raised funds for the C@AVs <peration 00)
WTracy 3arnes functioned as head of the Cu/an Task Dorce) He called a meetin% on January 18,1>A0, in his office in 8uarters
$yes, near the "incoln 2emorial in +ashin%ton, which the na4y had lent while new /uildin%s were /ein% constructed in
"an%ley) Those who %athered there included the eccentric Howard Hunt, future head of the +ater%ate team and a writer of crime
no4elsO the e%ocentric Drank 3ender, a friend of Tru-illoO Jack $sterline, who had come strai%ht from 9eneBuela where he
directed a C@A %roupO psycholo%ical warfare e6pert ,a4id A) Phillips, and others) The team responsi/le for the plans to
o4erthrow the %o4ernment of Jaco/o Ar/enB in ;uatemala in 1>0 was reconstituted, and in the minds of all its mem/ers this
would /e a rerun of the same plan) 3arnes talked at len%th of the %oals to /e achie4ed) He e6plained that 9ice#President !ichard
Ci6on was the Cu/an Wcase officer,W and had assem/led an important %roup of /usinessmen headed /y ;eor%e 3ush E*r)F and
Jack Crichton, /oth Te6as oilmen, to %ather the necessary funds for E<peration 00F) Ci6on was a protP%P of 3ushVs father
EPrescottF, who in 1>0A had supported Ci6onVs /id for con%ress) @n fact, EPrescottF 3ush was the campai%n strate%ist who /rou%ht
$isenhower and Ci6on to the presidency of the (nited *tates) +ith such patrons, 3arnes was certain that failure was
impossi/le)W # Pa%e 03#00
Da/ian $scalante was in the ,epartment of *tate *ecurity =;#.? in Cu/a in 1>A0) At the time of the 3ay of Pi%s, $scalante was
head of a counter#intelli%ence unit and was part of a team in4esti%atin% a C@A operation called *entinels of "i/erty, an attempt to
recruit Cu/ans willin% to work a%ainst Castro) His information a/out 3ush apparently comes from a counterintelli%ence
operation a%ainst Tracy 3arnes of the C@A)
;ay o0 Pigs
C@A liaison officer Col) ") ="eroy? Dletcher Prouty alle%es that Zapata <ff#*hore pro4ided or was used as co4er for two of the
ships used in the 3ay of Pi%s in4asionG the 3ar/ara J and Houston) Prouty claims he deli4ered two ships to an inacti4e Ca4al
3ase near $liBa/eth City, Corth Carolina, for a C@A contact and he suspected 4ery stron%ly that ;eor%e 3ush must ha4e /een
in4ol4edG
They asked me to see if we could find ## purchase ## a couple of transport ships) +e %ot some people that were in that /usiness,
and they went alon% the coast and they found two old ships that we purchased and sent down to $liBa/eth City and /e%an to load
with an awful lot of trucks that the Army was sendin% down there) +e deck#loaded the trucks, and %ot all of their supplies on
/oard) $4erythin% that they needed was on two ships) @t was rather interestin% to note, lookin% /ack these days, that one of the
ships was called the Houston, and the other ship was called the 3ar/ara J) Colonel Hawkins had renamed the pro%ram as we
selected a name for the 3ay of Pi%s operation) The code name was WZapata)W @ was thinkin% a few months a%o of what a
coincidence that is) +hen 2r) 3ush %raduated from Male, /ack there in the days when @ was a professor at Male, he formed an
oil company, called WZapata,W with a man, "ieddke, who later on /ecame president of PennBoil) 3ut the company that "ieddke
and 2r) 3ush formed was the Zapata <il Company) 2r) 3ushVs wifeVs name is 3ar/ara J) And 2r) 3ush claims as his hometown
Houston, Te6as) Cow the triple coincidence there is stran%eO /ut @ think itVs interestin%) @ know nothin% a/out its meanin%) 3ut
these in4asion ships were the 3ar/ara J and the Houston, and the pro%ram was WZapata)W ;eor%e 3ush must ha4e /een
somewhere around)
John "oftus writesG WProutyVs credi/ility, howe4er has /een widely attacked /ecause of his consultancy to <li4er *toneVs film
JD:)W /ut notes on pa%e >8 thatG W+hile his credi/ility has suffered %reatly /ecause of his consultancy to <li4er *toneVs film
JD:, his recollections a/out the C@A supply mission ha4e /een confirmed /y other sources)W
Ce4ertheless, researcher James :) <lmstead claims to ha4e disco4ered a C@A memorandum which states that the /oats were
leased, not purchased, /y the ;arcia "ine Corporation with offices in Ha4ana and Cew Mork City) The owners were Alfredo
;arcia and his fi4e sons) The C@A was usin% the !io $scondido for We6filtratin% anti#Castro leaders))))))prior to 1>A1 3<P
plannin%)W @t had /rou%ht out Cino ,iaB, and 2anolo !ay) @ts captain ;us Tirado was well known to the C@A) $duardo ;arcia
met with two C@A a%ents in CMC and ,)C) to arran%e the use of the ;arcia ships for the in4asion) The alle%ed price was 7A00)00
per day per ship plus fuel, food and personnel)
$duardo selected and hired 30 men who were We6ecutioners for 3atistaW 2iro Cardona of the Drente and the C@A did not like the
choice of men hired to protect the ;arcia ships) WCo/ody Nuestioned that $duardo was comin% alon% with the e6pedition) W@Vm
%oin% to /e in char%e of my shipsW, he said)
2emorandum Drom the Chief of +HH0HP2, Central @ntelli%ence A%ency =Hawkins? to the Chief of +HH0 of the ,irectorate for
Plans =$sterline? The 3ar/ara J ="C@?, now enroute to the (nited *tates from Puerto !ico, reNuires repairs which may take up to
two weeks for completion) The sister ship, the 3la%ar, is outfittin% in 2iami, and its crew is /ein% assem/led) @t is e6pected that
/oth 4essels will /e fully operational /y mid#January at the latest) @n 4iew of the difficulty and delay encountered in purchasin%,
outfittin% and readyin% for sea the two "C@Vs, the decision has /een reached to purchase no more ma-or 4essels, /ut to charter
them instead) The motor ship, !io $scondido =con4erted "CT? will /e chartered this week and one additional steam ship,
somewhat lar%er, will /e chartered early in De/ruary) 3oth ships /elon% to a Panamanian Corporation controlled /y the ;arcia
family of Cu/a, who are acti4ely cooperatin% with this Pro-ect) These two ships will pro4ide sufficient lift for troops and
supplies in the in4asion operation)
The 3ay of Pi%s operation was directed out of the W2iami *tationW =also known as WJ2H+A9$W?, which was the C@AVs lar%est
station worldwide) @t housed .00 a%ents who handled appro6imately .,000 Cu/ans) !o/ert !eynolds was the C@AVs 2iami
station chief from *eptem/er 1>A0 to <cto/er 1>A1) He was replaced /y career#C@A officer Theodore *hackley, who o4ersaw
<peration 2on%oose, <peration 00 =including Porter Goss, FeliA 8odrigueJ, ;arry 6eal?, and others) +hen 3ush /ecame
C@A ,irector in 1>1A he appointed Ted *hackley as ,eputy ,irector of Co4ert <perations) +hen 3ush /ecame 9ice President
in 1>81, he appointed ,onald ;re%% as his Cational *ecurity Ad4isor)
:e4in Phillips discusses ;eor%e 3ushVs Whi%hly likelyW peripheral role in the 3ay of Pi%s e4ents) He points to the leadership role
of 3ushVs fellow *kull and 3ones alumni in or%aniBin% the operation) He notes an additional personal factor for 3ushG the
+alker side of the family =who initially funded Zapata Corporation? had apparently lost a small fortune when Didel Castro
nationaliBed their +est @ndies *u%ar Co) $dwin Pauley was Wknown for C@A connections,W accordin% to Phillips, it was Pauley
who put Pemar%oVs ,iaB and 3ush to%ether)
Former President 8ichard 4iAon
2eanwhile, in 1>A0, Prescott 3ush, ;eor%e H+5s father, was runnin% Ci6onVs campai%n) Ci6on was sent to *outh 9ietnam to
assure the Drench#connection %o4ernment there that if Drance pulled out, the ()*) would step in to protect the dru% trade from
the ;olden Trian%le) =*ourceG Drontline, 1>88, W;uns) ,ru%s and the C@AWO Ale6ander Cock/urnO WCocaine, the C@A and Air
America,W *)D) $6aminer, De/) ., V>1O The Politics of Heroin in *outheast Asia, Alfred 2cCoy, 1>1.)?
@n 1>>, 9ice President Ci6on was flyin% all o4er the world, actin% -ust like presidential material) @t was an easy race for Ci6on)
Con%ressman Jerry Dord was doin% a %reat -o/ fundraisin% for Ci6on, as was ;eor%e 3ush) The rich lo4ed Ci6on) The media
picked up e4ery /one Ci6on tossed out to them) The /i%%est pro/lem was that Ci6on was afraid to speak openly of his plan to
in4ade Cu/a) The plan was a secret) Co sense in alertin% Cu/a to the comin% in4asion) 3ut :ennedy was takin% a harder line on
Cu/a than Ci6on, /ecause :ennedy was not aware of the corporateHC@A planned in4asion)
Ci6on lost the 1>A0 race /y the smallest mar%in in history) At first 3ush, Ci6on, Ca/ell and Hunt decided to -ust %o ahead with
the in4asion, without informin% President :ennedy) Then, at the last second, at 0 a)m), -ust two hours /efore the in4asion was set
to %o, ;eneral Ca/ell called JD: and asked for permission to pro4ide ()*) air co4er for the C@A in4asion) :ennedy said no)
The C@A was furious with JD: /ut decided to %o ahead with their pri4ate in4asion anyway) ,ue to poor intelli%ence, the C@A
landed at the worst possi/le /each) A swamp) The in4asion failed) The C@A lost 1 of its /est men, killed, with another 1100 in
Cu/an prisons) @t was the worst sin%le /low the C@A e4er suffered) =*ourceG $) Howard Hunt, ;i4e (s This ,ay)?
3ush, Ci6on and Hunt /lamed Ca/ell for askin% :ennedy and /lamed :ennedy for sayin% no) They were li4id with an%er)
Ci6onVs corporate sponsors ordered JD: to make any deal necessary to reco4er the 1100 C@A a%ents imprisoned in Cu/a) JD:
did) <nce the C@A had its well#trained Cu/ans /ack, they decided to continue the in4asion of Cu/a -ust as soon as they could %et
rid of that *)<)3) :ennedy)
The 1>A0 election was fast approachin%) Ci6on was runnin% a%ainst :ennedy a%ain) 3ush, Dord and Ci6on knew that they had to
%et rid of JD: now, or else the :ennedy clan, with !o/ert and Ted in the win%s, could control the +hite House until 1>80) They
decided not to wait until V80 to %et /ack in the +hite House) The Cu/an teams of WshootersW /e%an followin% :ennedy from city
to city lookin% for a window of opportunity to shoot from) They came close in Chica%o, /ut couldnVt %et the cooperation of
2ayor ,aley)
3ut in ,allas they had an ace) -he mayor /as the .rother o0 General Ca.ell, whom the C@A /lamed for the failure of the
in4asion) -he general $revailed on his .rother, <arle, and the motorcade /as changed to $ass the grassy @noll at H m.$.h.
Hunt and *tur%is shot JD: from the %rassy knoll) They were arrested, photo%raphed and seen /y 1 witnesses) 3ut the media
turned a /lind eye to the photos, and for . years the world has /een searchin% for the truth)
<n the day JD: was murdered, Ci6on, Hunt and some of the +ater%ate crew were photo%raphed in ,allas, as were a %roup of
Cu/ans, one holdin% an um/rella up, like a si%nal, ne6t to the PresidentVs limo -ust as :ennedy was shot) The Cu/ans can /e seen
holdin% up the si%nal um/rella in the Zapruder film and doBens of stills taken durin% the assassination) After the murder they can
/e seen calmly walkin% away)
Ci6on denied he was in ,allas that day, /ut new photos and stories pro4e he was there) Ci6on claimed to the D3@ he couldnVt
remem/er where he was when JD: was killed) =*ourceG D3@ memo, De/) .3, 1>A0, pu/lished in Coup d5etat in America,
+e/erman L Canfield?) 3ush, too, claims he canVt remem/er where he was) Jack Anderson did a T9 special in 1>88 pro4in%
/eyond any shadow of dou/t that two of the tramps arrested in ,allas /ehind the %rassy knoll were Hunt and *tur%is)
After the murder, former 9ice President Ci6on asked President "yndon Johnson to appoint Ci6onVs friend, former D3@ a%ent
Jerry Dord, to run the +arren Commission) Ci6on also asked "3J to appoint Ci6onVs lon%#time supporter, Jud%e $arl +arren, to
head the Commission) "3J a%reed) Dord inter4iewed all the witnesses and decided which ones would /e heard and which ones
eliminated) @t is no coincidence that Ci6on selected Dord as his 9ice President after *piro A%new was ousted) +hen Ci6on
himself %ot /usted in the +ater%ate scandal, $arl +arren offered to set up another special commission if it would help %et him
out of trou/le a%ain) Dord, of course, pardoned Ci6on for the +ater%ate /ur%lary /ut Ci6on is still not out of the woods) There
are 0000 hours of +ater%ate tape) <n the June .3, 1>1., discussions with John $hrlichman and Haldeman there is clear e4idence
that Ci6on is openly Wconfessin%W to hirin% Hunt to kill JD:) That is why the +ater%ate Win4esti%ationW went into secret session
after Con%ress heard some of the tapes) This is why only 1. hours of 0000 hours ha4e /een released to the pu/lic)
,id Con%ress realiBe that Ci6on and 3ush had openly discussed killin% JD: for stoppin% the air co4er for the 3ay of Pi%s
in4asion of Cu/aQ !emem/er, Ci6on taped 4irtually e4ery discussion he had with anyone in his inner circle, includin% 3ush, in
order to /lackmail people later) There is a photo of 3ush reportin% to Ci6on in the +hite House in 1>A8) @t will /e interestin% to
see what they were talkin% a/out on that day, when the full 0000 hours are finally released) The key to unlockin% the secrets
/ehind the 1>A3 murder of JD: is hidden in the 3>88 hours of unreleased +hite House tapes) 3ush was in ,allas the day
!ea%an was shot) =*ourceG ;eor%e 3ush, D) ;reen, 1>88)? That must ha4e %i4en 3ush a flash/ack to Co4em/er .., 1>A3)
<ther researchers ha4e suspected these men shooters or conspirators in the assassination and they are as followsG
Lucien 6arti and -/o Corsican 7itmen
Accordin% to -ailed Drench mo/ster, Christian ,a4id, :ennedy was shot /y three Corsican assassins) ,a4id named the deceased
*arti as one of the %unmen and offered to re4eal the identities of the others if he was %i4en his freedom) Accordin% to ,a4id, the
two unnamed assassins were in /uildin%s to the rear of the President, while *arti fired from the %rassy knoll in front of the
motorcade) The 3ritish tele4ision documentary, Te %en &o Killed Kenned$' identified *arti as the man in a police uniform
apparently firin% a rifle and not James Diles on the %rassy knoll 4isi/le in a computer#enhanced enlar%ement of a photo taken /y
2ary 2oorman at the moment of the fatal shot)
Charles 2 7arrelson
Harrelson # the father of actor +oody Harrelson # ser4ed a life sentence from 1>1> until his death in 2arch, .001, for murderin%
a federal -ud%e John H +ood Jr) durin% a si6 hour stand#off /efore his arrest, Harrelson held a %un to his head and confessed to
shootin% :ennedy) He later retracted the statement, sayin% he had /een hi%h on cocaine at the time)
Luis Angel Castillo
Accordin% to assassination researcher Penn Jones, Castillo has stated under hypnosis that &he was on the parade route with a rifle
that day S EwithF instructions to shoot a man in a car with red roses') Jackie :ennedy was the only person in the motorcade
with red rosesO all other women had /een %i4en yellow Te6as roses)
-he PresidentGs Limousine Driver
This theory was put out /y +illiam Cooper, the American writer, shortwa4e /roadcaster, militia supporter and conspiracy
theorist) Cooper came to pu/lic awareness in the late 1>80s) He died in .001) This theory has since /een pro4en to /e wron%
for a num/er of reasons, of the many is that the e4idence used to ar%ue CooperVs case was incorrect) The dri4er at first appears
to /e holdin% a %un lookin% /ack at :ennedy in the Zapruder film, howe4er, there is A? no kick/ack to the %un and 3? At a
second, closer look, the passen%erVs forehead and hair are ali%ned in such a way that it appears to /e a hand holdin% a %un, /ut a
few frames pre4ious, the ima%e is clear that this is a trick of li%ht and camera, not a conspiracy of the dri4er)
<ladio Del 2alle and Loran 7all
Accordin% to &Harry ,ean' =the Twar name5 of a man who claims to /e a former C@A a%ent?, as Nuoted /y +)3) 2orris and !)3)
Cutler in Alias <swald, the assassins were anti#Castro acti4ists Hall and del 9alle, who were hired /y the John 3irch *ociety)
Althou%h Hall says he was at his home in California on Co4em/er .., 1>A3, he alle%edly told the ,allas 2ornin% Cews in 1>18
that, a month /efore the assassination, ri%ht#win% acti4ists workin% with the C@A tried to recruit him for a plot to kill :ennedy)
As for del 9alle, he died under suspicious circumstances in 1>A1) ,el 9alle, who was /ein% searched for as a possi/le witness in
the Clay *haw conspiracy trial, was disco4ered shot throu%h the heart and with his head split open /y a machete)
Q;rother5In5La/" and Q6lim"
@n 1>>. :erry Thornley appeared on the tele4ision show, A Current A00air, and said he had /een part of a conspiracy to kill
President :ennedy) His co#conspirators were two men he called T3rother#in#"aw5 and T*lim5) Thornley also denied ha4in% /een
responsi/le for framin% <swald, whom Thornley had /efriended in the 2arinesG T@ would %ladly ha4e killed :ennedy, /ut @
would ne4er ha4e /etrayed <swald)5 He added, T@ wanted E:ennedyF dead) @ would ha4e shot him myself)5 Thornley has also
claimed that he and <swald were the products of a %enetic en%ineerin% e6periment carried out /y a secret neo#CaBi sect of
eu%enicists called the 9ril *ociety, and that the two of them had /een manipulated since childhood /y 9ril o4erlords)
'ean 8ene 6outre
*outre, a terrorist in the Drench *ecret Army <r%anisation, is /elie4ed /y some researchers to ha4e /een recruited /y the C@A to
ser4e as an assassin) Accordin% to C@A documents o/tained under the Dreedom of @nformation Act /y researcher 2ary Derrell,
Drench intelli%ence reported that *outre was in Dort +orth on the mornin% of Co4em/er .., 1>A3, and in ,allas that afternoon)
*outre was picked up /y (* authorities in Te6as within 08 hours of the assassination and e6pelled from the country)
8oscoe White, Q6aul", and QLe.anon"
@n 1>>0 !icky +hite claimed his father !oscoe, a ,allas police officer, had /een one of President :ennedy5s assassins)
Accordin% to !icky, a detailed description of the conspiracy could /e found in !oscoe5s diary, which had disappeared after it
was taken /y the D3@ for inspection) Two other %unmen, referred to in the diary only /y the code names T*aul5 and T"e/anon5,
were also in4ol4ed) @n addition !oscoe5s widow, ;ene4a, told -ournalist !on "aytner that she had o4erheard !oscoe and Jack
!u/y plottin% to kill :ennedy, addin%, T+e at first thou%ht the assassination was more 2o/ E/ut late realisedF it was more C@A)5
Difteen years /efore !icky and ;ene4a +hite went pu/lic, Hu%h 2c,onald, in Appointment in ,allas, identified one of the
:illers as a professional assassin known as *aul) 2c,onald claimed to ha4e tracked down *aul, who admitted to ha4in% /een
paid 70,000 to shoot the President) *aul claimed to ha4e fired from the ,allas County !ecords 3uildin% # which was also
descri/ed in !oscoe +hite5s diary as one of the locations the assassins had shot from) ,espite these similarities, there are some
inconsistencies in the plots descri/ed /y 2c,onald and !icky +hite) 2ost Cota/ly, !oscoe +hite in his diary and *aul in his
meetin% with 2c,onald each alle%edly claimed to ha4e fired the fatal shot)
George 7ic@ey 'r.
Accordin% to 3onar 2ennin%er5s /ook 2ortal $rror # /ased on . years of research /y /allistics e6pert Howard ,onahue #
:ennedy was accidentally killed /y Hickey, a secret ser4ice a%ent in the car /ehind the presidential limo) Accordin% to this
theory, when <swald /e%an shootin%, Hickey reached for his rifle and slipped off the safety) As he tried to stand in the /ack seat
of the car to return fire, he lost his /alance and accidentally pulled the tri%%er, firin% the shot that killed the President) Hickey
himself had told the +arren Commission that he did not e4en pick up his rifle until after the fatal shot)
<swaldVs <wn +ordsG
%o!!ents
By Jonathan on 8onday) $ecem0er 3+) .66C X +/+D !8
>n the death0ed confession from (oward (unt) he mentions the name of 8orales. 8orales connects to James Files and the 8iami o%erations. 8orales
and James Files 0oth ser&ed in the D.nd !ir0orne to#ether) as well as o%erations in Laos.
$a&id Sanche9 8orales was 0orn in +,.B. (e s%ent his early life in Phoeni?) !ri9ona. ! 8e?ican4!merican) 8orales was later to 0e nicknamed =l >ndio
0ecause of his dark skin and >ndian features. !s a 0oy his 0est friend was 1u0en *ar0aLal. !fter his mother di&orced his father he was &irtually ado%ted
0y *ar0aLalPs %arents.
8orales Loined the United States !rmy in +,2- and after 0asic trainin# was sent to "ermany where he was %art of the !llied occu%ation force.
!ccordin# to 1u0en *ar0aLal) 8orales was recruited into army intelli#ence in +,2C. (owe&er) officially he was a mem0er of D.nd !ir0orne of the US
!rmy. >t was durin# this time he 0e#an associatin# with :ed Shackley and William (ar&ey.
>n +,B+ 0ecame a em%loyee of the *entral >ntelli#ence !#ency while retainin# his army co&er. :he followin# year he Loined the $irectorate for Plans)
an or#ani9ation instructed to conduct co&ert anti4*ommunist o%erations around the world.
>n +,B3 he returned to the United States and after a s%ell at the Uni&ersity of 8aryland he assumed co&er as a State $e%artment em%loyee. 8orales
0ecame in&ol&ed in *>!Ps Black <%erations. :his in&ol&ed a %olicy that was later to 0ecome known as =?ecuti&e !ction (a %lan to remo&e unfriendly
forei#n leaders from %ower). :his includin# a cou% dP[tat that o&erthrew the "uatemalan #o&ernment of Jaco0o !r0en9 in +,B2 after he introduced land
reforms and nationali9ed the United Fruit *om%any. !fter the remo&al of !r0en9 he Loined the staff of the US em0assy in *aracas (+,BB4BD). $urin#
this time he 0ecame known as the *>!Ps to% assassin in Latin !merica.
8orales mo&ed to *u0a in +,BD and hel%ed to su%%ort the #o&ernment of Ful#encio Batista. Later 8orales worked 0ehind the scenes with %eo%le like
$a&id !tlee Philli%s) :racy Barnes) William Pawley) Johnny 1oselli and John 8artino in an attem%t to o&erthrow Fidel *astro.
>n 'o&em0er) +,-+) William (ar&ey arran#ed for 8orales to 0e %osted to J87W!F=) the *>! station in 8iami. >n 8ay) +,-.) 8orales was seconded to
H171>FL=) the %lot to assassinate Fidel *astro.
Some researchers such as "aeton Fon9i) Larry (ancock) 'oel :wyman) James 1ichards and John Simkin 0elie&e that 8orales was in&ol&ed in the
assassination of John F. Kennedy. >t has 0een su##ested that others in&ol&ed included James !rthur Lewis) 1oy (ar#ra&es) =dwin *ollins) Ste&e
Wilson) "erry P. (emmin#) (erminio $ia9 "arcia) :ony *uesta) =u#enio 8artine9) Fir#ilio "on9ale9) Feli%e Fidal Santia#o and William (1i%)
1o0ertson.
>n +,-- :ed Shackley was %laced in char#e of *>! secret war in Laos. (e recruited 8orales to take char#e at Pakse) a 0lack o%erations 0ase focused
on %olitical %aramilitary action within Laos. Pakse was used to launch military o%erations a#ainst the (o *hi 8inh :rial. >n +,-, 8orales mo&ed to
Fietnam where he officially worked as a *ommunity $e&elo%ment <fficer for the >nternational $e&elo%ment !#ency.
8orales mo&ed to *hile in +,C6. (e was a mem0er of the team that used Z+6 million in order to undermine left4win# forces in the country. 8orales told
friends that he had %ersonally eliminated se&eral %olitical fi#ures. (e was also in&ol&ed in hel%in# !u#usto Pinochet o&erthrow Sal&ador !llende in
Se%tem0er) +,C3.
!fter arri&in# 0ack in the United States 8orales mo&ed to Washin#ton where he 0ecame *onsultant to the $e%uty $irector for <%erations *ounter
>nsur#ency and S%ecial !cti&ities. Larry (ancock 0elie&es that durin# this %eriod he %ro&ided ad&ice to ri#ht4win# #o&ernments in the *ondor *oalition
(Para#uay) Uru#uay) *hile) Bra9il and !r#entina).
!ccordin# to his friend) 1u0en *ar0aLal) in the s%rin# of +,C3) 8orales talked a0out his in&ol&ement with the Bay of Pi#s o%eration. (e claimed
QKennedy had 0een res%onsi0le for him ha&in# to watch all the men he recruited and trained #et wi%ed outQ. (e added/ QWell) we took care of that
S<B) didnPt weSQ
$a&id Sanche9 8orales retired from the *entral >ntelli#ence !#ency in +,CB. :hree years later he was added to the list of %eo%le to 0e inter&iewed 0y
the (ouse Select *ommittee on !ssassinations. (e died of a heart4attack on Dth 8ay) +,CD.Q
By Jonathan on 8onday) $ecem0er 3+) .66C X ./., !8
Under $a&id 8orales worked another sus%ect) Bernando $e :orres.
Bernardo $e :orres was 0orn in (a&ana) *u0a) in +,32. (e mo&ed to the United States in +,BB and later worked as a %ri&ate in&esti#ator in 8iami.
$e :orres was a stron# o%%onent of Fidel *astro and durin# the Bay of Pi#s <%eration was *hief of >ntelli#ence for Bri#ade .B6- where he worked
under $a&id Sanche9 8orales. $urin# the in&asion he was ca%tured and was not released until .2th $ecem0er) +,-..
>n +,-3 $e :orres resumed work as a %ri&ate in&esti#ator. !ccordin# to "erry P. (emmin# $e :orres worked for *harles Sira#usa) who was in&ol&ed
in forei#n assassinations.
<n .Bth Se%tem0er) +,-3) Sil&ia <dio had a &isit from three men who claimed they were from 'ew <rleans. :wo of the men) Leo%oldo and !n#elo)
said they were mem0ers of the Junta 1e&olucionaria. :he third man) Leon) was introduced as an !merican sym%athi9er who was willin# to take %art in
the assassination of Fidel *astro. !fter she told them that she was unwillin# to #et in&ol&ed in any criminal acti&ity) the three men left.
:he followin# day Leo%oldo %honed <dio and told her that Leon was a former 8arine and that he was an e?%ert marksman. (e added that Leon had
said Jwe *u0ans) we did not ha&e the #uts 0ecause we should ha&e assassinated Kennedy after the Bay of Pi#sK. >t is 0elie&ed that $e :orres was
Leo%oldo and =dwin *ollins was !n#elo.
$e :orres later hel%ed Jim "arrison in his search to disco&er the %eo%le 0ehind the assassination of John F. Kennedy. "arrison e&entually disco&ered
that :orres was underminin# his in&esti#ation and 0ecame con&inced that he was really workin# for J87W!F=) the *entral >ntelli#ence !#ency station
in 8iami.
!fter lea&in# the "arrison in&esti#ation $e :orres went to work for 8itch WerBell as an arms salesman in Latin !merica.
>n his 0ook $eath in Washin#ton (+,D6) $onald Freed su##ested that $e :orres mi#ht ha&e 0een in&ol&ed in the death of <rlando Letelier. Peter $ale
Scott ar#ued in $ee% Politics (+,,3) that $e :orres had links to the *>! and the dru# trade.
While writin# :he Last >n&esti#ation (+,,3) "aeton Fon9i inter&iewed 1olando <tero. (e told Fon9i that $e :orres (named Q*arlosQ in the 0ook) was
one of a fi&e men team from 8iami who was in&ol&ed in the assassination of John F. Kennedy.
>n his 0ook 1ear&iew 8irror (.66+)) William :urner claims that in +,CC the (ouse Select *ommittee on !ssassinations ((S*!) came to the conclusion
that $e :orres mi#ht ha&e %layed a role in the death of Kennedy. (e ;uotes a (U*! re%ort that/ Q$e :orres has %ictures of $ealey Pla9a in a safe4
de%osit 0o?. :hese %ictures were taken durin# the assassination of JFKQ.
>n an article that a%%eared in Key West *iti9en on .nd Se%tem0er) .66B) Joan 8ellen) claims that !n#el 8ur#ado was one of the three men who
&isited Syl&ia <dio in $allas . She also identified $e :orres as QLeo%oldoQ.
Bernardo $e :orres now li&es in *hile.
By Jonathan on 8onday) $ecem0er 3+) .66C X ./., !8
(ere are some more names to trace/
(+) William :urner) 1ear&iew 8irror (.66+)
=ladio del FallePs 0ody was found in a 8iami %arkin# lot twel&e hours after FerriePs was disco&ered in 'ew <rleans. :he $! in&esti#ator who was
searchin# for del Falle) Bernardo $e :orres) turned out to 0e a sus%icious character in his own ri#ht. ! &eteran of the Bay of Pi#s) $e :orres showed
u% on "arrisonPs doorste% early in the %ro0e) sayin# he was a %ri&ate detecti&e from 8iami who wanted to hel%) and dro%%in# the name of 8iami $!
1ichard "erstein) a friend of "arrisonPs) as an o%ener. >n retros%ect) "arrison remem0ered that e&ery lead $e :orres de&elo%ed ended u% in a 0o?
canyon. (e also learned that $e :orres was forwardin# re%orts on his in&esti#ation to the 8iami *>! station. >n +,CC the (ouse Select *ommittee on
!ssassinations ((S*!) came to 0elie&e that $e :orres mi#ht ha&e %layed a role in $allas. Q$e :orres has %ictures of $ealey Pla9a in a safe4de%osit
0o?)Q a (S*! re%ort states. Q:hese %ictures were taken durin# the assassination of JFK.Q When hauled 0efore the committee) $e :orres denied any
im%lication.
(.) Larry (ancock) Someone Would (a&e :alked (.663)
Bernardo $e :orres is not a name mentioned %re&iously in this work. $e :orres is known to ha&e associated with se&eral of (emmin#Ps >nter%en
mem0ers and he was well ac;uainted with Frank Fiorini7Stur#is. $e :orres also had stron# o%erational contacts in 8e?ico *ity all the way u% to 8i#uel
'a9ar (aro in 8e?ican %olice intelli#ence. (aro was later re&ealed as a key indi&idual in dru# traffickin# into the U.S. and has 0een associated with
0oth Sam "iancana and 1ichard *ain. !n FB> re%ort on $e :orres from the +,C6Ps refers to his Qhi#h le&el contactsQ with the *>!) 0ut this is otherwise
unsu0stantiated (une?%lained is %erha%s a 0etter descri%tion).
$e :orres was not actually in&esti#ated in re#ards to the JFK in&esti#ation until the time of the (ouse Select *ommittee on !ssassinations when he
came to the attention of "aeton Fon9i due to the re&elations of 1olando <tero. <tero was one of the sources ;uoted earlier descri0in# an indi&idual
re%resentin# himself as *>! who was s%readin# information a0out President Kennedy within the *u0an community in 8iami/ QBut %rior to that they had
a rumor in the *u0an community) like Kennedy was a *ommunist. !nother *u0an would come to you who was workin# for one of those intelli#ence
#rou%s) and he would tell you Kennedy is a *ommunist) hePs a#ainst us) hePs messin# u% the whole cause.Q
<tero 0elie&ed there was a non4*astro cons%iracy 0ehind the assassination and he #a&e Fon9i some solid leads on %ossi0le %artici%ants. :hese are
%resented in detail in Fon9iPs 0ook :he Last >n&esti#ation) includin# the orders from Fon9iPs su%er&isor that killed his effort to o0tain solid incriminatin#
e&idence 0y runnin# sur&eillance on sus%ects. <ne of those sus%ects was an indi&idual still acti&ely o%eratin# in the anti4*ommunist) anti4*astro affairs
of the +,C6s) one Bernardo $e :orres aka Q*arlos.Q $e :orres was e&en re%uted to ha&e had %hoto#ra%hs taken in $allas on 'o&em0er ...
$e :orres was a Bay of Pi#s &eteran who had 0een held %risoner until $ecem0er of +,-. (released at &irtually the same time as John 8artino). $e
:orres went on to 0ecome the military coordinator for Bri#ade .B6- after the assassination.
(owe&er) accordin# to Jim "arrison) $e :orres 0ecame in&ol&ed in the "arrison 'ew <rleans in&esti#ation (as did 1oy (ar#ra&es and "erry
(emmin#) and a%%arently di&erted "arrison to a certain e?tent as well as a##ressi&ely re4introducin# *astro sus%icions. (e did that with his insistent
media %romotion of a story %ertainin# to Secret Ser&ice fears of a *astro hit team in 8iami durin# KennedyPs &isit there shortly 0efore the :e?as tri%.
Between Fe0ruary +D and Fe0ruary ..) the "arrison in&esti#ation recei&ed considera0le unwanted %u0licity) much of it 0ased u%on in;uiries within the
8iami *u0an community as well as the in&ol&ement of Bernardo $e :orres. $e :orres was ;uite &isi0le in his comments and declarations) e&entually
leadin# the whole matter off in a direction %ointin# at a threat a#ainst John Kennedy from *astro a#ents.
(3) :om $unkin) >ntri#ue at Q'o 'ameQ Key) Back *hannels (S%rin# +,,.)
<li&er StonePs JFK seems to ha&e achie&ed a dou0le o0Lecti&e of 0ein# a moneymaker and a %olitical acti&ity stimulus) one of the mo&iePs directors
a&ers.
!lthou#h he denies any s%ooky associations) itPs #oin# to 0e interestin# to see if future release of classified files on the Kennedy assassination
%in%oints new intelli#ence community in&ol&ement) 1oy (ar#ra&es) a man with some shadowy %ast connections) acknowled#es.
(ar#ra&es denies any Qcontract *>! a#entQ links) althou#h he was in&ol&ed in military trainin# of *u0an e?iles in Florida and Louisiana. British author
!nthony Summers hun# the contract a#ent ta# on mem0ers of the >nternational Penetration Force in his 0ook) *ons%iracy.
SummerPs 0ook on the JFK assassination cites an FB> raid and the closin# of a trainin# site near Lake Ponchatrain se&eral months 0efore KennedyPs
death as a %ossi0le contri0utin# factor in the assassination.
(ar#ra&es recalls there are many unanswered ;uestions in the *u0an e?ile as%ect of the Kennedy case. =arly in 'ew <rleans $istrict !ttorney Jim
"arrisonPs %ro0e) Q"arrison accused us of trainin# the Vtrian#ulation teamP of three alle#ed sni%ers at 'o 'ame Key.Q
'o 'ame Key was the %rinci%al Florida trainin# site for the >PF freelance &olunteer instructors. QWe testified 0efore "arrison and con&inced him he was
wron#)Q (ar#ra&es recalls) Qand we went to work for him for a0out a monthQ early in "arrisonPs late +,-- and early +,-C in&esti#ation.
"arrisonPs) whose two non4fiction 0ooks) ! (erita#e of Stone) and <n the :rail of :he !ssassins) were the 0asis of StonePs JFK said in them that
KennedyPs Qorderin# an end to the *>!Ps continued trainin# of anti4*astro #uerrillas at the small) scattered cam%s in Florida and north of Lake
Ponchatrain Qadded to the disenchantment which contri0uted to the PresidentPs murder.
!nother interestin# as%ect of the "arrison in&esti#ation) is that) accordin# to (ar#ra&es) a *u0an e?ile in&esti#ator hired 0y "arrisonQ ri%%ed off half the
0ud#etQ to handica% the %ro0e. Bernardo de :orres) a Bay of Pi#s &eteran) Qwas workin# for the *>!Q) (ar#ra&es said) durin# the "arrison
in&esti#ation.
$e :orres) who has since disa%%eared from his former 8iami haunts) also ser&ed as a security consultant to local and federal law enforcement units
durin# President KennedyPs &isit to 8iami after Fidel *astroPs release of the %risoners from the Bay of Pi#s in&asion.
(2) "erry P. (emmin#) =ducation Forum (.2th Se%tem0er) .66B)
> identified Bernie de :orres e&en after 0oth "ene Pro%%er 5 "aeton Fon9i @held to '$!s they si#nedA used code4words when referrin# to him. @see
QLa0yrinthQ (Q:BQ) 5 Q*arlosQ (:he Last >n&esti#ation) for referenceA <ne of our #uys was dis%atched to $ealey Pla9a that week 0y *olonel !rturo
=s%aillat) who was then 0ased in 8ontreal. ! month later) he recounted said QmissionQ to me after too many 0eers) and was furious at ha&in# 0een
used once a#ain 0y 1o0ert =mmett Johnson) the Q1aulQ of the 8LK) Jr. matter.
(B) Joan 8ellen) Key West *iti9en (.nd Se%tem0er) .66B)
!s 8rs. <dio testified 0efore the Warren *ommission) she was told the ne?t day 0y one of her &isitors that <swald had remarked) QPresident Kennedy
should ha&e 0een assassinated after the Bay of Pi#s) and some *u0ans should ha&e done that.... it is so easy to do it.Q
:he Warren *ommission lacked a conte?t to e&aluate this incident 0ecause it had not 0een informed of the *.>.!.Ps attem%ts to assassinate Fidel
*astro) now a matter of %u0lic record) and a matter to 0e concealed) unlike today when a Pat 1o0ertson can o%enly ad&ocate the assassination of a
forei#n leader. (ad the <dio incident 0een e?%lored fully) some uncomforta0le truths mi#ht ha&e emer#ed) truths that could ha&e modified the
conclusions of the Warren 1e%ort) Lust as Lieutenant *olonel ShafferPs information) tested) mi#ht ha&e altered the findin#s of the ,7++ *ommission) and
the 0io#ra%hy of 8ohammed !tta 0een more thorou#hly researched.
>n my own study of the Kennedy assassination for my 0ook) Q! Farewell to Justice)Q > disco&ered that %arallel to these secret efforts 0y the *.>.!.)
1o0ert F. Kennedy was or#ani9in# his own clandestine %lots to assassinate Fidel *astro. :he sources are the released minutes of the PresidentPs
Forei#n >ntelli#ence !d&isory Board) the *hurch *ommittee %a%ers) and the *u0ans who worked closely with the !ttorney "eneral.
Bo00yPs instruction to his s%ecial team was twofold. >t was to disco&er a means of riddin# the Kennedy administration of the *ommunist thorn in its side
Qninety miles from home.Q >t was also to %rotect his 0rother from the murderous im%ulses of an anti4*astro *u0an incensed 0y John F. KennedyPs
refusal to su%%ort the in&asion of *u0a at the Bay of Pi#s.
!mon# those closest to Bo00y Kennedy was a man still li&in# in Florida today) !n#elo 8ur#ado) who) durin# the summer of +,-3) tra&eled on Bo00yPs
0ehalf to 'ew <rleans. 8o&in# amon#) as he %uts it) Q*astroPs a#ents) dou0le a#ents) and *u0ans workin# for the *.>.!.) he ho%ed to Qneutrali9eQ a
future assassin.
>n 'ew <rleans) 8r. 8ur#ado met Lee (ar&ey <swald) who resided there in the city of his 0irth from !%ril to Se%tem0er +,-3. (itherto unre%orted is
that Bo00y Kennedy 0ecame aware of <swald 4 0efore the assassination.
Bo00y e&en disco&ered that <swald was workin# for the F.B.>.) a fact 0rou#ht to the attention of the Warren *ommission as well) and su0se;uently
confirmed for the (ouse Select *ommittee on !ssassinations in the late +,C6s 0y an F.B.>. em%loyee) William Walter) who &iewed the BureauPs
co%ious files on <swald at the 'ew <rleans field office when <swald was arrested that !u#ust for a sta#ed fracas on *anal Street where he was
handin# out QFair Play for *u0aQ leaflets.
Q>f the F.B.>. is controllin# him)Q Bo00y reasoned) accordin# to 8r. 8ur#ado) QhePs no %ro0lem.Q <%eratin# alone) co&ertly) sus%ectin# a threat to his
0rother) Bo00y underestimated who <swald was and ceased to make him a maLor tar#et of his concern. Bo00y knew Qsomethin# was cookin# in 'ew
<rleans)Q !n#el 8ur#ado says) 'ew <rleans that harlot city now destroyed 0y flood in a catastro%he of Bi0lical %ro%ortion) 'ew <rleans that sin city
where the Kennedy assassination incu0ated. But Bo00y held 0ack. (e ur#ed Qcaution)Q and a%%arently he did not share what he knew a0out <swald
with those who should ha&e 0een e?%ected to hel% him %rotect the President.
!n#elo 8ur#ado and a fellow &eteran of the Bay of Pi#s) in Se%tem0er) were the men who tra&eled with <swald from 'ew <rleans to $allas where
they &isited Syl&ia <dio. (8rs. <dio testified that the three tra&eled to#ether althou#h !n#elo says that when he and Leo%oldo) who dro&e from 'ew
<rleans to#ether) arri&ed at Syl&ia <dioPs) <swald was already there) sittin# in the a%artment. :hat QLeo%oldoQ and !n#elo 0oth knew <swald) there is
no dou0t). :heir o0Lecti&e) or so !n#elo thou#ht) was to search for hel% in their anti4*astro effortsE they talked to 8rs. <dio a0out 0uyin# arms to
o&erthrow *astro. !n#elo 0elie&ed he could trust his com%anion) referred to in the Warren 1e%ort as QLeo%oldo)Q 0ecause not only was he a fellow
&eteran of the Bay of Pi#s) 0ut his 0rother was runnin# for mayor of 8iami. (e was res%ecta0le.
<ut of !n#eloPs hearin#) QLeo%oldoQ %honed 8rs. <dio the ne?t day to tell her how QLeonQ <swald had talked a0out the need to murder President
Kennedy. QLeonQ is Qkind of nuts)Q Leo%oldo said) a conclusion reflected in the Warren 1e%ort.
Placin# <swald in the com%any of so close an associate of Bo00y Kennedy) in an incident that %oints to foreknowled#e of the assassination) created a
tra% that would silence Bo00y fore&er) renderin# him %owerless to make %u0lic what he knew a0out the death of his 0rother. (e asked his aide) Frank
8ankiewic9) whether Qany of our %eo%le were in&ol&ed)Q and) 8ankiewic9 told me) he thou#ht) did you think there mi#ht 0eS :he con&ersation sto%%ed
there.
!n#elo had 0een 0etrayed 0y a com%anion he 0elie&ed he could trust) a man not so much dedicated to the o&erthrow of Fidel *astro) as !n#elo
0elie&ed) as in&ol&ed in arran#in# for <swald to 0e 0lamed for the murder of the President) what the <dio &isit was really a0out. :he men who &isited
8rs. <dio are identified here for the first time in %rint.
QLeo%oldoQ was Bernardo de :orres) who testified 0efore the (S*! with immunity #ranted to him 0y the *.>.!.) so that he was not ;uestioned a0out the
%eriod of time leadin# u% to the Kennedy assassination) as the *.>.!. instructed the *ommittee on what it could and could not ask this witness. Both the
Warren *ommission and the (S*! 0uried the anti4*astro theme) and ne&er e?%lored what Bo00y mi#ht ha&e known. >t mi#ht 0e that the assassination
of President Kennedy could ha&e 0een %re&ented) Lust as the a%%rehension of the %eo%le unco&ered 0y the !0le $an#er team) aided 0y the F.B.>.) had
it 0een #ranted the o%%ortunity) mi#ht ha&e altered the course of the ,7++ tra#edy.
:hat 1o0ert F. Kennedy not only knew a0out Lee (ar&ey <swald) 0ut also &iewed him as a dan#er) is alone shockin#. :hat Bo00y %ut <swald in 'ew
<rleans under sur&eillance) only to conclude that <swald %osed no threat 0ecause he was QLustQ in&ol&ed in assassination %lots a#ainst Fidel *astro) is
a chillin# %recedent for the disasters we may continue to e?%ect from a freewheelin# a%%roach to %u0lic accounta0ility 0y #o&ernment commissions that
a%%ear to 0e willin# to kee% the citi9enry i#norant) and hence &ulnera0le to attack.
(-) "erry P. (emmin#) =ducation Forum (++th 'o&em0er) .66B)
$e :orres set u% a lot of hits) and the %ro0lem was that they mostly fa&ored FidelPs %eo%le. (e a%%roached me to take out :orriente for Z.BK) 0ut > said
that domestic work on noncom0atants wasnPt my line 4 and moreo&er) > ;uestioned e?actly what was) and who had) the 0eef a#ainst this #uyS
(e did '<: call Syl&ia e&er) and !n#elo ne&er hinted at same. 8ellen alle#es that the call was made 0ehind 8ur#adoPs 0ack. Who is the source. 'ot
one of the com%artmented #uys 5 #als on the <dio matter ha&e e&er talked to any0ody) sa&e their QcutoutsQ to 1FKPs teams. :hese folks refused to
discuss these matters with any0ody else 0ut me (and on a limited 0asis). :hey didnPt e&en want to s%eak with others they knew or sus%ected to 0e
amon#st the com%artmented elements. !nd they do#matically and a0solutely refused to talk to talk to any re%orter) writer 4 e&en if the %arty was from
the *>!7>.".s office) and es%ecially not with any *>! elements\\
So where does this QBernie called 0ack to Syl&iaQ really come fromS
:he inside scoo% of Syl&ia) et al. and es%ecially any relationshi% with a youn# %riest 4 canPt 0e clearly answered) not 0y her or the others. !nd
moreo&er) she wouldnPt 0e interested in findin# out either. =&en when %eo%le 0elie&e that they are %artici%atin# in somethin# %atriotic and no0le 4 when
the final results are ke%t secret) most non4o%erators feel used 4 and7or 0etrayed. :hey ha&e a hard time #ras%in# that it is safer for all concerned 4 '<:
to know intricate details. (owe&er) they sure as hell feel that it is not normal when when the Q8ushroomQ syndrome arri&es.
$e :orres takin# on a JFK ty%e task) not likely 4 e&en if it was a lo#istics) commo) or coordinator taskin#) he likes li&in# too well 4 and he would a&oid an
<% which either mi#ht #o sour) or as ha%%ens in the dru# trade) you e?%ect to 0e %aid in Sil&er @PlataA 0ut in the end you are %aid in Plomo @leadA\
When an asset doesnPt ha&e a clue as to what is really #oin# on) later on and down the road) they lose interest in findin# out\ $isco&erin# that you ha&e
0een QusedQ is a 0itter e?%erience.
8ellen wouldnPt take '< for an answer) and Lust couldnPt (or wouldnPt) com%rehend that most of these folks ha&e no interest in rehashin# the
unknown7uncertain %ast. :his is %rimarily due to a fear that/ they will 0e linked to somethin# 0ad) or worse) disco&er that they had 0een used like a
#oat. !nd they sure as hell donPt want those close to them to disco&er their %ast (#ood or 0ad). >t causes rifts) Lealousies) and recriminations within the
e?tended family 4 es%ecially when there e?ist distinct o%%osin# 0eliefs.
!n#elo is of the same mind set as the rest) and if > hadnPt 0elie&ed that it was time to set history strai#ht) and #i&e some o&erdue credit 4 > would ha&e
ne&er %ounded him to o%en u% Lust a little 0it. <nly on two occasions has he e&er done so. 'ow look at what the res%onse has 0een. ! 0unch of
QBookiesQE who ha&e ne&er 0een there nor done that. Q:alkin# the :alk) without e&er ha&in# e&en 0een close to :he Walk \\Q
httpGHHtruthalliance)netHArchi4eHCewsHta/idHA1H@,H3AAHfont#color001>,0"earn#the#Complete#*tory#of#the#:ennedy#
Assassination#Conspiratorsfont)asp6
@nter4iews with +im ,ank/aar
1adio inter&iew ++7.37.66C hour + *lick here.
1adio inter&iew ++7.37.66C hour . *lick here.
:o read another inter&iew with %ictures *lick here.
:o read the inter&iew in dutch *lick here.
Hanna +a%en4eld is a student of the 3elcampo hi%hschool = HA9<? in ;ronin%en, Holland) To read HannaVs award
winnin% scription in dutch Click here)
Copyri%htG +im ,ank/aar .003
Kennedy !urder solved>
An intervie/ /ith i! .an0*aar
Wim $ank0aar) a $utch entre%reneur (2+)) financed a %ri&ate in&esti#ation into the murder of the 3B th %resident of the United States of
!merica. :he results will 0e shown in a :F documentary. :he in&esti#ation was conducted 0y retired FB> a#ents) led 0y Hack Shelton) a .D
year career FB> a#ent. :hey ha&e recently su0mitted their in&esti#ati&e re%ort to !ttorney "eneral John !shcroft with the re;uest to reo%en the
case. What we wanted to learn from 8r. $ank0aar is how these conclusions differ from the many cons%iracy theories circulatin# a0out this
case.
(ow did you #et in&ol&ed in all of thisS
> ha&e an interest in this case since +,DD. >t started with a 0ritish documentary airin# on dutch tele&ision) where > saw a film fra#ment of Jack
1u0y sayin# to the %ress that %owerful %eo%le were 0ehind this murder) and that they would do anythin# not to let the truth come to the
surface. (e clearly hinted that he had 0een forced to kill Lee (ar&ey <swald. > had ne&er seen this foota#e and > found it remarka0le to see
one of the main %layers confirm on camera that there was much more to it. $o you know the fra#ment >Pm talkin# a0outS
'o ) > ne&er saw it.
> thou#ht so. > was rather fascinated 0y it) 0ecause until then > had always assumed that !merica was the ultimate e?am%le of freedom and
democracy and like many others) > would ne&er ha&e thou#ht a cou% dP etat could occur in that country. But that was e?actly what 1u0y tried to
hint at. :hen you start to read 0ooks and look in de%th into the case. <&er the years this went with wa&es of intensity. > think > went throu#h a
similar %rocess as Jim "arrison and other researchers.
Please e?%lain who Jim "arrison was.
>ma#e/ Jim "arrison
<h yes) he was the district attorney of 'ew <rleans. (e is %ortrayed 0y Ke&in *ostner in the mo&ie JFK. When you start to study the e&idence
you ;uickly find the official conclusion is a total fraud. :he lies that ha&e 0een told are insultin# your intelli#ence. From one astonishment into
the ne?t. 'o one of course is #oin# to read all .- &olumes of the Warren 1e%ort. :hatPs e?actly what !llen $ulles said. (e was the former *>!
director who was fired 0y Kennedy for the Bay of Pi#s in&asion. :hen he is a%%ointed 0y Johnson for the Warren *ommission. > mean) how
can you ha&e a man who hated Kennedy) in&esti#ate his murderS :hat whole commission was full of Kennedy haters. !nyway) those who
closely looked at the e&idence would ;uickly find the Warren 1e%ort is all 0aloney. But in those days the words of these honora0le men were
sacred. :he &iews of the #o&ernment were hardly ;uestioned.
>ma#e/ !llen $ulles
<k) 0ut how did you #et in touch with the %eo%le who are now your %artnersS
:wo years a#o > accidently disco&ered their we0site. :he core of the story was the confession of a man who claimed to ha&e fired the fatal shot
from the #rassy knoll. > started to read with e?treme ske%sis) 0ut > disco&ered that this man had many details) which 0y the way fitted e?actly
with what > had learned o&er the years and deemed %lausi0le. (is name is James Files and he is ser&in# a Lail term for attem%ted murder on a
%oliceman.
> was rather ama9ed that > didnPt know his name ) the more so 0ecause he had made his confession as lon# a#o as +,,2) and > was told the
we0site had 0een u% since +,,B. When > entered the name James Files on the >nternet) > found that , out of +6 articles tried to make it clear
his story was totally incredi0le. > then set out to closely in&esti#ate all these criticisms and > came to the conclusion they were all su%erficial and
didnPt hold water.
*an you name an e?am%leS
eah sure\ For e?am%le they said that the wea%on Files claimed to ha&e used) was more a %istol than a rifle and would ha&e an enormous
recoil. :hey said it Qkicks like a muleQ. :herefore Files could ne&er ha&e seen what he said he had witnessed throu#h the sco%e of his wea%on.
:he first thin# > did was sendin# an email to one of the #unsho%s > found on the >nternet. > Lust acted as a %otential customer and asked
whether the 1emin#ton Fire0all was a %leasant wea%on. :hat man started ad&ertisin# the wea%on immediately. <ne of the most so%histicated
#uns e&er made etcetera. When > in;uired a0out the recoil) he said it was nice and steady. Ultimately > told him why > asked. (e was ;uite
amused and said that the alle#ed murder wea%on of Lee (ar&ey <swald had a lot more recoil. (e e&en added that whoe&er said that the
Fire0all had 0i# recoil) had a lot to learn a0out firearms.
> see) so you checked a lot of all the criticismS
es) all of it and it Lust didnPt hold #round. So > #ot intri#ued more and more 0y the confession of James Files.
What else did you checkS
8uch more) there was more than enou#h ske%sis. !nother statement was that Files would ne&er ha&e had the time to do all the thin#s he said
he did. (e states that he has 0itten the shell casin# after the shot and left it there on the on the %icket fence on the #rassy knoll. :hen he %ut
the wea%on 0ack in his 0riefcase and turned his Lacket inside) %ut it on and walked away. !ll the critics shout he would ne&er had the time to
do all that) 0ecause all the 0ystanders stormed to the knoll ri#ht after the shots) since that is where most 0ystanders had heard the shots
comin# from.
es) thatPs what > ha&e always heard too.
>tPs 0ecause the cons%iracy theorists are ea#er to %oint out that a shot came from the #rassy knoll) in front of the %resident. :hey are ri#ht and
thatPs why they say e&eryone ran towards the #rassy knoll. :hat is true) 0ut not immediately. Files says that e&eryone stood fro9en and
stunned and e&en the %olicemen looked as if they were waitin# for someone to tell them what to do.
> was ;uickly a0le to determine that Files was ri#ht. >n one of my %hoto0ooks therePs a %icture of the #rassy knoll with the %ress 0us in front of
it. 'o soul on the knoll yet. :his was the last &ehicle in the motorcade) so it must ha&e taken at least 36 seconds for the 0us to reach that %oint.
:he %residentPs limousine had almost come to a sto% and the %ress 0us still had to make a shar% turn of +.6 de#rees.
>ma#e/ :he #rassy knoll .C seconds after the shots
What did you do ne?tS
> called Bo0 Fernon) he is the man 0ehind the we0site. >n su0se;uent con&ersations he #a&e me more and more 0ack#round information. >
asked him why this information had not 0een %u0lished to the world yet. (e told me that he had 0een dealin# with maLor tele&ision networks on
two se%arate occasions. <n the last occasion) they were in full swin# already for weeks) u% to the editin# in their studios. (e showed me
selections of all that foota#e. What > saw) was %rofessionally made with ty%ical !merican newscasters etcetera. >t was o0&ious that money had
not 0een an issue.
But 0oth %roLects were suddenly cancelled from the &ery to%. (e e?%lained to me it had e&erythin# to do with interference 0y the *>!. > wonPt
0other you with the details) 0ut it made me reali9e that the only way to #et this done is to make a %roduction with inde%endent money. :hatPs
how > ended u% 0ein# the in&estor for this %roLect.
What are the conclusions of the filmS What do we #et to seeS
> wish > could answer that in Lust one sentence. :he first thin# %eo%le want to know is/ Who fired the shots and who were 0ehind itS >t canPt 0e
answered in two seconds. >f you want to hear who did it as ;uickly as %ossi0le) my answer would 0e/ ! com0ination of *>!) 8afia) :e?an oil4
millionaires) anti *astro *u0ans and hi#h officials in the military and #o&ernment. >n effect) of all the different theories on who was 0ehind it)
our answer is/ Q!ll of the a0o&eQ) e?cludin# the K"B and *astro. :hose are disinfo stories) tossed in there 0y the *>! on %ur%ose.
!ll those #rou%s to#etherS :hat does not sound &ery credi0le\
:hat > cannot hel%. >tPs not my fault that the %u0lic does not know that all these #rou%s worked ti#htly to#ether and were in fact sides of the
same cu0e. But it is so clear. =&erythin# roots 0ack to the Bay of Pi#s. !ll those #rou%s worked in %aramount on that and they all had a
common interest to #et *u0a 0ack.
What a0out concrete %ersonsS
Well) our in&esti#ation identifies 2 shooters) two of them are still ali&e. :he other two ha&e 0een murdered in the se&enties. :hey are %ro&en
and documented hitmen who worked 0oth for the *>! and the *hica#o mafia family. :heir names are James Files) *harles 'icoletti) John
1oselli en 8arshall *aifano. :heir 0oss was the le#endary Sam "iancana) the head of or#anised crime in *hica#o. 8oreo&er) we ha&e two
other %artici%ants on camera in&ol&ed in the %lannin# of the murder. :hey 0oth su%%ort and corro0orate the confession of James Files.
>ma#e/ Sam "iancana) >ma#e/ Johnny 1oselli) >ma#e/ *harles 'icoletti
Who are theyS
:he other %artici%ants are *hauncey (olt and :osh Plumlee. Both *>! contract o%erati&es. :osh Plumlee was a %ilot and one of *hauncey
(oltPs s%ecialties was counterfeitin# and for#ery of documents. :osh Plumlee is still ali&e) *hauncey died a few years a#o) 0ut we ha&e their
testimonies on film. *hauncey also worked for mafia0osses like Pete Lica&oli) the 0oss of *le&eland) and 8eyer Lansky. (olt was one of the
so called Qthree tram%sQ. :hree sha00y dressed men who were arrested on $ealey Pla9a. Photo#ra%hers ha&e taken C %ictures of them.
:hese men ha&e always 0een the su0Lect of intense and wild s%eculation. We show con&incin#ly who they were/ *hauncey (olt) *harles
1o#ers and *harles (arrelson. *harles (arrelson is a well known contract killer as well as the father of Woody (arrelson.
>ma#e/ *hauncey (olt >ma#e/ *harles (arrelson
:he actor of *heersS
es) hePs now ser&in# a life4time Lail term for killin# a Lud#e.
"ee) that sounds interestin#) 0ut how do > know all this is the definite truth and not Lust a well %lanned fantasy storyS
ouPre #oin# too fast. > already said this is not a %aintin# of a few strokes. First) this is not the final and full truth. :he Kennedy !ssassination is
a 0i# Li#saw %u99le. We ha&e %laced many %ieces) 0ut we donPt claim to ha&e all of them. For e?am%le) it is clear that there were more hitteams
on $ealey Pla9a) and we ha&e only one. Possi0ly the three tram%s were another hitteam) 0ut we cannot determine whether 1o#ers and
(arrelson were shooters. But e&en if so) there were also #unmen in the :e?as School0ook $e%ository and we do not know who they were for
sure. We ha&e indications) 0ut we will stay away from unsu0stantiated or inconclusi&e e&idence. <ur motto is/ We offer no conLecture or
theory) only hard e&idence.
(ow do you con&ince someone this is not a nice scamS
es) >Pll #et to that. What you ha&e to look at first is the %eo%le who conduct this in&esti#ation. Hack Shelton is a name you wonPt know 0ut he
worked .D years for the FB>. (e s%ent most of his career on the <r#anised *rime :ask Forces of *hica#o and Kansas city. So he knows all
these mo0 fi#ures and %ut se&eral of them 0ehind 0ars. :he mo&ie *asino with 1o0ert de 'iro for e?am%le) is 0ased on a true story and Hack
has 0usted some of those characters. $o you remem0er the James Byrd dra##in# death) where three white #uys dra##ed the colored #uy to
death 0ehind a carS
>ma#e/ Hack Shelton
es) did they not #et the death %enaltyS
es) Bush did that when he was still "o&ernor of :e?as) 0ut that case was HackPs too. We are talkin# a0out someone with a s%arklin#
0ack#round and im%ecca0le career in law enforcement) who is unlikely to risk his #ood name with a QscamQ. But it #ets 0etter still/ Hack has
called u%on and recei&ed hel% of o&er a do9en of his former FB> colle#ues and they are certainly not rookies. Jim Wa#ner was head of the
<r#anised *rime :ask Force in *hica#o) !rt P9ifenmayer had the same Lo0 in San $ie#o) he is now *=< of a 0i# casino. 8ichael Wacks was
the underco&er a#ent who 0usted *arlos 8arcello. 8uch like they did John "otti) with an underco&er sur&eillance stin#. *arlos 8arcello was
the mafia0oss of 'ew <rleans) one of the most %owerful e&er. 8ichaelPs 0rother) Peter Wacks) led an in&esti#ation into the ille#al acti&ities of
Jimmy (offa and his :eamsterPs %ension fund. (e was also awarded as the FB>Ps Q0est street a#entQ. Well) > can #o on like this) > am not yet
halfway and the num0er of a#ents hel%in# Hack is still #rowin#. So e&eryone who wants to accuse us of a scam accuses these %eo%le also.
=&ery sin#le one of them worked .6 years or more for the FB>. < wait) > for#ot to mention James W. Si0ert. (e was a World War >> hero) a
0om0er %ilot who did many raids o&er "ermany. (e recei&ed se&eral awards for coura#e and s%ent .+ years in the FB> thereafter. !s a s%ecial
a#ent he was %resent at KennedyPs auto%sy. :hank "od hePs still ali&e) hePs D2 now) 0ut he tells crystal clear) for the first time on camera) how
"erald Ford and !rlen S%ecter ha&e tam%ered with the e&idence. !rlen S%ecter is the artist who fa0ricated the infamous Qsin#le 0ullet theoryQ.
(e is now a senator for Pennsyl&ania. Ford and S%ecter are two sur&i&in# men who sat on the Warren *ommission. :hey 0oth ha&e written
0ooks in an attem%t to confirm the lie a0out Lee (ar&ey <swald. Ford wrote QPortrait of an !ssassinQ and S%ecter QPassion for :ruthQ. >tPs Lust
dis#ustin#\
>ma#e/ "erald Ford >ma#e/ !rlen S%ecter
ou are talkin# a0out some im%ortant %eo%le here\
> donPt care. (itler was im%ortant too. Should > therefore deny he was 0adS Q>f you do the crime) you do the timeQ. !nd e&en that) they didnPt do.
> ha&e 0efriended the e?4#irl friend of <swald and know e?actly what kind of man he really was. (e was a *>! s%y) a %atriot) who has 0een
used and discarded like trash. :hey du%ed him 0y tellin# him to infiltrate the %lot and %re&ent the assassination. Fery cle&er actually) if you
think a0out it. >tPs the only way to #et your %atsy at the ri#ht %lace at the ri#ht time. !nd Lee thou#ht he could sa0ota#e the hit) ri#ht till the end.
:hatPs when he fully reali9ed he had 0een du%ed. :he truth is he was a real hero. !nd those crooks kee% %oundin# their lies until this &ery day.
:hey know 0etter of course. e%) it makes me an#ry. >f you re%eat a lie o&er and o&er) the %u0lic will swallow it) es%ecially if itPs told 0y %eo%le
of authority.
<K) so the in&esti#ators are men of %rofessional 0ack#round) 0ut thatPs still no #uarantee they found the truth\
'o that is correct) 0ut > had not finished yet. ou asked if it could 0e a scamS :hen you first ha&e to know that the ori#inal lead on James Files
came from the FB>. 'ot from a ta0loid re%orter or somethin#. :he ti% was #i&en to Joe West) a %ri&ate in&esti#ator) who was workin# on a
lawsuit to e?hume JFKPs 0ody. (e wanted to %ro&e that Kennedy was hit from the front. :hat already indicates that Joe was sincere. ! new
and inde%endent auto%sy would %ro&e sure as hell that the first was a total fraud.
But Joe West has ne&er heard a full confession from James Files. Files didnPt want to talk. <nly if Joe could arran#e immunity for him) he
would think a0out it. $urin# that time Joe had to #o in hos%ital for heart sur#ery. :he o%eration itself was a 0i# success) ri#ht after he was
strai#ht u% in 0ed a#ain) drinkin# a coke and talkin# your ears off. :hen out of nowhere a com%lication arose) he went into a coma and ne&er
came out of it. With his death) his e?humation suit also died. We all think Joe was murdered 0y an o&erdose of the wron# medication. >Pll s%are
you the details) 0ut the attendin# doctor is still to 0e found for e?am%le. JoePs death is one of three reasons why James Files decided to tell his
story to Bo0 Fernon) who took o&er from Joe.
What were the other two reasonsS
Sa&e it for later) > first need to finish this. James Files finally confessed to Fernon. Files says he acted on orders of his mentor *harles
'icoletti. 'icoletti was one of "iancanaPs most trusted hitmen. Files was the dri&er and 0ody#uard for 'icoletti. Si? months 0efore the
assassination 'icoletti informed Files a0out the contract on Kennedy and that he and Johnny 1oselli were to take %art in it. <ri#inally Files was
only ordered to dri&e the wea%ons to $allas) test fire them and e?%lore the area. !ll orders came from Sam "iancana and the *>!. Files had
0een recruited for the *>! 0y $a&id !tlee Philli%s. :his man was a s%ider in the we0 on the %art of the *>! for the %lannin# of the hit. (is name
%o%s u% in almost e&ery co&ert *>! o%eration) includin# the cou% in *hile that left !llende dead and 0rou#ht Pinochet to %ower. Philli%s was
also the *>! handler of Lee (ar&ey <swald. (is star rose to *>! director of co&ert o%erations for the Western (emis%here.
>ma#e/ $a&id !tlee Philli%s
> wonPt sum u% all the details) you can find them all on the we0site) 0ut Files dro&e to $allas a week 0efore. <n the mornin# of the
assassination he met with 1oselli and 'icoletti. (e did not know how they had arri&ed in $allas) nor did he ask. :he only thin# 1oselli told him
is that he had arri&ed on a military air%lane.
But our other %artici%ants) *hauncey (olt and :osh Plumlee) e?%lain e?actly how 1oselli and 'icoletti came to $allas. :osh Plumlee was the
%ilot who flew 1oselli the ni#ht 0efore and *hauncey (olt had dri&en with 'icoletti all the way from the "race 1anch in !ri9ona. :hat ranch
was owned 0y Pete Lica&oli. >t is a fact that Plumlee) (olt and Files did not know each other) yet they all say the same thin# and corro0orate
each other. >f you say this is a scam) you say that these three men %ut it to#ether and su0se;uently fooled a team of e?%erienced FB> a#ents.
!nd me too of course. > threw my #ood money in there without lookin#S <r you could ar#ue that these FB> men are %art of the scam and risk
their re%utation with a nonsense re%ort to !shcroft. > trust you see this is far more unlikely than this 0ein# the sim%le truth. ! scam in&ol&in# so
many %eo%le would fall a%art sooner or later. > challen#e anyone to shoot holes in it. WePll shake hands with the first one who can catch us in a
lie. We are not talkin# a0out Lust someone who writes a 0ook a0out JFKPs alle#ed cocaine usa#e) which cannot 0e su0stantiated 0y the way.
We are talkin# a0out world class in&esti#ators here) who check and dou0le check e&erythin#. >tPs actually ama9in# that cocaine story is front
%a#e news and ours is not yet.
But accordin# to you) the JFK assassination was also a scam in&ol&in# many %eo%le. Why then has that not fallen a%art yetS
:hat (!S fallen a%art\ (ow many do still 0elie&e the Warren 1e%ortS ! maLority of ,6 _ 0elie&es it is a lie. :hatPs why that mo&ie JFK was
such a 0lock0uster. But 0y lack of hard e&idence the lie has ne&er 0een dis%ro&en. :hatPs why they can kee% it u%.
ouP&e #ot a %oint > #uess) 0ut what a0out that fourth shooterS So far > count three.
es) #ood ;uestion) the fourth shooter is 8arshall *aifano. We did not #et his name from Files. "iancana) 'icoletti and 1oselli ha&e all 0een
murdered in the se&enties. *oincidentally Lust 0efore they were called to testify for the *hurch *ommittee and the (ouse Select *ommittee on
!ssassinations. :hat was a second in&esti#ation into the murders of JFK and his 0rother 1FK.
>ma#e/ 8arshall *aifano
Files) Lust like many other mafia men) has a code not to talk a0out %eo%le that are still ali&e. (e also claims to know the killer of officer J.$.
:i%%it.
Who was :i%%itS
(e was a co% that was killed 2B minutes after Kennedy. Lee (ar&ey <swald was also char#ed with that murder. !ccordin# to Files the real
killer is still ali&e.
<k) 0ut how did you find *aifanoS
Hack was #i&en a name 0y collea#ue Jack <P 1ourke. :he name was Joe "ranata) a %risoner in Wyomin# who used to run with *harles
'icoletti. "ranata has 0een a credi0le witness for the #o&ernment. (is testimony has sent se&eral criminals to %rison. Joe "ranata has ne&er
#i&en unrelia0le information. (e told Hack that 'icoletti had told him on two occasions that 'icoletti) 1oselli) 8arshall *aifano en Jimmy
Sutton) were the Qhitteam o% $ealey Pla9aQ
>s that on cameraS
'o) on audiota%e. >tPs a %hone con&ersation) 0ecause no camera was allowed in that %rison. !nyway) "ranata confirms the e?act story of
James Files. :he stron# %art is that James Files was James Sutton in the si?ties) that is his real name. (e chan#ed it later to James Files. But
"ranata also adds a new name. *aifano is ,. and still ali&e. :hatPs a #ood e?%lanation that he was not mentioned 0y Files. > canPt hel% it) 0ut >
ha&e some res%ect the man. (e has his own codes. (e killed a lot of %eo%le of course) 0ut in a way hePs also a hero. Without him we would
ne&er ha&e known the truth. *om%are him with !rlen S%ecter and >Pm not sure who the 0i##er criminal is.
<k) for Files) 'icoletti and 1oselli you ha&e more than one source) 0ut for *aifano only oneS
(old on) Hack ne&er walks on thin ice. We also ha&e 8ichael *or0itt. (e Lust wrote a 0estseller with the ne%hew and #odson of Sam "iancana
of the same name. $ou0le $eal) check it) > hear itPs #ood. *or0itt was a courier for "iancana. (e testifies on camera that *aifano has 0ra##ed
to him that he was on $ealey Pla9a Qwhen history was madeQ.
But not that he was a shooterS
'o) unfortunately) you canPt win them all. > rather would ha&e seen we had done more trou0le to a%%roach *aifano. Hack has called him) 0ut he
soon turned a##ressi&e. *aifanoPs wife said to talk to her son 1ichard *aifano) he is a lawyer in *hica#o. > was &ery much in fa&our of makin#
a deal with *aifano to tell us what he knew in e?chan#e for %u0lication after his death. !fter all) he is ,. and somehow these #uys are %roud of
their hidden %lace in history. 8ay0e > was na`&e) 0ut no shot is always a miss. So > sent 1ichard *aifano an email with e?actly that %ro%osal.
$idnPt #et an answer. (is secretary had already said he had nothin# to say to me.
eah) thatPs to 0e e?%ected\
:hat chance was 0i# of course) 0ut now he is im%licated while hePs still ali&e and the chance he will say anythin# is as #ood as #one. :herefore
> thou#ht it worth to try it. !lso 0ecause > 0elon# to the school that finds the truth more im%ortant than Lustice. :he %u0lic needs to know these
thin#s are actually ha%%enin# in the so called democratic United Sates. <nly then you will 0e a0le to %re&ent it in the future. >f it could ha%%en
then) it can ha%%en now. > 0lame the %awns that fired the shots much less than the ones that ordered it. !nd they ha&e esca%ed their %enalties
anyway. :hey will always ha&e the %awns. When these %awns) like James Files) o%en their 0ooks endan#erin# their own li&es) > would almost
#i&e them an award. Pro0a0ly de0ata0le) 0ut thatPs my &iew.
So you are actually takin# %art in the in&esti#ation yourselfS
< yes) > canPt kee% my fin#ers from the cookie Lar. For some thin#s > ha&e more time and knowled#e than Hack and his associates. Searchin#
the >nternet for e?am%le. =&erythin# is now %u0lished on the we0. :he whole Warren 1e%ort) the hearin#s) articles) inter&iews) entire 0ooks
e&en. <nce you know how to search you ha&e it at your fin#erti%s. > ha&e #i&en Hack some leads that really led somewhere. 8oreo&er) you
can now communicate with e&eryone in the world at no cost. $oesnPt matter if they are in Sydney or Los !n#eles.
What a0out erasin# those recordsS
< yeah) thatPs a #ood one. 1eal funny too. Files says he was in the D. nd second air0orne in Laos. (e says he was %art of a o%eration called
QWhite StarQ. So there should 0e records of Files in the D. nd air0orne) or Sutton as his name was then. But there werenPt any. Bo0 then hired
the historian of de D. nd air0orne. John "rady was his name) he died last year. But he has ultimately %ro&en that Files was tellin# the truth.
Jim 8arrs also disco&ered somethin#.
Jim 8arrsS
es) (e is on our %roLect too. (e wrote *rossfire) the 0ook that was the 0asis for the mo&ie JFK. (e was a soldier too in Fietnam and had
ne&er heard of White Star. But when he told *olonel Fletcher Prouty 4 :he man %ortrayed 0y $onald Sutherland) or 8r. M in JFK 4 Prouty
confirmed the e?istence of this o%eration
>ma#e/ Jim 8arrs
What was so funnyS
Well) when that man Brady was in&esti#atin# in +,,D) he recei&ed a tele%hone call from a Secret Ser&ice a#ent/ Why are you communicatin#
with James FilesS Like he didnPt know) ha ha. <f course Brady sim%ly e?%lained and that a#ent told him that Q:he President and his staff are
&ery concerned a0out James Files. (e is considered a threat to national securityQ. :he President was *linton at the time. >n +,,B the FB> has
declared Files Qnot credi0leQ. But the President and his staff are still worried a0out this QliarQ. :hatPs what > found funny. ou know whatPs funny
tooS :he FB> has indeed inter&iewed Files. <ne of their smarter ;uestions was how Files could %ro&e his association with *harles 'icoletti.
Files #a&e them a do9en %eo%le who could confirm that. !mon# others 8arshall *aifano) mind you. :hat was in +,,B) lon# 0efore we
disco&ered *aifanoPs role in $allas. 'one of those men ha&e e&er 0een a%%roached. >nstead they %roclaim Files is Qnon credi0leQ. :he
authorities are still co&erin# this u%. Some %eo%le ask me why we can do what the #o&ernment has failed to do des%ite millions of ta? dollars.
:herePs your answer. :he #o&ernment has 0een tryin# to co&er u%) what we are tryin# to e?%ose. 8ay0e difficult to acce%t) 0ut if you make the
switch) e&erythin# falls into %lace.
Why has Files made his confessionS >snPt this &ery incriminatin# for himS
es) you would come 0ack on that. :he first reason is Joe West. (e thinks to know for sure that Joe was murdered for his di##in# into this
case. 8ainly 0ecause of his suit to e?hume JFK. 8oreo&er) there was a #ood chemistry 0etween Files and West) they liked each other) 0ut
Joe has ne&er heard the full confession of Files .
>ma#e/ James Files and Joe West
:he second reason is that Files has turned reli#ious . Born a#ain *hristian they say o&er there. !n element of clearin# his conscience also
%lays a role.
:he third reason is that 0oth Files and Bo0 Fernon had recei&ed clear threats to sto% with all of this. :hose threats came from or#anised crime
as well as the #o&ernment. :o name Lust a few e?am%les/ Fernon has 0een shot at from a car) while 0ar0ecuin# in his #arden and Files
recei&ed a messa#e from a mo0 lawyer to Qkee% ;uiet and lay down 0y your do##y 0owlQ. Bo0Ps %ro%osal to Files was then/ Q>f they want to
take us out) letPs lea&e them somethin# for history\Q Files has stared in silence thru the window for a minute) accordin# to Bo0 the lon#est
minute of his life. Finally Files turned around and said/ <k) 0rin# in the cameras tomorrow\
:here is a fourth reason and that is that James Files thinks he will ne&er 0e tried for JFK. (e knows the %owers 0ehind it and they ha&e too
much too loose. >Pm afraid that Files is ri#ht a#ain.
By the way) all three %artici%ants 0efore our cameras ha&e somethin# of remorse. :hey ha&e 0een recruited for these Lo0s under dis#uise of
%atriotism) 0ut 0e#an to dou0t whether it was all so correct what they did.
So if > listen to you) you donPt e?%ect much from !shcroft eitherS
! di%lomatic answer would 0e letPs wait and see) 0ut an honest answer is 'o. We wonPt #et any reaction at all or a 0ullshit standard letter that
the matter has 0een looked into e?tensi&ely and this is insufficient to Lustify re4o%enin# the case.
>ma#e/ John !shcroft
Why so %essimisticS
> am not at all %essimistic. !t least for #ettin# the truth to the surface. !fter all we didnPt need the Lustice de%artment to unco&er what we ha&e
so far. > donPt e?%ect much of !shcroft) 0ecause > am con&inced that e&ery %resident since Kennedy) e?ce%t *arter may0e) has known e?actly
that $allas was one 0i# cou% and the Warren 1e%ort one 0i# lie to fool the !merican %u0lic.
So Bush knows that tooS
$onPt o%en my mouth a0out Bush. (is dad was u% to his neck in this. :hat is my %ersonal o%inion. $onPt connect that to our %roduction. We
donPt mention him there.
es) 0ut now itPs #ettin# interestin#\
<k) there are numerous indications that Bush senior has a lot to hide in this case) 0ut no conclusi&e e&idence. :hatPs why > want to stick to the
hard facts and confessions.
'e&ertheless > would like to come 0ack on that.
!lri#ht) sa&e it for another time and consider it my %ersonal o%inion. !sk yourself first why "eor#e W. has Lust %ost%oned the declassification of
files a0out %ast %residents. (e turns 0ack an earlier decision of *linton with that. What were we talkin# a0outS
!0out !shcroft\
es) the %ressure to make somethin# ha%%en has to come from the %u0lic) mo0ili9ed 0y the media. Just like with the mo&ie JFK. >f you saw
how that mo&ie was attacked) e&en 0efore it was released) you start to see the 0i# %icture. But it 0ecame a 0lock0uster) 0ecause it offered a
more %lausi0le alternati&e. :his des%ite the fact that it was not %resented as the definite truth) 0ut rather as a mi? of facts and fiction. :hat is
the difference with our film. We come with names) e&idence) facts and documents. But <li&er StonePs mo&ie was instrumental in esta0lishin#
the !ssassinations 1ecords 1e&iew Board) 0ut they didnPt %roduce anythin# si#nificant either. >t was shut down in +,,D and the *>! has ne&er
released all the files.
So accordin# to you this was much 0i##er than commonly thou#htS
Sure) if you think a0out it) thatPs the only lo#ical e?%lanation we still donPt ha&e the truth. !nd that while , of +6 !mericans do not 0elie&e the
official #o&ernment %osition. Johnson had locked all the files on this case until the year .63,. :he reason is Qnational securityQ. =&ery intelli#ent
%erson can see there is no national security interest to kee% this case closed for o&er 26 years. We are talkin# a0out the security of the ones
who did it.
But who were those actuallyS
We ha&e no com%lete answers) 0ut you can at least include Johnson) (oo&er) 'i?on) :e?an oilmen like Sid 1ichardson) *lint 8urchison and
(.L. (unt. :hose were the richest !mericans of that time. :he ni#ht 0efore the murder) there was a %arty on 8urchisonPs estate. !ll these
#entlemen #athered in a %ri&ate meetin# room there. :hey are all mentioned in our %ro#ram. :he %eo%le who ha&e hel%ed with the co&er u%
are of course com%licit too. We already co&ered Ford and S%ecter. >nsofar as Warren *ommission mem0ers had no hi#h %ositions) they #ot
them later. 8ost of them ha&e 0een rewarded with s%lendid careers. >tPs all so crystal clear if you think a few ste%s 0i##er.
>ma#e/ 'i?on >ma#e/ (oo&er >ma#e/ Johnson
>s that not a %ro0lem for acce%tanceS > mean) lots of %eo%le are scared to e&en think that\
Unfortunately you are %ro0a0ly ri#ht. :he a&era#e citi9en has may0e a %ro0lem to switch that 0utton. 8any !mericans can hardly acce%t their
own elected #o&ernment is sim%ly lyin# to them. But the e&idence lies on the ta0le. Likewise they donPt 0elie&e the *>! and mafia are workin#
to#ether. :hey %ay their ta?es to fund the *>! in order to %rotect society a#ainst enemies and criminals. :hen you donPt e?%ect them to #o into
0usiness with or#anised crime. (owe&er) the %roof is as hard as a diamond.
< yesS *ould you e?%lainS
:he mafia0osses in&ol&ed in this were Sam "iancana of *hica#o) Santos :rafficante of Florida and *arlos 8arcello of 'ew <rleans. :hose
three ha&e %ro&ided their #unmen in %aramount with the *>!. !ll three hated 0oth Kennedy 0rothers) actually their &ery e?istence was
threatened 0y the KennedyPs. >t has now 0een documented that they worked closely to#ether with the *>!. :hey are e?actly the men who
assisted the *>! in the %lots to assassinate Fidel *astro. :hat has all 0ecome %u0lic in the se&enties durin# the in&esti#ations on intelli#ence
and assassinations. ou can only #uess what we donPt know yet. :he 0rother of "iancana has written a 0estseller 0io#ra%hy on him. "iancana
e?%lains %erfectly how his or#ani9ation and the *>! were Qtwo sides of the same coinQ. (e says Q> ha&e done more deals with the *>! than >
ha&e time to tell youQ. By the way) in that 0ook he also says that 8arcello had sent *harles (arrelson to $ealey Pla9a.
>ma#e/ *arlos 8arcello >ma#e/ Santo :rafficante
But it a%%ears that your scenario is the mo0 did it.
:hat is a wron# im%ression. :he mafia su%%lied their %ersonnel. :hat %ersonnel was already half mafia) half *>!. :he %lannin# was done 0y
their 0osses and the *>!) financed 0y the :e?an oil tycoons. Where the %lan ori#inated or who %ro%osed it first) is unclear) 0ut what is clear is
that hi#h #o&ernment officials and military %eo%le went alon# with it. !ll those #enerals were in "eneral *a0ellPs house) watchin# JFKPs funeral
on tele&ision. With a 0eer and all that. :hey were not e&en %resent at his funeral. *a0ell had also 0een fired 0y Kennedy and his 0rother =arle
was the mayor of $allas.
>ma#e/ "eneral *harles P. *a0ell
:he mafia of course) doesnPt ha&e the %ower either to co&er4u% the murder of a %resident and ri# the !merican %u0lic.
ou were talkin# a0out the three tram%s. <ne of them is the father Woody (arrelsonS What is the e&idence for thatS
<h) thatPs &ery sim%le. *hauncey (olt was another one of the three tram%s) he tells his whole story and confirms (arrelson. :he days 0efore
he dro&e with *harles 'icoletti to $allas and deli&ered 'icoletti at the *a0ana hotel. :hose orders came from Pete Lica&oli. But he also had
instructions from the *>! to deli&er hand#uns and fake >$Ps on the %arkin# lot at the railroad yard 0ehind the %icket fence. (e was told he
would meet with *harles (arrelson and *harles 1o#ers there) as well as a radical *u0an e?ile) (omer =che&arria. :hese instructions came
from an underco&er *>! man in the *oca *ola *om%any. Phili% :wom0ly) a totally unknown name in the JFK research community.
*haunceyPs tale is as 0eautiful as stunnin# 'o one knows it yet. >t shows %erfectly how the *>! o%erates in such Lo0s. :hey send se&eral
teams that know nothin# of each other. Q'eed to knowQ is what they call it. <r Qcom%artimentali9edQ. :hatPs why Files and *hauncey say it
looked like Qold 0oys homeQ on $ealey Pla9a. !ll familiar faces) 0ut they had no clue what their 0usiness was there. !mon# other %eo%le) Files
mentions <rlando Bosch and Frank Stur#is) one of the later Water#ate 0ur#lars) *hauncey mentions Luis Posada *arriles. Posada is a
notorious anti4*astro *u0an) who is currently in a Panama Lail for the latest foiled attem%t on Fidel *astroPs life. :hat ha%%ened in .666. (e
was cau#ht with 3 accom%lices with 0a#s of e?%losi&es durin# a Latin summit where *astro would s%eak. > #uess you ne&er heard of that) did
youS
>ma#e/ Frank Stur#is aka Frank Fiorini
'o nothin#\
> thou#ht so) you know whyS Because this is not news that the Bush administration can use. But if you disco&er who those #uys are) it will dro%
your mouth wide o%en. >n +,C- Posada was con&icted in Fene9uela to#ether with <rlando Bosch) for 0lowin# u% a *u0an airline Let. >t left all
C3 %assen#ers dead. But he Qesca%esQ from his *aracas cell in +,DB) to surface in =l Sal&ador that same year under another name) 1amon
8edina. (e #ets that identity from the *>! and he comes to assist his *>! classmate Feli? 1odri#ue9 in the >ran *ontra o%erations. 1odri#ue9
is another &eteran of o%eration 26 and a %ersonal friend of Bush senior. :hat is well documented.
>ma#e/ "eor#e Bush and Feli? 1odri#ue9
>tPs ama9in# what you disco&er when in&esti#atin# JFK. ou start to understand why so many witness ha&e 0een murdered. >tPs incredi0le. <r
do you think itPs fine when a con&icted terrorist) killin# C3 citi9ens) can run free to do more dirty tricks for the *>!S
:hatsounds %retty distur0in#) yes.
>ma#e/ Luis Posada *arriles
es) check it if you wish\ ouPll also find that they are still tryin# to kill *astro. :his <rlando Bosch 0y the way 4 his nickname is Q$r. $eathQ 4 is
released in +,DC under di%lomatic %ressure 0y <tto 1eich) the then US am0assador for Fene9uela.. 1eich is an a&id anti *astro *u0an and he
has Lust 0een a%%ointed assistant Secretary of State under *olin Powell.
>ma#e/ <tto 1eich) U.S. !ssistant Secretary of State for Western (emis%here !ffairs
Some of these *u0ans were also arrested for Water#ate. Water#ate has ne&er 0een in&esti#ated 0ecause Ford #a&e 'i?on a %residential
%ardon. 'i?on had made sure to re%lace S%iro !#new 0y Ford as his Fice President. !nd as you recall) Ford was also a Warren *ommission
mem0er. :he official story is that the Water#ate 0ur#lars 0roke in to %lace some 0u#s. But that is not 0elie&ed 0y e&eryone. ou donPt need C
men to %lace a 0u# and those 0ur#lars were all *>! men tracin# 0ack to $ealey Pla9a. =. (oward (unt worked to#ether with $a&id !tlee
Philli%s and it has 0een %ro&en he was in $allas that day. Just like Frank Stur#is. (is real name was Frank Fiorini and he was a lieutenant for
"iancana. 8artine9) "on9ale9 and Barker were also o%eration 26 mem0ers) anti *astro *u0an e?iles like Posada and 1odri#ue9. :here
seems to 0e a connection 0etween Water#ate and $allas and lots of researchers think the Water#ate 0reak in had nothin# to do with listenin#
de&ices 0ut was done to steal incriminatin# documents files e?%osin# the cons%iracy of the JFK assassination. Unfortunately this remains
s%eculation since the case was closed 0y Ford and his %ardon.
>ma#e/ Feli? 1odri#ue9
>t is the same 0unch %o%%in# u% a#ain and a#ain. :hey all #o 0ack to the Bay of Pi#s. :hink a#ain a0out the QWar on :errorQ) they ha&e their
own terrorists too) 0ut you ne&er hear a0out those. :he art of sur%ression. :hey hold 0ack so much a0out ,7++ too. :hrou#h the media you can
control %u0lic o%inion. $a&id !tlee Philli%s was a %ro%a#anda s%ecialist and has said to James Files somethin# he still recalls/ > can kill more
%eo%le with my ty%ewriter) than you runnin# around with your shot#un. > can #o on like this fore&er. >tPs all connected. > now understand what
$ee% :hroat meant when he said to Woodward / ou ha&e no idea how 0i# this is\
*ould you e?%lain who $ee% :hroat was. 'ot e&eryone knows that.
es) he was the anonymous source that fed Woodward and Bernstein with information. :hey were the Lournalists that 0roke the Water#ate
scandal.
<k) we were in $ealey Pla9aS
es) we were talkin# a0out *hauncey. *hauncey didnPt e&en know that 'icoletti would 0e a shooter) those are thin#s you donPt talk a0out on
such assi#nments. *hauncey did not fire a shot) 0ut he is actually our stron#est witness) 0ecause he still has all the documents to 0acku% his
story. >ncludin# the letters of Pete Lica&oli and 8eyer Lansky. ou can see immediately those handwritin#s match with known letters of those
two But the records on FilesP %ast ha&e all 0een erased 0y the *>!. >nitially we wanted to call the %ro#ram Q:he man who was ne&er 0ornQ.
(ow do you know they ha&e 0een erasedS
Later) thatPs interestin# too) 0ut let me first finish (arrelson. *hauncey had deli&ered his stuff to (arrelson. :his :wom0ly had told him that he
was to take %art in an anti *astro demonstration) 0ut there was no such demonstration there. !t any rate) when %ro0lems would arise) he was
to re%ort 0ack to a 0o?car with num0er ... Well) when *hauncey heard the shots rin# out) he saw that as a %ro0lem and he raced for the
0o?car. >t was a wa#on that a%%eared to 0e sealed from the outside) 0ut it could 0e o%ened if you knew 0etter.
When he arri&ed) 1o#ers and (arrelson were already there. >t didnPt take lon# for them to hear %olice and other %eo%le searchin# on the
outside) 0ut it took &ery lon# 0efore the 0o?car was finally o%ened) since it looked closed from the outside. :hey then identified themsel&es as
a#ents of the to0acco and li;uor a#ency) say the forerunner of the $=!. :hey said they were underco&er on a Lo0 to catch smu##lers. :he
fake >$Ps were made 0y *hauncey himself. By the way he also made the !lek (idell card for <swald. :he $allas co%s didnPt really know what
to make of it and they were therefore escorted to the %olice office for ;uestionin#. :here they ha&e 0een released throu#h the 0ackdoor. :hat
is why they donPt look arrested at all on those %ictures. :hey were Lust escorted. For the co%s) they were Lust Qcolle#uesQ
*hauncey was %retty distressed with the situation as you can also see on those %hoto#ra%hs. But (arrelson was %retty lame with it) he e&en
seemed to find it somewhat funny. :hat can also 0e seen on the %ictures) *hauncey sus%ected he may ha&e 0een Qcoked u%Q) as he %ut it.
>ma#e/ :he three tram%s/ 1o#ers) (arrelson and (olt
:hey donPt look like tram%s either.
'o) they are too nicely dressed and too well #roomed for real 0ums. :hatPs what tri##ered all that s%eculation. :hey ha&e nice haircuts and are
clean sha&en. !ctually they were told to dress like workmen) so they could 0lend in with railroad workers
:here are no arrest %hotoPs for these men in the %olice archi&es) nor were their fin#er%rints taken. <f course this should 0e custom with any
arrest) and certainly in connection to the murder of a %resident. >n +,,. the so called arrest records surface. :hey %roduce only written records
of three men. Without mu#shots and fin#er%rints of course. ! child can see these men are not the three tram%s. 'o %ictures of these three
men from around +,-3 are a&aila0le. <therwise you could com%are them with the three tram%s. ! friend of mine always says/ >tPs starin# you
in the face.
>ma#e/ Under arrestS
So the %olice was also %art of the %lotS
'ot all of them of course) 0ut Sheriff Bill $ecker and ca%tain Will Frit9 for sure. *orru%t like hell) which is also &ery clear if you read the
auto0io#ra%hy of de%uty sheriff 1o#er *rai#. :hatPs why $allas was the %erfect %lace. :he lionPs den for Kennedy) full of ri#ht win# and wealthy
e?tremists. Jack 1u0y worked for "iancana and was a welcome #uest at the $allas %olice) friendly with o&er half of the co%s. 8ost of them
were fre;uent &isitors of his ni#htclu0. :hey also let him in the 0asement to finish <swald. Just look at how ca%tain Frit9 makes room for 1u0y
to shoot <swald. (e does not e&en look 0ack if 1u0y Lum%s out. Q> know nothin#Q.
>ma#e/ 1u0y shoots <swald (*a%tain Frit9 not in %icture)
So your only confirmation for (arrelson is the story of (oltS.
'o) oh no) therePs more. When (arrelson was arrested for the murder he is now in Lail for) he has said that he could clarify the Kennedy
murder) or ++7..7-3 as he called it) and he had 0een in&ol&ed in it himself. Shortly after) he retracted his statement with the e?cuse that he had
0een usin# cocaine.
>ma#e/ *harles (arrelson com%ared with the Qtall tram%Q
!nd then we ha&e Lois "i0sonPs identification. Lois "i0son works for the (ouston %olice and is %ro0a0ly the 0est forensic artist in the world.
She has the hi#hest %ercenta#e of sol&ed crimes 0ased on com%osition sketches She Lust has 0een awarded 0y the "uinness 0ook of
1ecords for that. She knows e&erythin# a0out facial reco#nition. >f you see her full %resentation in our %ro#ram) you ha&e no dou0ts anymore
that the three tram%s are indeed 1o#ers ) (olt and (arrelson.
Who was 1o#ersS
Wait a second) > for#ot to tell a0out $on =r&in. :hatPs a famous criminal attorney from (ouston and he is also a%%earin# in our %ro#ram. (e
has re%resented 0oth Files and (arrelson. When he saw the %icture of the tram%s for the first time he said/ < my "od) itPs him\
8mm) and 1o#ersS
1o#ers was *>! and a childhood friend of (arrelson. 'o0ody knows where he is. >f he is still ali&e) he is still wanted for the murder of his
%arents. :hat ha%%ened in +,-B. (e killed them and then cho%%ed them to %ieces in the 0ath tu0 and %ut them in the free9er. Pro0a0ly to 0uy
time and arran#e for his lea&in# the country. :o %re&ent the smell of decom%osin# 0odies) you know. When the %olice found the 0odies) they
first thou#ht that a ho# had 0een slau#htered. Until they saw the heads of course. So 1o#ers is 0y no means a nice man. >t looks like he killed
his %arents 0ecause they found out a0out his role in $allas) %ossi0ly throu#h the tram% %hotos. !nyway) the case is still o%en and unsol&ed for
the (ouston Police.
!ma9in#\
es) 0ut (arrelson is ali&e and e&eryone knows where he is. >t would 0e nice if he would also o%en u% like James Files. ou see) enou#h can
still 0e done to sol&e the case. Posada *arriles was on $ealey Pla9a and is also ali&e. But the #o&ernment does nothin#. Stran#e notS
eah) 0y the way) that story a0out the shell casin#) :hat sound rather weird to me.
ou mean that Files has 0itten it and left it thereS
>ma#e/ John 1ademacher found the casin# near the %icket fence
es) > mean) who does that as a %rofessional killerS
:o tell you the truth) > would almost ha&e wanted he had not done that) 0ecause it sounds incredi0le indeed. >tPs the 0i##est tar#et for the
critics. But you ha&e to kee% in mind that Files was .+ years old. (e had 0een killin# enou#h %eo%le >n Laos and Fietnam) so he was used to
that. ! #uy like that can de&elo% a cockiness) that normal %eo%le cannot readily ima#ine. :hen a#ain) he was youn# enou#h not to use his
0rains. 'ow that hePs old and mature he says/ >t was stu%id) 0ut > did that\ >n addition he hated Kennedy. (e held him res%onsi0le for the Bay
of Pi#s failure) where he lost a lot of friends. (e took %ride in his kill shot and already had a ha0it for lea&in# a trademark. (e said he always 0it
his 0ullet and that the taste of #un%owder was 0etter than coffee.
:hat casin# was 0een found in +,DC) at a de%th in the #round consistent with a time since +,-3. >t has recei&ed &ery little attention in the
media. Some small article in a local news%a%er. James Files #a&e his confession in +,,2. When Bo0 heard that story a0out his shell casin# he
&a#uely recalled a shell had 0een found. Files then said/ Q>f it is mine you will 0e a0le to reco#ni9e it for my teeth marks are on it. :he end will
0e o&al not round.Q >t is %ractically im%ossi0le that Files could ha&e known this from the media) 0ecause nothin# was said a0out dent marks.
=&en John 1ademacher who found that shell) did not know what the indents were. Until then he had #uessed they were QeLection marksQ. Bo0
contacted 1ademacher and had the casin# e?amined 0y a %rofessor in orthodontolo#y. :his %rofessor has certified that they were indeed
human teeth marks. James Files says that if they really want to sol&e the JFK murder they can sim%ly com%are the dent marks with his dental
records. But they donPt. (e claims the FB> has those. $o you understand now why our in&esti#ators are 1=:>1=$ FB> a#entsS
es) 0ut > think the casin# story will 0e met with ske%sis.
es) thatPs why > said he 0etter had not done it. >t would 0e easier if he had only done thin#s that are easy to 0elie&e) 0ut > canPt hel% that the
facts are not always o0&ious and credi0le. ouP&e #ot to know somethin# else too. ! datin# test was done on that casin#) which indicates the
casin# is indeed from the +,-3 timeframe :he headstam% is also consistent with a manufacturin# date from that %eriod. >t is an im%ortant %iece
of %hysical e&idence. 8ay0e we can e&en take some $'! from it) 0ut thatPs alon# shot > would say. .
es) that would 0e a killer\
:he casin# is Lust like the other so called im%lausi0ilities. !ll critics who attack James Files) at least a#ree that he is a Q#ood liarQ. 8y ;uestion
then is/ Why does a #ood liar in&ent a story with im%lausi0ilitiesS ! liar wants 0e 0elie&ed) ri#htS Why then make your story im%lausi0leS :hey
also for#et that if Files is a hoa?) :osh Plumlee) Joe "ranata and *hauncey (olt are also hoa?es. But they ha&e 0een used as credi0le
witnesses for the #o&ernment in se&eral cases.
>ma#e/ :osh Plumlee
es) Well) > think 'icoletti would ne&er ha&e left that 0ullet.
'o) e?actly. (e would ne&er ha&e %ermitted Files either. Some %eo%le say that James Files knows an awful lot of details) they canPt deny Files
was indeed the 0ody#uard for 'icoletti. But) so they say) Files is a#randi9in# himself) he Lust heard the whole story from 'icoletti who actually
took the shot form the knoll. eah) and then 'icoletti left that 0ulletS :hat casin# is actually more %roof that Files is not lyin#. (e was the only
one) immature enou#h to do that.
Was that casin# found where Files said he left itS
'o) Files said he left on the fence and it was found in the #round a few yards away. 8ay0e one of the 0acku% %eo%le took it and threw it away
when he reali9ed it wasnPt smart to walk around with e&idence. Somethin# like that.
Files also claims he was asked at the last moment to take %art in the hit. :hatPs critici9ed a lot too.
es) 'icoletti asked him that mornin# at +6/36. Until then) Files was not su%%osed to 0e a shooter. :hat decision came from 'icoletti and
'icoletti only. But he had a #ood reason. 1oselli #ot cold feet. (e was aware that %art of the *>! wanted the hit cancelled at the ele&enth hour.
(e was afraid that if they went throu#h with it) they would take an enormous risk "iancana and 'icoletti wanted the hit e?ecuted) so with one
shooter less) 'icoletti asked Files to ser&e as his 0acku%. Files was only to shoot if it 0ecame e?tremely necessary. :he shots were su%%osed
to come from 0ehind and hit Kennedy in the head) 0ut if 'icoletti would miss) Files had to finish the Lo0 from 0ehind the fence.
>ma#e/ Kennedy after the im%act of the shot from James Files
But (arrelson was also in that area\
es) 0ut 'icoletti %ro0a0ly didnPt know that. > e?%lained that 0efore. :hey sent in more teams unaware of each other. When someone is cau#ht
they canPt rat on each other. :hatPs how itPs done. Q'eed to knowQ
So there is room for im%ro&isationS
es) you canPt %re&ent that. ou are dealin# with %eo%le and %eo%le make mistakes. =&eryone assumes this was a %erfectly and meticulously
%lanned hit) 0ut in fact many thin#s went wron#. 'icoletti and (olt arri&ed only that mornin# from !ri9ona. :hey had car trou0le and a storm
causin# their delay. :hey could ha&e 0een too late as well. !nd if it would ha&e rained the whole %arty was off) the 0u00le to% of the limousine
would then ha&e 0een on. :he shot of Files was in fact one 0i# screw4u%. 'icoletti was actually an#ry with Files) he thou#ht that Files had fired
too soon. Because of that) the Ha%ruder film had to 0e %ut lock and 0arrel) 0ecause e&eryone would see clearly that Kennedy was hit from the
front. <ther films ha&e 0een taken 0y the FB>. But that could not ha%%en with the Ha%ruder film. :hatPs why it was ke%t from the %u0lic for +2
years. >t was 0ou#ht 0y :ime Life. ou would e?%ect the film would 0e 0i# news and #o all o&er the world. But no) they %ut it in the &ault. >tPs so
clear) lookin# 0ack. >f the film would ha&e #one %u0lic) no one would ha&e 0elie&ed the Warren *ommission. :his also illustrates the %ower of
the *>! with the media. When you ha&e the media you can make the %u0lic 0elie&e what you want them to 0elie&e.
>ma#e/ :he im%act of the shot / QBack and to the leftQ
>ma#e/ JFKPs %ress secretary 8alcolm Kilduff descri0es im%act of the 0ullet
What else went wron#S
Well) the fact that <swald was ca%tured ali&e. :he ori#inal %lan was to kill him as the Qfleein# assassinQ. So somethin# went wron# there.
<swald could ha&e 0lown off the lids and s%ill the 0eans. 8ay0e he has done so) 0ut the records of his interro#ations disa%%eared. (ow much
clearer do you want itS :hus 1u0y was ordered to silence <swald.
>ma#e/ Lee (ar&ey <swald
Furthermore it was not intended (olt) (arrelson and 1o#ers to 0e ca%tured. But when you ha&e the hi#hest authorities to co&er u% the
mistakes) than you can #et away with a lot.
!nythin# elseS
Well) there were way too many shots. =ntire fusillades and too many misses. <swald could only ha&e fired three shots in such a short time
with that old rifle. :hatPs why that whole ma#ic 0ullet theory is such a Loke. ! child can see thatPs not true. !nd of course !rlen S%ecter saw it
himself. (e should 0e 0etween four walls. (e is) 0ut the walls are of his senate office. When > see that > ask myself why > %ay my %arkin# fines.
!nd of course many %eo%le ha&e 0een killed) who saw the wron# thin#s or knew too much. When > ha&e to list those e?am%les wePll 0e still
talkin# tomorrow. !ctually it is a miracle) they #ot away with it.
>t is almost incom%rehensi0le what you say.
8ay0e) 0ut this was Lust a cou% dPetat that was ke%t hidden with a stron#hold on the media. !nd also with kill %ower. :hat day ) democracy was
hit hard and the connection with the %resent day is easy to make. :hatPs why it is still im%ortant. :hose %eo%le who say that it is lon# a#o)
history actually) do not reali9e how it has chan#ed history and the democratic %rocess. 1i#ht u% to today. >n addition) it is not only a0out the
death of JFK) 0ut also the do9ens of innocent citi9ens that were murdered o&er the years) Lust 0ecause they knew somethin#) 'ot to mention
their heirs and families. =&en now) %eo%le that %resent inside information are still 0ein# threatened. >s that historyS
> will tell you somethin# else) > for#ot) 0ut it illustrates what a theatre show this Warren *ommission was. *hauncey (olt relates that two of his
*>! su%eriors were Jose%h Ball and Frank Belcher. :hey were 0usiness %artners in *alifornia. Jose%h Ball was a 0i# shot lawyer) who also
ser&ed on the Warren *ommission. *heck it) he has inter&iewed se&eral witnesses. !t some %oint *hauncey was told 0y his %arents that FB>
a#ents had come to their home) lookin# for *hauncey. :hat worried *hauncey) so he called Frank Belcher. Belcher then called Joe Ball) who
was in Washin#ton for the Warren *ommission. (e re%orted 0ack to *hauncey Qnot to worryQ) 0ut Lust to make sure) they mo&ed him and
some other %eo%le to a *>! safe house in !ca%ulco. <ut of reach for the *ommission. >t was a s%lendour holiday mansion that Ball and
Belcher owned there. > can assure this information is known to only &ery few %eo%le.
!re you ne&er concerned yourself to %u0lici9e this informationS
:hatPs a ;uestion > ha&e heard 0efore. But 'o) > ha&e only made much of it %ossi0le) 0ut many more %eo%le are in&ol&ed in this. ou ha&e to
share the information) that way you are safer. :he film is done and the we0site is there for the world to see. Jim "arrison said/ >f the *>! canPt
kill you anymore) they will resort to discreditation.
But > am curious to see how they will discredit their own FB> a#ents and mana#e to %aint this story as a fairytale. :he key to the truth is the
media. :hey will ha&e to 0reak it.
>t has ne&er ha%%ened 0efore that a #rou% of im%ecca0le FB> a#ents ha&e %resented their re%ort to the attorney #eneral) full of hard e&idence
and confessions of actual %artici%ants) that demolish the official &ersion of this case. >t has ne&er ha%%ened 0efore that four actual #unmen
ha&e 0een identified in the crime of the century. Please e?%lain why that is not news.
4 =nd 4
Source/ htt%/77Lfkmurdersol&ed.com7inter&iew.htm
(S
ource/ htt%/77www.Lfkmurdersol&ed.com7d%ma%-3.htm)
Pro0a0le location of alle#ed Kennedy assassins James =. Files) Johnny 1oselli) and *harles 'icoletti on 'o&em0er ..) +,-3
(Source/ htt%/77www.Lfkmurdersol&ed.com7d%ma%-3.htm)
JO#( F. K)(().Y A$$A$$-(AT-O( BO.Y %OU(T$
3%onvenient .eaths:
6789 = 67K8
@n the three year period followin% the assassination many witnesses died # mostly of unnatural causes) 2any rumors crawlin%
around a/out the hi%h death rate durin% these years) They are supported /y the mostly suspicious circumstances the 4ictims died
under) Dor an unknown shooter or e4en shooters, all these deaths ha4e one thin% in commonG they are 4ery con4enient to those
assassins since these witnesses took their knowled%e with them into the %ra4e)
Date 4ame Connection /ith case Cause o0 death
11HA3 :aryn :upicinet
T4 hostVs dau%hter who was o4erheard tellin% of JD:Vs death prior
to 11H..HA3
2urdered
1.HA3 Jack Zan%retti $6pressed foreknowled%e of !u/y shootin% <swald ;unshot 9ictim
.HA0 $ddy 3ena4ides
"ookalike /rother to Tippit shootin% witness, ,omin%o
3ena4ides
;unshot to head
.HA0 3etty 2ac,onaldR
Dormer !u/y employee who ali/ied +arren !eynolds shootin%
suspect)
*uicide /y han%in% in ,allas Jail
3HA0 3ill Chesher Thou%ht to ha4e information linkin% <swald and !u/y Heart attack
3HA0 Hank :illamR Hus/and of !u/y employee, knew <swald acNuaintance Throat cut
0HA0 3ill HunterR !eporter who was in !u/yVs apartment on 11H.0HA3 Accidental shootin% /y policeman
HA0 ;ary (nderhillR C@A a%ent who claimed A%ency was in4ol4ed ;unshot in head ruled suicide
HA0 Hu%h +ardR Pri4ate in4esti%ator workin% with ;uy 3anister and ,a4id Derrie Plane crash in 2e6ico
HA0
,e"esseps
2orrisonR
Cew <rleans 2ayor Passen%er in +ardVs plane
8HA0 Teresa CortonR !u/y employee Datally shot
AHA0 ;uy 3anisterR
e6#D3@ a%ent in Cew <rleans connected to Derrie, C@A, Carlos
2arcello L <swald
Heart attack
>HA0 Jim :oetheR !eporter who was in !u/yVs apartment on 11H.0HA3 3low to neck
>HA0 C),) Jackson
W"ifeW ma%aBine senior 9ice#president who /ou%ht Zapruder film
and locked it away
(nknown
10HA0 2ary Pinchot
JD: WspecialW friend whose diary was taken /y C@A chief James
An%leton after her death
2urdered
1HA Paul 2andal W"ifeW writer who told of JD: turnin% to rear when shot in throat Cancer
3HA Tom HowardR !u/yVs first lawyer, was in !u/yVs apartment on 11H.0HA3 Heart attack
HA 2aurice ;atlinR Pilot for ;uy 3anister Datal fall
8HA 2ona 3) *aenBR Te6as $mployment clerk who inter4iewed <swald Hit /y ,allas /us
QHA ,a4id ;oldstein ,allasite who helped D3@ trace <swaldVs pistol Catural causes
>HA !ose CheramieR
:new of assassination in ad4ance, told of ridin% to ,allas with
Cu/ans
HitHrun 4ictim
11HA ,orothy :il%allenR
Columnist who had pri4ate inter4iew with !u/y, pled%ed to
W/reakW JD: case
,ru% o4erdose
11HA 2rs) $arl *mithR
Close friend to ,orothy :il%allen, died two days after columnist,
may ha4e kept :il%allenVs notes
Cause unknown
1.HA +illiam +haleyR
Ca/ dri4er who reportedly dro4e <swald to <ak Cliff =The only
,allas ta6i dri4er to die on duty?
2otor collision
1>AA Jud%e Joe 3rown Presided o4er !u/yVs trial Heart attack
1>AA :aren W"ittle "ynnW !u/y employee who last talked with !u/y /efore <swald ;unshot 4ictim
CarlinR shootin%
1HAA $arlene !o/erts <swaldVs landlady Heart attack
.HAA Al/ert 3o%ardR Car salesman who said <swald test dro4e new car *uicide
AHAA Capt) Drank 2artin
,allas policeman who witnessed <swald slayin%, told +arren
Commission WthereVs a lot to /e said /ut pro/a/ly /e /etter if @
donVt say itW
*udden cancer
8HAA "ee 3owers Jr)R +itnessed men /ehind picket fence on ;rassy :noll 2otor accident
>HAA
2arilyn &,elila'
+alleR
!u/y dancer
*hot /y hus/and after 1 month of
marria%e
10HAA
"t) Commander
+illiam PitBerR
JD: autopsy photo%rapher who descri/ed his duty as &horrifyin%
e6perience'
;unshot ruled suicide
11HAA Jimmy "e4ens Dort +orth ni%htclu/ owner who hired !u/y employees Catural causes
11HAA James +orrell Jr)R *aw man flee rear of Te6as *chool 3ook ,epository 2otor accident
1>AA Clarence <li4er ,ist) Atty) @n4esti%ator who worked !u/y case (nknown
1.HAA Hank *uydam "ife ma%aBine official in char%e of JD: stories Heart attack
1>A1 "eonard Pullin
Ci4ilian Ca4y employee who helped film W"ast Two ,aysW a/out
assassination
<ne#car crash
1HA1 Jack !u/yR <swaldVs slayer
"un% cancer =he told family he
was in-ected with cancer cells?
.HA1 Harold !ussellR *aw escape of Tippit killer killed /y cop in /ar /rawl
.HA1 ,a4id DerrieR
AcNuaintance of <swald, ;arrison suspect and employee of ;uy
3anister
3low to neck =ruled accidental?
.HA1 $ladio ,el 9alleR
Anti#Castro Cu/an associate of ,a4id Derrie /ein% sou%ht /y
;arrison
;unshot wound, a6 wound tohead
3HA1 ,r) 2ary *hermanR Derrie associate workin% on cancer research ,ied in fire =possi/ly shot?
1HA8 A) ,) 3owie Asst) ,allas ,istrict Attorney prosecutin% !u/y Cancer
0HA8 Hiram @n%ram ,allas ,eputy *heriff, close friend to !o%er Crai% *udden cancer
HA8 ,r) Cicholas Chetta Cew <rleans coroner who on death of Derrie Heart attack
8HA8 Philip ;eraciR Driend of Perry !usso, told of <swaldH*haw con4ersation $lectrocution
1HA> Henry ,elauneR 3rother#in#law to coroner Chetta 2urdered
1HA> $)!) +althersR
,allas ,eputy *heriff who was in4ol4ed in ,epository search,
claimed to ha4e found )0#cal) *lu%
*hot /y felon
1>A> Charles 2entesana
Dilmed rifle other than 2annlicher#Carcano /ein% taken from
,epository
Heart attack
0HA> 2ary 3ledsoe Cei%h/or to <swald, also knew ,a4id Derrie Catural causes
0HA> John CrawfordR
Close friend to /oth !u/y and +esley DraBier, who %a4e ride to
<swald on 11H..HA3
Crash of pri4ate plane
1HA> !e4) Clyde JohnsonR *cheduled to testify a/out Clay *hawH<swald connection Datally shot
1>10 ;eor%e 2c;annR
(nderworld fi%ure connected to !u/y friends, wife, 3e4erly,
took film in ,ealey PlaBa
2urdered
1H10 ,arrell +) ;arner
Arrested for shootin% +arren !eynolds, released after ali/i from
3etty 2ac,onald
,ru% o4erdose
8H10 3ill ,ecker ,allas *heriff who saw /ullet hit street in front of JD: Catural causes
8H10 A/raham Zapruder Took famous film of JD: assassination Catural causes
1.H10 *al4atore ;ranelloR
2o/ster linked to /oth Hoffa, Trafficante, and Castro
assassination plots
2urdered
1>11 James PlumeriR 2o/ster tied to mo/#C@A assassination plots 2urdered
3H11 Clayton Dowler !u/yVs chief defense attorney (nknown
0H11 ;en) Charles Ca/ellR C@A deputy director connected to anti#Castro Cu/ans
Collapsed and died after physical
at Dort 2yers
1>1. Hale 3o%%sR
House 2a-ority "eader, mem/er of +arren Commission who
/e%an to pu/licly e6press dou/ts a/out findin%s
,isappeared on Alaskan plane
fli%ht
H1. J) $d%ar Hoo4erR
D3@ director who pushed Wlone assassinW theory in JD:
assassination
Heart attack =no autopsy?
>H13 Thomas $) ,a4isR ;unrunner connected to /oth !u/y and C@A $lectrocuted tryin% to steal wire
.H10 J)A) 2ilteerR
2iami ri%ht#win%er who predicted JD:Vs death and capture of
scape%oat
Heater e6plosion
1>10 ,a4e MarasR Close friend to /oth Hoffa and Jack !u/y 2urdered
1H10 $arl +arren Chief Justice who reluctantly chaired +arren Commission Heart failure
8H10 Clay *hawR
Prime suspect in ;arrison case, reportedly a C@A contact with
Derrie and $) Howard Hunt
Possi/le cancer
1>10 $arle Ca/ell
2ayor of ,allas on 11H..HA3, whose /rother, ;en) Charles Ca/ell
was fired from C@A /y JD:
Catural causes
AH1 *am ;iancanaR
Chica%o 2afia /oss slated to tell a/out C@A#mo/ death plots to
*enate Committee
2urdered
1H1 Clyde Tolson J) $d%ar Hoo4erVs assistant and roommate Catural causes
1>1 Allen *weatt ,allas ,eputy *heriff in4ol4ed in in4esti%ation Catural causes
1.H1 ;en) $arle +heeler Contact /etween JD: and C@A (nknown
1>1A !alph Paul !u/yVs /usiness partner connected with crime fi%ures Heart attack
0H1A James Chaney
,allas motorcycle officer ridin% to JD:Vs ri%ht rear who said JD:
Wstruck in the faceW with /ullet
Heart attack
0H1A ,r) Charles ;re%ory ;o4ernor John Connally5s physician Heart attack
AH1A +illiam Har4eyR C@A coordinator for C@A#mo/ assassination plans a%ainst Castro Complications from heart sur%ery
1H1A John !oselliR
2o/ster who testified to *enate Committee and was to appear
a%ain
*ta//ed and stuffed in metal drum
*ommunist *u0aIs J=l *ommandanteK Fidel *astro meetin# with mem0ers of the (ouse Select *ommittee on !ssassinations.
(Source/ htt%/77www.maryferrell.or#7wiki7inde?.%h%7PhotosY4Y(S*!YPu0licY(earin#sY=?hi0itsY4Y%D)
The &SCA Investigation
Just when the House *elect Committee on Assassinations was in4esti%atin% the JD: assassination, more suspicious deaths were
comin% upG
Date 4ame Connection /ith case Cause o0 Death
1H11 +illiam PawleyR
Dormer 3raBilian Am/assador connected to Anti#Castro
Cu/ans, crime fi%ures
;unshot ruled suicide
3H11 Charles Cicoletti Chica%o hitman ;unshot wound
3H11
;eor%e
,e2ohrenschildtR
Close friend to /oth <swald and 3ou4ier family =Jackie
:ennedyVs parents?, C@A contract a%ent
;unshot wound ruled suicide
3H11 Carlos Prio *occarasR Dormer Cu/an President, money man for anti#Castro Cu/ans ;unshot wound ruled suicide
3H11 Paul !ai%orodsky
3usiness friend of ;eor%e ,e2ohrenschildt and wealthy
oilmen
Catural causes
H11 "ou *taplesR
,allas radio Talk *how host who told friends he would /reak
assassination case
;unshot to head, ruled suicide
AH11 "ouis Cichols Dormer Co) 3 man in D3@, worked on JD: in4esti%ation Heart attack
8H11 Alan 3elmont D3@ official who testified to +arren Commission W"on% illnessW
8H11 James Cadi%an D3@ document e6pert who testified to +arren Commission Dall in home
8H11 Joseph C) AyresR Chief steward on JD:Vs Air Dorce <ne *hootin% accident
8H11 Drancis ;) PowersR (#. pilot downed o4er !ussia in 1>A0
Helicopter crash =He reportedly
ran out of fuel?
>H11 :enneth <5,onnell JD:Vs closest aide Catural causes
10H11 ,onald :aylor D3@ fin%erprint chemist Heart attack
10H11 J)2) $n%lish Dormer head of D3@ Dorensic *ciences "a/oratory Heart attack
11H11 +illiam *ulli4anR
Dormer Co) 3 man in D3@, headed ,i4ision , counter#
espiona%e and domestic intelli%ence
Huntin% accident
1>18 C)") &"ummie' "ewis
,allas ,eputy *heriff who arrested 2afia man 3raden in
,ealey PlaBa
Catural causes
>H18 ;arland *lack 2an who said <swald fired at his tar%et at rifle ran%e (nknown
1H1> 3illy "o4elady
,epository employee said to /e the man in the doorway in AP
photo%raph
Complications from heart attack
AH80 Jesse Curry ,allas Police Chief at time of assassination Heart attack
AH80 ,r) John Hol/rook Psychiatrist who testified !u/y was not insane Heart attack /ut pills, notes found,
1H81 2ar%uerite <swald 2other of accused assassin Cancer
10H81 Drank +atts Chief felony prosecutor for ,allas ,)A) Catural causes
1H8. Peter ;re%ory <ri%inal translator for 2arina <swald and *ecret *er4ice Catural causes
H8. ,r) James +eston Patholo%ist allowed to see JD: autopsy material for H*CA
,ied while -o%%in%, ruled natural
causes
8H8. +ill H) ;riffin
D3@ a%ent who reportedly said <swald was WdefinitelyW an D3@
informant
Cancer
10H8. +) 2ar4in ;heeslin% D3@ official who helped super4ise JD: in4esti%ation W"on% illnessW
3H80 !oy :ellerman *ecret *er4ice a%ent in char%e of JD: limousine (nknown
68 Tuestions On The Assassination
*y Bertrand &ussell
The Minority o+ One5 $epte!*er 85 678B5 pp. 8=D.
:he official &ersion of the assassination of President Kennedy has 0een so riddled with contradictions that it is 0een a0andoned and
rewritten no less than three times. Blatant fa0rications ha&e recei&ed &ery wides%read co&era#e 0y the mass media) 0ut denials of
these same lies ha&e #one un%u0lished. Photo#ra%hs) e&idence and affida&its ha&e 0een doctored out of reco#nition. Some of the
most im%ortant as%ects of the case a#ainst Lee (ar&ey <swald ha&e 0een com%letely 0lacked out. 8eanwhile) the F.B.>.) the %olice
and the Secret Ser&ice ha&e tried to silence key witnesses or instruct them what e&idence to #i&e. <thers in&ol&ed ha&e disa%%eared or
died in e?traordinary circumstances.
>t is facts such as these that demand attention) and which the Warren *ommission should ha&e re#arded as &ital. !lthou#h > am writin#
0efore the %u0lication of the Warren *ommissionIs re%ort) leaks to the %ress ha&e made much of its contents %redicta0le. Because of
the hi#h office of its mem0ers and the fact of its esta0lishment 0y President Johnson) the *ommission has 0een widely re#arded as a
0ody of holy men a%%ointed to %ronounce the truth. !n im%artial e?amination of the com%osition and conduct of the *ommission
su##ests ;uite otherwise.
:he Warren *ommission has 0een utterly unre%resentati&e of the !merican %eo%le. >t consisted of two $emocrats) Senator 1ussell of
"eor#ia and *on#ressman Bo##s of Louisiana) 0oth of whose racist &iews ha&e 0rou#ht shame on the United StatesE two
1e%u0licans) Senator *oo%er of Kentucky and *on#ressman "erald 1. Ford of 8ichi#an) the latter of whom is a leader of his local
"oldwater mo&ement and an associate of the F.B.>.E !llen $ulles) former director of the *entral >ntelli#ence !#ency) and 8r. 8c*loy)
who has 0een referred to as the s%okesman for the 0usiness community. Leadershi% of the fili0uster in the Senate a#ainst the *i&il
1i#hts Bill %re&ented Senator 1ussell from attendin# hearin#s durin# the %eriod. :he *hief Justice of the United States Su%reme *ourt)
=arl Warren) who ri#htly commands res%ect) was finally %ersuaded) much a#ainst his will) to %reside o&er the *ommission) and it was
his in&ol&ement a0o&e all else that hel%ed lend the *ommission an aura of le#ality and authority. et many of its mem0ers were also
mem0ers of those &ery #rou%s which ha&e done so much to distort and su%%ress the facts a0out the assassination. Because of their
connection with the "o&ernment) not one mem0er would ha&e 0een %ermitted under U.S. law to ser&e on a Lury had <swald faced trial.
>t is small wonder that the *hief Justice himself remarked that the release of some of the *ommissionIs information Jmi#ht not 0e in
your lifetimeK (ere) then) is my first ;uestion/ Why were all the mem0ers of the Warren *ommission closely connected with the U.S.
"o&ernmentS
>f the com%osition of the *ommission was sus%ect) its conduct confirmed oneIs worst fears. 'o counsel was %ermitted to act for
<swald) so that cross4e?amination was 0arred. Later) under %ressure) the *ommission a%%ointed the President of the !merican Bar
!ssociation) Walter *rai#) one of the su%%orters of the "oldwater mo&ement in !ri9ona) to re%resent <swald. :o my knowled#e) he did
not attend hearin#s) 0ut satisfied himself with re%resentation 0y o0ser&ers.
>n the name of national security) the *ommissionIs hearin#s were held in secret) there0y continuin# the %olicy which has marked the
entire course of the case. :his %rom%ts my second ;uestion/ >f) as we are told) <swald was the lone assassin) where is the issue of
national securityS >ndeed) %recisely the same ;uestion must 0e %ut here as was %osed in France durin# the $reyfus case/ >f the
"o&ernment is so certain of its case) why has it conducted all its in;uiries in the strictest secrecyS
!t the outset the *ommission a%%ointed si? %anels throu#h which it would conduct its en;uiry. :hey considered/ (+) What did <swald
do on 'o&em0er ..) +,-3S (.) What was <swaldIs 0ack#roundS (3) What did <swald do in the U.S. 8arine *or%s) and in the So&iet
UnionS (2) (ow did 1u0y kill <swaldS (B) What is 1u0yIs 0ack#roundS (-) What efforts were taken to %rotect the President on
'o&em0er ..S :his raises my fourth ;uestion/ Why did the Warren *ommission not esta0lish a %anel to deal with the ;uestion of who
killed President KennedyS
!ll the e&idence #i&en to the *ommission has 0een classified J:o% Secret)K includin# e&en a re;uest that hearin#s 0e held in %u0lic.
$es%ite this the *ommission itself leaked much of the e&idence to the %ress) thou#h only if the e&idence tended to %ro&e <swald the
lone assassin. :hus) *hief Justice Warren held a %ress conference after <swaldIs wife) 8arina) had testified. (e said) that she
0elie&ed her hus0and was the assassin. Before <swaldIs 0rother 1o0ert testified) he #ained the *ommissionIs a#reement not to
comment on what he said. !fter he had testified for two days) the news%a%ers were full of stories that Ja mem0er of the *ommissionK
had told the %ress that 1o0ert <swald had Lust testified that he 0elie&ed that his 0rother was an a#ent of the So&iet Union. 1o0ert
<swald was outra#ed 0y this) and he said that he could not remain silent while lies were told a0out his testimony. (e had ne&er said
this and he had ne&er 0elie&ed it. !ll that he had told the *ommission was that he 0elie&ed his 0rother was innocent and was in no way
in&ol&ed in the assassination.
:he methods ado%ted 0y the *ommission ha&e indeed 0een de%lora0le) 0ut it is im%ortant to challen#e the entire role of the Warren
*ommission. >t stated that it would not conduct its own in&esti#ation) 0ut rely instead on the e?istin# #o&ernmental a#encies]the
F.B.>.) the Secret Ser&ice and the $allas %olice. *onfidence in the Warren *ommission thus %resu%%oses confidence in these three
institutions. Why ha&e so many li0erals a0andoned their own res%onsi0ility to a *ommission whose circumstances they refuse to
e?amineS
>t is known that the strictest and most ela0orate security %recautions e&er taken for a President of the United States were ordered for
'o&em0er .. in $allas. :he city had a re%utation for &iolence and was the home of some of the most e?treme ri#ht4win# fanatics in
!merica. 8r. and 8rs. Lyndon Johnson had 0een assailed there in +,-6 when he was a candidate for the Fice4Presidency. !dlai
Ste&enson had 0een %hysically attacked when he s%oke in the city only a month 0efore KennedyIs &isit. <n the mornin# of 'o&em0er
..) the $allas 8ornin# 'ews carried a full4%a#e ad&ertisement associatin# the President with *ommunism. :he city was co&ered with
%osters showin# the PresidentIs %icture and headed JWanted for :reason.K :he $allas list of su0&ersi&es com%rised .3 names) of
which <swaldIs was the first. !ll of them were followed that day) e?ce%t <swald. Why did the authorities follow many %ersons as
%otential assassins and fail to o0ser&e <swaldIs entry into the 0ook de%ository 0uildin# while alle#edly carryin# a rifle o&er three feet
lon#S
:he PresidentIs route for his dri&e throu#h $allas was widely known and was %rinted in the $allas 8ornin# 'ews on 'o&em0er ... !t
the last minute the Secret Ser&ice chan#ed a small %art of their %lans so that the President left 8ain Street and turned into (ouston
and =lm Streets. :his alteration took the President %ast the 0ook de%ository 0uildin# from which it is alle#ed that <swald shot him. (ow
<swald is su%%osed to ha&e known of this chan#e has ne&er 0een e?%lained. Why was the PresidentIs route chan#ed at the last
minute to take him %ast <swaldIs %lace of workS
!fter the assassination and <swaldIs arrest) Lud#ment was %ronounced swiftly/ <swald was the assassin) and he had acted alone. 'o
attem%t was made to arrest others) no road 0locks were set u% round the area) and e&ery %iece of e&idence which tended to incriminate
<swald was announced to the %ress 0y the $allas $istrict !ttorney) 8r. Wade. >n such a way millions of %eo%le were %reLudiced
a#ainst <swald 0efore there was any o%%ortunity for him to 0e 0rou#ht to trial. :he first theory announced 0y the authorities was that
the PresidentIs car was in (ouston Street) a%%roachin# the 0ook de%ository 0uildin#) when <swald o%ened fire. When a&aila0le
%hoto#ra%hs and eyewitnesses had shown this to 0e ;uite untrue) the theory was a0andoned and a new one formulated which %laced
the &ehicle in its correct %osition. 8eanwhile) howe&er) $.!. Wade had announced that three days after <swaldIs room in $allas had
0een searched) a ma% had 0een found there on which the 0ook de%ository 0uildin# had 0een circled and dotted lines drawn from the
0uildin# to a &ehicle on (ouston Street) showin# the alle#ed 0ullet traLectory had 0een %lanned in ad&ance. !fter the first theory was
%ro&ed false) the !ssociated Press %ut out the followin# story on 'o&em0er .C/ J$allas authorities announced today that there ne&er
was a ma%.K
:he second theory correctly %laced the PresidentIs car on =lm Street) B6 to CB yards %ast the 0ook de%ository) 0ut had to contend with
the difficulty that the President was shot from the front) in the throat. (ow did <swald mana#e to shoot the President in the front from
0ehindS :he F.B.>. held a series of 0ack#round 0riefin# sessions for Life ma#a9ine) which in its issue of $ecem0er - e?%lained that the
President had turned com%letely round Lust at the time he was shot. :his too) was soon shown to 0e entirely false. >t was denied 0y
se&eral witnesses and films) and the %re&ious issue of Life itself had shown the President lookin# forward as he was hit. :heory num0er
two was a0andoned.
>n order to retain the 0asis of all official thinkin#) that <swald was the lone assassin) it now 0ecame necessary to construct a third
theory with the medical e&idence altered to fit it. For the first month no Secret Ser&ice a#ent had e&er s%oken to the three doctors who
had tried to sa&e KennedyIs life in the Parkland 8emorial (os%ital. 'ow two a#ents s%ent three hours with the doctors and %ersuaded
them that they were all misinformed/ the entrance wound in the PresidentIs throat had 0een an e?it wound) and the 0ullet had not
ran#ed down towards the lun#s. !sked 0y the %ress how they could ha&e 0een so mistaken) $r. 8c*lelland ad&anced two reasons/
they had not seen the auto%sy re%ort]and they had not known that <swald was 0ehind the President\ :he auto%sy re%ort) they had
0een told 0y the Secret Ser&ice) showed that Kennedy had 0een shot from 0ehind. :he a#ents) howe&er) had refused to show the
re%ort to the doctors) who were entirely de%endent on the word of the Secret Ser&ice for this su##estion. :he doctors made it clear that
they were not %ermitted to discuss the case. :he third theory) with the medical e&idence rewritten) remains the 0asis of the case
a#ainst <swald at this moment. Why has the medical e&idence concernin# the PresidentIs death 0een altered out of reco#nitionS
!lthou#h <swald is alle#ed to ha&e shot the President from 0ehind) there are many witnesses who are confident that the shots came
from the front. !mon# them are two re%orters from the Forth Worth Star :ele#ram) four from the $allas 8ornin# 'ews) and two %eo%le
who were standin# in front of the 0ook de%ository 0uildin# itself) the director of the 0ook de%ository and the &ice4%resident of the firm. >t
a%%ears that only two %eo%le immediately entered the 0uildin#/ the director) 8r. 1oy S. :ruly) and a $allas %olice officer) Seymour
Weit9man. Both thou#ht that the shots had come from in front of the PresidentIs &ehicle. <n first runnin# in that direction) Weit9man
was informed 0y JsomeoneK that he thou#ht the shots had come from the 0uildin#) so he rushed 0ack there. :ruly entered with him in
order to assist with his knowled#e of the 0uildin#. 8r. Jesse *urry) the *hief of Police in $allas) has stated that he was immediately
con&inced that the shots came from the 0uildin#. >f anyone else 0elie&es this) he has 0een reluctant to say so to date. >t is also known
that the first 0ulletin to #o out on $allas %olice radios stated that Jthe shots came from a tri%le o&er%ass in front of the %residential
automo0ile.K >n addition) there is the consideration that after the first shot the &ehicle was 0rou#ht almost to a halt 0y the trained Secret
Ser&ice dri&er) an unlikely res%onse if the shots had indeed come from 0ehind. *ertainly 8r. 1oy Kellerman) who was in char#e of the
Secret Ser&ice o%eration in $allas that day) and tra&elled in the %residential car) looked to the front as the shots were fired. :he Secret
Ser&ice has had all the e&idence remo&ed from the car) so it is no lon#er %ossi0le to e?amine it. What is the e&idence to su0stantiate
the alle#ation that the President was shot from 0ehindS
Photo#ra%hs taken at the scene of the crime could 0e most hel%ful. <ne youn# lady standin# Lust to the left of the %residential car as
the shots were fired took %hoto#ra%hs of the &ehicle Lust 0efore and durin# the shootin#) and was thus a0le to #et into her %icture the
entire front of the 0ook de%ository 0uildin#. :wo F.B.>. a#ents immediately took the film which she took. Why has the F.B.>. refused to
%u0lish what could 0e the most relia0le %iece of e&idence in the whole caseS
>n this connection it is noteworthy also that it is im%ossi0le to o0tain the ori#inals of %hoto#ra%hs 0earin# u%on the case. When :ime
ma#a9ine %u0lished a %hoto#ra%h of <swaldIs arrest]the only one e&er seen]the entire 0ack#round was 0lacked out for reasons
which ha&e ne&er 0een e?%lained. >t is difficult to recall an occasion for so much falsification of %hoto#ra%hs as has ha%%ened in the
<swald case.
:he affida&it 0y Police <ffice Weit9man) who entered the 0ook de%ository 0uildin#) stated that he found the alle#ed murder rifle on the
si?th floor. (>t was first announced that the rifle had 0een found on the fifth floor) 0ut this was soon altered.) >t was a "erman C.-B mm.
8auser. Late the followin# day) the F.B.>. issued its first %roclamation. <swald had %urchased in 8arch +,-3 an >talian -.B mm.
8annlicher4*arcano. $.!. Wade immediately altered the nationality and si9e of the wea%on to conform to the F.B.>. statement.
Se&eral %hoto#ra%hs ha&e 0een %u0lished of the alle#ed murder wea%on. <n Fe0ruary .+) Life ma#a9ine carried on its co&er a %icture
of JLee <swald with the wea%ons he used to kill President Kennedy and <fficer :i%%itt @sicA.K <n %a#e D6) Life e?%lained that the
%hoto#ra%h was taken durin# 8arch or !%ril of +,-3. !ccordin# to the F.B.>.) <swald %urchased his %istol in Se%tem0er +,-3. :he 'ew
ork :imes carried a %icture of the alle#ed murder wea%on 0ein# taken 0y %olice into the $allas %olice station. :he rifle is ;uite
different. =?%erts ha&e stated that no rifle resem0lin# the one in the Life %icture has e&en 0een manufactured. :he 'ew ork :imes
also carried the same %hoto#ra%h as Life) 0ut left out the telesco%ic si#hts. <n 8arch .) 'ewsweek used the same %hoto#ra%h 0ut
%ainted in an entirely new rifle. :hen on !%ril +3 the Latin !merican edition of Life carried the same %icture on its co&er as the U.S.
edition had on Fe0ruary .+) 0ut in the same issue on %a#e +D it had the same %icture with the rifle altered. (ow is it that millions of
%eo%le ha&e 0een misled 0y com%lete for#eries in the %ressS
:he authorities interro#ated <swald for nearly 2D hours without allowin# him to contact a lawyer) des%ite his re%eated re;uests to do
so. :he director of the F.B.>. in $allas was a man with considera0le e?%erience. !merican *i&il Li0erties Union lawyers were in $allas
re;uestin# to see <swald and were not allowed to do so. By interro#atin# <swald for 2D hours without access to lawyers) the F.B.>.
created conditions which made a trial of <swald more difficult. ! confession or e&idence o0tained from a man held 2D hours in custody
is likely to 0e inadmissi0le in a U.S. court of law. :he F.B.>. director conducted his interro#ation in a manner which made the use of
material secured in such a fashion worthless to him. :his raises the ;uestion of whether he e?%ected the trial to take %lace.
!nother falsehood concernin# the shootin# was a story circulated 0y the !ssociated Press on 'o&em0er .3 from Los !n#eles. :his
re%orted <swaldIs former su%erior officer in the 8arine *or%s as sayin# that <swald was a crack shot and a hot4head. :he story was
%u0lished widely. :hree hours later !P sent out a correction deletin# the entire story from Los !n#eles. :he officer had checked his
records and it had turned out that he was talkin# a0out another man. (e had ne&er known <swald. :o my knowled#e the correction
has yet to 0e %u0lished 0y a sin#le maLor %u0lication.
:he $allas %olice took a %araffin test on <swaldIs face and hands to try to esta0lish that he had fired a wea%on on 'o&em0er ... :he
*hief of the $allas Police) Jesse *urry) announced on 'o&em0er .3 that the result of the test J%ro&es <swald is the assassin.K :he
$irector of the F.B.>. in the $allas4Fort Worth area in char#e of the in&esti#ation stated/ J> ha&e seen the %araffin test. :he %araffin test
%ro&es that <swald had nitrates and #un%owder on his hands and face. >t %ro&es he fired a rifle on 'o&em0er ...K 'ot only does this
unrelia0le test not %ro&e any such thin#) it was later disco&ered that the test on <swaldIs face was in fact ne#ati&e) su##estin# that it
was unlikely he fired a rifle that day. Why was the result of the %araffin test altered 0efore 0ein# announced 0y the authoritiesS
<swald) it will 0e recalled) was ori#inally arrested and char#ed with the murder of Patrolman :i%%itt @sicA. :i%%itt was killed at +/6- %.m.
on 'o&em0er .. 0y a man who first en#a#ed him in con&ersation) then caused him to #et out of the stationary %olice car in which he
was sittin# and shot him with a %istol 8iss (elen L. 8arkham) who states that she is the sole eye4witness to this crime) #a&e the $allas
%olice a descri%tion of the assailant. !fter si#nin# her affida&it) she was instructed 0y the F.B.>.) the Secret Ser&ice and many %olice
officers that she was not %ermitted to discuss the case with anyone. :he affida&itIs only descri%tion of the killer was that he was a
Jyoun# white man.K 8iss 8arkham later re&ealed that the killer had run ri#ht u% to her and %ast her) 0randishin# the %istol) and she
re%eated the descri%tion of the murderer which she had #i&en to the %olice. (e was) she said) Jshort) a little hea&y) and had somewhat
0ushy hair.K (:he %olice descri%tion of <swald was that he was of a&era#e hei#ht) or a little taller) was slim and had recedin# fair hair.)
8iss 8arkhamIs affida&it is the entire case a#ainst <swald for the murder of Patrolman :i%%itt) yet $istrict !ttorney Wade asserted/
JWe ha&e more e&idence to %ro&e <swald killed :i%%it than we ha&e to show he killed the President.K :he case a#ainst <swald for the
murder of :i%%itt) he continued) was an a0solutely stron# case. Why was the only descri%tion of :i%%ittIs killer deli0erately omitted 0y
the %olice from the affida&it of the sole eye4witnessS
<swaldIs descri%tion was 0roadcast 0y the $allas %olice only +. minutes after the President was shot. :his raises one of the most
e?traordinary ;uestions e&er %osed in a murder case/ Why was <swaldIs descri%tion in connection with the murder of Patrolman :i%%itt
0roadcast o&er $allas %olice radio at +./23 %.m. on 'o&em0er ..) when :i%%itt was not shot until +/6- %.m.S
!ccordin# to 8r. Bo0 *onsidine) writin# in the 'ew ork Journal !merican) there had 0een another %erson who had heard the shots
that were fired at :i%%itt. Warren 1eynolds had heard shootin# in the street from a near0y room and had rushed to the window to see
the murderer run off. 1eynolds himself was later shot throu#h the head 0y a rifleman. ! man was arrested for this crime 0ut %roduced
an ali0i. (is #irl4friend) Betty 8ooney 8c$onald) told the %olice she had 0een with him at the time 1eynolds was shot) accordin# to 8r.
*onsidine. :he $allas %olice immediately dro%%ed the char#es) e&en 0efore 1eynolds had time to reco&er consciousness) and attem%t
to identify his assailant. :he man at once disa%%eared) and two days later the %olice arrested Betty 8ooney 8c$onald on a minor
char#e and it was announced that she had han#ed herself in the %olice cell. She had 0een a stri%tease artist in Jack 1u0yIs ni#htclu0)
accordin# to 8r. *onsidine.
!nother witness to recei&e e?traordinary treatment in the <swald case was his wife) 8arina. She was taken to the Lail while her
hus0and was still ali&e and shown a rifle 0y *hief of Police Jesse *urry. !sked if it were <swaldIs) she re%lied that she 0elie&ed
<swald had a rifle 0ut that it didnIt look like that. She and her mother4in4law were in #reat dan#er followin# the assassination 0ecause
of the threat of %u0lic re&en#e on them. !t this time they were una0le to o0tain a sin#le %olice officer to %rotect them. >mmediately after
<swald was killed) howe&er) the Secret ser&ice ille#ally held 0oth women a#ainst their will. !fter three days they were se%arated and
8arina has ne&er a#ain 0een accessi0le to the %u0lic. (eld in custody for nine weeks and ;uestioned almost daily 0y the F.B.>. and
Secret Ser&ice) she finally testified to the Warren *ommission and) accordin# to =arl Warren) said that she 0elie&ed her hus0and was
the assassin. :he *hief Justice added that the ne?t day they intended to show 8rs. <swald the murder wea%on and the *ommission
was fairly confident that she would identify it as her hus0andIs. :he followin# day it was announced that this had indeed ha%%ened.
8rs. <swald) we are informed) is still in the custody of the Secret Ser&ice. :o isolate a witness for nine weeks and to su0Lect her to
re%eated ;uestionin# 0y the Secret Ser&ice in this manner is reminiscent of %olice 0eha&ior in other countries) where it is called
0rainwashin#. :he only witness %roduced to show that <swald carried a rifle 0efore the assassination stated that he saw a 0rown %a%er
%arcel a0out two feet lon# in the 0ack seat of <swaldIs car. :he rifle which the %olice J%roducedK was almost 3a feet lon#. (ow was it
%ossi0le for =arl Warren to forecast that 8arina <swaldIs e&idence would 0e e?actly the re&erse of what she had %re&iously testifiedS
!fter 1u0y had killed <swald) $.!. Wade made a statement a0out <swaldIs mo&ements followin# the assassination. (e e?%lained that
<swald had taken a 0us) 0ut he descri0ed the %oint at which <swald had entered the &ehicle as se&en 0locks away from the %oint
located 0y the 0us dri&er in his affida&it. <swald) Wade continued) then took a ta?i dri&en 0y a $aryll *lick) who had si#ned an affida&it.
!n in;uiry at the *ity :rans%ortation *om%any re&ealed that no such ta?i dri&er had e&er e?isted in $allas. Presented with this
e&idence) Wade altered the dri&erIs name to William Whaley. :he dri&erIs lo# 0ook showed that a man answerin# <swaldIs descri%tion
had 0een %icked u% at +./36. :he President was shot at +./3+. $.!. Wade made no mention of this. Wade has 0een $.!. in $allas for
+2 years and 0efore that was an F.B.>. a#ent. (ow does a $istrict !ttorney of WadeIs #reat e?%erience account for all the e?traordinary
chan#es in e&idence and testimony which he has announced durin# the <swald caseS
:hese are only a few of the ;uestions raised 0y the official &ersions of the assassination and 0y the way in which the entire case
a#ainst <swald has 0een conducted. Si?teen ;uestions are no su0stitute for a full e?amination of all the factors in this case) 0ut > ho%e
that they indicate the im%ortance of such an in&esti#ation. > am inde0ted to 8r. 8ark Lane) the 'ew ork criminal lawyer who was
a%%ointed counsel for <swald 0y his mother) for much of the information in this article. 8r. LaneIs en;uiries) which are continuin#)
deser&e wides%read su%%ort. ! *iti9enIs *ommittee of >n;uiry has 0een esta0lished in 'ew ork) at 1oom 2..) +B- Fifth !&enue) 'ew
ork. '.. (tele%hone U,4-DB6) for such a %ur%ose) and com%ara0le committees are 0ein# set u% in =uro%e.
>n Britain) > in&ited %eo%le eminent in the intellectual life of the country to Loin a JWho Killed Kennedy *ommittee)K which at the moment
of writin# consists of the followin# %eo%le/ 8r. John !rden) %laywri#htE 8rs. *arolyn Wed#wood Benn) from *incinnati) wife of !nthony
Wed#wood Benn) 8.P.E Lord Boyd4<rr) former director4#eneral of the U.'. Food and !#ricultural <r#ani9ation and a 'o0el Peace
Pri9e winnerE 8r. John *alder) %u0lisherE Professor William =m%som) Professor of =n#lish Literature at Sheffield Uni&ersityE 8r. Fictor
"olanc9) %u0lisherE 8r. 8ichael Foot) 8em0er of ParliamentE 8r. Kin#sley 8artin) former editor of the 'ew StatesmanE Sir *om%ton
8acken9ie) writerE 8r. J.B. Priestley) %laywri#ht and authorE Sir (er0ert 1ead) art criticE 8r. :ony 1ichardson) film directorE $r. 8er&yn
Stockwood) Bisho% of SouthwarkE Professor (u#h :re&or41o%er) 1e#ius Professor of 8odern (istory at <?ford Uni&ersityE 8r. Kenneth
:ynan) Literary 8ana#er of the 'ational :heatreE and myself.
We &iew the %ro0lem with the utmost seriousness. U.S. =m0assies ha&e lon# a#o re%orted to Washin#ton world4wide dis0elief in the
official char#es a#ainst <swald) 0ut this has scarcely 0een reflected 0y the !merican %ress. 'o U.S. tele&ision %ro#ram or mass
circulation news%a%er has challen#ed the %ermanent 0asis of all the alle#ations]that <swald was the assassin) and that he acted
alone. >t is a task which is left to the !merican %eo%le.
Source/ htt%/77tinyurl.com7Bym0?
President John F. Kennedy !ssassination< $uspected "erpetrators
!llen W. $ulles
*>! $irector (+,B34+,-+)E
8em0er of the Warren
*ommissionE
.ied in ashington5
..%. on
January 475 6787
J. =d#ar (oo&er
$irector of the Federal
Bureau of >n&esti#ation
(+,.24+,C.)E
.ied in ashington5
..%. on May 45 67K4
Prescott S. Bush
Partner of Brown Brothers
(arriman 5 *o.
(+,3+4+,C.)
.ied in (e/ Yor0 %ity
on Octo*er D5 67K4
'elson !. 1ockefeller
"o&ernor of 'ew ork
(+,B,4+,C3)E
.ied in (e/ Yor0 %ity
on January 485 67K7
1ichard 8. 'i?on
President of the U.S.
(+,-,4+,C2)E
.ied in (e/ Yor0 %ity
on April 445 677B
(enry 1. Luce
=ditor4in4*hief of Time
ma#a9ine (+,.34+,-2)E
.ied in "hoeni; on
Fe*ruary 4D5 678K
W. !&erell (arriman
Under Secretary of State
for Political !ffairs (!%ril
2) +,-348arch +C) +,-B)E
.ied on July 485 67D8
8c"eor#e Bundy
'ational Security !d&isor
(+,-+4+,--)E
.ied in Boston on
$epte!*er 685 6778
William P. Bundy
$e%uty !sst. Sec. of
$efense for >nternational
Security !ffairs
(+,-+4+,-3)E
.ied Octo*er 85 4JJJ
(. 'eil 8allon
*hairman of $resser
>ndustries) >nc. @$allasAE
.ied in .allas5 Te;as on
March 65 67D9
Lyndon B. Johnson
President of the U.S.
(+,-34+,-,)E
Fice President of the U.S.
(+,-+4+,-3)E
.ied in Te;as on
January 445 67K9
=arle *a0ell
8ayor of $allas) :e?as
(+,-+4+,-2)E
U.S. *on#ressman
($emocrat4:e?as)
+,-B4+,C3)E
.ied in .allas5 Te;as on
$epte!*er 4B5 67KA
(enry *a0ot Lod#e Jr.
U.S. !m0assador to
South Fietnam (+,-34
+,-2) +,-B4+,-C)E
.ied on Fe*ruary 4K5
67DA
"en. 8a?well :aylor
*hairman of the Joint
*hiefs of Staff
(+,-.4+,-2)E
.ied in ashington5
..%. on April 675 67DK
"en. Lyman L. Lemnit9er
Su%reme !llied
*ommander of =uro%e
(+,-34+,-,)E
.ied on (ove!*er 645
67DD
Jimmy (offa
President of the
>nternational Brotherhood
of :eamsters @:eamsters
UnionA (+,BD4+,C+)E
disappeared on
July 9J5 67KA
James Jesus !n#leton
*hief of *>!
*ounterintelli#ence Staff
(+,B24+,C2)E
.ied on May 645 67DK
1ichard 8. Bissell Jr.
$e%uty *>! $irector for
Plans (+,B,4+,-.)E
.ied on Fe*ruary K5
677B
*ord 8eyer Jr.
!ssistant $e%uty *>!
$irector of Plans
(+,-C4+,C3)E
.ied on March 695 4JJ6
1o0ert S. 8c'amara
U.S. Secretary of $efense
(+,-+4+,-D)E
.ied in ashington5
..%. on July 85 4JJ7
"en. *harles P. *a0ell)
US!F
$e%uty *>! $irector
(+,B34+,-.)E
.ied on May 4A5 67K6
8aL. "en. =dward
Lansdale) US!F
*>! !#entE
.ied on Fe*ruary 495
67DK
John !le? 8c*one
$irector of *entral
>ntelli#ence !#ency
(+,-+4+,-B)E
.ied on Fe*ruary 6B5
6776
1ay S. *line
$e%uty *>! $irector for
>ntelli#ence (+,-.4+,--)E
.ied in Arlington5
Cirginia on
March 685 6778
1ichard (elms
$e%uty *>! $irector for
Plans (+,-.4+,-B)E *>!
$irector (+,--4+,C3)E
.ied in ashington5
..%. on Oct. 445 4JJ4
"eor#e de 8ohrenschildt
BusinessmanE
.ied on March 475 67KK
$a&id !tlee Philli%s
*>! !#ent
.ied on July K5 67DD
Frank Stur#is
*>! !#ent
.ied on .ece!*er B5
6779

"eor#e (.W. Bush
President of Ha%ata
<ffshore *o. (+,B-4+,-2)E
President of the United
States (+,D,4+,,3)
Feli? 1odri#ue9
*>! !#ent
The 2afia 3osses, 2o/sters, and Hired ;uns
Sam "iancana
$ied in *hica#o on
June +,) +,CB
Santo :rafficante
$ied in (ouston) :e?as on
8arch +C) +,DC
*arlos 8arcello
$ied in Louisiana on
8arch 3) +,,3
8eyer Lansky
$ied in 8iami Beach) Florida on
January +B) +,D3
"uy Banister
FB> a#entE
$ied in 'ew <rleans on
June -) +,-2
$a&id Ferrie
$ied in 'ew <rleans on
Fe0ruary ..) +,-C
*lay Shaw
$ied in 'ew <rleans on
!u#ust +B) +,C2
Jack 1u0y
@Jaco0 1u0ensteinA
$ied in $allas) :e?as on
January 3) +,-C
Johnny 1oselli
$ied on !u#ust ,) +,C-
*harles 'icoletti
$ied on 8arch .,) +,CC

James =. Files
8adame '#o $inh 'hu e?ercises her ri#ht to 0ear arms and fires a .3D %istol at a firin# ran#e in South Fietnam in June +,-..
8adame 'hu was the wife of '#o $inh 'hu) the 0rother of South FietnamIs President '#o $inh $iem. (er hus0and and her
0rother4in4law '#o $inh $iem were assassinated in Sai#on) South Fietnam on 'o&em0er .) +,-3. $id 8adame 'hu seek
JLusticeK followin# the death of her hus0and and 0rother4in4lawS (Photo/ Larry Burrows7 :ime Life)

Lyndon Baines Johnson #reets 8adame 'hu (left) and Jac;ueline Bou&ier Kennedy (ri#ht). Lyndon Baines Johnson died on
January ..) +,C3) Lust as U.S. Secretary of State (enry Kissin#er si#ned the cease4fire a#reement in Paris Jendin#K the Fietnam
War.
$urin# a %arty at the home of mo&ie e?ecuti&e !rthur Krim) !merican actress 8arilyn 8onroe stands 0etween U.S. !ttorney "eneral 1o0ert
Kennedy (left) and President John F. Kennedy in 'ew ork *ity on 8ay +,) +,-.. :he %arty followed a $emocratic Party fundraiser at
8adison S;uare "arden honorin# President John F. KennedyPs 0irthday where 8onroe famously san# P(a%%y Birthday.P 8arilyn 8onroe was
found dead at her home in Los !n#eles on !u#ust B) +,-.. (Photo/ *ecil Stou#hton7:ime 5 Life Pictures7"etty >ma#es)

Left %hoto/ U.S. Senator Bo00y Kennedy was assassinated at the !m0assador (otel in Los !n#eles on the ni#ht of June B) +,-D.
(Photo/ htt%/770o00y4kennedy.com7rfkassassination.htm)
1i#ht %hoto/ !ra0 immi#rant Sirhan Sirhan was accused of assassinatin# U.S. Senator Bo00y Kennedy. Sirhan Sirhan was alle#edly in&ol&ed
in mind4control e?%eriments. (Bettmann7*<1B>S)
William W. Scranton (ri#ht)) "o&ernor of Pennsyl&ania) a%%ears with "o&ernor of 'ew ork 'elson !. 1ockefeller when 8r. Scranton sou#ht
the +,-2 %residential nomination. (!ssociated Press Photo)
Billie Sol =stes) a fast4talkin# :e?as "o&ernor) made millions) went to %rison and ca%ti&ated !merica for years with mind40o##lin# a#ricultural
scams) %ayoffs to %oliticians and 0i9arre tales of co&ered4u% killin#s and White (ouse cons%iracies. (e was found dead at his home in
"ran0ury) :e?as on 8ay +2) .6+3 at the a#e of DD. Billie Sol =stes at the =l Paso federal courthouse in +,-.) the year his 0usiness em%ire
crum0led. (*redit/ Ferd Kaufman7!ssociated Press)

Photo of the Water#ate *om%le?) where J:he Plum0ersK led 0y =. (oward (unt and ". "ordon Liddy 0ur#lari9ed the $emocratic 'ational
*ommittee office on the ni#ht of June +C) +,C.. :he fi&e men who were arrested at the scene of the 0ur#lary were former *>! o%erati&e
Fir#ilio "on9ble9) former *>! o%erati&e Bernard Barker) former *>! a#ent James W. 8c*ord) Jr.) =u#enio 8artcne9) and former *>! a#ent
Frank Stur#is.

Water#ate JPlum0ersK =. (oward (unt (left) and ". "ordon Liddy
President 1ichard 'i?on (left) and *on#ressman "erald Ford (ri#ht) meet %ri&ately at the White (ouse in <cto0er +,C3. 1ichard 'i?on a%%ointed Ford Fice4President
in $ecem0er +,C3 followin# the resi#nation of S%iro !#new. !fter the 'i?on resi#ned in !u#ust +,C2) Ford 0ecame President and on Se%tem0er D) +,C2 issued
Proclamation 23++ which #a&e 'i?on a full and unconditional %ardon for any crimes he may ha&e committed while President.
<ut#oin# President 1ichard 8. 'i?on) who descri0ed the Jmain e&entK in $allas as the Jhanky %ankyK and the JBay of Pi#s thin#K) cele0rates at
the White (ouse #rounds as resi#ned from office on !u#ust ,) +,C2 after he was accused of concealin# his role in the Water#ate Scandal that
occurred on the ni#ht of June +C) +,C..
Persons of S%ecial >nterest in the "resident John F. Kennedy Assassination
Prescott S. Bush (B.!. ale +,+C) S5B +,+C) G Partner of Partners of Brown Brothers (arriman 5 *o. (+,3+4+,C.)E U.S. Senator (+,B.4+,-3)
=arle *a0ell G 8ayor of $allas) :e?as (+,-+4+,-2)E U.S. *on#ressman (+,-B4+,C3)
J. =d#ar (oo&er G $irector of the Federal Bureau of >n&esti#ation (+,.24+,C.)
'elson !. 1ockefeller G "o&ernor of 'ew ork (+,B,4+,C3)E Fice President of the United States (+,C24+,CC)
!llen W. $ulles G <f *ounsel of Sulli&an 5 *romwell @law firm in 'ew ork *ityA (+,-.4+,-,)E $irector of the *ouncil on Forei#n 1elations
(+,.C4+,-,)E $irector of *entral >ntelli#ence !#ency (+,B34+,-+)
W. !&erell (arriman (B.!. ale +,+3) S5B +,+3) G !sst. Sec. of State for Far =astern !ffairs ($ecem0er 2) +,-+4!%ril 3) +,-3)E Under Sec. of
State for Political !ffairs (!%ril 2) +,-348arch +C) +,-B)E "o&ernor of 'ew ork (+,BB4+,B,)E U.S. !m0assador to the So&iet Union (+,2342-)
John J. 8c*loy G 8em0er of 8il0ank) :weed) (adley 5 8c*loy @law firm in 'ew ork *ityA (+,-34+,D,)E *hairman of Ford Foundation (+,BD4
+,-B)E *hairman of the *ouncil on Forei#n 1elations (+,B34+,C6)E *hairman of the 0oard of *hase 8anhattan Bank (+,BB4+,-+)
1ichard 8. 'i?on G Fice President of the U.S. (+,B34+,-+)E President of the U.S. (+,-,4+,C2)E 8em0er of 8ud#e) Stern) Baldwin 5 :odd @law
firm in 'ew ork *ityA (+,-34+,-2)
(enry *a0ot Lod#e Jr. G U.S. !m0assador to South Fietnam (+,-34+,-2) +,-B4+,-C)E Personal 1e%resentati&e to the (oly See @Fatican *ityA
(+,C64+,CC)E U.S. 1e%resentati&e to the United 'ations (+,B34+,-6)
'eil 8allon (B.!. ale +,+C) S5B +,+C) G head of $resser >ndustries in $allas) :e?as
Lyndon B. Johnson G Fice President of the United States (+,-+4+,-3)E President of the United States (+,-34+,-,)
8c"eor#e Bundy (B.!. ale +,26) S5B +,26) G 'ational Security !d&isor (+,-+4+,--)
William P. Bundy (B.!. ale +,3,) S5B +,3,) G $e%uty !sst. Sec. of $efense for >nternational Security !ffairs (+,-+4-3)E *>! a#ent (+,B+4-+)
1o0ert S. 8c'amara G U.S. Secretary of $efense (+,-+4+,-D)
"en. 8a?well $. :aylor G *hairman of the Joint *hiefs of Staff (+,-.4+,-2)
"en. Lyman L. Lemnit9er G Su%reme !llied *ommander of =uro%e (+,-34+,-,)E *hairman of the Joint *hiefs of Staff (+,-64+,-.)
(enry 1. Luce (B.!. ale +,.6E S5B +,.6) G =ditor4in4*hief of :ime) >nc. (+,.34+,-2)
"erald 1. Ford G President of the U.S. (+,C24+,CC)E Fice President of the U.S. (+,C34+,C2)E U.S. *on#ressman (+,2,4+,C3)
!rlen S%ecter G U.S. Senator (+,D+4.6++)E former Warren *ommission attorney
1oswell L. "il%atric (B.!. ale +,.D) G $e%uty Secretary of $efense (+,-+4+,-2)
*yrus 1. Fance (B.!. ale +,3,) G Secretary of the !rmy (+,-.4+,-2)
*. $ou#las $illon G Secretary of the :reasury (+,-+4+,-B)
William 8c*. 8artin Jr. (B.!. ale +,.D) G *hairman of the Federal 1eser&e (+,B+4+,C6)
!lfred (ayes (B.!. ale +,36) G President of the Federal 1eser&e Bank of 'ew ork (+,B-4+,CB)
*entral >ntelli#ence !#ency (*>!)/
John !le? 8c*one G $irector of *entral >ntelli#ence !#ency (+,-+4+,-B)
"en. *harles P. *a0ell) US!F G $e%uty $irector of *entral >ntelli#ence !#ency (+,B34+,-.)E 0rother of $allas mayor =arle *a0ell
8aL. "en. =dward Lansdale) US!F G *>! a#ent and retired !ir Force officer
James Jesus !n#leton (B.!. ale +,2+) G *hief of *>! *ounterintelli#ence Staff (+,B24+,C2)
*ord 8eyer Jr. (B.!. ale +,23) G !ssistant $e%uty *>! $irector of Plans (+,-C4+,C3)E *>! a#entE 8ary PinchotIs e?4hus0and
1ichard 8. Bissell Jr. (B.!. ale +,3.) Ph.$. ale +,3,) G $e%uty *>! $irector for Plans (+,B,4+,-.)
1ichard (elms G $e%uty *>! $irector for Plans (+,-.4+,-B)E *>! $irector (+,--4+,C3)
1ay S. *line G $e%uty *>! $irector for >ntelli#ence (+,-.4+,--)
$a&id !tlee Philli%s G *>! a#ent
$a&id Sanche9 8orales G *>! a#ent
Frank Stur#is G *>! a#entE 0orn Frank !n#elo Fiorini
Feli? 1odri#ue9 G *>! a#ent
"eor#e de 8ohrenschildt G :e?as 0usinessman and sus%ected *>! o%erati&e
"eor#e (.W. Bush (B.!. ale +,2D) S5B +,2D) G President of Ha%ata <ff Shore *o. @in (ouston) :e?asA (+,B-4+,-2)E $irector of the *entral
>ntelli#ence !#ency (+,C-4+,CC)E Fice President of the United States (+,D+4+,D,)E President of the United States (+,D,4+,,3)
8afia/
Santo :rafficante G 8afia #an#ster and dru# dealer in 8iami
*arlos 8arcello G 8afia #an#ster in 'ew <rleans
Sam "iancana G 8afia #an#ster in *hica#o
8eyer Lansky G 8afia #an#ster in 'ew ork *ity
Frank 1a#ano G Santo :rafficanteIs lawyer
"uy Banister G former FB> a#entE died on June -) +,-2
$a&id Ferrie G associate of "uy BanisterE *>! o%erati&eE died in 'ew <rleans on Fe0ruary ..) +,-C
*lay Shaw G 'ew <rleans 0usinessman and owner of >nternational :rade 8art in 'ew <rleansE *>! o%erati&eE died on !u#. +B) +,C2
Jaco0 1u0enstein (Jack 1u0y) G owner of :he *arousel *lu0 in $allasE died on January 3) +,-C
*lint 8urchison Sr. G :e?as 0usinessman
(aroldson L. (unt G :e?as 0usinessman and 0illionaire
=ladio del Falle G smu##ler
Jimmy (offa G President of the >nternational Brotherhood of :eamsters @:eamsters UnionA (+,BD4+,C+)
James =. Files (formerly James =. Sutton) G assassin who confessed to killin# President Kennedy with a fatal Jhead shotK in the "rassy Knoll
Johnny 1oselli G 8afia #an#sterE "iancanaIs hitman and one of the alle#ed Kennedy assassins in $allas
*harles 'icoletti G 8afia #an#sterE "iancanaIs hitman and one of the alle#ed Kennedy assassins in $allas

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