• There are 2 main groups of animal

a) Vertebrates
Animals in this group have backbones.
b) Invertebrates
Animals in this group do not have backbones.
• The number of invertebrates is much more than the number of
vertebrates. It is estimated that there are 1 200 000 types of
invertebrates but there are only about 47 000 types of
vertebrates.
• The classification of animals is shown in the diagram.

animals

Vertebrates Invertebrates
Mammals do
not have
Fish backbones
Reptiles use external
Birds skeletal system
Amphibians which comprises
Backbones of hard outer
shell
Use internal skeletal or special body
system to support fluids to support
their body their bodies

1. Vertebrates are classified based on their common characteristics.

a) Habitats
i Where they live naturally
b) Warm-blooded (homoeothermic) or cold-blooded (poikilothermic)
i Warm-blooded animals can maintain their body temperature regardless environment.
ii The body temperature of cold-blooded animals changes with their environment.
C) Ways of movement
i This involves the organ and the mechanism for movement.
D) The nature of body surface
i The body covering of an organisms is influenced by its environment.
E) Breathing organ
i Breathing mechanism differs in animals living on land or in water.
F) Type of fertilization
i This involves external or internal fertilization.

INVERTEBRATES

1. Animals that do not have backbones are called invertebrates such as

earthworm, cockroach, prawn, mosquito, ect.
2. Most of the invertebrates have small and simple body structures.
3. Some invertebrates obtain support from HYDROSTATIC SKELETON that
is the fluid inside their body. The pressure applied by the fluid towards the
inner part of the skin gives support and shape to the animal.
4. Some invertebrates have exoskeletons.
5. Invertebrates are divided into 2 groups.
a) Invertebrates that have jointed legs
b) Invertebrates that do not have jointed legs

Info>>
Jointed legs: 3, 4 or more than 4 of jointed legs.
No jointed legs: Worm-like invertebrates and non-worm-like invertebrates.

Invertebrates with jointed legs

1. Their body is divided into many parts called segments.
2. Their body is protected by a hard exoskeleton.

INVERTEBRATES WITHOUT JOINTED LEGS

1. Animals in this group consists of: a) worm-like invertebrates
i Some of them have segmented body while
some do not have segmented body
ii Some examples are flatworm and earthworm.
b) Non-worm-like invertebrates
i Some examples are jellyfish, snail and starfish.
 • Organisms exist in different shapes and sizes.
• Living organisms have common general
characteristics in order to survive in their specific
habitats.

CONSUME RESPIRATION
FOOD

REPRODUCTION
MOVEMENT
RESPONSE

GROWT
H EXCRETION
PROCE

CONSUME FOOD>>FOOD IS NEEDED BY ALL LIVING ORGANISMS AS A

SOURCE OF ENERGY AS WELL AS FOR GROWTH
MOVEMENT>>ANIMALS MOVE FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER IN
SEARCH OF FOOD, MATE OR PROTECTION.
GROWTH PROCESS>>ALL ORGANISMS UNDERGO GROWING
PROCESSES.
RESPONSE>>ALL ORGANISMS CAN DETECT AND RESPOND TO CHANGES
IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT.
RESPIRATION>>PLANTS TAKE IN CARBON DIOXIDE AND RELEASE
OXYGEN DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
REPRODUCTION>>LIVING THINGS PRODUCE OFFSPRING TO ENSURE
THEIR SPECIES.
EXCRETION>>ORGANISMS MUST EXPEL WASTE PRODUCT FROM THEIR
BODY.
Plants are divided into 2 main groups.
a) Flowering plants
b) Non-flowering plants

Flowering

Monocotyledons Dicotyledons

Non-flowering

Conifer Mosses Ferns Algae

s

FLOWERING PLANTS
1. Flowering plants produce flowers, which are their reproductive organs.
2. The fertilization of the ovules in a flower produces seeds and the ovary becomes a
fruit.
3. The seed contains carbohydrates that supply energy during germination.
4. The seeds may have 1 or 2 seed leaves which are called cotyledons. Therefore, plants
are grouped based on the number of cotyledons in the seed.
5. Monocotyledonous plants produce seeds with 1 cotyledon.
6. Dicotyledonous plants produce seeds with 2 cotyledons.
Non-flowering

Non-flowering
do not produce
flower.

Some of them
Non-flowering Mosses
produce spores in
plants are Ferns
order to reproduce
divided into 4 Conifers
groups. Algae
The existence of a large number of different kinds of animals and plants in their natural
habitat is known as biodiversity or biological diversity.

The presence of all living organisms on Earth is important in order to create a

balanced environment.

Steps must be taken to protect these endangered species, which includes:

• Enforce legislation, such as the banning of hunting, collecting or trading
of these wildlife or any their organs.
• Protect their habitats.
• Set up natural reserves.
• Help them to breed in an enclosed area or zoos.
• Formulate educational programmers and campaigns to increase awareness.
among the public about the importance of biodiversity to the environment.

People in the order parts of the world depend on wheat and potato as their staple food.

The existence of these flora and fauna makes Malaysian one of the most beautiful
countries in the world.
 Task1
Page
• Definition

• Classification
a) Organisms
b) Plants

• Characteristic
a) Organisms
b) Plants

• Examples
a) Organism
b) Plants

• Importance of diversity

• References

Task2 {exercise}
• Classify
• Classes of vertebrates
• Differences between sugarcane and durian
• Endangered species
• Why a whale not a fish

Task3
• 5 objective questions

Task2
Classify the following animals according to their class.

Hornbills, squirrels, newt, platypus, dolphin salamander,

porcupine, pangolin, penguin, snake

Hornbills:
Squirrels:
Newt:
Platypus:
Dolphin salamander:
Porcupine:
Pangolin:
Penguin:
Snake:

States the class(es) of vertebrates with each following characteristic.

a) Lay eggs:
b) Have constant body temperature:

c) External fertilizer:
d) Breathe through gills:
e) Body covered with hard and dry scales:
f) Give birth to live young:

Give three differences between a sugarcane and durian.

•
•
•
The leatherback turtles are one of the endangered species.
a) What is the meaning of endangered species?
• Facing the treat of becoming extinct
b) Suggest 2 ways to increase the population of these turtles.
• Stop illegal hunting and stop illegal logging
A whale is classified as a mammal and not a fish. Give three reasons for this statement.
• Warm-blooded, use lungs to breathe, internal fertilization

Task3
1. A place where organisms live naturally is called a
 a) Home
b) Habitat
c) Mansion
d) Palace

2. Which of the following is a mammal?

a) Bat
b) Kingfisher
c) Eagle
d) Ostrich

3. Which of the following is a feature of an eel?

a) Breathe through gills
b) Gives milk to its young
c) Warm-blooded
d) Gives birth

4. The grouping of living organisms is called

a) Division
b) Addition
c) Assortment
d) Classification

5. Which of the following accountants for more than 90% of the world’s animal species?
a) Mammals
b) Invertebrates
c) Fish
d) Reptiles