Safe roads, Reliable journeys, Informed travellers

IHT/Geological Society Leamington Spa - 30th January 2007

HD 25 Pavement Foundations - Update

Wyn Lloyd Pavement Engineering Team Highways Agency wyn.lloyd@highways.gsi.gov.uk

Pavement Foundations (IAN 73/06)

Background Basics Changes How it works/Examples Where it has worked Where we are going

www.highways.gov.uk

Doing business

Technical Information

Assorted Hats UK Standards HA trunk roads Advice

Reasons:

Budget

Congestion

Design robustness Use of materials/Sustainability

Less Energy

Change in concept:
Use of local materials in foundations Use of secondary materials Allowance for stronger foundations Performance related design

SC
FABM

CBGM
S FA

SS
HRBBM

SBM

Foundation Classes
Design Stiffness

Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4

50MPa 100MPa 200MPa 400MPa When?

Foundation Considerations
Variables: Foundation Class Subgrade strength Economics
Availability

Material Properties Testing regime With/without capping Thickness Age/Curing/Cracking Temperature/Season

Unbound/bound

! e g a n i a r D

Design Construction Maintenance

Existing Widening

IAN 73/06 (HD 25)

Role of foundations Materials (CBR & Stiffness Modulus) Restricted designs Performance designs Assessment Targets Demonstration Area Flow chart Example design charts Annexes Test methods

Proposed Changes
Terminology Intermediate layer testing Thin layers reduced Clarification/Simplification Total thickness value (charts) Charts clarified

Standard designs Limited materials Limited options (Class 1 3 only) For small schemes Recognises greater uncertainty

Subbase or Capping only

Analytical Designs
Performance related

Variables: Foundation Class Bound/Unbound Slow/fast setting Material Properties Thickness With/without capping

Background
Based on TRL Report LR1132 Layered linear elastic model Needs realistic estimates of in-situ stiffness of pavement materials Requires proving on site to show that design assumptions have been met Not new!

Procedure
Site testing has been formalised Measuring the Surface Modulus of the subgrade along the site Demonstration Area Uses dynamic plate testing Target values of stiffness Density and material properties tested

Design Methods
Charts

Equations

Layered linear elastic model (e.g. BISAR)

Possible designs!

On site requirements
Surface Modulus MPa
Foundation Class
Design Stiffness Modulus

Class 1 Class 2 50
Unbound 40

Class 3 200
Fast Curing 300 Slow Curing 150 Fast Curing 150 Slow Curing 75

Class 4 400
Fast Curing 600 Slow Curing 300 Fast Curing 300 Slow Curing 150

100
Unbound 80 Bound 100 50

Characteristic
Bound 50 25

Minimum

Main Works Design

Evaluate subgrade Stiffness Modulus for design Select Foundation Class

Demonstration Area
Measure subgrade in-situ Stiffness Modulus or CBR of Demonstration Area

Check subgrade in-situ Stiffness Modulus or CBR Construct main works Check material requirements (e.g. strength and density)

Construct Demonstration Area Check material requirements (e.g. strength and density)

Design Foundation

Check In-situ Stiffness Decide on target stiffness Adjust Target and Minimum Stiffness Modulus values Check In-situ Stiffness Modulus Modulus at specified age and/or prior to being covered

Monitor rutting; measure as required

Re-design

Trafficking Trial

Test Methods
DCP Dynamic Plate

+
Springbox Compressive strength Density

Specification
Subgrade Foundation Demonstration Area Stiffness Modulus Density & Deformation DCP

TRL Report PPR 127 Road Foundation Design for Major UK Highways Chaddock & Roberts
www.trl.co.uk

Examples

Standard design FC3

2.5%

Class 3 Subbase CBGMA or CBMGB C8/10

Standard Designs
Example

Foundation Class 3 (200MPa) on 2.5% CBR

340mm of CBGMA/B C8/10

Standard designs FC2

on capping

5%

Standard Designs
on capping
Example

Foundation Class 2 (100MPa) on 5% CBR

450mm total foundation thickness 230mm of Type 1, Type 2, Type 3 or Category B over 220mm of capping material to MCHW1 Series 600

Analytical design
M29 Widening

3 Foundation Classes 3 Methods Charts Equations Modelling FC2 (Capping + Type 1) FC3 (FABM1) FC4 CBGM C8/10

M29 - Class 2

(Charts)

Design CBR = 2 %

6F2 Capping Type 1 subbase Use Figure 5.6

Layer Modulus = 75MPa Layer Modulus = 150MPa

510mm

250mm

2.5%

M29 Class 2 Design Thickness

Total foundation thickness = 510mm Capping thickness = 250mm Subbase thickness = 510mm - 250mm = 260mm

M29 Class 3
Foundation Class 3

(Equations)

(Design Modulus = 200 MPa)

Laboratory testing of FABM1 C6/8 gives an Element Modulus of 7000MPa Para 3.30 IAN73 requires 10% of laboratory or Element Modulus to be used for design Permitted Layer Modulus = 700MPa Equations

Class 3 Design Thicknesses

Class 3 Design Thicknesses

ESB-0.480 = 0.043 ESB-0.008 = 0.949 Ln(2.5) = 0.916
HSB = 8.44*103*0.043*(1.0-0.261*0.949*0.916) = 362.92*(1.0-0.227) = 280mm Add construction tolerance

M29 Class 4

(Modelling)

Determine estimates of Layer Moduli Laboratory testing of CBGMB C8/10 gives an Element Modulus of 20,000MPa Para 3.30 IAN73 requires 20% of laboratory or Element Modulus to be used for design Permitted Layer Modulus = 4000MPa Estimate subgrade modulus E = 17.6(CBR)0.64 E = 32 MPa Use Modelling method

Model Parameters

Model Parameters
200 to 235 of subbase @ 4000MPa ( PR = 0.35) 1500 mm of subgrade @ 31MPA (PR = 0.45) Semi-infinite layer @ 10,000 MPA (PR = 0.45)

Strain Criteria Deflection Criteria Trial Calculations Minimum thickness

235 mm

Summary
Class 2 : 260mm Type 1 on 250mm 6F2 Capping

Class 3: Class 4:

280mm FABM1 C6/8 235mm CBGM B C8/10

Tolerances!!!

Summary
Class 2 : 270mm Type 1 on 250mm 6F2 Capping

Class 3: Class 4:

290mm FABM1 C6/8 250mm CBGM B C8/10

On site requirements
Surface Modulus MPa
Foundation Class
Design Stiffness Modulus

Class 1 50
Unbound 40

Class 2 100
Unbound 80 Bound 100 50

Class 3 200
Fast Curing 300 Slow Curing 150 Fast Curing 150 Slow Curing 75

Class 4 400
Fast Curing 600 Slow Curing 300 Fast Curing 300 Slow Curing 150

Characteristic
Bound 50 25

Minimum

Adjustment for CBR - 1

Demonstration Area SBC Ltd get onto site and find that actual CBR is even higher than the estimated 9% Target & Minimum stiffnesses need to be adjusted for Demonstration Area Factor = 1.28 x Log (Actual CBR / Design CBR) = 1.28 x Log 9/3.5 = 1.28 x 0.25 = 1.53

Adjustment for CBR - 2

Characteristic
Table 5.1 Adjusted

Minimum
Table 5.1 Adjusted

Class 2

80 MPa

122 MPa 230 MPa

50 MPa 75 MPa

77 MPa 115 MPa

Class 3 150 MPa Class 4 600 MPa

918 MPa 300 MPa 459 MPa

M29 Class 4 Foundation

280mm HDM50 250mm + CBGMB 8/10 Design CBR = 2.5%

2250 2000 Foundation stiffness (MPa) 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500 250 0 5100

Main Works (untrafficked): Effect of pre-cracks

Foundation Class FC4:

Quick curing target: Average: 600MPa

5200

5300

5400 Site chainage (m)

5500

5600

5700

Slabs - Running mean of 6

Cracks - Running mean of 6

200 180 Ratio adjusted PRIMA stiffness results at stress 112kPa (MPa) 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0

PRIMA correction factor = 1.20

y = 1.0063x R2 = 0.7622

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

FWD stiffness results at stress 163kPa (MPa)

Looking ahead

IAN 73/06 revised HD 25/07

Thank you

Wyn Lloyd Pavement Engineering Team Highways Agency 0123 479 6081 wyn.lloyd@highways.gsi.gov.uk