Ministerul Educaiei, Cercetrii i Tineretului Centrul Naional pentru Curriculum i Evaluare n nvmntul Preuniversitar

Examenul de bacalaureat 2008 Proba E/F Proba scris la Limba englez L1 normal L2 Toate subiectele sunt obligatorii. Se acord 10 puncte din oficiu. Timpul efectiv de lucru este de 3 ore. (30 puncte) Varianta 072

SUBIECTUL I
Read the text below and complete the following tasks.

Aggression has long been a natural feature of human behaviour, perhaps ever since the emergence of the earliest hominids. (1). The development of such conflict was closely linked to changes in economy and society, and probably became more serious after the adoption of agriculture and of sedentary life. Larger populations imposed greater pressure on land and resources, and thus they increased tension between neighbours. (2). The stresses associated with the emergence of more hierarchical societies ruled over by chiefs and kings may also have played an important role in the growth of inter-group conflict. As human communities became organised into larger units the warfare they waged became even more lethal. (3). The written records of ancient societies tell of full-time specialists employed by the state to produce armour and weaponry. They also mention the fact that expensively-equipped elite forces came into being, playing an important part in the life of the community. (4).The feudal system of medieval Europe, for example, had as one of its principal objectives, the maintenance of a force of armoured knights, highly appreciated both by the kings and the people, as they ensured the peace and the stability of the world they lived in. 1. Four sentences have been removed from the text. Select the appropriate sentence for each gap in the text. There is one sentence that does not fit. 4 points A. Aggression is a part of everyday life. B. Settled farmers also had food stores, herd animals and standing crops to steal. C. Sometimes the entire social and economic order was moulded around the requirements of warfare. D. However, there is no evidence of organised group conflict before about 12,000 years ago. E. States had greater resources available for aggression, defence and the development of new weapons. 2. What/Who do the words in bold refer to? 3. Give the synonyms of the following words. 1. aggression 2. conflict 3. lethal 4. to employ 5. objective 6 points 6 points 10 points

4. Answer the following questions using information from the text:

A. What seems to have caused the appearance of the organised group conflict initially? B. Were full-time weapon specialists and elite forces mentioned in the written records of ancient societies? C. What was the main goal of the feudal system of medieval Europe?

Ministerul Educaiei, Cercetrii i Tineretului Centrul Naional pentru Curriculum i Evaluare n nvmntul Preuniversitar

5. In your own words, comment on the following sentence: Aggression has long been a natural feature of human behaviour, perhaps ever since the emergence of the earliest hominids. 4 points