Geographic differences in population growth rates, population size, and population density 1.

Populous countries do not necessarily have high growth rates in population. (Table 2.1) 2. Ten of the worlds nearly 200 countries account for twothirds of the worlds population. . !ive countries--"hina# $ndia# the %nited &tates# $ndonesia# and 'ra(il)contain one-half of the worlds population. *. +nly three)the %.&# ,ussia# and -apan)of the top ten .ost populous nations are considered developed. /. Population density is generally the highest is s.all citystates or islands# such as &ingapore. 0. 1ot all crowded countries are poor. +f the top ten .ost densely populated areas# three are developed and three others are 1$"s. (Table 2.2) 2. Population density varies considerably within countries as well as across countries. Factors Influencing the Distribution of Population 1. Physical environ.ent)concentration at low elevations# .ilder and .ore hu.id cli.ates. 3ir conditioning# heating# water storage# and irrigation are technologies that have offset the effects of cli.ate e4tre.es. 2. "ultural effects and econo.ic syste.s within a historical conte4t have effects on fertility# .ortality# and .igration. . !ertility rates decrease with econo.ic develop.ent. *. 5ortality rates decrease with econo.ic develop.ent /. 6cono.ic conditions# public policy# and de.ographics affect .igration rates. 0. %rbani(ation generally corresponds with the level of econo.ic develop.ent. http788www.acdi-cida.gc.ca84press8de48de4920*.ht.

a. :evelop.ent of hierarchy of cities b. The role of agglo.eration econo.ies and econo.ies of scale reinforce lower transport costs 2. %rbani(ation in the developing world is not acco.panied by a rapid rise in prosperity. ;hy< a. 64cess concentration at large# pri.ate cities b. :iluting capital resources c. "ongestion# slu.s# and deteriorating services d. =ac> of e.ploy.ent opportunities 5apping e4ercise The geographic distribution of various social characteristics Population Change over Time 1. The de.ographic transition .odel in developed countries a. The industrial revolution first lowered the death rate with higher standard of living that disproportionately affects the very young (sa.e effect as higher birth rate). b. &econd# the birth rate eventually fell with increased .otivation for fa.ilies to li.it fa.ily si(e. c. The surge in population in between these two periods added to an e4plosion in the natural rate of population growth. d. 6ventually# de.ographic transition is co.pleted that results in births e?ual to deaths. e. +nly 1orth 3.erica# 6urope# and 6ast 3sia have .oved co.pletely through the de.ographic transition. 2. 3pplication of .odel to developing countries a. :eveloping countries in 3sia and =atin 3.erica have undergone the population e4plosion phase and are beginning to slow their natural rate of population growth# but &aharan 3fricas birth rates have not decreased significantly. (&aharan 3frican society

places cultural and religious e.phasi(es on ancestry and descent with children considered as econo.ic assets to continue the fa.ily lineage.) b. 'ut# even with lower fertility rates absolute population si(e will continue to grow because of the large si(e of the base population. c. $n the ne4t 2/ years al.ost all of the increase in world population will occur in developing countries. . !ertility and .ortality a. 3 higher survival rate of infants results in .ore adults b. 5ore wor>ing# healthy adults adds to labor productivity c. 6ventually# ta>ing care of retirees beco.es an increasing proble. with greater life spans. *. The de.ographic e?uation a. Population at ti.e 2 @ population at ti.e 1 A births B deaths A in-.igration less out-.igration b. 1et in-.igration adds even .ore to overall population because of increased children of i..igrants c. $n developed econo.ies net .igration beco.es the .ost i.portant deter.inant of population growth. /. "auses of .igration a. 5ost people .ove for econo.ic reasons# although it .ay be voluntary or involuntary (3frican slave trade in this country# the deportation of 'ritish convicts to the %.&. and 3ustralia#) b. 6cono.ic .otives are so.eti.es divided into CpushD and CpullD factors. c. Push factors are to leave places of econo.ic hardship d. Pull factors are to see> areas of econo.ic opportunity 0. The econo.ics of voluntary .igration
Migration and Comparative Advantage

a. "lassical .igration theory based on wage differentials between countries (say %.&. versus 5e4ico) b. =abor .igration narrow wage differentials subEect to relocation and .igration costs that are capitali(ed over the re.aining wor> life of the .over. =ong distance .oves are less li>ely than shorter distance .oves. c. The lac> of convergence is due to i.perfect >nowledge# cultural differences# and institutional barriers# such as i..igration laws. d. $ncreased urbani(ation of a destination region is e4pected to increase its attractiveness for potential .igration# reducing uncertainty and increasing the probability of a Cbeaten pathD by earlier i..igrants. 2. "onse?uences of 5igration a. 5igrants tend to be younger# .ore a.bitious# and better educated than the population of their origin and fre?uently the population of their destination. b. "onflict and ability to adEust to new region is greater for poor .igrants than for the relatively well educated. c. Fuest wor>ers generally contribute enor.ously to the econo.y in which they locate. d. 5igration patterns are generally divided into subcategories7 i. $nternal (origin within the country) or e4ternal (origin outside the country) ii. 3.ong e4ternals7 inter or intra continental iii. 3.ong internal7 interregional# rural-urban# or inter-.etropolitan. G. Trends in 5igration a. Prior to the Freat :epression intercontinental .igration of 6uropeans to the %.&. do.inated. b. &ince ;;$$ the tide of .igrants is overwhel.ingly fro. developing to developed countries.

c. The era of heavy intercontinental .igration is over. d. $n the highly urbani(ed %.&. inter-.etropolitan .igration is increasingly i.portant. Population tructure 1. The age-se4 structure affects the labor force# de.and for education facilities# retire.ent and .edical syste.s# etc. 2. Population pyra.ids graphically represent the structure a.ong /-year age groups fro. the youngest to the oldest group. . "ountry population pyra.ids7 http788www.census.gov8ftp8pub8ipc8www8idbpyr.ht.l *. The can be used to forecast population based on cohortsurvival .ethod. /. :eveloping countries have a s?uat# triangular profile. 0. The %.&. has sli..er profile but with a bulge at the waist in 1990 due to the baby boo. after ;;$$. 2000 pyra.id reflects children of baby boo.ers. http788www.ac.wwu.edu8Hstephan83ni.ation8pyra.id.ht.l 2. Iero (or negative) population growth with i..igration restrictions over a long period results in a sli. profile with a potential labor shortage. Demographic Characteristics 1. Ju.an capital has characteristics that are either achieved (education# occupation# etc.) or ascribed (race# se4# etc.) 2. 6ducation is the .ost i.portant deter.inant of de.ographic trends# as it affects fertility# .ortality# and .igration. . =abor force participation is increasing in the tertiary sector in the %.&. econo.y at the e4pense of pri.ary activities# particularly agriculture.

*. Per capita inco.e is the .ost fa.iliar inde4 of econo.ic develop.ent that reflects residents well-being and capacity to consu.e. !conomic Growth and Development 1. The three-corned debate over population growth and develop.ent centers on (a) the need for population by nationalists# (b) the 5ar4ist view that population growth per se does not ha.per econo.ic develop.ent# but rather unEust social and econo.ic institution# and (c) the neo-5althusians that population growth can wipe out econo.ic gains. 2. 6cono.ic forces include the need for population to create econo.ies of scale that increase efficiency. Jowever# e4cessive population growth will e4haust resources and reduce living standards. . The carrying capacity# or population si(e that can be .aintained indefinitely# depends on level of living chosen by the country. *. 5odern growth theory e.phasi(es the roles of capital for.ation and new technology to achieve higher carrying capacity for an econo.y. /. The age structure of population affects the si(e of the labor force and the saving rate necessary for invest.ent. Demographic Forecasting at the Firm and City "evel 1. !ir.s also have a life span)birth# growth# .aturity# die# and .igrate. 2. +rgani(ation ecology or firmography focuses on the advantages of geographic isolation (avoiding co.petition) versus pro4i.ity (agglo.eration econo.ies) in the location and survival of a business fir.. . !ir.s use target .ar>eting base on F$& to profile .ar>et seg.ents for a particular business. (64a.ples in pp. G2-91)

*. The de.ographics of the fir. are being affected by two .aEor factors)technology and generation. a. Technology is restructuring or reengineering the wor>place environ.ent to create the flexible econo.y. b. Fenerational is the role of baby boo.ers on consu.er spending# labor productivity# and political power. /. "orporations are no longer responsible for a wor>ers life# career# and retire.ent# but responsibility is shifted to the individual. 0. &table# hierarchical fa.ilies are giving way to .obile# .ulticareer# fast changing# fle4ible fa.ilies in .uch the sa.e way in order to achieve in the Eob .ar>et. 2. !ir.s and households are proEected to increasingly locate in excerbs pro4i.ate to larger .etropolitan areas if they are to reduce the cost of living and increase the ?uality of life. G. "usto.i(ation and fle4ibility to individuals de.ands and needs will be >eys to a co.panies success re?uiring creativity in products and services. &.aller# entrepreneurial fir.s will create .ore Eobs than larger fir.s. 9. The custo.i(ed8fle4ible econo.y is the rough opposite of the standardi(ed econo.y of the past. $ndividuals wor> is s.all# self-.anaging tea.s focused on a particular need or custo.er proble.. =arge inventory bloats are reduced by faster response to custo.ers in niche .ar>ets (64a.ple of :ell "o.puter "orporation) Demographics for City Planning 1. "ities need to begin with a regional growth forecast (,F!) based on F$& to deter.ine level and location of population# the need and location of schools# hospitals# fire and police protection# and sewage and water treat.ent plants# (oning for land uses# transportation plans# proEected housing needs# proEected energy de.ands# air ?uality# etc.

2. Planning see>s to coordinate regional goals and policies with general plan K develop.ent patterns subEect to intergovern.ental review procedures.
Demographic Techni#ues