GS104 1st Test Major Topics for Review Format of the Test Multiple Choice (60 questions) Major

or Topics for Review (Chs 1-4) Motion Aristotle vs. Galileo Aristotle two kinds: Natural motion motion that is straight up or straight down Violent motion imposed motion resulting from an external push or pull Mass/Inertia G- Objects continue to move indefinitely Objects drop at the same time. Tendency of a moving body is natural. Inertia: property of things to resist change. Mass: Quantity of matter in an object. Measure of inertia or sluggishness that an object exhibits in response to any effort . Mass is greater than inertia. Smallaer mass smaller inertia Weight: amount of gravitational pull on an object proportional to mass. Mass involves how much matter an object contains. Volume involves how much space an object occupies. Density is the measure of how much mass occupies a given space. Equilibrium/Net force: Equilibirum is and object that moves at constant velocity. Two or more forces cancel at zero. Netforce: Combination of all forces that cat on an object. Changes an objects motion. Friction/Support force G- In the absence of friction, no force is necessary to keep a horizontally moving object moving. Friction: the resistive force that opposes the motion or attempted motion of an object through a fluid or past another object with which it is in contact and it is always acts in a direction to oppose motion Support force: is force that supports an object on the surface against gravity, and it is also normal force Velocity & Acceleration: Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes with time. The change in velocity may be in magnitude, in direction, or both. Acceleration=change of velocity/time interval. Free fall: When the only force acting on a falling object is gravity Scalar vs. vector quantities: scalr has magnitude (speed), and vector has magnitude plus direction. (velocity Newtons Laws Newtons 1st/2nd/3rd Laws (be able to explain situations using all three laws) 1st. The law of inertia: Every object continues in a state of rest or of uniform speed in a straight line unless acted on by a nonzero force. 2nd. The law of acceleration: The acceleration produced by a net force on an object is directly proportional to the net force, is in the same direction as the net force, and is inversely proportional to the mass of the object Accerleration= net force/mass Smaller the force larger the mass small acceleration Large net force, mall mass large acceleration 3rd. Law of action and reaction: Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first. Free-Fall- An object in free fall accelerates toward Earth at 10 m/s per second. When the only force acting on a falling object is gravity, with negligible air resistance, the object is in free fall. Momentum & Energy Momentum: is inertia in motion defined as the product of mass and velocity: mv high mass high velocity -> high momentum and the higher Impulse: product of force and contact time equation: impulse = force time = Ft greater force for long time -> larger impulse Impulse = Change in momentum- decreases momentum over a longer time results in smaller force Conservation of momentum: momentum cannot change unless acted by an external force. Collisions: when objects collide in the absence of external force Elastic vs. Inelastic: is defined as a collision whereupon objects collide without permanent deformation or the generation of heat. Inelastic: is defined as a collision whereupon colliding objects become tangled or coupled together, generating heat. Energy: ability to do work Work: force applied over a distance Potential: stored energy due to position shape or state. Kinetic: defined as energy of a moving body. Work = Change in kinetic energy Conservation of energy: to save or remain unchanged Power: energy per unit time how fast work is done. Work/time interval. Machines/efficiency: ratio of input to output Sources of energy Gravity & Satellite Motion Universal Law of Gravity: Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation. Every body in the universe attracts every other body with a mutually attracting force. For 2 bodies, this force is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance separating them. Every mass pulls other mass. Inverse-square relationships: intensity of an object in inverse squares. Pull on by gravity. Weight & weightlessness- an illusion caused by the lack of support. Force or eg: free fall Projectile Motion: objects launched only under the influence of gravity Satellites: obejects that fall around an object eg. moon Circular vs. elliptical orbits: circular is around earth. Elliptical: is a path followed by a satellite. Orbital speed is 17500mph Escape Speed:The initial speed that an obeject must reach to escape gravitational influence of earth. 25000mph