The Philippines under Martial Law

1. Why did Marcos impose Martial Law over the Philippines? The Marcos regime justified the imposition of the Martial Law by arguing that it would protect the government from a possible communist take-over due to the widespread rebellion spearheaded by the CPP, with its armed wing NPA during those times. However, Martial Law was later abused by the president to deprive the Filipinos of their certain human rights. 2. How did Martial Law violate the rights of the people? Martial Law violated the rights of the Filipinos by fundamentally depriving them of their freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, regular election, and right to organize in the country. Other forms of violation include intimidation, rape, killing, and physical and psychological torture. 3. How did Marcos use the military to pursue his political agenda? Aside from voting, the Marcos regime utilized the military in his political dynasty to intensify his political clout, especially in the violation of the human rights. 4. What is the root cause of the Muslim secessionism? The root of the secession and rebellion of the Muslim was their belief that they were victims of human rights violations and land grabbing. They believed that the government carried out discriminatory in favour of the Christian majority at their expense. 5. How did Marcos control the Media? Marcos controlled and influenced the media by sponsoring to Media Institutions. Martial law could also be taken into account as it deprives freedom of speech, influencing the media.

Caermare, Cesar Ian A. B.S. Chemistry IV October 22, 2013 Restoration of Democracy 1. According to Renato Constantino, what role do the students perform in the society? According to Renato Constantino, students serve as the conscience of the nation and it is from their ranks that the new leaders of progressive movements will arise. 2. What was Ninoy Aquinos Role in the society during the Marcos regime? Benigno Ninoy Aquino was the closest political rival of President Marcos during the Marcos regime. 3. What did Marcos want to prove by having a snap election? By having a snap election, Marcos wants to prove to the foreign observers that he still has the legal mandate to the people and that democracy still thrives in his government. 4. What was the role of the civil society during the Marcos regime? During the Marcos regime, the civil society was at the forefront of the protest actions. They formed a political movement to challenge the repressive and anti-democratic system of President Marcos. 5. How did the people respond to the call of Jaime Cardinal Sin against Dictatorship? An estimated 1 million people flocked to EDSA in response to the call of Jaime Cardinal Sin to show their support to the rebel troops and take a stand against dictatorship.

Caermare, Cesar Ian A. B.S. Chemistry IV October 22, 2013 Administrations of Presidents from Roxas to Arroyo 1. What were the problems which confronted the Roxas administration? The Roxas Administration was confronted by problems such as widespread agrarian discontent and unrest. The abuses of the provincial military police contributed to the rise of the left-wing Hukbalahap (Huk) movement in the countryside. His heavy-handed attempts to crush the Huks led to widespread peasant disaffection. (Roxas (y Acuna), Manuel. (2012). Encyclopdia Britannica) 2. What do you think is the legacy of Magsaysay? I think the legacy of Ramon Magsaysay was his victory in defeating the Huks. 3. What were the programs launched by the Garcia Administration? The programs that were launced during the Garcia Administrations were Austerity program, Filipino First Policy, and Republic Cultural Awards. 4. What were the problems which hindered the reforms of the Macapagal Administration? The House of the Representatives and Senate blocked the reforms of Diosdado Macapagal, They did not provide a separate bill to fund the implementation of the reform. 5. Why was Marcos criticized for his Vietnam Policy? The Vietnam Policy of Marcos was criticized because when Diosdado Macapagal attempted to persuaded the Congress to send troops to South Vietnam, Marcos led the opposition to the approval of the proposal of Macapagals Vietnam Policy (sending troops to South Vietnam). 6. What was the important legacy of Aquino? The important legacy of Aquino is the restoration of democracy through creation and promulgation of the 1987 Philippine constitution to replace the 1973 Constitution. 7. What were the policies/programs of the Ramos administration? The following were Policies/Programs of the Ramos Administration (http://bloomspresidents.wordpress.com/fidel-v-ramos-1992%E2%80%931998/) Philippines 2000 program which aimed to uplift the Philippines into the status of a newly industrialized country by the year 2000. R.A. 7638 was signed and implemented to create the department of energy R.A. 7648 addressed the electric power crisis in the country R.A. 7832 penalizes theft and pilferage of electric lines and materials R.A. 8179 further allows foreign investments Deregulation and Privatization of Major Properties Protection of Migrant Workers

8. What were the corruption cases filed against President Estrada in his impeachment case? The corruption cases filed against President Estrada were plunder and perjury. The plunder case consisted of four separate charges: acceptance of 545 million pesos from proceeds of jueteng, an illegal gambling game; misappropriation of 130 million pesos in excise taxes from tobacco; receiving a 189.7-million-peso commission from the sale of the shares of Belle Corporation, a real-estate firm; and owning some 3.2 billion pesos in a bank account under the name Jose Velarde. The minor charge of perjury is for Estrada under-reporting his assets in his 1999 statement of assets and liabilities and for the illegal use of an alias, namely for the Jose Velarde bank account (Wikipedia) The plunder charge was based upon a complaint filed before the ombudsman by Dante Jimenez, human rights lawyer Romeo Capulong, trial lawyer Leonard de Vera, 1971 Constitutional Convention delegate Ramon A. Gonzales, lawyers Antonio T. Carpio and Dennis B. Funa. 9. What do you think was the greatest challenge faced by President Arroyo? I think the greatest challenge faced by President Arroyo is the Constant coup attempts and rumours of such due to the unstable economic status in those times in our country. 10. Why did the impeachment case against President Arroyo fail? The impeachment case against President Arroyo failed because the allies of Arroyo dominate the panel that votes for the impeachment to be transmitted to and trial by the Senate (none of the cases reached the required endorsement of 1/3 of the members) (wikipedia).

Caermare, Cesar Ian A. B.S. Chemistry IV October 22, 2013 Concepts on State, Government, and Constitution

1. What are the elements of a state? Explain each. Population Territory All the people belonging to a territory in the state. A self-sufficing area belonging to a population under the jurisdiction of the state.

Government The governing body of the state that administers and regulates the will of the state. Sovereignty The ultimate authority in the state to govern the state in maintenance of order and exercising freedom from interference and commands of external control (i.e. other states). 2. Can one be considered a state without one of its elements? Explain your answer. No. Without one of its elements, one cant be considered a state because it would violate the very characteristic of the state, its characteristic as an organized political community, exercising sovereignty under one government. 3. What is the difference between the two aspects of sovereignty? Internal Sovereignty Interenal sovereignity is a relationship between a sovereign power and its own subjects. By authority, it is the supreme and final power to command all persons within the territory of the State. External Sovereignity - External sovereignty concerns the relationship between a sovereign power and other states. It is the external sovereignty that makes a state independent from other states. 4. What is the difference between a nation and a state? Nation a nation is a collection of people that shares common descent, culture, or language, like an ethnic group. State it is a collection of people or territory considered as an organized political community under one government. 5. What is a Constitution?

A constitution is a body of doctrines and practices that form the fundamental organizing principle of a political state. It is a specific written document that establishes, limits, defines, and distributes the powers of government.