Chapter 2: Local Buckling and Section Classificcation

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Chapter 2: Member design

Section 1: Local Buckling & Section Classification

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Local Buckling
M M

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Local Buckling and Section Classification

t D T b

Failure modes for UB in compression

8/15/2007 Overall yielding in compression Overall buckling as a strut Local buckling of flange toes Local buckling of web

Local Buckling and Section Classification

Factors Influencing Local Buckling 2 2 E t cr = k 12(1 2 ) b t
Boundary conditions
internal elements or outstands

Local Slenderness
d/t internal element (eg. web) b/T outstand (eg. flange)

Youngs modulus Yield stress Stress distribution Strain (deformation) requirement 8/15/2007 Residual stresses

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Why classify ?
Class 1

MP ME
Class 2 Class 3 Class 4

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Stress blocks
y y < y

Class 1 & 2

Class 3

Class 4

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Elements to be classified
T r Web b Outstand b Flange Web d

B Universal Beam d=D-2(T + r) b = B/2

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B For a Hot finished RHS b=B-3t d=D-3t

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Table 11: Limiting width to thickness ratios for sections other than CHS or RHS (Flanges)
Compression element Ratio

t D T

Limiting values Class 1 Class 2 10 Class 3 15

Outstand element of compression flange Internal element of compression flange

b/T

b/T

28

32

40

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Table 11: UB and UC Webs

Compression element Ratio Class 1 Web (bending) Web Generally d/t d/t r1 +ve 80 Limiting values Class 2 100 Class 3 120

80 1 + r1
But 40

100 1 + 1.5r1
But 40

120 1 + 2r2
But 40

Web subject to axial compression

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d/t

not applicable

Table 12: Limiting width to thickness ratios for Hot Finished RHS (Flanges)
Compression element Compression flange in bending Axial compression
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b t

Flange

d B

Ratio Limiting values Class 1 b/t Class 2 Class 3

28 80-d/t

32 62-.5d/t

40

b/t

Not applicable

40
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Table 12: Hot-finished RHS Webs

Compression element Ratio Limiting values

t d

Web

Class 1 Web (bending) Web Generally d/t d/t 64

Class 2 80

Class 3 120

64 1+ 0.6r1
but 40

80 1 + r1
but 40

120 1 + 2r2
but 40

Web in axial compression

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d/t

not applicable

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Notes to the table

1. The term =(275/py)1/2 is used to accommodate varying design strengths. 2. For I and H sections and 3. For RHS and
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r1 =

Fc dtp yw

but 1<r1 1

r2 =
r1 =

Fc Ag p yw
Fc 2dtp yw

but 1<r1 1

r2 =

Fc Ag p yw

Note: Fc +ve for compression, -ve for tension.

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Implications for Design

Class 1. Plastic must be used in plastic design, can sustain high strain. Can be used without restriction in normal design Class 2 Compact can be used with the plastic modulus in bending Class3 Semi-compact when in bending the elastic modulus or an effective plastic modulus must be used Class 4 Slender Effective section properties must be used 8/15/2007 13

Class 3 (Semi-compact sections)

either elastic section modulus or effective section modulus (Seff )may be used for bending calculations. For I and H sections:
S x ,eff
2 3w 1 d/t = Z x + (S x Z x ) 2 3w 1 2w

but S x,eff

3 f 1 Z x + (S x Z x ) b / T 3 f 1 2f

S y ,eff

3 f 1 = Z y + (S y Z y ) b / T 3 f 1 2f

2f = limiting value of b/T for a class 2 compact flange 2w = limiting value of d/t for a class 2 compact web 3f = limiting value of b/T for a class 3 semi-compact flange 3w= limiting value of d/t for a class 3 semi cmpact web
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Slender sections
Effective cross section subject to pure compression for determining Aeff
20t 20t

20t

20t

t 20t

20t

Rolled I Section
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Hot finished RHS

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Slender sections
Effective cross section subject to pure moment for determining Zeff
20t 20t 20t 20t

20t

t
20t

t
Minor axis bending

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Major axis bending

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Effective section with slender web under pure bending

be ff = 120t f cw f tw f tw 1 + 1 + p yw f cw
0.4beff Non effective Zone

fcw

0.6beff Elastic neutral axis of gross section

tw 8/15/2007

Elastic Neutral axis of effective section

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Classification of the cross-section should be based upon the combined effects of the axial and bending actions. Effective section with slender web subject to combined axial force and moment??
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Design Table

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General Guidance
when using the Deign Tables in the Handout None of the universal beam and column sections in grade S275 and S355 are slender under bending only. None of the universal columns can be slender under compression only, but some universal beams and hollow sections can be slender. Sections that can be slender under axial compression are marked with * in the design tables. None of the sections listed in the design tables are slender due to the flange being slender. Under combined axial compression and bending, the section would be compact or semi-compact up to 8/15/2007 20 given F/Pz limits.

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Summary of design procedure

1 Select, from experience, a suitable section based on the factored load effects 2 Determine the section classification (Table 11 & 12) 3 If necessary calculate effective plastic modulus for Class 3 (semi-compact) sections 4 If necessary calculate effective section properties for class 4(slender sections) 5 Proceed with design procedures suitable for the section classification
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Example1
T b

S275 steel 457x152x52 UB Grade S275 A) Subject to bending about its major axis

r D t d

B) Subject to 800kN axial load and bending about its major axis C) Subject to 1500kN axial load and bending about its major axis
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A) Subject to bending about its major axis T<16mm therefore py=275N/mm2 from table 9

275 = py

275 =1 275

Flange b/T = 6.99 Web d/t = 53.6

T b

Classification Outstand element of compression flange, b/T limit = 9 for Class 1 (Plastic), Flange = Class 1 Since 6.99 < 9 Web N-A at mid depth, d/t limit = 80 for Class 1, Since 53.6 < 80 Web = Class 1
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t d

Section is Class 1 Plastic

Mc = pySx

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B) Subject to 800kN axial load and bending about its major axis Classification Outstand element of compression flange, b T b/T limit = 9 for Class 1 (Plastic), Since 6.99 < 9 Flange = Class 1 Web generally, d/t limit = 80 / (1+r1) but 40 for Class 1, r1 = Fc / d t pyw = 800 x 1000 / (407.6 x 7.6 x 275) = 0.94 80 / (1+r1) = 80 / (1 + 0.94) = 41.2 53.6 > 41.2 Web Not Class 1 d/t limit = 100 / (1+1.5r1) but 40 for Class 2, 100 / (1+1.5r1) = 100 / (1 +1.5 x 0.94) = 41.5 53.6 > 41.5 Web Not Class 2 8/15/2007
t d

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B) Subject to 800kN axial load and bending about its major axis . . . Continued . . . . Classification d/t limit = 120 / (1+2r2) but 40 for Class 3, r2 = Fc / Ag pyw = 800 x 10 / (66.6 x 275) = 0.44 120 / (1+2r2) = 120 / (1 + 2 x 0.44) = 63.8 53.6 < 63.8 Web = Class 3 Section is Class 3 Semi-Compact

Pc =pcAg
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Mc = pySx,eff or pyZx
25

Since F = 800kN < 1133kN, it is semi compact

Semi compact F = 0.619 x 1830 = 1133kN Compact F = 0.268 x 1830 = 490 kN

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C) Subject to 1500kN axial load and bending about its major axis Classification Outstand element of compression flange, b/T limit = 9 for Class 1 (Plastic), Flange = Class 1 Since 6.99 < 9 d/t limit = 120 / (1+2r2) but 40 for Class 3, r2 = Fc / Ag pyw = 1500 x 10 / (66.6 x 275) = 0.82 120 / (1+2r2) = 120 / (1 + 2 x 0.82) = 45.5 53.6 > 45.5 Web = Class 4 Section is Class 4 Slender

Pc =pcAeff Mc = pyZx,eff
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Example 2
b

t d

Consider a 400x150x6.3 hot finished RHS GradeS355 subject to bending about its major axis

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t < 16mm therefore py = 355 N/mm2 From section tables b/t = 20.8 and d/t = 60.5

275 275 = = 0.88 py 355

t d

From table 12 the limit for a class 2 flange is, 32 but less than or equal to 62-0.5d/t 32 = 28.16 and 62-0.5d/t = 24.31 Flange is class 2 From table 12 the d/t limit for a class 2 rolled web with the neutral axis at mid depth is 80 =70.4 Web is class 2
Therefore section is class 2 when subject to bending
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Classify the section under minor axis bending.

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Example 3: Classify the same section in Example 2 under minor axis bending
Web now becomes the flange and the flange the web. Flange is now class 4 (slender) under pure bending i.e. b/t=60.3 >40. An effective section modulus is therefore required about the y-y axis. Taking an excluded area equally disposed about the centroid of the section in one flange only the effective section modulus can then be x calculated. = 111
20t =111 20t

Revised y A
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y B

d=130

b=381 x

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Calculate the revised neutral axis position Take the moment of areas about A-B Where Aeff = Ag - Aex =67.3 10 =57.3cm2 Thus 75 x67.3 x100 10 x100 x(150 3.15) X = = 62.5mm 57.3 x100 The revised inertia of the section
2 D 2 I + A X g {Iex + A ex x(D x t / 2) } Ieff = g 2

Ieff = 2955x104 0.331x104-711x104 = 2244x104 mm4 The revised elastic modulus Zeff = Ieff/(D-x) = 2244x104/(150-62.5) = 256 cm2
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Summary
For optimum design of welded section, the designer has the following choices 1. Eliminate local buckling by ensuring width-to-thickness ratio is sufficiently small 2. If higher width-to-thickness is used, use stiffeners to reduce plate width 3. Determine section capacity allowing for local buckling
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Questions
Q1 What happen when the limiting plate slenderness ratios are exceeded?
Cross section strength cannot be fully developed. i.e., cross section strength is governed by local buckling instead of yielding.
Q2 How can local buckling of a plate component be prevented? Ensure that b/t ratio is compact. Provide plate stiffener so that b/t is less than the limiting b/t
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Q3 What effect does a slender and unstiffened element has on the strength of compression member as opposed to that of a non-slender element? Slender element reduces the compression resistance of the compression member because of local buckling effect

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Q4
Which of the followings are considered to be an internal elements?
1. 2. 3. 4. leg of an angle flange of a channel Web of a I section Wall of HSS

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Reading assignments

BS 5950:Part 1Code: Clauses 3.5 & 3.6 Reference : Chapter 2: Section 1

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