LITERATURE REVIEW of Articles

Literature review
Mr. Abdullah conducted a study on Antecedents of Organizational Commitment: A Study of Banking Sector of Pakistan The study was carried out to check the association of factors like work environment, job security, pay satisfaction and participation in decision making; with organizational commitment of the employees, working in the banking sector of Pakistan. Two hundred and fifteen (215) responses to questionnaire-based survey were collected from managerial and non-managerial employees, and analyzed through using SPSS 17.0. Statistical analysis indicates that the employees working in the banking sector feel that their jobs are somewhat secure.

Literature review
Maria Batool and Raza Ullah conducted a study on Impact of Job Stress and Organizational Commitment in Banking Sector: Study of Commercial Banks in District Peshawar . The main focus of study was on two dimensions Organizational commitment, job satisfaction in banking sector. Employees in grade 17 or above are included in the population of this study. The sample of this research study is composed of hundred (100) (N= 100) banking employees. Data analysis has been performed using SPSS software. Results of this study demonstrate that there is negative relationship in job stress and organizational commitment.

Literature Review
The study was conducted by Naveed, Shafiq & Khalid on Impacts of Job Satisfaction on Organizational Commitment: A Theoretical Model for Academicians in HEI of Developing Countries like Pakistan. The focus of the study was to analyse job satisfaction, Organizational commitment and demographic variables. The paper offer a theoretical model of the complexity of relationship between these attitudes and other related variables or factors which explain the whole story of their interdependence between the job satisfaction and organizational commitment of teachers. The main objective of the paper is to pinpoint a conceptual model to explain these attitudes to satisfy the teachers at higher education institution in developing state like, Pakistan.

Literature Review
Ms Maryam and Dr. Imran conducted a study to Investigating Organizational Commitment as the Outcome of Job Satisfaction: A Study of Banking Sector of Pakistan. The main focus of the study was to analyse the Intrinsic Job Satisfaction, Extrinsic Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment. Sample size for this study is 384 and sample was selected through simple random sampling. Questionnaire short form was developed for data collection. The study has used SPSS version 17 for data analyses. Results showed the significant and positive effect of both components of job satisfaction on organizational commitment.

Literature Review
Prof Ehsan and Dr. Samina conducted a study on Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment of University Teachers in Public Sector of Pakistan about 650 survey questionnaires were distributed by employing diverse modes of communication such as email, in person and post. Stepwise regression analysis and one sample t-tests were used to confirming the research hypotheses. The main focus of the study was to analyse the two dimensions Organizational
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LITERATURE REVIEW of Articles commitment, job satisfaction. The findings of the study indicated that the satisfaction with work-itself, quality of supervision and pay satisfaction had significant positive influence on organizational commitment of faculty members.

Literature Review
Opolot Julius conducted a study to investigate Leadership behaviour, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction and service quality in commercial banks in Uganda. The study literature was about Leadership Behaviour, Organisational Commitment, Job Satisfaction and Service Quality. The study adopted a cross sectional design which was quantitative and qualitative in nature. It involved descriptive and analytical research designs. The study sample comprised of 368 frontline employees and 384 customers who were selected through purposive and stratified sampling techniques respectively. The data was tested for reliability, analyzed using SPSS and results presented based on the study objectives. Results revealed positive and significant relationships between, Leadership Behaviour and Service Quality, Leadership Behaviour and Organizational Commitment, Leadership Behaviour and Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment and Service Quality, Job satisfaction and Service quality which implies that when one variable is improved it leads to improvement of the other.

Literature Review
John and Wendy conducted a survey on The Influence of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment on Executive Withdrawal and Performance. The study focused on following goals: job, research, performance, human resource, management, employee, work, satisfaction, leadership, commitment the data used in this study are from a survey sent to 10,000 executives in the database of the Ray & Berndtson executive search firm. (13.41% response rate) data was analyzed by using single indicator latent variable models that incorporated measurement error. The result said that Job satisfaction had the strongest relationship, but both affective and continuance commitment showed an incremental effect even in the presence of job satisfaction.

Literature Review
James, Dougles and Charles conducted a survey on: on the causal ordering of job satisfaction and organizational commitment Data taken from these questionnaires constitute the time 1 measurements. Data from a second wave of questionnaires, completed in August 1981, provide measures of satisfaction and commitment at time 2. The main focus of study was on Organizational commitment which have three questions (1] a strong belief in an organization's
values and goals, (2] a willingness to expend considerable effort for it, and (3] a strong intent or desire to remain employed by the organization.

The response rate for the first wave was 63 percent and 47 percent. The data were analyzed with the LISREL statistical package. The finding of this study is that there is no support for either of the hypothesized causal linkages between job satisfaction and organizational commitment.

Literature Review
Jasmine Sonia conducted a study on organizational commitment and job satisfaction: a study of employees in the information technology industry in Bangalore, India. The focus of the study was on Organizational commitment and job satisfaction. the sample-For the present
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LITERATURE REVIEW of Articles study data was collected with the help of structured questionnaire from 300 employees working in software industry. Samples were selected from 10 top IT multinational companies. Data was analyzed through descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation and ANOVA Regression and ttest. The level of organizational commitment was moderate, with relatively higher variability in affective commitment. IT employees were showing only a moderate level of job satisfaction.

Literature Review
M. Rauf and M. Saeed surveyed on Relationship between Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction of Teachers Serving as Subject Specialists at Higher Secondary Schools in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The study was analysed through Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction, Higher Secondary Schools, Subject Specialists The central zone (Zone-II) of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was selected as sample and all the 610 Subject Specialists working in all the 95 Government Higher Secondary Schools were taken as respondents for this study. Data was collected through two questionnaires namely organizational commitment scale and job satisfaction scale. Rate of return of the questionnaires remained 89%. Data was analyzed through SPSS. Results of the study show that organizational commitment and job satisfaction of subject specialists are positively correlated.

ARTICLES FROM REFERENCES

Literature Review
Dr. Samina and Komal surveyed on Influence of Employee Compensation on Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction: A Case Study of Educational Sector of Pakistan . The main focus of the study was To explore and analyze the employee compensation, organizational commitment (Affective, normative and continuous commitment) and Job Satisfaction. Questionnaire that were sent through email were 150, out of which 132 came back so the response rate was 88%. All faculty members of universities recognized by Higher education commission (HEC) were included in the population and data was analyzed through SPSS. The current research study reveals that compensation management can effect Job satisfaction and employees organizational commitment.

Literature Review
Akyay UYGUR & Gonca KILIC studied on: The investigation studied the level of organizational commitment and the job involvement of the personnel at Central Organization of Ministry of Health in Turkey. The focus of the study was on Organizational commitment and job involvement. 210 subjects, selected randomly, were distributed the questionnaire forms. Of the questionnaires, 180 of them (86%) returned and 168 of them were regarded valid and acceptable and analyzed. A moderate positive correlation was found out between organizational commitment and job involvement (r=0,44). In the light of this, there is a significant correlation between organizational commitment and job involvement, though not very strong.
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LITERATURE REVIEW of Articles

Literature Review
Sajid Bashir and M. Ismail conducted a study on Determinants of Organizational Commitment a Study of Information Technology Professionals in Pakistan. This study was conducted to examines the relationship between career opportunities, work life policies, job characteristics and organizational commitment. Sixteen organizations employing almost 155 IT professionals were selected. Whole population was taken as sample. 142 questionnaires were received back thus response rate was 91%. Data was analyzed through correlation and regression analysis. The findings of the study are quite helpful in finding out determinants that can induce organizational commitment in IT professionals of Pakistan.

Literature Review
Faisal & Omer surveyed: This study aims to analyze the impact of organizational justice, employees job satisfaction and employee empowerment on organizational commitment of semi government organizations employees. The focus of the study was on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, organizational justice, employees' empowerment. A total of 275 survey questionnaires were distributed among employees of CAA. Data was analyzed through correlation and regression. The results of these variables were then utilized to probe their effect on organizational commitment.

Literature Review
A. Khatibi, H. Asadi and M. Hamidi researched on The Relationship between Job Stress and Organizational Commitment in National Olympic and Paralympics Academy. The study was analysed on two dimensions Job stress & Organizational commitment. Out of 59 questionnaires which had been (52%) were single and 24 subjects (48%) were married. distributed among statistical population, 50 were Educational level showed that 12 subjects (24%) were answered completely (refer rate=0.84). The data was analyzed through Pearson correlation coefficient test, Independent t test and ANOVA. The results indicated a negative significant relationship between job stress and organizational commitment, affective commitment and normative commitment, but there was not a significant relationship between job stress and continuance commitment.

Literature Review
Nasina Mat Desa researched on leadership behavior and job satisfaction among bank officers: the impact of task characteristics. The study was analysed to check the relationship between Leadership Behaviour & Job Satisfaction. A sample of 170 managers was drawn from six commercial banks located in Northern Malaysia. Data were gathered by means of a survey questionnaire. Hierarchical multiple regression results provided support that nurturant task leadership behavior would lead to the most effective supervision, followed by participative and autocratic. Further analyses found that task structure and task variety did not moderate the relationship between leadership behaviors all the dependent variables.

Literature Review
Aamir Ali & Sohail Zafar researched on Antecedents and Consequences of Organizational Commitment among Pakistani University Teachers. The study was conducted to determine the job satisfaction, and the two dimensions of organizational justice (distributive justice &
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LITERATURE REVIEW of Articles procedural justice) Data were collected by questionnaire 140 questionnaires distributed, 125 were completed and returned, and response rate was 89.2%. Data was analyzed through correlation and regression. The results of this study revealed that highly committed faculty members are likely to continue their association with their current institutions, and at the same time, they are likely to put more effort on behalf of their respective institutions and thereby perform at higher levels than their uncommitted counterparts.

Literature Review
Natalie J. Allen & John P. Meyer studied on the measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. The focus of the study was on Organizational Commitment and his three dimensions (Affective, Continuance and Normative). Data were collected through questionnaires, 634 questionnaires were distributed out of these 337 (53.2 per cent) were completed and returned. Data was analyzed through SPSS software. The results of Study said that further attention should be given to the development of the normative component of commitment.

Literature Review
Zainudin Awang & Junaidah Hanim Ahmad researched on Modeling Job Satisfaction and Work Commitment among Lecturers: A Case of UiTM Kelantan. The focus the study was to examine the Job satisfaction and Work Commitment. The study used self administered questionnaires which were distributed to 320 lecturers from UiTM Kelantan. Data was analyzed using SPSS. the findings of this study indicate that satisfied lecturers will be committed to their job, and promotional opportunities, workload and relationship with colleagues should be given due consideration as they significantly affect job satisfaction level among lecturers.

Literature Review
LEW TEK YEW researched on job satisfaction and affective commitment: a study of employees in the tourism industry in Sarawak, Malaysia. The study was analysed to determine the Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment by using one factor (Affective Commitment) a total of 100 questionnaires were assigned to each human resource manager of about six organizations with instructions that the questionnaires should be allocated evenly to employees from various levels such as managerial, executives/supervisors and general staff. The selection of this sample was based on simple random sampling. A total of 99 responses were obtained, representing a response rate of about 16.5%. The SPSS statistical package was used to analyze the data. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for the management of tourism-related organizations in Malaysia and the Asia Pacific region to create a motivated and committed workforce.

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0301-4740219

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