Journal of Computational Information Systems 8: 23 (2012) 98479854 Available at http://www.Jofcis.

com

A High Capacity 512 Split Hybrid WDM/TDM-PON Architecture Using DPSK Downstream and Intensity Re-modulation for Upstream Colorless Transmission
Shahab Ahmad NIAZI , Xiaoguang ZHANG, Lixia XI, Yousaf KHAN, Abid MUNIR, Muhammad Idress AFRIDI
Institute of Information Photonics and Optical communication, State Key laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communication, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China

Abstract We propose and present a cost-eective colorless 10Gbps Hybrid Wavelength-Division-Multiplexed/Time Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Network (WDM/TDM-PON) architecture using 32 down and upstream wavelengths with each wavelength supporting 16 power splitter based TDM Optical Network Units. We have applied dierential phase shift keying modulation technique for downlink to achieve high extinction ratio and same signal is re-modulated for uplink using intensity modulation (OOK) at symmetric data rate of 10-Gbps to avoid the cost of laser diode at ONU side. The Simulation results show error free transmission performance with negligible power penalty and enhanced receiver sensitivity for a distance of 25 Km. Keywords : Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM); Passive Optical Network (PON); Time Division Multiplexing (TDM); Dierential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK); ON-OFF Keying (OOK)

Introduction

After invention of telephone in 1876, copper based access network was devised to deliver basic telephony services to the customers. But with the advent of Internet and veritable growth of data devouring applications have necessitated the access network which can cope with present and future bandwidth requirements. A PON is designed to provide a point-to-multipoint ber based access network architecture. Typically, PON consists of optical line terminal (OLT), remote node (RN), several optical network units (ONUs), and ber links including feeder ber (FF) between OLT and RN which are shared by all the ONUs and distribution bers (DFs) between RN and each ONU [1]. In comparison to traditional point to point twisted pair copper based access network, PON scales down the amount of infrastructure required at the central oce
Project is partially supported by research fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(Grant No.20110005110014). Corresponding author. Email address: shahabniazi@yahoo.com (Shahab Ahmad NIAZI).

15539105 / Copyright December 1, 2012

2012 Binary Information Press

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and in the local loop. Passive optical networks (PONs) have been evolving from traditional time division multiplexing (TDM) PONs such as Ethernet passive optical networks (EPONs) gigabit passive optical networks (GPONs) to wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) PONs and the most recently emerging optical orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) PONs [2]. Current standardized PONs (IEEE P802.3av, IEEE P802.3ah, IEEE P1904.1), GPON (ITU-T G.984) utilize two wavelengths; one wavelength is used for down and another for uptransmission, in a TDM access [3]. In the upstream direction, the T-CONTs reports queue status by REPORT message, which include PLOu (physical layer overhead upstream), PLOAMu and DBRu) by TDMA to avoid signal collisions. In the downstream direction, the OLT grants GATE messages, which include PCBd, US BWmap and payload, by broadcasting method to coordinate the transmission window [4]. To meet with increasing user demands, 10G PONs (e.g. XG-PON and 10G EPONs) have also been standardized for next generation optical access. As per one study, the commonly deployed power splitter based TDM PON will be unable to provide the expected residential data rates by the year 2020 [5]. Moreover, the traditional TDM PON is based on tree topology which lacks versatility of the network, such as protection, restoration, and point-to-point link on wavelength domain features. Therefore the research community is now pursuing a wide variety of options for next generation optical access, with the general aim of increasing the network capacity and per customer bandwidths, extending the network reach and increasing the number of customers served from a single node [6]. To fully utilize the available vast bandwidth of Optical Fibers, the wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON) is proposed for future generation of access networks. However, a pure WDM PON oers a separate wavelength channel per user and hence provides no opportunity to share capacity among the users and to use the network resources in a exible way. A hybrid WDM/TDM PON system combines the WDM domain with a TDM PON and can deliver both the benets of an increased capacity delivered by WDM and the inherent capacity sharing of a TDM PON [7]. It should be noted that a huge increase of the number of ONUs can be achieved by incorporating both WDM and TDM channels in a PON system with smaller system installation expenditure compared to pure WDM or TDM-based PON systems [8]. Dierent techniques are proposed for downstream and upstream signal propagations in WDM/TDM PONs based on Fabry-perot laser diode but needed relatively high power to achieve injection locking. It also compromised the extinction ratio (ER) of the downstream signal for the integrity of the upstream signal. However dierential phase shift keying (DPSK) was proposed for downstream [9] to solve the ER limitation problem but injection locking using DPSK signal suer from amplitude uctuations due to the phase-to-intensity conversion in the upstream signal. Another proposed scheme for WDM-PON using DPSK downstream and OOK upstream has mentioned in [10], but downstream signal was de-multiplexed by a narrowband arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) before launching into the reective semiconductor optical amplier (RSOA) and this produced a relatively high power penalty in the upstream signal. DPSK for downstream and OOK for Upstream using RSOA and CW laser is proposed in [11] but they have applied it only for single wavelength and 20 km distance. Recently, a hybrid TDM/WDM PON using self-seeded reective semiconductor optical ampliers (RSOA) as colorless transmitters is proposed in [12] but they use high split ratio of 1:32 for OOK in downstream and used 20 GB data rata which is not compatible with the current standards of 10G-EPON and XG-PON which are designed for 10GB data rates. To implement this technique changes also require for TDM protocol suits. Here, we propose and demonstrate a signal remodulation scheme of downstream DPSK and

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Optical Line Terminal
Clock

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RN-1 RN-2
1*16 Splitter

ONU
Tx/RX

Pre- Coder
DFB-1

Combiner
DPSK signal

PS
1

1
MZM

Ch-1

Feeder Fiber

Distribution Fiber 5Km

Up-link data

DEMUX

MUX

DFB-32

20 Km

IM
32

32
PD BER

Ch-32

Ch 1

Feeder Fiber

Ch-1

Distribution Fiber 5Km

MUX

DEMUX

Ch-32 -

20 Km

Ch-32

Fig. 1: Schematic diagram of 10-Gbps RZ-DPSK down and RZ-OOK upstream architecture upstream OOK using 32 wavelengths. If we congure Hybrid PON with xed wavelengths then each wavelength can be regarded as a virtual TDM PON (VPON) and the whole WDM/TDM PON actually consists of multiple parallel VPONs [13]. In this scheme we have 32-VPONs with the capacity of 16 power splitter based TDM ONUs. Total system is designed and simulated for 512 ONUs with DPSK and OOK remodulation techniques which are very rst time as per our knowledge. After this brief introduction, section 2 describes the simulation setup and working principle of the architecture of hybrid TDM/WDM PONs, section 3 presents simulation results and analysis of these results for 10Gb/s PON with 512-split, Finally, section 4 summarizes the paper.

Simulation Setup and Working Principle

Fig.1 shows the architecture of the proposed WDM-TDM PON using DPSK downstream and OOK upstream signals from 1552.52nm/193.1THz to 1527.99 nm/196.2THz with 100 GHz spacing encoded with 10-Gbps pseudorandom bit stream (PRBS) data. The pseudorandom data is applied to a 5GHz clock using a combiner and then modulated by a LiNbO3-MZM to generate RZ-DPSK downstream data signal. 32 continuous light waves with a launch power of 10 dBm are generated by an array of distributed feedback (DFB) lasers at frequency range of 193.1THz to 196.2 THz for generation of 32 dierent channels respectively. Finally they are multiplexed and transmitted over Standard Single Mode Fiber (SSMF).The output of serial DPSK transmitter for DPSK format with m bit per symbol is given by[14], Es (t) = Ps .ej (s t+s ) .ej
P M 1 (t) . v

.ej

P M 2 (t) . v

(1)

Where Ps represents the eld amplitude, s signal angular frequency, s the initial phase, V is the driving voltage to achieve phase shift. At the Remote Node (RN) a 3dB optical splitter divides downstream signal into two parts. First part of the signal after splitting by power splitter demodulated by applying delay line interferometer (DLI) and balanced PIN photo diodes. The

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decision on each symbol of DPSK signal depends upon sampling instant tk , can be interpreted as periodic with T at each sampling instant tk and can be expanded in Fourier series, x(t) =
L P =1

xK,P .ej 2(P L/2)(ttk )/T0

(2)

With the Fourier coecient dened as, xK,P 1 qT0 j 2q(P L/2))/L = x(tk T0 + ).e L q=1 L
L

(3)

The total number of samples considered for the Fourier expansion is given by vector L with rows xK . Whereas, the second part of the downstream optical signal is sent for Intensity re-modulation which is achieved by technique of 10-Gbps RZ-OOK. In intensity Modulator, an optical delay line before MZM used to align Return to Zero (RZ) pulses with the data modulation. A DPSK signal is used as incoming signal (Ein ), so the information in the phase whereas power remains the constant. Then the signal passes through delay interferometer in which having the same value of = 0.5 split as can be seen in the following matrix, ( )( ) ( ) Eout1 Ein1 1 j 1 = (4) 2 j 1 Eout2 Ein2 Where Ein1 , Ein2 are the inputs voltages in the up-arm and down-arm respectively and Eout1 , Eout2 representing outputs. On the rst coupler, signal is delayed by one bit or what is same 1/bit rate, whereas no delay is applied to the other part of the signal. After the second coupler, at the output of DI can be shown in the following equations, 1 E01 = (Ei (t) + Ei (t T )) 2 E02 = J (Ei (t) + Ei (t T )) 2 (5) (6)

The optical power at DLI outputs can be mathematically mentioned when neglecting frequency drift eects, 1 1 1 Pout1 (t) = Ps .a2 (t) + Ps .a2 (t T ) Ps .a(t)a(t T ) cos [(t) + ns (t) + DLI ] 4 4 2 1 1 1 Pout2 (t) = Ps .a2 (t) + Ps .a2 (t T ) Ps .a(t)a(t T ) cos [(t) + ns (t) + DLI ] 4 4 2 (7) (8)

Here a(t) represents the current modulation amplitude, the modulation amplitude delayed by one symbol duration a(t T ), the modulation phase dierence (t), the laser phase noise ns (t) and the DLI phase shift DLI . The output current of the photodiode in the intensity detection branch is, R (9) ID (t) = .a2 t.Ps + Ish+ Ith 2

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D.Link 25-Km Ch-2 0.01 1E-3 1E-4 1E-5 1E-6 1E-7 1E-8 1E-9 1E-10 1E-11 1E-12 1E-13 1E-14 1E-15 1E-16 1E-17 1E-18 1E-19 1E-20 1E-21 1E-22 -42 -40 -38 -36 -34 -32 -30 -28 -26 -24 -22 -20 -18 D.Link B2B Ch-1 D.Link B2B Ch-2 D.Link 25Km Ch-1 U.Link 25-Km Ch-1 U.Link 25-Km Ch-2 U.Link B2B Ch-1 Up.Link B2B Ch-2

BER

Received Power(dBm)

Fig. 2: BER/Received power graph for down/upstream B-B and 25-Km propagation Where Ish and Ith shows the shoot and thermal noises respectively. The generated upstream signal is propagated through separate feeder ber towards OLT as we have used separate feeder bers for upstream and downstream propagation of signal. In this technique, we have used two remote nodes to achieve higher exibility and split, rst node is after 20-km propagation of multiplexed signal where signal is de-multiplexed and resulting each wave length is further transmitted on distributed ber for 5 km. Further at RN-2, signal split in to two parts and then downstream part further divided by 1*16 power splitter to serve 16 customers on TDM sharing basis. One advantage of this remodulation scheme is that it is insensitive to the polarization of the input downstream DPSK signals. Another advantage of this scheme is that the synchronization between the downstream and upstream signals is not required. This is dierent from other previously proposed remodulation scheme, in which the downstream signal should be synchronized in order to generate the upstream signal. Longer reach and higher split ratio hybrid WDM-TDM PON is desirable in order to lower the cost per costumer for provide broadband services. Previous studies show that DPSK signal is more tolerant to stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) than conventional OOK signal [15], and the average input power from the head end can be as high as 15 dBm in the carrier distributed network. No additional amplication is applied in Fig. 1; standard ber of 0.2 dB/km loss is used.

Results and Discussion

The bit error rate (BER) as a function of received optical power for both down and upstream transmission for ch-1 and ch-2 is shown in Figure-2, representing back to back and 25-Km transmission lengths. A small power penalty of 2-dB in downstream and 1-dB for upstream relative to B2B scenario has been experienced at BER of 109 after propagating the distance of 25 km. Whereas clear eye diagrams after down and upstream 25-km traversal of all channels received as shown for ch-1,ch-9,ch-16 and ch-32 in g-3. Therefore, it is evident from the above results that an error free transmission has been achieved for both downstream and upstream direction without using any optical amplier or dispersion compensation modules to avoid the system complexity and cost. We achieved the wavelength division multiplexed access with a DWDM grid at very low cost by applying colorless ONUs as no laser diode used at customer end. We also have applied a dual feeder ber topology for our Hybrid WDM/TDM-PON to prevent the Rayleigh backscattering caused by the carrier in the feeder ber from reaching the US receiver, which otherwise

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results severe interferometric noise, limiting reach and split[16]. As we havent used any optical amplier therefore eliminates need of expensive, tunable narrow and optical lters in the ONUs. Signal power, noise power and OSNR values after 20-km propagation in the downstream direction before de-multiplexing and 25-km upstream transmission at OLT before de-multiplexing is shown in g.4. Whereas down stream and upstream power spectrum is represented in g-5, which indicates stable signal powers and high OSNR values for all 32-wavelengths used. In comparison, the scheme has reduced the upstream power penalty by 1dB relative to downstream signal. This was achieved by maintaining a high DS OSNR and a high launch power from the OLT into the TDM-PONs. We didnt use the Wavelength Selector Switch (WSS) to attain the exibility in our technique instead of passive de-multiplexer to avoid power requirement for WSS. Although WSS can improve the exibility of PON architecture by adding an active remote node even with reduced power splitting, as the next generation PONs aims for a higher reach, the WSS based congurations can give signicant exibility advantages. But this exibility can compromise the passive nature of PON, WSS based remote node (RN) will be semi passive whereas existing infrastructure is mostly passive in access network. Another attractive approach proposed for the scalability and trunk protection, an alternate implementation of the hybrid WDM/TDM-PON consists of the organization of the optical distribution network (ODN) as a WDM bidirectional ring with cascadable passive Add & Drop remote nodes (RN) connecting the TDM access trees, as proposed in the FP7 SARDANA(Scalable Advanced Ring based Passive Dense Access Network Architecture) project[17]. That combined Ring+Tree topology can optimize the use of the ber infrastructure in the optical distribution network. In our scheme, we used just tree topology compatible to the present installations but our scheme can easily be upgraded in the Ring+Tree topology to achieve the benets of scalability and granularity.

Fig. 3: Down and upstream eye diagrams for ch-1, ch-9, ch-16, ch-32

35 30 25 20 15 10

35 30 25

Signal Power Noise Power OSNR

20 15 10 5 0

Signal Power Noise Power OSNR

Power (dBm)

Power(dBm)
193 194 195 196

5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20

-5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35

-25 -30

-40 -45 193.0 193.5 194.0 194.5 195.0 195.5 196.0 196.5

Frequency (THz)

Frequency (THz)

Fig. 4: Down/Up stream signal power,noise power and OSNR

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Fig. 5: Down/Up stream 32-wavelength power spectrum

Conclusion

We proposed and demonstrated a High Capacity cost eective colorless 10-Gbps symmetric hybrid WDM/TDM-PON architecture using RZ-shaped DPSK downstream data signal and intensity remodulated RZ-OOK upstream using 32 wavelengths and 16-power splitter based TDM optical network units. An error free transmission over a distance of 25km with lower BER and improved receiver sensitivity is achieved.

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