Shyam Sridhar Workshop 4

( Lf )( s ) = # f ( x )e! sx dx
0

"

Find the Laplace transforms of the following functions: a) The constant function f(x)= C.

( Lf )( s ) = # Ce! sx dx =
0

"

Ce !s

! sx "
0

C s

When evaluating this integral, it is important to bear in mind that C is a known constant, s is an unknown constant, and x is the variable which we are integrating with respect to. Thus, we arrive at the resulting expression for all real numbers s > 0. When evaluating the expression with respect to the upper bound, converges to 1. Therefore, subtracting the upper bound expression by the lower bound expression C C C 0 ! (! ) = s s yields a value of s . b) The sine function f(x)= sin(ax)

, e

! sx

converges to 0. When doing the same for the lower bound, e

! sx

(1) # sin(ax )e
0 "

"

! sx

a sin(ax )e! sx ! sx dx = # cos(ax )(e ) dx ! s0 s

"

(2)

a2 a(cos ax ) e! sx sin(ax ) ! sx sin( ax )( e ) dx ! ! s2 # s 2 (esx ) s 0

" ! sx

(1) Setting u(x)= sin(ax) and dv/dx= e^(-sx)dx, we arrive at the rst expression by integration by parts. (2) Integrating by parts again, we set u(x)= cos(ax) and dv/dx= e^(-sx)dx and arrive at 3. (3) Add the a^(2)/s^(2) expression to both sides to arrive at 4. (4) Dividing both sides by (a^(2)/ s^(2)+1), we arrive at 5. (5) Multiplying the fraction by s^(2), we arrive at 6.

(3) # sin(a"x )(e

0 "

a2 a(cos(ax )) e! sx sin(ax ) ! sx ) dx = 2 # sin(ax )(e ) dx ! 2 sx ! s 0 s (e ) s

"

(4)(

a2 ! a(cos(ax )) e! sx sin(ax ) ! sx + 1) sin( ax )( e ) dx = ! # s2 s 2 (esx ) s 0

! a(e! sx )cos(ax ) e! sx sin(ax ) ! 2 ! sx s s (5) # sin(ax )(e ) dx = 2 a 0 +1 s2 " ! e! sx (a cos ax + s sin(ax )) (6) # sin(ax )(e! sx ) dx = a2 + s2 0
"

Shyam Sridhar Workshop 4 c) The exponential function f(x)= e^(ax). Assume s > a.
" ( a! s ) x e dx = # 0

e a! s

(a ! s ) x

"

=
0

1 s!a

x y According to the property ! ! ax # sx ( a# s ) x

e e = e x+ y of exponentials,

0 0 Taking the integral, we arrive at the middle expression. At the upper bound, the expression converges to 0. At the lower bound, it converges to 1. Subtracting the upper bound expression by the lower bound expression gives the nal expression.
d) The cosine function f(x)= cos(ax). Assume s > a.
" "

"e

e dx = " e

dx

(1) # cos(ax )e
0

! sx

cos(ax )e! sx a dx = + # sin(ax )e! sx dx !s s0

"

(1) Setting u(x)= cos(ax) and dv/ dx= e^(-sx)dx, we arrive at the rst expression. (2) Integrating by parts again, we set u(x)= sin(ax) and dv/ dx= e^(-sx)dx and arrive at 2. (3) Add the a^(2)/s^(2) expression to both sides to arrive at 3. (4) Dividing both sides by (a^(2)/ s^(2)+1), we arrive at 4. (5) Multiplying the fraction by s^(2), we arrive at 5.

cos(ax )e! sx a sin(ax )e! sx a 2 (2) ! ! 2 # cos(ax )e! sx dx 2 !s s s 0 a2 cos(ax )e! sx a sin(ax )e! sx ! sx (3)( 2 + 1) # cos(ax )e dx = ! s ! s s2 0 cos(ax )e! sx a sin(ax )e! sx " ! ! sx ! s s2 (4) # cos(ax )e dx = a2 0 +1 s2 " ! e! sx ( s cos(ax ) + a sin(ax )e! sx ! sx (5) # cos(ax )e dx = a2 + s2 0
"

Shyam Sridhar Workshop 4 2)

ln x (1) " x ! 1

ln x (2) " x !! 1

(3) "
1

ln x x3 !

f (x) =

ln x x

b)

Diverging Integral

f (x) =

ln x x

b)

Diverging Integral

! ln x ln x ln x (2) " (1) " (3) " 3 x is greater than 1 x is greater than 1 x for 1 ! x ! " . 1

Shyam Sridhar Workshop 4

f (x) =

ln( x ) x3

Converging Integral

1 p c) In Integrals (1) and (2), the integral diverges. According to the x rule, where p ! 1 , the integral of
ln( x ) ln x g( x ) = x are x and the function over the bounds x=1 to innity is divergent. Since indeterminate forms, we must approximate them to a more evaluable form in order to prove this f (x) =
insight. Taking the determinable:

lim
x! 0

Now, since we can readily see that p ! 1 , both integrals are divergent. Using the same logic, we cannot evaluate integral 3. In this case,

, both functions are reduced to simpler forms where p is more easily 1 1 lim f ( x ) = lim g( x ) = x . x and x!0 x! 0

p > 1 , so according to the x p rule,

1 h( x ! 0) = 3 lim h( x ) x . the integral converges. Taking the x!0 , we nd that

d) Graphs for the integrands are already provided above.

ln x ! x 3 is greater than 0

ln x ! x is greater than 0

!
0

ln x x for the given bounds.

The integral

ln x ! x 0

diverges and

ln x ! x 0

converges.

Shyam Sridhar Workshop 4 Again, taking the x!0 of the integrands in order to simplify the indeterminate forms, we arrive at 1 1 lim f ( x ) = lim g( x ) = x . Since the rst function has a p-value equal to 1, the integral diverges. x , x! 0 x! 0 The second function has a p-value of less than 1; therefore, the integral converges over the bounds x=0 to 1.

lim

For , and !" when we integrate over the bounds [0,1], the integral approaches . Checking with the p-integral theorem, we nd that p is greater than 1. As a result, over the bounds x=0 to 1, the integral diverges.

ln x 1 3 ! x , we must again take the limit as x approaches 0. The integrand simplies to x 3 0