ELECTRONIC PROTECTION

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ECCM
DEFINITION : ECCM IS THE ACTION TAKEN TO ENSURE FRIENDLY EFFECTIVE USE OF THE EM SPECTRUM DESPITE THE ENEMYS USE OF ECM OR ESM. IT IS DEFENSIVE ARM OF EW ECM AND ECCM DEVELOPMENTS ALWAYS FOLLOW EACH OTHER. ECCM : MOSTLY CONCERNED WITH TECHNIQUES WHICH ARE BUILT IN DURING THE DESIGN OF ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT ECM : WHEREAS, ECM USUALLY REQUIRES SEPARATE EQUIPMENT WHICH IS DEVELOPED ON THE ESM DATA COLLECTED ON THE ENEMY EQUIPMENT.
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ECCM
ECM AND ECCM FOLLOW EACH OTHER THE ABILITY IMPORTANT TO OF DEVELOPMENTS A RADAR ALWAYS

OPERATOR

TO RECOGNISE AN ECM BEING USED BY THE ENEMY WITHOUT LOSS OF TIME USE THE BEST SUITED ECCM AVAILABLE TO HIM WHICH WILL PROVE TO BE THE DECIDING FACTOR
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OBJECTIVES 0F ECCM
PREVENTION OF RADAR SATURATION ENHANCEMENT OF SIGNAL TO JAMMING RATIO DISCRIMINATION OF DIRECTIONAL INTERFERENCE REJECTION OF FALSE TARGETS MAINTENANCE OF TARGET TRACKS COUNTERACTION OF ESM RADAR SYSTEM SURVIVABILITY
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ECCM TREE
ECCM
ANTI ESM Operational Measures ANTI ECM

EEP

EES

Technical Measures

Training

Measures Antenna Related ECCMs

Receiver Related ECCMs

Transmitter Related ECCMs

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ANTI-ELECTRONICS SUPPORT MEASURES

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AIM OF ANTI-ESM
ECCM IS TO COUNTER AND DETECT THE ENEMY ESM ACTIVITY BY JUDICIAL IMPOSITION OF EMISSION POLICY (EEP) AND MEASURES INVOLVING ELECTRONIC ELECTRONIC

EMISSION SECURITY (EES)

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ELECTRONIC EMISSION POLICY

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EEP
ELECTRONIC EMISSION POLICY (EEP FUNCTION. IT LAYS DOWN RESTRICTIONS ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS OF OPERATIONS. ON IS A COMMAND THE USE OF

IT IS EVOLVED AT THE FIELD FORCE LEVEL AND IS CONVEYED TO THE LOWER FORMATIONS THROUGH OPERATIONAL ORDERS AND INSTRUCTIONS EEP IS THE POLICY WHICH LAYS DOWN DEGREE OF FREEDOM ALLOWED IN THE USE OF ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS TO COUNTER ENEMYS CAPABILITY TO DETECT, IDENTIFY AND LOCATE OWN EMITTERS FOR E!PLOITATION BY HOSTILE ACTION AND E!ERCISE CONTROL OVER OWN EMISSIONS TO MINIMI"E ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE

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PURPOSE OF EEP
IT REDUCES THE REACTION TIME AVAILABLE TO THE ENEMY ESM ORGANIZATION TO ACQUIRE INTELLIGENCE STUDY THE TECHNICAL PARAMETERS OF OUR

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS. IT DENIES INTELLIGENCE THAT MAY BE GAINED BY THE ENEMY THROUGH INTERCEPTION. IT ENABLES A BETTER CONTROL ON ALL EMISSIONS AND THERE BY HELPS TO REDUCE THE PROBLEMS OF EMI

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BASIC CONSIDERATIONS OR EEP

THE OPERATIONAL NECESSITY TO OPERATE AN ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT THE RISK OF INTERCEPTION OF EMISSIONS BY ENEMY S ESM RECEIVERS FRIENDLY

THE VALUE OF SUCH INTERCEPTIONS TO THE ENEMY COULD BE A DECIDING FACTOR IN THE JUDICIOUS USE OF FRIENDLY ELECTRONIC EMITTERS.

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EEP IS NOT STATIC POLICY. THERE SHOULD BE SEPARATE PEACE TIME AND !ARTIME POLICY. THIS POLICY SHOULD BE CONSTANTLY UNDER REVIE! AND LINKED UP !ITH THE CHANGES IN THE ENEMY CAPABILITIES AND NE! TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS.

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ELECTRONIC EMISSION SECURITY

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E!ECTRONIC EMISSION SEC"RIT# $EES%

ONCE T&E EMISSION PO!IC# &AS BEEN DECIDED MEAS"RES ARE TA'EN TO ENS"RE T&AT T&E ENEM#(S ESM OR)ANI*ATION )ETS T&E !EAST POSSIB!E IN ORMATION ROM O+N E!ECTROMA)NETIC TRANSMISSIONS, T&IS IS 'NO+N AS EES, T&E BASIC CONSIDERATIONS OR EES ARE -. $A% T&E DIRECTION O TRANSMISSION, $B% T&E RE/"ENCIES O TRANSMISSION, $C% SEC"RIT# O T#PES O EMITTERS AND C&ARACTERISTICS O E!ECTRONIC S#STEMS, $D% OBSER0ANCE O SEC"RIT# R"!ES AND SA ET# MEAS"RES,
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EEP COMM"NICATION PROCED"RA! ASPECTS

RESTRICTION IN ALLOTTING THE FREQUENCIES DURING PEACE TIME. OPERATING FREQ. TO BE CHANGED AT REGULAR INTERVALS. ALTERNATIVE FREQ. TO BE USED !HEN JAMMING IS E"PERIENCED. CALL SIGNS FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF COMMUNICATION TO BE CHANGED AND ALTERNATIVE CALL SIGNS TO BE USED !HEN JAMMED.
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EEP COMMUNICATION PROCEDURAL ASPECTS

STANDARD PROCEDURES FOLLO!ED. TO BE STRICTLY

PRESENCE OF JAMMING#UNIDENTIFIED SIGNALS ARE TO BE REPORTED TO AIR HQ (DE!) !ITH DETAILS. SITING SHOULD BE SUCH FOR T"#R" !HICH ABSORBS RADIO !AVES E"CEPT ALONG THE DIRECTION OF TRANSMISSION.
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ANTI-ELECTRONIC COUNTER MEASURES

AIM OF ANTI ELECTRONIC COUNTER MEASURES IS TO REMOVE OR REDUCE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ENEMYS ECM. THESE COUNTER COUNTER MEASURES HAVE FOLLOWING THREE ASPECTS:ORGANI"ATIONAL. TRAINING. TECHNICAL.

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ANTI-ELECTRONIC COUNTER MEASURES

ORGANI"ATIONAL ASPECTS FREQUENCY DIVERSITY AND PROCEDURE FOR CHANGING OVER TO ALTERNATIVE FREQUENCIES WITHOUT CAUSING CONFUSION. PROCEDURE FOR IMPOSITION OF RADIO SILENCE. PROCEDURE AND ORGANI"ATION OF GETTING D#F CUTS IN CASE OF $AMMING BY MORE THAN ONE RADAR IS E!PERIENCED. DESTRUCTION OF $AMMER ON PRIORITY.
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ANTI-ELECTRONIC COUNTER MEASURES

ORGANI"ATIONAL ASPECTS LOCATION OF RADARS TO PROVIDE BACK UP TO EACH OTHER. PROVISION OF ALTERNATIVE COMMUNICATION CHANNELS. USE OF HIGHLY MOBILE EQUIPMENT WITH PRESELECTED ALTERNATE SITES.

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ANTI-ELECTRONIC COUNTER MEASURES

TRAINING ASPECTS TRAINING ENVIRONMENT. OF OPERATOR IN REALISTIC ECM

TRAINING CO-ORDINATION OF ECCM EFFORTS. TRAINING IN SECURITY ASPECTS. THE OPERATOR SHOULD BE ABLE TO RECOGNI"E AND REPORT $AMMING. ABILITY TO WORK WITH MINIMUM POWER TO AVOID DETECTION. ABILITY TO RECOGNI"E COMMUNICATION SIGNATURES. HIGH MOTIVATION.
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OWN

RADAR

AND

ANTI-ELECTRONIC COUNTER MEASURES

TECHNICAL ASPECTS THE MOST EFFECTIVE MEASURES TO COMBAT ECM IS AN UPTO-DATE PIECE OF EQUIPMENT OPERATED BY A WELL TRAINED OPERATOR. FEW OF THE IMPORTANT TECHNICAL ASPECTS COMMON TO BOTH RADAR AND COMMUNICATION ARE: CODING OF TRANSMISSION. USE OF DIFFERENT MODULATIONS. QUICK CHANGE OVER OF FREQUENCY AND MULTI-CHANNEL TRANSMISSION. HIGHLY DIRECTIVE ANTENNA WITH SIDE LOBES AS LOW AS POSSIBLE.
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ANTI-ELECTRONIC COUNTER MEASURES

TECHNICAL ASPECTS HIGH POWER OUTPUT WITH SELECTIONS AVAILABLE TO OPERATE AT LOW POWER (%#&, %#' OR FULL POWER . SELECTION OF SITE TO IMPOSE NATURAL BARRIERS TO THE ENEMY ESM ORGANI"ATION. MOBILITY OF THE EQUIPMENT.

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ANTI ECM MEAS"RES

T&E MA1OR ECM T&REATS TO S"R0EI!!ANCE RADAR IN0O!0E $A% NOISE 1AMMIN) $B% DECEPTION 1AMMIN) $C% C&A $D% DECO#S AND E2PENDAB!ES $E% ANTI RADIATION MISSI!ES A

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TRANSMITTER RE!ATED ECCM

3&I)& PO+ER O"TP"T 3 RE/"ENC# A)I!IT# 3 RE/"ENC# DI0ERSIT# 3PR STA))ERIN) 3PR 1ITTER 3P"!SE COMPRESSION 3INCREASIN) TRANSMITTER RE/"ENC#

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TRANSMITTER RELATED ECCM

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TRANSMITTER RELATED ECCM

PO!ER INCREASING THE RADAR TRANSMITTED PO!ER INCREASES THE EFFECTIVE RADIATED PO!ER (ERP) !HICH IN TURN INCREASES THE RADAR RANGE AND THE BURN THROUGH RANGES (BTR). THE OPTIONS OF OPERATING THE RADAR AT $% &' %0& AND (00& ( (#)'(#$ AND FULL PO!ER ) PO!ER SHOULD BE AVAILABLE TO THE OPERATOR !HICH !ILL GIVE THE OPERATOR THE FLE"IBILITY TO OPERATE THE RADAR AT LO! PO!ER TO AVOID DETECTION BY ENEMY ESM RECEIVER AND ALSO INCREASE THE PO!ER IN CASE OF JAMMING E"PERIENCED.
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TRANSMITTER RELATED ECCM

FREQUENCY TRAINING AND OPS FREQUENCIES SHOULD BE DIFFERENT. THE !AR FREQUENCIES COULD BE KEPT A SECRET. THE T!O FREQUENCIES CAN NOT BE VERY FAR APART MAINLY DUE TO THE LIMITATIONS OF THE MICRO!AVE COMPONENTS !HICH PERMIT ONLY * (0 & VARIATION FROM THE CENTRAL FREQUENCY' BEYOND !HICH THE COMPONENTS LIKE !AVE GUIDE AND ANTENNA BECOMES UNMATCHED AND CAUSE CONSIDERABLE ATTENUATION. THE T!O !IDELY MEASURES ARE + FREQUENCY AGILITY FREQUENCY DIVERSITY
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USED

TECHNIQUES

AS

ANTI

ECM

FREQUENCY AGILITY
THE ECCM TECHNIQUE WHERE THE FREQUENCY OF A RADAR IS CHANGED IN ORDER TO FORCE THE ENEMY JAMMER TO SPREAD HIS AVAILABLE POWER OVER A SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED RF BANDWIDTH. THE INTENDED EFFECT IS TO REDUCE THE JAMMING DENSITY. THIS IS ALSO CALLED FREQUENCY JUMPING, HOPPING THE NUMBER OF INDIVIDUAL SPOT FREQUENCIES AVAILABLE ARE A FUNCTION OF COST. THE FREQUENCY AGILITY MODE MAY BE ON A BURST-TO-BURST OR PULSE-TO-PULSE BASIS

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FREQUENCY DIVERSITY
AN ECCM TECHNIQUE IN WHICH THERE IS A SIMULTANEOUS OR NEARLY SIMULTANEOUS OPERATION OF ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS PERFORMING SIMILAR FUNCTIONS AND WHERE THE SYSTEMS NORMALLY USE WIDELY SEPARATED FREQUENCIES. THIS MAY TAKE THE FORM OF A NUMBER OF SEARCH RADARS OF A DEFENCE COMPLEX OPERATING AT DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES. IT RESULTS IN SPREADING THE AVAILABLE JAMMER POWER. IT IS ALSO KNOWS AS BAND DIVERSITY, MULTIPLE RADAR, DUAL RADAR AND RF DIVERSITY.

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PRF AGILITY
IT HELPS THE RADAR TO INCREASE ITS CAPABILITIES IN A MULTI ELECTRONIC ENVIRONMENT IN THIS CASE THE RADAR PRF IS CHANGED , MANUALLY BETWEEN TWO OR MORE FREQUENCIES , RAPIDLY VARIED AT A RANDOM RATE SO THAT FALSE TARGETS APPEAR TO JITTER OR BECOME FUZZY ON THE SCOPE (PRF JITTER , SWITCHING PRF TO DIFFERENT VALUES ON A PULSE TO PULSE BASIS SUCH THAT THE VARIOUS INTERVALS FOLLOW A REGULAR PATTERN (PRF STAGGER . OTHER NAMES OF THIS TECHNIQUE ARE PRF SHIFTING , PRF SLIDING AND VARIABLE PRF.

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STAGGERED PRF
HIGH PRF RADARS ARE SHORT-RANGE TRACKING RADAR. SHORT RANGE WEAPONS HAVE HIGH PRF RADARS. A STAGGERED PULSE TRAIN IS FUNDAMENTALLY A BASIC PRF WITH THIS SAME PRF IMPRESSED UPON ITSELF ONE OR MORE TIMES. THE NUMBER OF LEVELS (OR POSITIONS IS THE NUMBER OF TIMES THE BASIC PRF IS INTEGRATED IN THE PULSE TRAIN. EACH LEVEL HAS THE SAME CHARACTERISTIC PRF AND PW, BUT THE TIME TO FIRST EVENT FOR EACH LEVEL IS DIFFERENT.

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STAGGERED PRF AS EP TECHNIQUE

&'/% &"'(%& !"#$% &"'(%&$ P PRI )"'*"&*+, !"#$% &"'(%&$

&*-% . '",(%

S - . / 0

1 23 4 4 0 5 0 6

P R F

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$ITTER PRF
IN JITTER MODE, THE TIME BETWEEN SUCCESSIVE PULSES, IS ALLOWED TO VARY IN A TOTALLY RANDOM MANNER OVER A SERIES OF SET INTERVALS AS LONG AS THE MAXIMUM RANGE CONDITION IS MET. THE PRI CAN BE MODULATED BY A WELL-DEFINED FUNCTION0 , A SLIDING PRI VERY SLOWLY INCREASES.DECREASES THE PRF. , A RAMP PRI DECREASES THE INTERVAL WITH A CYCLIC RAMP FUNCTION. , A MODULATED PRI VARIES THE INTERVALS IN A SINUSOIDAL OR TRIANGULAR MANNER.

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PULSE COMPRESSION
TO TRANSMIT MORE POWER, ( FOR LONGER DETECTION RANGE AND GREATER BTR PULSE WIDTH ,(PW SHOULD BE MORE. HOWEVER , WIDENING THE PW HAS THE UNDESIRABLE EFFECT OF REDUCING THE RADAR RANGE RESOLUTION. PULSE COMPRESSION ACHIEVES THE ADVANTAGE OF SHORT PULSE AND LARGE RADIATED ENERGY. PULSE COMPRESSION IS ACHIEVED BY TRANSMITTING A LONG PULSE CONTAINING EITHER PHASE OR FREQUENCY MODULATION IN ORDER TO INCREASE THE SIGNAL BAND WIDTH (B AND ON RECEPTION THE LONG PULSE IS COMPRESSED BY A MATCHED FILTER IN ORDER TO GET A SHORT PULSE.

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PULSE COMPRESSION
NEXT FIG SHOWS TWO RECEIVED LONG PULSES FROM TWO CLOSE TARGETS AS THE ECHOES OVERLAP THUS CAN NOT BE SEPARATED IN RANGE AND WILL BE PRESENTED AS A SINGLE TARGET. AFTER COMPRESSION THE ECHOES ARE TIME SEPARATED AND CAN BE RESOLVED IN RANGE.

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Amplitude

Time4Range ig, 5$a%, Received pulse from adjacent ranges Amplitude

Time4Range ig,5$6% Compressed pulse from adjacent ranges

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PULSE COMPRESSION
RGPO RENDERED INEFFECTIVE LESS EFFECTS OF $AMMING LPI CHARACTERISTICS

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RECEIVER RELATED ECCM

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RECEIVER RELATED ECCM

3 CFAR (CONSTANT FALSE ALARM RATE
MOVING TARGET INDICATOR STC (SENSITIVITY TIME CONTROL IAGC ( INSTANTANEOUS AGC LEADING EDGE TRACKING LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER PULSE LENGTH DISCRIMINATOR (PLD DICKIE FI!
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CONSTANT FALSE ALARM RATE (CFAR

AN OPERATOR TRACKS THE TARGET ON THE SCOPE MOST EFFICIENTLY WHEN THE NOISE PRESENT ON THE SCOPE REMAINS CONSTANT IRRESPECTIVE OF THE SIGNAL CONDITIONS. IN THIS TECHNIQUE THE RECEIVER SENSITIVITY AUTOMATICALLY GETS ADJUSTED DEPENDING UPON THE VARIATIONS IN NOISE LEVEL. IN THE PRESENCE OF NOISE JAMMING THIS TECHNIQUE DECREASES THE EFFECT OF RADAR RECEIVER SATURATION AND MAINTAINS CONSTANT NOISE LEVEL AND MINIMISES THE FALSE ALARMS. THIS TECHNIQUE HAS BEEN DEVELOPED TO PREVENT OVER LOADING OR SATURATION OF RECEIVER CAUSED BY A STRONG NOISE JAMMER.

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CONSTANT FALSE ALARM RATE (CFAR)

THE CFAR CAPABILITY IS ACHIEVED BY CONTINUOUSLY MONITORING THE NOISE LEVEL, FINDING ITS AVERAGE VALUE, AND INCREASING OR DECREASING THE THRESHOLD LEVEL ACCORDING TO THE VALUE. CFAR HAS THE FOLLOWING ADVERSE AFFECTS0, AS THE PICTURE ON THE SCOPE REMAINS CONSTANT, THE OPERATOR DOES NOT EVEN NOTICE THAT THE RADAR HAS BEEN JAMMED. , NO TARGET IS PICKED UP UNLESS IT IS VERY STRONG.

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RAW VIDEO MONITORING

CFAR RECEIVERS, THEREFORE DO NOT HAVE GOOD ECCM CAPABILITIES. IN MOST OF THE AUTOMATIC SYSTEMS, SEPARATE SCOPE IS PROVIDED, WHERE THE VIDEO IS PROCESSED IN NORMAL (ANALOG WAY. BY MONITORING THIS SCOPE THE OPERATOR CAN ALWAYS FIND OUT PRESENCE OF JAMMING. RAW VIDEO SCOPE. THEN HE CAN TAKE NECESSARY ACTION TO COUNTER IT. THIS SCOPE IS CALLED

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PULSE INTEGRATION
IF THE SIGNALS-TO1NOISE RATIO IS HIGH, THE AMPLITUDES OF THE SIGNAL PULSES WILL GENERALLY BE GREATER THAN THOSE OF THE NOISE PULSE. IF THE SIGNAL1TO-NOISE RATIO IS LOW A SINGLE PULSE IS VIRTUALLY INDISTINGUISHABLE FROM A SINGLE NOISE PULSE AND SO TARGET DETECTION BASED ON A SINGLE TARGET PULSE IS IMPOSSIBLE. AS THE RADAR ANTENNA PATTERN SWEEPS PAST A TARGET SEVERAL RADAR PULSES WILL BE REFLECTED WITHIN THE TIME THE RADAR BEAM SWEEPS THE TARGET KNOWN AS DWELL TIME.

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PULSE INTEGRATION
INSTEAD OF CONSIDERING EACH PULSE SEPARATELY TO DECIDE WHETHER A TARGET IS PRESENT, A NUMBER OF PULSES CAN BE ADDED TOGETHER AND THE DECISION MADE ON THE BASIS OF THE SUM. THIS PROCESS, CALLED INTEGRATION, CONSIDERABLY IMPROVES THE ACCURACY OF THE DECISION. NOISE IS A RANDOM PHENOMENON WHEREAS AN ECHO SIGNAL IS NOT. THEREFORE THE SUM OF A NUMBER OF PULSES CONSISTING OF NOISE ALONE WILL BE CONSIDERABLY DIFFERENT FROM THE SUM OF A NUMBER OF PULSES CONTAINING A SIGNAL PLUS NOISE.
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MOVING TARGET INDICATOR (MTI

THIS IS AN ANTI CLUTTER TECHNIQUE THAT LIMITS THE DISPLAY TO INDICATE ONLY THE MOVING TARGET. THE TECHNIQUE DISCRIMINATES THE MOVING TARGETS FROM A BACKGROUND OF CLUTTER OR STATIONARY CHAFF PARTICLES BY USUALLY RECOGNIZING THE FREQUENCY DOPPLER SHIFT. WHEN A TARGET MOVES WITH RESPECT TO THE RADAR TRANSMITTER, THE REFLECTED SIGNAL RECEIVES A FREQUENCY (PHASE SHIFT PROPORTIONAL TO VELOCITY. AT MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES AND FIGHTER AIRSPEEDS THE DOPPLER SHIFT IS UP TO 23 KHZ. RADARS CAN USE THIS FREQUENCY.PHASE SHIFT AS AN EXCELLENT TRACKING METHOD AND ECCM.

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MOVING TARGET INDICATOR (MTI

THE PERIOD (WAVELENGTH OF 23 KHZ IS 233 MICROSECONDS. TO RECOVER THIS 23 KHZ SHIFT FROM THE ORIGINAL RADAR SIGNAL, THE ORIGINAL MUST BE CW OR A PULSE TRAIN WITH PULSES OF A PERIOD SEVERAL TIMES LONGER THAN 233 MICROSECONDS (A 4PULSE DOPPLER4 RADAR . SYSTEMS WHICH RECOVER THE SHIFT AS A DISCRETE FREQUENCY ARE CALLED DOPPLER RADARS WHILE THOSE CIRCUITS WHICH ONLY MEASURE PULSE-TO-PULSE FREQUENCY.PHASE DIFFERENCES ARE CALLED MOVING TARGET INDICATORS (MTI .
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M()*+, T-.,/0 I+1*2-0(. (MTI

MTI USES A PHASE DETECTOR TO PROVIDE ZERO AMPLITUDE (NO INPUT SIGNALS TO THE TRACKING COMPUTER AND DISPLAY SCREENS FROM FIXED TARGETS SUCH AS WEATHER AND GROUND RETURN. ANOTHER METHOD OF MTI IS TO COMPARE THE TARGET LOCATION ON A PULSE-TO-PULSE BASIS. IF THE TARGET RETURN OCCURS AT EXACTLY THE SAME TIME (RANGE ON TWO OR MORE SUCCESSIVE PULSES, IT DID NOT MOVE AND HENCE IS NOT APPLIED TO THE COMPUTER AND DISPLAY SCREEN. HERE IT IS PRIMARILY USED TO ELIMINATE CLUTTER.

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MOVING TARGET INDICATOR (MTI

TO ACHIEVE THIS THE BIPOLAR VIDEO SIGNAL IS FED INTO A DELAY CHANNEL WHICH PROVIDES A TIME DELAY REPETITION INTERVAL (PRI . THE OUTPUT OF THE DELAY CHANNEL IS SUBTRACTED FROM THE UNDELAYED SIGNAL. THE FIXED TARGET WITH UNCHANGING AMPLITUDES FROM PULSE TO PULSE ARE CANCELLED ON SUBTRACTION. FOR MOVING TARGETS THE OUTPUT OF THE SUBTRACTION IS STILL A BIPOLAR VIDEO. THE PROBLEM WITH OLD MTI WAS THAT WHENEVER THE CHAFF HAS SOME SPEED, IT COULD NOT BE REJECTED FULLY. NOW DIGITAL MTIS HAVE ADOPTIVE CIRCUIT, WHICH CAN SHIFT THE NULL OF THE CHARACTERISTIC TO ANY CLUTTER OR CHAFF SPEED SO AS TO REJECT IT. EQUAL TO ONE PULSE

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M()*+, T-.,/0 I+1*2-0(. (MTI

F5.@ 2A0 /A310 6020-2.5

D0839 , 8;70 PRI S=:253-2.5 D083906 :;/.835 <;60.

U76083906 :;/.835 <;60. F=88->3<0 50-2;?;05

V;60. 3@/8;?;05

T. <;60. 6;1/839

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SENSITIVITY TIME CONSTANT (STC

THIS IS A METHOD OF VARYING THE GAIN OF THE RADAR RECEIVER DURING THE PRI TO PREVENT OVER LOADING OF THE RECEIVER FROM NEARBY TARGETS AND SURFACE CLUTTER RETURNS. THE RECEIVER GAIN STARTS OUT LOW AT NEAR RANGES AND INCREASES TO MAXIMUM AT FAR OUT RANGES.

ig, 7, Sensitivity Time Control

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LEADING EDGE TRACKING

USED IN PULSED RANGE TRACKING RADAR TO DEGRADE THE EFFECT OF RGPO TECHNIQUE IT ALLOWS TO DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN THE TRUE ECHO SIGNAL AND THE SOMEWHAT DELAYED ECM SIGNAL. THE LEADING EDGE TRACKING (LET CIRCUITS ALLOW TO TRACK THE LEADING EDGE OF THE VIDEO ECHO PULSE WHEREAS THE CONVENTIONAL RANGE TRACKER USES EARLY GATE. LATE GATE TO PERFORM TRACKING. A DECEPTION JAMMER GENERATES A FALSE ECHO DELAYED FROM THE TARGET ECHO BY A FEW TENS OF NANOSECONDS

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L/-1*+, E1,/ T.-23*+,

ONCE THE RADAR AGC IS CAPTURED, CONVENTIONAL RANGE TRACKING CIRCUIT WILL BE STOLEN BY THE FALSE ECHO. IN THE CASE OF LEADING TRACKING, THE VIDEO PULSE IS DIFFERENTIATED. TWO VERY SHORT PULSES ARE OBTAINED AT TIMES CORRESPONDING TO , LEADING EDGES OF THE TARGET PULSE , LEADING EDGE OF THE FALSE ECHO SIGNAL. THE FIRST LEADING EDGE PULSE IS THEN TRACKED WITH A SPLIT GATE JUST LARGE ENOUGH TO ENCOMPASS ITS SHORT DURATION. THE LEADING EDGE OF THE FALSE ECHO SIGNAL IS THEREFORE IGNORED.

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L/-1*+, E1,/ T.-23*+,

Target pulse Pulse :rom R)+O P

t ig, 8 a.video signal P

t P ig, 8 6.leading edge differentiated pulses

t ig, 8 c.early and late LET gate (split gates) P !ET trac9ing gate

ig, 8 d.Leading Edge Tracking gate LET gate

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LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER
A LOG AMPLIFIER IS AN AMPLIFIER' THE GAIN OF !HICH IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE LOG OF THE INPUT SIGNAL. THIS RECEIVER HAS DYNAMIC RANGE OF THE ORDER OF B0 DB AS COMPARED TO (0 TO (% DB OF A NORMAL RECEIVER. IT IS VERY USEFUL TO AVOID SATURATION OF THE RECEIVER. THIS RECEIVER CONSISTS OF NUMBER OF IF AMP AND DETECTOR STAGES. CURRENT OUTPUT OF EACH STAGE IS ADDED IN PROPER !AY TO GIVE COMBINED OUTPUT' !HICH IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE LOG OF INPUT. AS THE INPUT SIGNAL INCREASES IN AMPLITUDE' SOME STAGES OF THIS RECEIVER START GETTING SATURATED DUE TO !HICH OVERALL GAIN FOR STRONGER SIGNALS IS REDUCED.
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LOGARITHMIC RECEIVER COMPARISON WITH LINEAR RECEIVER

P+/& #*,%"' '%5%*)%' 57"'"5&%'*$&*5

#+( '%5%*)%' 57"'"5&%'*$&*5

83 &+ 93 :B #*,%"' '%5%*)%' $"&/'"&*+, 6+*,& P*, #+( '%5%*)%' $"&/'"&*+, 6+*,&

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PULSE WIDTH DISCRIMINATOR

THIS CIRCUIT CAN ELIMINATE ANY PULSE TYPE INTERFERENCE !HICH IS NOT OF THE SAME LENGTH AS THE TRANSMITTED PULSE. IT IS THEREFORE' USEFUL FOR REDUCING CLUTTER' SLO! S!EEP NOISE JAMMING OR DECEPTION JAMMING !ITH DIFFERENT PULSE !IDTH. ALL THE PULSES RECEIVED ARE DIFFERENTIATED IN A DIFFERENTIATING CIRCUIT. THIS CREATES A *VE AND ,VE SPIKE.
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PULSE WIDTH DISCRIMINATOR

DIFFERENTIATED OUTPUT IS NOW FED TO TWO C ANNELS! ONE CHANNEL DELAYS IT BY P! OF THE RADAR' THE OTHER ONE INVERTS IT. IF THE RECEIVED PULSE IS OF CORRECT !IDTH' T!O *VE SPIKES AT THE OUTPUT OF THIS CIRCUIT COINCIDE AND ARE ALLO!ED TO TRIGGER A COINCIDENCE CIRCUIT. OTHER!ISE THE PULSE !HICH IS FROM THE JAMMER IS REJECTED.

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3 DIFFEREN-TIATOR

: DELAY t

6 -

COINCIDENCE AMP

INVERTOR

A@/

t 6 0 TIME ig, ;,Block Diagram and ulse !utput of a LD Circuit t

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INSTANT GAIN CONTROL

PURPOSE OF THIS ECCM IS TO DEGRADE THE EFFECTS OF NOISE JAMMING' CHAFF AND CLUTTER IN THE RADAR RECEIVER. IT IS A FAST AGC TECHNIQUE THAT USES THE NOISE SIGNAL JUST BEFORE AND AFTER THE SIGNAL PULSE IN ORDER TO CONTROL THE GAIN OF AN IF AMPLIFIER. THIS TECHNIQUE IS MORE SUITABLE TO A TRACKING RADAR THAN TO A SEARCH BECAUSE IT ASSUMES THAT TARGET HAS ALREADY BEEN DETECTED.

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DICKE-FI"
DICKE FI" IS USED FOR REDUCING THE EFFECT OF STRONG
OFF-FREQUENCY IMPULSIVE AND PULSE LIKE INTERFERENCE. IT CONSISTS OF ADDITION OF A !IDE BAND AMPLIFIER FOLLO!ED BY A LIMITER IN FRONT OF THE NORMAL AMPLIFIER.

WIDE BAND AMP INPUT

NARROW BAND AMP OUTPUT

IF

LIMITER

IF

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DICKE-FI"
THE CIRCUIT IS DESIGNED TO OPERATE AGAINST OFFFREQUENCY INTERFERENCE THAT IS INTENSE ENOUGH FOR THE SPECTRAL SIDE BANDS OF THE SIGNAL TO INTERFERE !ITH NORMAL RADAR RECEPTION. THE !IDE BAND AMPLIFIER IS DESIGNED TO ACCEPT MOST OF THE INTERFERING SPECTRUM. AFTER LIMITING' IF BOTH SIGNALS ARE NOT PRESENT SIMULTANEOUSLY AND IF THE LEVEL IS ABOVE THE AMPLITUDE OF THE DESIRED PULSE' THE AMPLITUDE OF THE INTERFERING PULSE IS REDUCED RELATIVE TO THE RADAR SIGNAL AND THEREFORE ITS SIDE BANDS ARE REDUCED TO TOLERABLE LEVELS.

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DICKE-FIX RECEIVER
;*:% <",:,B; IF A P 6+*,& A ;*:%<",: #*-*&%' ,"''+; <",: -"&57%:,B, IF B C "-:*5=%-!*> <"$*5 <#+5= :*"('"J S

& P 6+*,& B

S &

P 6+*,& C J

& <-;")%!+'-$

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RANGE GUARD GATE

P S A P "-<%,*(, $*&/"&*+, S A P <-AGC 5"6&/'% S G J & G J &

A P 5-&'"5=*,( ("&% 5"6&/'% S

G
J

&

A :-(/"': ("&% :%&%5&*+, S

G J

&

&

%-&'"5=*,( ("&% '%6+$*&*+,*,(

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VELOCITY GUARD GATES

P S

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A P 5-&'"5=*,( ("&% 5"6&/'%

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FAST TIME CONSTANT

S &"'(%& 6/#$% ;*:% ECM +' 5#/&&%' 6/#$%

R "-)*:%+ ;*&7+/& FTC PPI ;*&7+/& FTC

%:(%$ +! ;*:% 6/#$% &"'(%& 6/#$%

R <-)*:%+ ;*&7 FTC PPI ;*&7 FTC

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ANTENNA RELATED ECCM

" " " " " HIGH ANTENNA GAIN HIGH DIRECTIVITY SIDE LOBE BLANKING/ SUPPRESSION POLARIZATION AGILITY CONTROL OF RECEIVING BEAM PATTERN " MULTI-BEAM ANTENNA " LOBE ON RECEIVE ONLY (LORO) " CONICAL SCAN ON RECEIVE ONLY (COSRO)

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SIDE LOBE REDUCTION

STAND OFF JAMMER EMPLOYS HIGH PO!ER NOISE JAMMING PENETRATING THROUGH THE RADAR SIDE LOBES. FALSE TARGET GENERATORS CAN ALSO INTRODUCE FALSE ECHO THROUGH THE SIDE LOBES. ON TRANSMIT' THE ENERGY RADIATED THROUGH THE SIDE LOBES IS SUBJECT TO BE DETECTED BY ENEMY INTERCEPT SYSTEM OF ARMS.

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SIDE LOBE REDUCTION

FOR A GIVEN ANTENNA GAIN' SIDE LOBES REDUCTION MEANS
THAT A LARGER ANTENNA APERTURE IS NEEDED. CONVERSELY' FOR A GIVEN SIZE OF ANTENNA' LO!ER SIDE LOBES MEANS LESS GAIN AND A CORRESPONDINGLY BROADER BEAM !IDTH. IN ORDER TO KEEP THE BEAM !IDTH SMALL !ITH LO! SIDE LOBES' A LARGER AND MORE COSTLY ANTENNA IS NEEDED. OTHER DESIGN PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN LO! ANTENNA SIDE LOBES ARE THE USE OF RADAR OBSERVANT MATERIAL (RAM) ABOUT THE ANTENNA STRUCTURE' THE USE OF A FENCE ON GROUND INSTALLATIONS' AND THE USE OF POLARIZATION SCREENS AND REFLECTORS.
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SIDE LOBE BLANKING

THIS TECHNIQUE PREVENTS SOME OF THE UNWANTED PULSE ENERGY THAT ENTERS THE SIDE LOBE OF A RADAR ANTENNA FROM ADVERSELY AFFECTING THE RADARS OPERATION. SLB CAN BE USED ON SEARCH RADARS, TRACKING RADARS AND IN MISSILE GUIDANCE SYSTEMS. THE SLB SYSTEM EMPLOYS AN AUXILIARY OMNI-DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA COUPLED WITH AS AUXILIARY RECEIVING CHANNEL, SO THAT TWO SIGNALS FROM A SINGLE SOURCE ARE AVAILABLE FOR COMPARISON. BY CHOOSING THE AUXILIARY ANTENNA GAIN SLIGHTLY HIGHER THAT THE A MAIN ANTENNA SIDE LOBE GAIN, SIGNALS ENTERING THE SIDE LOBES CAN BE DISTINGUISHED FROM THOSE AFFECTING THE MAIN BEAM. THE JAMMING SIGNALS AFFECTING THE SIDE LOBES CAN THEREFORE BE SUPPRESSED

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SIDELOBE BLANKING
P -"*, ",&%,," 6"&&%',

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M3;7 3720773

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A@/8;2=60 -.@/3532.5

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A=C;8;359 3720773 S;60 8.:0 :837D;74

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SIDE LOBE CANCELLER(SLC

THIS IS AN IF LEVEL CANCELLATION ECCM TECHNIQUE USED IN SEARCH.TRACKING RADARS IT KEEPS SOME OF THE UNWANTED NOISE JAMMING ENERGY THAT ENTERS THE SIDE LOBE OF A RADAR ANTENNA FROM ADVERSELY AFFECTING THE RADAR OPERATION. THIS IS ACCOMPLISHED BY , EQUIPPING THE RADAR WITH AN ARRAY OF AUXILIARY ANTENNAS USED TO ADAPTIVELY ESTIMATE THE DIRECTION OF ARRIVAL AND THE POWER OF THE JAMMING SIGNALS , SUBSEQUENTLY TO MODIFY THE RECEIVING PATTERN OF THE RADAR ANTENNA TO CREATE NULLS IN THE JAMMING DIRECTION. THIS TECHNIQUE IS ALSO KNOWN AS NULL STEERING AND ADAPTIVE ANTENNAS.
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SIDE LOBE CANCELLER(SLC)

THE AUXILIARY ANTENNAS ARE PLACED SUFFICIENTLY CLOSE TO THE PHASE CENTER OF THE MAIN RADAR ANTENNA TO ENSURE THAT THE JAMMING SIGNALS THEY RECEIVER ARE CORRELATED WITH THE MAIN ANTENNA JAMMING SIGNALS. THE AUXILIARY ANTENNAS PROVIDE REPLICAS OF THE JAMMING SIGNALS IN THE RADAR ANTENNA SIDE LOBES. THE AUXILIARY ANTENNA PATTERNS APPROXIMATE THE AVERAGE SIDE LOBE LEVEL OF THE MAIN ANTENNA. CANCELLATION OF THE JAMMING SIGNAL IS POSSIBLE BECAUSE THE JAMMING SIGNAL AFFECTING THE MAIN AND AUXILIARY ANTENNAS ORIGINATES FROM A SINGLE JAMMER NOISE SOURCE. THEREFORE THE SOJ TO ANTENNA PATHS ARE IDENTICAL AND THE JAMMING SIGNALS INSIDE THE MAIN AND AUXILIARY CHANNELS ARE COHERENT

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E3@@051

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S;60 8.:0 -37-08805 O=2/=2

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POLARISATION CANCELLER
THE POLARIZATION CANCELLER ECCM TECHNIQUE IS USED TO DEGRADE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CIRCULARLY POLARIZED JAMMING. IT HAS SAME ACTION AGAINST ELLIPTICAL OR SLANT POLARIZED JAMMING SIGNALS. IT CAN BE IMPLEMENTED ON SEARCH OR TRACKING PULSED RADARS. POLARIZATION CANCELLER TECHNIQUE IS BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE THAT THE POLARIZATION COMPONENTS OF A SINGLE JAMMING SIGNAL CAN BE CORRELATED BECAUSE BOTH OF THEM COME FROM THE SAME POINT, WHEREAS THE POLARIZATION COMPONENTS OF A REFLECTED TARGET SIGNAL ARE NOT GENERALLY IN-PHASE AND WILL NOT BE CORRELATED.
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POLARISATION CANCELLER
THIS IS DUE TO THE FACT THAT AN ACTUAL TARGET IS A COMPLEX SCATTERER, REFLECTING TO THE RADAR RECEIVER A COMPLEX AND FLUCTUATING SIGNAL. THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE TWO COMPONENTS OF A SINGLE POINT NOISE JAMMING SIGNAL ALLOWS TO CANCEL IT BY SOME AMOUNT. THE BASIC IMPLEMENTATION OF A POLARIZATION CANCELLER, USES AN ADDITIONAL CHANNEL IN THE RADAR RECEIVER WHICH MATCHES AMPLITUDE AND TIME DELAY WITH THE MAIN RADAR RECEIVER CHANNEL. THE MAIN CHANNEL AND THE AUXILIARY CHANNEL ARE EQUIPPED WITH CROSS- POLARIZED ANTENNAS.
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POLARISATION CANCELLER
IF NO JAMMING SIGNAL IS DETECTED, THE RADAR OPERATES WITH HORIZONTAL POLARIZATION ON THE MAIN CHANNEL. WHEN A CIRCULARLY POLARIZED NOISE JAMMING IS DETECTED, THE POLARIZATION CANCELLER IS ACTIVATED AND TWO CHANNELS ARE USED. THE CIRCULARLY POLARIZED JAMMING SIGNAL PRESENTS TWO COMPONENTS, WHICH WILL BE DETECTED IN THE MAIN AND AUXILIARY CHANNELS. SINCE THE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL COMPONENTS OF THE CIRCULARLY POLARIZED JAMMING SIGNAL ARE SELDOM PERFECTLY OF EQUAL AMPLITUDE, LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIERS ARE NECESSARY. THEY NORMALIZE ANY DIFFERENCE IN AMPLITUDE OF THE INPUT SIGNALS.
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POLARISATION CANCELLER
REGARDLESS OF THE AMPLITUDE OF A NOISE 1MODULATED INPUT SIGNAL TO A LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFIER, THE INPUT SIGNAL AMPLITUDE MODULATION WILL APPEAR AT THE OUTPUT WITH THE SAME AMPLITUDE DEVIATION. THE OUTPUT SIGNAL OF THE LOG 1AMPLIFIER DETECTOR IS AC COUPLED SO THE ONLY THE NOISE MODULATION IS ALLOWED TO PASS, THE DC COMPONENT OF THE JAMMING BEING FILTERED OUT. THE TWO DETECTED COMPONENTS OF THE JAMMING SIGNAL ARE THEREFORE EQUAL IN AMPLITUDE AND CAN BE CANCELLED WITH THE VIDEO CANCELLER. THE CROSS POLARIZED TARGET-SKIN RETURN WILL BE OF RANDOM AMPLITUDE AND PHASE WITH RESPECT TO THE CO-POLARIZED TARGET SKIN RETURN AND WILL HAVE LITTLE CANCELLATION EFFECT UPON THE CO-POLARIZED ECHO SIGNAL.
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H.5;F.7238 /.835;132;.7 M3;7 -A37708 L.435;2A@;3@/8;2=60 6020-2.5 Amplitude and time matching V;60. .=2/=2

D=/80C05

Radar transmitter V;60. -37-08805 LO Bipolar detector

!ogarithmic amplitude detector A=C;8;359 -A37708 V052;-38 /.835;132;.7

Amplitude and time matching

Block diagram of Polarization cancellation circuit

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LOBE-ON-RECEIVE ONLY (LORO)

IN THIS TECHNIQUE, THE TRACKING RADARS SO THAT THE TRANSMISSION IS ON A FIXED BEAM ALIGNED WITH THE BORESIGHT. THE THE RECEIVING ANTENNA HOWEVER SCANS AROUND SIGNALS, THEREFORE, DO GET AMPLITUDE THE BORE-SIGHT. ECHO MODULATED. HOWEVER, THE ECM EQUIPMENT ON BOARD

ALWAYS RECEIVES CW SIGNALS WITHOUT ANY MODULATION. TRANSMITTING WITH INVERSE MODULATION IS THEREFORE NOT POSSIBLE FOR THE ECM EQUIPMENT.

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SCAN ON RECEIVE ONLY (SORO

AN ECCM TECHNIQUE IN CONICAL SCAN RADARS FOR THE PURPOSE OF DEGRADING ENEMY ECM TECHNIQUES THAT DETECT AMPLITUDE MODULATION. IN THIS THE TRANSMIT BEAM REMAINS POINTED AT THE TARGET AND RECEIVER BEAM KEEPS ROTATING. THEREFORE THE ECM JAMMER WILL NOT BE ABLE TO GET THE AMPLITUDE MODULATION FREQUENCY. THIS IS ALSO CALLED LOBE ON RECEIVE ONLY (LORO .

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CONICAL SCAN ON RECEIVER ONLY (COSRO)

THE PRINCIPLE OF THE CONICAL SCAN ON RECEIVE ONLY (COSRO TECHNIQUE IS TO PERFORM THE CONICAL SCANNING NECESSARY FOR ANGLE TRACKING ON RECEIVE ONLY. THE TRANSMIT BEAM REMAINS POINTED AT THE TARGET, PRODUCING AN UN-MODULATED RF PULSE TRAIN AT THE TARGET.

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CONICAL SCAN ON RECEIVE ONLY

TRACKING RADAR RADIATES A NON SCANNING TRANSMITTING BEAM, BUT RECEIVES WITH A CONICAL SCAN BEAM. THE $AMMER THEN HAS NO KNOWLEDGE OF THE PHASE OF THE CONICALLY SCANNED RECEIVING BEAM AND MUST ADOPT A TRIAL AND ERROR METHOD 4F SCANNING THE $AMMING MODULATION UNTIL A NOTICEABLE REACTION OCCURS IN THE TRACKING RADAR BEAM.

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POLARIZATION SCREENS AND REFLECTORS PRINCIPLE

". 6+#"'*B"&*+, $5'%%, !+' )%'&*5"##A 6+#"'*B%: '":"' $*(,"#

<. 6+#"'*B"&*+, '%!#%5&+' !+' )%'&*5"##A 6+#"'*B%: '":"' $*(,"#

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NARRO! ANTENNA BEAM

ANOTHER METHOD WHICH IS EMPLOYED TO REDUCE THE EFFECT OF MAIN BEAM NOISE JAMMING IS TO RAISE THE TRANSMITTER FREQUENCY IN ORDER TO NARROW THE ANTENNACS BEAMWIDTH. THIS RESTRICTS THE SECTORS WHICH IS BLANKED BY MAIN LOBE NOISE JAMMING AND ALSO PROVIDES A STROBE IN THE DIRECTION OF THE JAMMER.

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STACKED BEAM
IN A STACKED BEAM RADAR, SEVERAL SIMULTANEOUS OVERLAPPING BEAMS ARE FORMED, EACH AT A DIFFERENT ANGLE OF ELEVATION. EACH BEAM IS TRANSMITTED AT A DIFFERENT FREQUENCY SO THAT MUTUAL INTERFERENCE BETWEEN BEAMS IS REDUCED AND THE TARGET AMPLITUDE IN ADJACENT BEAMS CAN BE COMPARED. EACH BEAM FEEDS A SEPARATE RECEIVER AND TARGET ELEVATION ANGLE IS OBTAINED BY BEAM COMPARISON

Stacked Beams

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POWER MANAGEMENT
THIS IS AN ECCM TECHNIQUE THAT CAN BE USED ON SEARCH, TRACK OR MISSILE RADARS . THE RADAR TRANSMITTER POWER AND OR DUTY CYCLE SPECIFIED IN THE ORIGINAL DESIGN IS VARIED ON A PROGRAMMED BASIS SO THAT AN ECCM ADVANTAGE IS ACHIEVED . FOR A GIVEN JAMMER, THE HIGHER THE RADAR AVERAGE POWER THE FURTHER WILL BE BURN THROUGH RANGE FOR THE NOISE JAMMER. THIS DEVELOPS INTO BURN THROUGH ECCM . POWER OF THE RADAR IS CONCENTRATED IN THE DIRECTION OF A STRONG NOISE JAMMER AND OTHER RADAR SECTORS RECEIVE SMALLER AMOUNTS OR AVERAGE POWER.

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HOME ON JAM (HOJ)

AN ECCM TECHNIQUE FOR USE IN A MISSILE RADAR WHERE THE JAMMING SIGNAL EMANATING FROM A TARGET IS USED TO DEVELOP MISSILE STEERING INFORMATION THIS IS ALSO CALLED TRACK ON JAM (TOJ) AND PASSIVE DETECTION AND TRACKING. HOWEVER, IN THIS, TARGET RANGE AND VELOCITY ARE NOT USUALLY OBTAINABLE SO THAT THE MISSILE TRAJECTORY MUST BE LESS THAN OPTIMUM AND MISSILE RANGE CAPABILITIES WILL BE DEGRADED . IT IS EXPECTED THAT ALL MODERN MISSILES WILL HAVE HOJ CAPABILITIES.

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SPREAD SPECTRUM
THE SPREAD SPECTRUM RADAR SPREADS THE NARROW BAND INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR TARGET DETECTION AND TRACKING OVER A BANDWIDTH MANY TIMES HIGHER THAN CONVENTIONAL RADARS.

THE RECEIVERS CORRELATION CIRCUITS CAN EXTRACT THE TRUE SIGNALS FROM AMONGST THE JAMMING SIGNALS/NOISE . IT IS DIFFICULT FOR AN ESM SHIP TO RECEIVE THIS BECAUSE OF LOW PEAK AMPLITUDE.BARRAGE JAMMING IS REQUIRED TO COVER A BROAD SPECTRUM.

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