Bibliography

Primary Sources Allen, Paula Gunn, and Patricia Clark Smith.
As Long As the Rivers Flow: The Stories of Nine Native Americans . Scholastic Canada, Limited, 2001. Print. I used this to understand actual points of vie s from !ative Americans themselves. Livin" in the societ# I am toda#, it$s %uite hard understandin" ho to ards ho their ancestors and famil# the# feel
ere treated.
&eecher, L#man. 'A Plea for the (est.' 2nd )d *1+,-.. Print. /his primar# source as used to understand from the on 1anifest 2estin#. It as a3le to o3tain a
(hite0s point of vie
lacked a lot of dense information 3ut I 3rief overvie .
&ernhol4, Charles 2. 'Citation A3use And Le"al (ritin"5 A !ote 6n /he /reat# 6f 7ort Laramie (ith Siou8, )tc., 1+-1 And 11 Stat. 9:;.' Legal Reference Services Quarterly 2;.2 *2010.5 (e3. 1 !ov. 201,.
/his source provided
ith a sli"htl# less 3road conte8t ith a specific time and ith the
a3out the topic, 3ut provided
treat# that the Indians dealt directl# American "overnment, conte8t. <&irds )#e =ie
hich is a "ood ran"e of
of &attlefield at (ounded >nee S. 2.
Lookin" !orth ? Cop#ri"hted 3# the !orth (estern Photo Co, Chadron !e3.@ (e3. A Sept. 201,. /his as an actual ima"e taken from the massacre site. Bou could see people fro4en?dead in the sno hich reall# sho ed ho 3rutal this event as in
American and !ative American histor#. <&irds )#e =ie of the &attle 7ield at (ounded >nee S.2.,
2ec. 1+;0.@ (e3. A Sept. 201,. Another photo"raph from the 3attle scene at a different an"le taken at the actual time after the massacre. &ro n, 2ee. Bury My Heart at oun!e! "nee: An #n!ian
History of the American 2012. Print. /his ima"e
est. 6pen Coad 1edia,
as also ver# movin" and depicts ho as.
violent
the situation
2orse#, Dames 6 en. 'An )ncounter 3et een 6maha Eunters and (hite S%uatters in Io a.' The $egiha Language *1+-,.. Print. /his Fournal entr# provided me information a3out !ative American culture and interactions 3et een the hites. It as ver# 3rief and didn$t provide much
specific %uotes from that time. <)li Cicker Intervie s (ounded >nee Survivors.@ (e3. 11 Sept. 201,. /his source as a collection of Fournal entries from a
ne spaper editor intervie in" a survivor of the massacre. /his "ave me an inGdepth anal#sis of actuall# happened from a first e#eG itness ho hat as
there. It "ave me a 3etter understandin" of the specifics of ho people died and ho fired at ho.
<)8hi3it5 &lack Eills /reat#.@ (e3. A Sept. 201,. /his source as an scanned cop# of the treat# si"ned to
protect the &lack Eills reservation. I used it to anal#4e hat the "overnment a"reed to "ive the !ative Americans. 7rance, A"ence. Four Fe!eral Troo%s Stan! Bloc&ing the Roa! to oun!e! "nee. 1;9,.
Photo"raph. Gett#, South 2akota. /his photo depicts some of the events that happened after the massacre of (ounded >nee and provided ith the effects of the event.
Gast, Dohn. American 'rogress. 1+92. Prints and Photo"raphs 2ivision, Li3rar# of Con"ress. &# Geor"er A. Crofutt. (e3. Gett#. A Lone Sol!ier on the Battlefiel! of ( oun!e! "nee. 1+;0. Photo"raph. Gett#, South 2akota. /his sho s a man on the 3attlefield after the 3attle
of (ounded >nee finished. Gett#. A 'oster $ommemorating the Massacre of "nee. 1;9,. Photo"raph. Gett#, South 2akota. /his picture sho s a propa"anda poster that keep up the spirits of the Indians that durin" 3# the 3attle. Green3er", Am# S. Manifest )estiny an! American Territorial *+%ansion: A Brief History with )ocuments . &oston5 &)276C2?S/. 1AC/I!0S, 2012. Print. /his source on the as ver# effectiveH it had man# perspectives est ard e8pansion of America. the conflicts 3et een the as used to oun!e!
ere affected
as a3le to use this to sho Indians and
hites?"overnment. as Fire! into the Siou+ $am% at
The Hotch&iss ,un
oun!e! "nee $ree& Hot ,un. 1+;0. Photo"raph. (ounded >nee. *!ucation 'ortal. (e3. /his photo"raph sho s hat the Lakota ere faced ith.
Bou can feel the fear the# to face ith the
ould fear if #ou
ere face
eaponr# in this photo.
Eulton Archive. #n!ian Fighters American Scout an! #n!ian Fighter. 1+;1. Photo"raph. Gett#, South 2akota. /his pictures sho s us that the Americans ere ver#
apprehensive a3out trustin" the Indians.
Mass ,raves after the Battle of
oun!e! "nee. 1+;0.
Photo"raph. Li3rar# of Con"ress, /his picture depicts the true devastation that happened durin" the 3attle, ith a "ood displa# ho ere 3uried in a mass "rave.
e8actl# the Indians that died
1cCo#, >irk. Russell Means-. 1+;0. Photo"raph. Los An"eles /imes, South 2akota. /his is a picture from one of one of the survivors of the 3attle of (ounded >nee. 'oster for the Stan! at oun!e! "nee.Photo"raph. Li3rar#
of Con"ress. /his photo sho s that the Indians do not happen at (ounded >nee a"ain. oun!e! "nee #n!ian .ccu%ation 'am%hlet. Photo"raph. 1ichi"an State Iniversit# Li3rar#. /his photo sho s the recruitin" pamphlet for the settlers of (ounded >nee. Secondary Sources 2;. 1anifest 2estin#.' /shistory0org. Independence Eall Association, 200;. (e3. ; 6ct. 201,. /his source as an article a3out 1anifest 2estin#. I used it ant an#thin" to
for a 3rief summar# to 3etter m# understandin" of hat 1anifest 2estin# as a3out
<A Sad Anniversar# for !ative Americans.@ (e3. 1: Sept. 201,. /his article as useful in that it "ave me information
on the conflicts that led up to the (ounded >nee Incident and ho the situation all ent do n. It also
e8plained ho
that incident still affects !ative hich reflects ri"hts violations.
Americans toda#
<&ur# 1# Eeart at (ounded >nee.@ ,oo!rea!s. (e3. 29 Au". 201,. /his 3ook as a "reat source and provided a different
perspective. I used it to anal#4e the "overnment$s attempt in relocatin" the Indians and destro#in" their culture and reli"ion. <Chronolo"# G (ounded >nee 1assacre.@ (e3. 1, Sept. 201,. I used this source to help verif# dates and certain events took place. It source 3ecause I sources place <Confrontin" the Past on the Anniversar# of the 1assacre at (ounded >nee5 (h# It 1atters G IC/1!.com.@ (e3. 1A Sept. 201,. hen, hen
as a ver# relia3le ith multiple
as a3le to confirm
here and ho
certain events took
/his particular source helped me understand as an important event in the past and "reatl# respected landmark. *%iso!e 1 oun!e! "nee. 7ilm. (e Shall Cemain. ho
h# this
h# it is a
/his source had people
ere actuall# a part of
the (ounded >nee Incident and e8plained their e8perience. /he video not onl# helped me understand hat happened in the sie"e 3ut "ave me insi"ht to the frustration the Lakota had in the past and durin" that time. 7ILL)C, AL)JA!2CA. 'I! /E) SEA26( 67 (6I!2)2 >!)). *Cover Stor#.. National ,eogra%hic 222.2 *2012. (e3. 1 !ov. 201,. /his article provided ith a lon" term effect of the Siou8$s
life after the the events of the /he &attle of (ounded >nee. /his helped to "ive some information on the emotions that the Siou8 felt after the event had occurred.
Eines, Cand#. 'Pressin" /he Issue At (ounded >nee.' est 2,.: *2010.5 2+.(e3. ,1 6ct. 201,. /his source provided
il!
ith reasona3le amount conte8t that
helped me understand the events that preceded the events of ounded knee and the lastin" impacts on
the Siou8 Indians 3ecause of the 3attle. 'IndianGArt.' Rituals- Beliefs an! $ustoms of Native American $ulture. (e3. 0; 6ct. 201,. Another source I used for understandin" !ative American culture. It asn$t ver# inGdepth 3ut provided a "ood
reference to clear up an# confusion.
>oster, Dohn. '2esperate 7li"ht 7rom /he Little &i"horn. *Cover Stor#..' il! est 2A.1 *201,.5
,0. (e3. 1 !ov. 201,. /his article helped to provide ith information a3out the
last maFor 3attle that occurred 3efore the &attle of (ounded >nee, it also "ave some conte8t as to h#
the Siou8 peoples are fi"htin" the American people.
'Lakota Indians.' #n!ians0org. (e3. 11 6ct. 201,. /his e3site "ave information a3out the Lakota tri3es toda# to sho the SPIC) effects of the (ounded >nee
1assacre and it0s lon" term effects. La&ota Siou+2,host )ance Rituals. 1++0. Photo"raph. *!ucation 'ortal. (e3. <Lakota Societ#...(ounded >nee Incident.@ The Lo!ge of 3 ung4manitu2#35na000A Tri6ute to the .glala La&ota 'eo%le. (e3. ,0 Au". 201,. I used this source to "ather information a3out the (ounded >nee Incident and hat caused it. il! est
Lalire, Gre"or#. '(ounded >nee 1emories.'
19.2 *200:.5 A. History Reference $enter. (e3. ,1 6ct. 201,. /his source provided an account of the &attle of (ounded >nee after the 3attle. /his as a 3ad source for use in as not ritten 3#
the proFect 3ecause the account
an Indian and provided a completel# 3iased opinion on the Indians.
Lone Eill, >aren 2. 'Siou8.' *ncyclo%e!ia of North American #n!ians 7Houghton Mifflin8. -;0G-;,. IS5 Eou"hton 1ifflin Earcourt Pu3lishin" Compan#, 1;;A. (e3. 1 !ov. 201,. /his article as a "ood source 3ecause it "ave the
information in a 3road sense talkin" a3out the histor# of the peoples and the impact that the# made in the histor# of Indians. <1assacre At (ounded >nee, 1+;0.@ (e3. A Sept. 201,. /his article had pictures and %uotes from the actual massacre in the Lakota hich I used to understand the situation ere in and hat caused the locals to
3rin" the I.S. arm# to investi"ate. 1cCormick, Anita Louise. Native Americans an! the Reservation in American History. )nslo 1;;A. Print. /his 3ook helped me understand the Ghost 2ance hich as a reli"ious movement that inflicted the Pu3lishers,
massacre.
1ichno, Gre"or#. '/he Indian /rail 6f &roken /reaties.' il! est 1;.2 *200A.5 ,+.(e3. 1 !ov. 201,
/his source "ave a 3road conte8t for the events that happened 3efore the 3attle of (ounded >nee. It "ave e8amples from other Indian tri3es a3out ho dealt ith the#
hite men and the "overnment, and ith a "ood conte8t of hite men. h# the Indians ere
provided
so hostile to ard the
1oone#, Dames. Re%ort of the $ommissioner of #n!ian Affairs for 9:;9. Cep. Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1+;1. 'BS. P&S. (e3. ,1 6ct. 201,. /his source as credi3le and as an e8cellent
primar# source. I used %uotes from the Siou8 themselves to anal#4e the tone of the feelin"s to ards this massacre. <1# Son, Pass 3# 1e...@ (e3. A Sept. 201,. /his particular source had man# Fournal entries from a survivor alon" ith %uotes from people ho survived
and
itnessed the killin" of man# troops and !atives.
<!ational Park Service G Soldier and &rave *(ounded >nee &attlefield..@ (e3. 1A Sept. 201,. I used this article to sho this massacre the effect of ho po erful
as. /o this da# people still honor and
respect the lives lost durin" this time. '!ative American Clashes ith )uropean Settlers.' Native
American $lashes with *uro%ean Settlers. (est =ir"inia 2ivision of Culture and Eistor#. (e3. 0; 6ct. 201,. /his e3site helped me understand the vie points of 'land' from the !ative American perspective. I found this e3site throu"h an advanced search of archives
on e3sco. '!ative Americans *&ur# 1# Eeart At (ounded >nee..' <ouTu6e. E&6, 2; 2ec. 200;. (e3. 11 6ct. 201,. /his documentar# had recreations of the ori"in of the second Ghost 2ance movie and made the event so
surreal
hen (ovoka preached a3out his vision. I
as
a3le to e8perience the devotion the American Indians had to ards this dance, and their determination to ards this 3elief that the# could "et their 3ack. <!evada 1a"a4ine K Issues K (ovoka.@ (e3. 1: Sept. 201,. /his article movement as specific to the Ghost 2ance hich helped me understand ho that a# of life
movement led to the massacre. <6ccup# (ounded >nee5 A 91G2a# Sie"e and a 7or"otten Civil Ci"hts 1ovement G )mil# Chertoff G /he Atlantic.@ (e3. 1A Sept. 201,. /his source provided facts a3out the (ounded >nee Incident. It provided ima"es and actual foota"e of the event and helped me understand hat it as like. hat happened and
6ran"e, /omm#. 'Ghost 2ance G (od4i o3 &io"raph#.'
,host )ance. (e3. 01 6ct. 201,. /here ere more than one Ghost 2ance movements, this
source e8plained the first movement. It also sho ed no connection 3et een the t o people the ritual. It ho started
ent in depth on the importance and ell.
reason for these movements as
6stler, Deffre#. '(ounded >nee5 Part# Politics And /he Coad /o An American 1assacre.' =ournal .f American History ;9.: *2011.5 10;0G10;2.. (e3. 1 !ov. 201,. /his source provided ith a ver# specific timeline of the
events that lead up to the 3attle of (ounded >nee and a 3rief overvie 3attle of of hat happened after the the
ounded knee.
Peterson, !anc# 1. 'Ceporter At (ounded >nee.' est 2:.: *2011.5:2 (e3. ,1 6ct. 201,. /his source as "ood 3ecause it provided
il!
ith a report on ith ke#
the &attle of (ounded >nee, and provided
insi"ht information. Phillips, Charles. '2ecem3er 2;, 1+;0.' American History :0.- *200-.5 1A. (e3. 1 !ov. 201,. /his collection of pictures helped develop a 3etter understandin" of the events that lead to the massacre at (ounded >nee, it help us to develop a S6APS/one on the events at (ounded >nee. Sch art4, Stephanie 1. >Life an! $on!itions on the 'ine Ri!ge .glala La&ota 7Siou+8 Reservation of South )a&ota0> Link Center 7oundation, 1- 6ct. 200A. (e3. 11 6ct. 201,. /his source as vital in that it "ave statistics for the lon" term SPIC)
Lakota livin" toda#. I used it to sho effects of the 1assacre.
Smith, Co3ert, ed. '1emorial and Protest of the Cherokee !ation.' The Frien!: A Religious an! Literary =ournal *1+,A.. Print. /his source sho ed !ative American resistance and
their point of vie
on land o nership. /his source the !atives felt
as
ver# useful to help understand ho
a3out 3ein" stripped from their land. Short, Dohn Cennie. $artogra%hic *ncounters: #n!igenous 'eo%les an! the *+%loration of the New Ceaktion &ooks, 200;. Print. /his 3ook helped me develop an understandin" of ho the )uropeans disrupted the !atives (orld.@ a# of life orl!.
in their search of the <!e
'Sittin" &ull0s Great Grandson /ells 6ral Eistor# 7ilm Clip.' <ouTu6e. Ceelcontact.com, 19 Dune 200;. (e3. 11 6ct. 201,. /his asn0t directl# tied in ith the massacre 3ut sho s
that the Lakota still mourn to this da#. /he Great Grandson of a ell kno n chief narrates hat
happened 3efore the 9th Cavalr# intercepted &i" 7oot$s tri3e. '/he /ra"ed# of (ounded >nee */he Ghost 2ance..'
<ouTu6e. Bou/u3e, 22 Dan. 2011. (e3. 11 6ct. 201,. Actual photo"raphs and %uotes from the massacre com3ined ere
ith recreations of parts leadin" up to the as e8tremel# helpful and as to hat happened. I
event. /his documentar#
provided another point of vie
also "athered important %uotes and ke# facts. I could also visuali4e more the pain and stru""le the Lakota ent throu"h, #ou could see it in the e#es of the people. '/reat# of 7ort Laramie 1+A+.' .ur!ocuments0gov. Iniversit# of (ashin"ton. (e3. 11 6ct. 201,. /his e3site had the actual treat# promisin" &lack Eills to the Siou8 tri3es. I found it throu"h e3sco. <I1 7indin" Aid /emplate G (oundedkneesa.pdf.@ (e3. 1: Sept. 201,. /his source sho ed the documents of the (ounded >nee Survivor$s Association and their pled"e in the# hat
ant to accomplish. It helped me understand
their purpose and importance in the responsi3ilities
aspect of this
hole event. Another primar# source I
found throu"h e3sco. <Iniversal 2eclaration of Euman Ci"hts Campai"n5 (hat Are Euman Ci"htsL 2efinition.@ (e3. 1: Sept. 201,. /his e3site had the list of ever# Euman Ci"ht
entitled to ever# human 3orn. I used it to 3ase m# ar"uments for the !ative Americans and their ri"hts the# have as humans even thou"h this declaration asn$t created until decades after the massacre took place. *IS1S., I. S. 1arshals Service. <I.S. 1arshals Service.@ (e3. A Sept. 201,. /his e3site provided the particular actions the
armies took durin" the (ounded >nee 1assacre. It had the specific "enerals, "ave hat order. eapons and even ho
<(hat Is the American Indian 1ovementL@ (e3. A Sept. 201,.
I used this
e3site Fust to clarif# m# understandin" on as and their
hat the American Indian 1ovement role in the (ounded >nee Incident.
(illiams, Cachelle L#nn. '7irst Contact &et een American !ative Peoples and )uropeans.' <ahoo $ontri6utor Networ&. 2; Apr. 200;. (e3. 0; 6ct. 201,. /his source as an evaluation of man# articles and
primar# sources into one of first interactions 3et een !ative Americans and )uropeans. It helped sho ho
the different vie s on land led to conflict 3et een the t o "roups.
</he (ounded >nee 1assacre Mushistor#.or"N.@ (e3. A Sept. 201,. I used this e3site for another perspective on hat
happened durin" the massacre. /here
ere man# e#e
itnesses and a lot "oin" on durin" the time so this source helped clarif# specific names of chiefs and "enerals.
<(ounded >nee Survivors Assoc.G/estimon#.@ (e3. 11 Sept. 201,. /his source sho ed the documents of the (ounded >nee Survivor$s Association and "oals in hat the#
ant to accomplish. It helped me understand their purpose and importance in the responsi3ilities aspect of this hole event. Another primar# source I found
throu"h e3sco. Secondary Sources 2;. 1anifest 2estin#.' /shistory0org. Independence Eall Association, 200;. (e3. ; 6ct. 201,. /his source as an article a3out 1anifest 2estin#. I used it
on the conflicts that led up to the (ounded >nee
Incident and ho e8plained ho
the situation all
ent do n. It also
Americans toda#
perspective. I used it to anal#4e the "overnment$s attempt in relocatin" the Indians and destro#in" their culture and reli"ion. <Chronolo"# G (ounded >nee 1assacre.@ (e3. 1, Sept. 201,. I used this source to help verif# dates and certain events took place. It source 3ecause I sources place <Confrontin" the Past on the Anniversar# of the 1assacre at (ounded >nee5 (h# It 1atters G IC/1!.com.@ (e3. hen, hen
as a3le to confirm
here and ho
certain events took
1A Sept. 201,. /his particular source helped me understand as an important event in the past and "reatl# respected landmark. *%iso!e 1 oun!e! "nee. 7ilm. (e Shall Cemain. ho ere actuall# a part of h# this
h# it is a
il!
1assacre and it0s lon" term effects. <Lakota Societ#...(ounded >nee Incident.@ The Lo!ge of 3 ung4manitu2#35na000A Tri6ute to the .glala La&ota 'eo%le. (e3. ,0 Au". 201,. I used this source to "ather information a3out the (ounded >nee Incident and hat caused it. il! est
an Indian and provided a completel# 3iased opinion on the Indians. Lone Eill, >aren 2. 'Siou8.' *ncyclo%e!ia of North American #n!ians 7Houghton Mifflin8.
-;0G-;,. IS5 Eou"hton 1ifflin Earcourt Pu3lishin" Compan#, 1;;A. (e3. 1 !ov. 201,. /his article as a "ood source 3ecause it "ave the
massacre. 1ichno, Gre"or#. '/he Indian /rail 6f &roken /reaties.' il! est 1;.2 *200A.5 ,+.(e3. 1 !ov. 201,
provided
primar# source. I used %uotes from the Siou8 themselves to anal#4e the tone of the feelin"s to ards this massacre. <1# Son, Pass 3# 1e...@ (e3. A Sept. 201,. /his particular source had man# Fournal entries from a survivor alon" and ith %uotes from people ho survived
<!ational Park Service G Soldier and &rave *(ounded >nee
&attlefield..@ (e3. 1A Sept. 201,. I used this article to sho this massacre the effect of ho po erful
on e3sco. '!ative Americans *&ur# 1# Eeart At (ounded >nee..' <ouTu6e. E&6, 2; 2ec. 200;. (e3. 11 6ct. 201,. /his documentar# had recreations of the ori"in of the second Ghost 2ance movie and made the event so surreal hen (ovoka preached a3out his vision. I as
a3le to e8perience the devotion the American Indians had to ards this dance, and their determination
to ards this 3elief that the# could "et their 3ack.
a# of life
<!evada 1a"a4ine K Issues K (ovoka.@ (e3. 1: Sept. 201,. /his article movement as specific to the Ghost 2ance hich helped me understand ho that
6ran"e, /omm#. 'Ghost 2ance G (od4i o3 &io"raph#.' ,host )ance. (e3. 01 6ct. 201,. /here ere more than one Ghost 2ance movements, this
source e8plained the first movement. It also sho ed
no connection 3et een the t o people the ritual. It
ho started
ounded knee.
il!
the &attle of (ounded >nee, and provided insi"ht information.
Phillips, Charles. '2ecem3er 2;, 1+;0.' American History :0.- *200-.5 1A. (e3. 1 !ov. 201,.
/his collection of pictures helped develop a 3etter understandin" of the events that lead to the massacre at (ounded >nee, it help us to develop a S6APS/one on the events at (ounded >nee. Sch art4, Stephanie 1. >Life an! $on!itions on the 'ine Ri!ge .glala La&ota 7Siou+8 Reservation of South )a&ota0> Link Center 7oundation, 1- 6ct. 200A. (e3. 11 6ct. 201,. /his source as vital in that it "ave statistics for the lon" term SPIC)
Smith, Co3ert, ed. '1emorial and Protest of the Cherokee !ation.' The Frien!: A Religious an! Literary =ournal *1+,A.. Print. /his source sho ed !ative American resistance and their point of vie on land o nership. /his source the !atives felt as
a3out 3ein" stripped from their land.
Short, Dohn Cennie. $artogra%hic *ncounters: #n!igenous 'eo%les an! the *+%loration of the New Ceaktion &ooks, 200;. Print. /his 3ook helped me develop an understandin" of ho the )uropeans disrupted the !atives (orld.@ a# of life orl!.
happened 3efore the 9th Cavalr# intercepted &i" 7oot$s tri3e. '/he /ra"ed# of (ounded >nee */he Ghost 2ance..' <ouTu6e. Bou/u3e, 22 Dan. 2011. (e3. 11 6ct. 201,. Actual photo"raphs and %uotes from the massacre com3ined ere
ith recreations of parts leadin" up to the as e8tremel# helpful and
as to
hat happened. I
their purpose and importance in the responsi3ilities aspect of this hole event. Another primar# source I
found throu"h e3sco. <Iniversal 2eclaration of Euman Ci"hts Campai"n5 (hat
Are Euman Ci"htsL 2efinition.@ (e3. 1: Sept. 201,. /his e3site had the list of ever# Euman Ci"ht
<(hat Is the American Indian 1ovementL@ (e3. A Sept. 201,. I used this e3site Fust to clarif# m# understandin" on as and their
ere man# e#e
itnesses and a lot "oin" on durin" the time so this source helped clarif# specific names of chiefs and "enerals. <(ounded >nee Survivors Assoc.G/estimon#.@ (e3. 11 Sept. 201,. /his source sho ed the documents of the (ounded
>nee Survivor$s Association and "oals in
hat the#
throu"h e3sco.
Primary Sources Allen, Paula Gunn, and Patricia Clark Smith. As Long As the Rivers Flow: The Stories of Nine Native Americans . Scholastic Canada, Limited, 2001. Print. I used this to understand actual points of vie s from !ative Americans themselves. Livin" in the societ# I am toda#, it$s %uite hard understandin" ho the# feel
to ards ho
their ancestors and famil#
ere treated.
&eecher, L#man. 'A Plea for the (est.' 2nd )d *1+,-.. Print. /his primar# source as used to understand from the on 1anifest 2estin#. It as a3le to o3tain a
(hite0s point of vie
lacked a lot of dense information 3ut I 3rief overvie .
&ernhol4, Charles 2. 'Citation A3use And Le"al (ritin"5 A !ote 6n /he /reat# 6f 7ort Laramie (ith Siou8, )tc., 1+-1 And 11 Stat. 9:;.' Legal Reference Services Quarterly 2;.2 *2010.5 (e3. 1 !ov. 201,. /his source provided ith a sli"htl# less 3road conte8t ith a specific time and ith the
a3out the topic, 3ut provided
treat# that the Indians dealt directl# American "overnment, conte8t. <&irds )#e =ie
hich is a "ood ran"e of
of &attlefield at (ounded >nee S. 2.
Lookin" !orth ? Cop#ri"hted 3# the !orth (estern Photo Co, Chadron !e3.@ (e3. A Sept. 201,. /his as an actual ima"e taken from the massacre site. Bou could see people fro4en?dead in the sno hich reall# sho ed ho 3rutal this event as in
American and !ative American histor#. <&irds )#e =ie of the &attle 7ield at (ounded >nee S.2.,
2ec. 1+;0.@ (e3. A Sept. 201,. Another photo"raph from the 3attle scene at a different an"le taken at the actual time after the massacre. &ro n, 2ee. Bury My Heart at History of the American 2012. Print. /his ima"e as also ver# movin" and depicts ho as. violent oun!e! "nee: An #n!ian est. 6pen Coad 1edia,
the situation
2orse#, Dames 6 en. 'An )ncounter 3et een 6maha Eunters and (hite S%uatters in Io a.' The $egiha
Language *1+-,.. Print. /his Fournal entr# provided me information a3out !ative American culture and interactions 3et een the hites. It as ver# 3rief and didn$t provide much
specific %uotes from that time. <)li Cicker Intervie s (ounded >nee Survivors.@ (e3. 11 Sept. 201,. /his source as a collection of Fournal entries from a
ne spaper editor intervie in" a survivor of the massacre. /his "ave me an inGdepth anal#sis of actuall# happened from a first e#eG itness ho hat as
there. It "ave me a 3etter understandin" of the specifics of ho people died and ho fired at ho.
<)8hi3it5 &lack Eills /reat#.@ (e3. A Sept. 201,. /his source as an scanned cop# of the treat# si"ned to
protect the &lack Eills reservation. I used it to anal#4e hat the "overnment a"reed to "ive the !ative Americans.
7rance, A"ence. Four Fe!eral Troo%s Stan! Bloc&ing the Roa! to oun!e! "nee. 1;9,.
Photo"raph. Gett#, South 2akota. /his photo depicts some of the events that happened after the massacre of (ounded >nee and provided ith the effects of the event.
Gast, Dohn. American 'rogress. 1+92. Prints and Photo"raphs 2ivision, Li3rar# of Con"ress. &# Geor"er A. Crofutt. (e3. Gett#. A Lone Sol!ier on the Battlefiel! of ( oun!e! "nee. 1+;0. Photo"raph. Gett#, South 2akota. /his sho s a man on the 3attlefield after the 3attle of (ounded >nee finished. Gett#. A 'oster $ommemorating the Massacre of "nee. 1;9,. Photo"raph. Gett#, South 2akota. /his picture sho s a propa"anda poster that as used to oun!e!
keep up the spirits of the Indians that durin" 3# the 3attle.
ere affected
Green3er", Am# S. Manifest )estiny an! American Territorial *+%ansion: A Brief History with )ocuments . &oston5 &)276C2?S/. 1AC/I!0S, 2012. Print. /his source on the as ver# effectiveH it had man# perspectives est ard e8pansion of America. the conflicts 3et een the
as a3le to use this to sho Indians and
hites?"overnment. as Fire! into the Siou+ $am% at
The Hotch&iss ,un
oun!e! "nee $ree& Hot ,un. 1+;0. Photo"raph. (ounded >nee. *!ucation 'ortal. (e3. /his photo"raph sho s hat the Lakota ere faced ith.
Bou can feel the fear the# to face ith the
ould fear if #ou
ere face
eaponr# in this photo.
Eulton Archive. #n!ian Fighters American Scout an! #n!ian Fighter. 1+;1. Photo"raph. Gett#, South 2akota.
/his pictures sho s us that the Americans
ere ver#
apprehensive a3out trustin" the Indians.
Mass ,raves after the Battle of
oun!e! "nee. 1+;0.
Photo"raph. Li3rar# of Con"ress, /his picture depicts the true devastation that happened durin" the 3attle, ith a "ood displa# ho ere 3uried in a mass "rave.
e8actl# the Indians that died
1cCo#, >irk. Russell Means-. 1+;0. Photo"raph. Los An"eles /imes, South 2akota. /his is a picture from one of one of the survivors of the 3attle of (ounded >nee. 'oster for the Stan! at of Con"ress. /his photo sho s that the Indians do not happen at (ounded >nee a"ain. oun!e! "nee #n!ian .ccu%ation 'am%hlet. Photo"raph. 1ichi"an State Iniversit# Li3rar#. ant an#thin" to oun!e! "nee.Photo"raph. Li3rar#
/his photo sho s the recruitin" pamphlet for the settlers of (ounded >nee. Secondary Sources 2;. 1anifest 2estin#.' /shistory0org. Independence Eall Association, 200;. (e3. ; 6ct. 201,. /his source as an article a3out 1anifest 2estin#. I used it
on the conflicts that led up to the (ounded >nee Incident and ho e8plained ho the situation all ent do n. It also
Americans toda#
perspective. I used it to anal#4e the "overnment$s
attempt in relocatin" the Indians and destro#in" their culture and reli"ion. <Chronolo"# G (ounded >nee 1assacre.@ (e3. 1, Sept. 201,. I used this source to help verif# dates and certain events took place. It source 3ecause I sources place <Confrontin" the Past on the Anniversar# of the 1assacre at (ounded >nee5 (h# It 1atters G IC/1!.com.@ (e3. 1A Sept. 201,. /his particular source helped me understand as an important event in the past and "reatl# respected landmark. *%iso!e 1 oun!e! "nee. 7ilm. (e Shall Cemain. ho ere actuall# a part of h# this hen, hen
as a3le to confirm
here and ho
certain events took
h# it is a
the (ounded >nee Incident and e8plained their
e8perience. /he video not onl# helped me understand hat happened in the sie"e 3ut "ave me insi"ht to the frustration the Lakota had in the past and durin" that time. 7ILL)C, AL)JA!2CA. 'I! /E) SEA26( 67 (6I!2)2 >!)). *Cover Stor#.. National ,eogra%hic 222.2 *2012. (e3. 1 !ov. 201,. /his article provided ith a lon" term effect of the Siou8$s
life after the the events of the /he &attle of (ounded >nee. /his helped to "ive some information on the emotions that the Siou8 felt after the event had occurred. Eines, Cand#. 'Pressin" /he Issue At (ounded >nee.' est 2,.: *2010.5 2+.(e3. ,1 6ct. 201,. /his source provided ith reasona3le amount conte8t that il!
the Siou8 Indians 3ecause of the 3attle.
'IndianGArt.' Rituals- Beliefs an! $ustoms of Native American $ulture. (e3. 0; 6ct. 201,. Another source I used for understandin" !ative American culture. It asn$t ver# inGdepth 3ut provided a "ood
the Siou8 peoples are fi"htin" the American people. 'Lakota Indians.' #n!ians0org. (e3. 11 6ct. 201,. /his e3site "ave information a3out the Lakota tri3es toda# to sho the SPIC) effects of the (ounded >nee
1assacre and it0s lon" term effects. La&ota Siou+2,host )ance Rituals. 1++0. Photo"raph. *!ucation 'ortal. (e3.
<Lakota Societ#...(ounded >nee Incident.@ The Lo!ge of 3 ung4manitu2#35na000A Tri6ute to the .glala La&ota 'eo%le. (e3. ,0 Au". 201,. I used this source to "ather information a3out the (ounded >nee Incident and hat caused it. il! est
an Indian and provided a completel# 3iased opinion on the Indians. Lone Eill, >aren 2. 'Siou8.' *ncyclo%e!ia of North American #n!ians 7Houghton Mifflin8. -;0G-;,. IS5 Eou"hton 1ifflin Earcourt Pu3lishin" Compan#, 1;;A. (e3. 1 !ov. 201,. /his article as a "ood source 3ecause it "ave the
information in a 3road sense talkin" a3out the histor#
of the peoples and the impact that the# made in the histor# of Indians. <1assacre At (ounded >nee, 1+;0.@ (e3. A Sept. 201,. /his article had pictures and %uotes from the actual massacre in the Lakota hich I used to understand the situation ere in and hat caused the locals to
hite men and the "overnment, and
provided
ith a "ood conte8t of hite men.
h# the Indians
ere
respect the lives lost durin" this time.
'!ative American Clashes
ith )uropean Settlers.' Native
a3le to e8perience the devotion the American Indians had to ards this dance, and their determination to ards this 3elief that the# could "et their 3ack. <!evada 1a"a4ine K Issues K (ovoka.@ (e3. 1: Sept. 201,. a# of life
/his article movement
as specific to the Ghost 2ance hich helped me understand ho that
6stler, Deffre#. '(ounded >nee5 Part# Politics And /he Coad
/o An American 1assacre.' =ournal .f American History ;9.: *2011.5 10;0G10;2.. (e3. 1 !ov. 201,. /his source provided ith a ver# specific timeline of the
ounded knee.
il!
Phillips, Charles. '2ecem3er 2;, 1+;0.' American History :0.- *200-.5 1A. (e3. 1 !ov. 201,. /his collection of pictures helped develop a 3etter understandin" of the events that lead to the massacre at (ounded >nee, it help us to develop a S6APS/one on the events at (ounded >nee.
Sch art4, Stephanie 1. >Life an! $on!itions on the 'ine Ri!ge .glala La&ota 7Siou+8 Reservation of South )a&ota0> Link Center 7oundation, 1- 6ct. 200A. (e3. 11 6ct. 201,. /his source as vital in that it "ave statistics for the lon" term SPIC)
a3out 3ein" stripped from their land. Short, Dohn Cennie. $artogra%hic *ncounters: #n!igenous 'eo%les an! the *+%loration of the New Ceaktion &ooks, 200;. Print. /his 3ook helped me develop an understandin" of ho the )uropeans disrupted the !atives a# of life orl!.
(orld.@
also "athered important %uotes and ke# facts. I could also visuali4e more the pain and stru""le the Lakota ent throu"h, #ou could see it in the e#es of the people.
'/reat# of 7ort Laramie 1+A+.' .ur!ocuments0gov. Iniversit# of (ashin"ton. (e3. 11 6ct. 201,. /his e3site had the actual treat# promisin" &lack Eills to the Siou8 tri3es. I found it throu"h e3sco. <I1 7indin" Aid /emplate G (oundedkneesa.pdf.@ (e3. 1: Sept. 201,. /his source sho ed the documents of the (ounded >nee Survivor$s Association and their pled"e in the# hat
entitled to ever# human 3orn. I used it to 3ase m# ar"uments for the !ative Americans and their ri"hts the# have as humans even thou"h this declaration
asn$t created until decades after the massacre took place. *IS1S., I. S. 1arshals Service. <I.S. 1arshals Service.@ (e3. A Sept. 201,. /his e3site provided the particular actions the
primar# sources into one of first interactions 3et een
!ative Americans and )uropeans. It helped sho
ho
ere man# e#e
itnesses and a lot "oin" on durin" the time so this source helped clarif# specific names of chiefs and "enerals. <(ounded >nee Survivors Assoc.G/estimon#.@ (e3. 11 Sept. 201,. /his source sho ed the documents of the (ounded >nee Survivor$s Association and "oals in hat the#
throu"h e3sco.
Secondary Sources 2;. 1anifest 2estin#.' /shistory0org. Independence Eall Association, 200;. (e3. ; 6ct. 201,. /his source as an article a3out 1anifest 2estin#. I used it
on the conflicts that led up to the (ounded >nee Incident and ho e8plained ho the situation all ent do n. It also
Americans toda#
perspective. I used it to anal#4e the "overnment$s attempt in relocatin" the Indians and destro#in" their
culture and reli"ion. <Chronolo"# G (ounded >nee 1assacre.@ (e3. 1, Sept. 201,. I used this source to help verif# dates and certain events took place. It source 3ecause I sources place <Confrontin" the Past on the Anniversar# of the 1assacre at (ounded >nee5 (h# It 1atters G IC/1!.com.@ (e3. 1A Sept. 201,. /his particular source helped me understand as an important event in the past and "reatl# respected landmark. *%iso!e 1 oun!e! "nee. 7ilm. (e Shall Cemain. ho ere actuall# a part of h# this hen, hen
as a3le to confirm
here and ho
certain events took
h# it is a
the (ounded >nee Incident and e8plained their e8perience. /he video not onl# helped me understand
hat happened in the sie"e 3ut "ave me insi"ht to the frustration the Lakota had in the past and durin" that time. 7ILL)C, AL)JA!2CA. 'I! /E) SEA26( 67 (6I!2)2 >!)). *Cover Stor#.. National ,eogra%hic 222.2 *2012. (e3. 1 !ov. 201,. /his article provided ith a lon" term effect of the Siou8$s
life after the the events of the /he &attle of (ounded >nee. /his helped to "ive some information on the emotions that the Siou8 felt after the event had occurred. Eines, Cand#. 'Pressin" /he Issue At (ounded >nee.' est 2,.: *2010.5 2+.(e3. ,1 6ct. 201,. /his source provided ith reasona3le amount conte8t that il!
the Siou8 Indians 3ecause of the 3attle. 'IndianGArt.' Rituals- Beliefs an! $ustoms of Native
American $ulture. (e3. 0; 6ct. 201,. Another source I used for understandin" !ative American culture. It asn$t ver# inGdepth 3ut provided a "ood
the Siou8 peoples are fi"htin" the American people. 'Lakota Indians.' #n!ians0org. (e3. 11 6ct. 201,. /his e3site "ave information a3out the Lakota tri3es toda# to sho the SPIC) effects of the (ounded >nee
1assacre and it0s lon" term effects. <Lakota Societ#...(ounded >nee Incident.@ The Lo!ge of 3 ung4manitu2#35na000A Tri6ute to the .glala La&ota 'eo%le. (e3. ,0 Au". 201,.
I used this source to "ather information a3out the (ounded >nee Incident and hat caused it. il! est
an Indian and provided a completel# 3iased opinion on the Indians. Lone Eill, >aren 2. 'Siou8.' *ncyclo%e!ia of North American #n!ians 7Houghton Mifflin8. -;0G-;,. IS5 Eou"hton 1ifflin Earcourt Pu3lishin" Compan#, 1;;A. (e3. 1 !ov. 201,. /his article as a "ood source 3ecause it "ave the
information in a 3road sense talkin" a3out the histor# of the peoples and the impact that the# made in the histor# of Indians. <1assacre At (ounded >nee, 1+;0.@ (e3. A Sept. 201,.
/his article had pictures and %uotes from the actual massacre in the Lakota hich I used to understand the situation ere in and hat caused the locals to
provided
American $lashes with *uro%ean Settlers. (est
=ir"inia 2ivision of Culture and Eistor#. (e3. 0; 6ct. 201,. /his e3site helped me understand the vie points of 'land' from the !ative American perspective. I found this e3site throu"h an advanced search of archives
a3le to e8perience the devotion the American Indians had to ards this dance, and their determination to ards this 3elief that the# could "et their 3ack. <!evada 1a"a4ine K Issues K (ovoka.@ (e3. 1: Sept. 201,. /his article movement as specific to the Ghost 2ance hich helped me understand ho that a# of life
6stler, Deffre#. '(ounded >nee5 Part# Politics And /he Coad /o An American 1assacre.' =ournal .f American History ;9.: *2011.5 10;0G10;2..
(e3. 1 !ov. 201,. /his source provided ith a ver# specific timeline of the
ounded knee.
il!
Phillips, Charles. '2ecem3er 2;, 1+;0.' American History :0.- *200-.5 1A. (e3. 1 !ov. 201,. /his collection of pictures helped develop a 3etter understandin" of the events that lead to the massacre at (ounded >nee, it help us to develop a S6APS/one on the events at (ounded >nee. Sch art4, Stephanie 1. >Life an! $on!itions on the 'ine Ri!ge .glala La&ota 7Siou+8 Reservation of South
)a&ota0> Link Center 7oundation, 1- 6ct. 200A. (e3. 11 6ct. 201,. /his source as vital in that it "ave statistics for the lon" term SPIC)
a3out 3ein" stripped from their land. Short, Dohn Cennie. $artogra%hic *ncounters: #n!igenous 'eo%les an! the *+%loration of the New Ceaktion &ooks, 200;. Print. /his 3ook helped me develop an understandin" of ho the )uropeans disrupted the !atives (orld.@ a# of life orl!.
also "athered important %uotes and ke# facts. I could also visuali4e more the pain and stru""le the Lakota ent throu"h, #ou could see it in the e#es of the people. '/reat# of 7ort Laramie 1+A+.' .ur!ocuments0gov.
Iniversit# of (ashin"ton. (e3. 11 6ct. 201,. /his e3site had the actual treat# promisin" &lack Eills to the Siou8 tri3es. I found it throu"h e3sco. <I1 7indin" Aid /emplate G (oundedkneesa.pdf.@ (e3. 1: Sept. 201,. /his source sho ed the documents of the (ounded >nee Survivor$s Association and their pled"e in the# hat
entitled to ever# human 3orn. I used it to 3ase m# ar"uments for the !ative Americans and their ri"hts the# have as humans even thou"h this declaration asn$t created until decades after the massacre took place.
*IS1S., I. S. 1arshals Service. <I.S. 1arshals Service.@ (e3. A Sept. 201,. /his e3site provided the particular actions the
the different vie s on land led to conflict 3et een the
t o "roups.
ere man# e#e
itnesses and a lot "oin" on durin" the time so this source helped clarif# specific names of chiefs and "enerals. <(ounded >nee Survivors Assoc.G/estimon#.@ (e3. 11 Sept. 201,. /his source sho ed the documents of the (ounded >nee Survivor$s Association and "oals in hat the#
throu"h e3sco.
Secondary Sources 2;. 1anifest 2estin#.' /shistory0org. Independence Eall Association, 200;. (e3. ; 6ct. 201,. /his source as an article a3out 1anifest 2estin#. I used it
on the conflicts that led up to the (ounded >nee Incident and ho the situation all ent do n. It also
e8plained ho
Americans toda#
perspective. I used it to anal#4e the "overnment$s attempt in relocatin" the Indians and destro#in" their culture and reli"ion. <Chronolo"# G (ounded >nee 1assacre.@ (e3. 1, Sept. 201,. I used this source to help verif# dates and certain events took place. It source 3ecause I sources place <Confrontin" the Past on the Anniversar# of the 1assacre at (ounded >nee5 (h# It 1atters G IC/1!.com.@ (e3. 1A Sept. 201,. hen, hen
as a3le to confirm
here and ho
certain events took
/his particular source helped me understand as an important event in the past and "reatl# respected landmark. *%iso!e 1 oun!e! "nee. 7ilm. (e Shall Cemain. ho
h# this
h# it is a
ere actuall# a part of
il!
1assacre and it0s lon" term effects. <Lakota Societ#...(ounded >nee Incident.@ The Lo!ge of 3 ung4manitu2#35na000A Tri6ute to the .glala La&ota 'eo%le. (e3. ,0 Au". 201,. I used this source to "ather information a3out the (ounded >nee Incident and hat caused it. il! est
an Indian and provided a completel# 3iased opinion on the Indians. Lone Eill, >aren 2. 'Siou8.' *ncyclo%e!ia of North American #n!ians 7Houghton Mifflin8.
-;0G-;,. IS5 Eou"hton 1ifflin Earcourt Pu3lishin" Compan#, 1;;A. (e3. 1 !ov. 201,. /his article as a "ood source 3ecause it "ave the
provided
<!ational Park Service G Soldier and &rave *(ounded >nee
&attlefield..@ (e3. 1A Sept. 201,. I used this article to sho this massacre the effect of ho po erful
a3le to e8perience the devotion the American Indians had to ards this dance, and their determination
to ards this 3elief that the# could "et their 3ack.
a# of life
<!evada 1a"a4ine K Issues K (ovoka.@ (e3. 1: Sept. 201,. /his article movement as specific to the Ghost 2ance hich helped me understand ho that
source e8plained the first movement. It also sho ed
no connection 3et een the t o people the ritual. It
ho started
ounded knee.
il!
Phillips, Charles. '2ecem3er 2;, 1+;0.' American History :0.- *200-.5 1A. (e3. 1 !ov. 201,.
/his collection of pictures helped develop a 3etter understandin" of the events that lead to the massacre at (ounded >nee, it help us to develop a S6APS/one on the events at (ounded >nee. Sch art4, Stephanie 1. >Life an! $on!itions on the 'ine Ri!ge .glala La&ota 7Siou+8 Reservation of South )a&ota0> Link Center 7oundation, 1- 6ct. 200A. (e3. 11 6ct. 201,. /his source as vital in that it "ave statistics for the lon" term SPIC)
a3out 3ein" stripped from their land.
Short, Dohn Cennie. $artogra%hic *ncounters: #n!igenous 'eo%les an! the *+%loration of the New Ceaktion &ooks, 200;. Print. /his 3ook helped me develop an understandin" of ho the )uropeans disrupted the !atives (orld.@ a# of life orl!.
ith recreations of parts leadin" up to the as e8tremel# helpful and
as to
hat happened. I
found throu"h e3sco. <Iniversal 2eclaration of Euman Ci"hts Campai"n5 (hat
Are Euman Ci"htsL 2efinition.@ (e3. 1: Sept. 201,. /his e3site had the list of ever# Euman Ci"ht
ere man# e#e
itnesses and a lot "oin" on durin" the time so this source helped clarif# specific names of chiefs and "enerals. <(ounded >nee Survivors Assoc.G/estimon#.@ (e3. 11 Sept. 201,. /his source sho ed the documents of the (ounded
>nee Survivor$s Association and "oals in
hat the#
throu"h e3sco.

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Primary Sources Allen, Paula Gunn, and Patricia Clark Smith.

(hite0s point of vie

lacked a lot of dense information 3ut I 3rief overvie .

/his source provided

a3out the topic, 3ut provided

hich is a "ood ran"e of

of &attlefield at (ounded >nee S. 2.

History of the American 2012. Print. /his ima"e

est. 6pen Coad 1edia,

as also ver# movin" and depicts ho as.

as a3le to use this to sho Indians and

hites?"overnment. as Fire! into the Siou+ $am% at

The Hotch&iss ,un

Bou can feel the fear the# to face ith the

ould fear if #ou

eaponr# in this photo.

apprehensive a3out trustin" the Indians.

Mass ,raves after the Battle of

oun!e! "nee. 1+;0.

e8actl# the Indians that died

for a 3rief summar# to 3etter m# understandin" of hat 1anifest 2estin# as a3out

that incident still affects !ative hich reflects ri"hts violations.

as a ver# relia3le ith multiple

certain events took

/his source had people

ere actuall# a part of

ith reasona3le amount conte8t that

reference to clear up an# confusion.

the Siou8 peoples are fi"htin" the American people.

Lalire, Gre"or#. '(ounded >nee 1emories.'

the proFect 3ecause the account

an Indian and provided a completel# 3iased opinion on the Indians.

so hostile to ard the

itnessed the killin" of man# troops and !atives.

as. /o this da# people still honor and

hen (ovoka preached a3out his vision. I

6ran"e, /omm#. 'Ghost 2ance G (od4i o3 &io"raph#.'

ent in depth on the importance and ell.

reason for these movements as

ith a report on ith ke#

the &attle of (ounded >nee, and provided

Lakota livin" toda#. I used it to sho effects of the 1assacre.

their point of vie

on land o nership. /his source the !atives felt

ver# useful to help understand ho

in their search of the <!e

event. /his documentar#

provided another point of vie

ant to accomplish. It helped me understand

their purpose and importance in the responsi3ilities

hole event. Another primar# source I

<(hat Is the American Indian 1ovementL@ (e3. A Sept. 201,.

e3site Fust to clarif# m# understandin" on as and their

happened durin" the massacre. /here

ere man# e#e

for a 3rief summar# to 3etter m# understandin" of hat 1anifest 2estin# as a3out

on the conflicts that led up to the (ounded >nee

Incident and ho e8plained ho

the situation all

that incident still affects !ative hich reflects ri"hts violations.

as a ver# relia3le ith multiple

certain events took

/his source had people

ith reasona3le amount conte8t that