Applied Mathematics Letters 24 (2011) 204209

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Applied Mathematics Letters

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/aml

Solitary waves for the perturbed nonlinear KleinGordon equation

Amin Esfahani
School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Damghan University, Damghan, Postal Code 36716-41167, Iran

article

info

abstract
In this work, we study the perturbed nonlinear KleinGordon equation. We shall use the sech-anstze method to derive the solitary wave solutions of this equation. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Article history: Received 2 May 2010 Received in revised form 25 August 2010 Accepted 1 September 2010 Keywords: Solitons Anstze method KleinGordon equation

1. Introduction Nonlinear evolution equations (NLEEs) is an important class in the category of partial differential equations which have been intensively studied in the past decades [1]. It is well known that seeking explicit solutions for NLEEs, by using different methods, has long been a major concern for mathematicians, physicists and engineers. In particular, the traveling wave solutions play an important role in the study of the models arising from various natural phenomena; for instance, the wave phenomena observed in fluid dynamics, elastic media, optical fibers, nuclear physics, high-energy physics, plasma physics, gravitation and in statistical and condensed matter physics, biology, solid state physics, chemical kinematics, chemical physics and geochemistry, etc. The most famous models of such equations admitting traveling waves are the nonlinear Schrdinger equation, the Kortewegde Vries equation, the KadomtsevPetviashvili equation, the Boussinesq equation, the sine-Gordon equation, the ZakharovKuznetsov equation and so on. Numerous analytic methods and computational techniques have been proposed to investigate such equations [130]. To obtain the exact solutions, the pioneer dominant technique was the inverse scattering (IST) method [1,3]. Some of the other most efficient studied techniques are Bcklund transformation, Painlev method, F -expansion method, Adomian decomposition method, G /G method, ColeHopf transformation, Stokes expansions, Pad approximants, exponential function method, Darboux transformation, Hes variational principle, Lie symmetry method, Hirota methods, sub-ODE method, (modified) extended tanh function method, pseudo-spectral method, generalized hyperbolic function method, Jacobi elliptic function method, Whithams method, generalized trigonometric functions method, the imbricate-soliton series, and many more [2,415,21,22,24,3032]. Most of these methods use the transformations to reduce the equation into a more simple equation and then solve it. In this paper we study one such NLEE, that is the perturbed nonlinear KleinGordon equation which is the so-called generalized Bretherton equation utt + uxx + uxxxx + um + un = 0, (1.1) where u is a real function and , , and are real valued constants while the exponent m is a natural number and for the exponent n N we assume that n = 1 and n = m [813,15,28,31]. This equation is a generalization of the Bretherton equation utt + uxx + uxxxx + u u2 = 0.
E-mail addresses: amin@impa.br, esfahani@du.ac.ir. 0893-9659/$ see front matter 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.aml.2010.09.004

(1.2)

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Eq. (1.2) was first introduced by Bretherton [23] as a model of a dispersive wave system to investigate the resonant nonlinear interaction between three linear modes. When = 0, Eq. (1.1) can be considered as a formal fourth-order extension of the classical KleinGordon equation, but it also inherits a Schrdinger structure; however, it can be noted that the equation satisfies neither finite speed propagation nor mass conservation. Eq. (1.1) is a generalized form of the equation that arises in particle field theory. In the context of long Josephson junction, Eq. (1.1) is considered as the perturbed KleinGordon equation with the nonlinearity sin u (the sine-Gordon equation), sinh u (the sinh-Gordon equation) or eu (the Liouville equation). However, since sin u is approximated by a Taylor series polynomial about u = 0, it is meaningful to study Eq. (1.1) with dual-power law nonlinearity um + un (see [913,31] and the references therein). The nonlinear terms due to and in Eq. (1.1) represent losses across the junctions and and represent the coefficients of spatial dispersions. We should also note that, similar to [9,18,28,29,31], the Bretherton equation (1.1) possesses the conservation of momentum P and the conservation of energy E , viz. P (u(t )) = E (u(t )) =

ux (x, t )ut (x, t ) dx = P (u(0)),

(1.3) (1.4)

[
R

] 2 2 2 2 2 m+1 n+1 ut (x, t ) ux (x, t ) + uxx (x, t ) + u (x, t ) + u (x, t ) dx = E (u(0)). m+1 n+1

The modified Bretherton equation utt + uxx + uxxxx + u u3 = 0, (1.5)

was proposed by Love [17] and discussed in [14,24,30] to obtain periodic solutions in terms of Jacobi elliptic functions and also elementary singular solutions; see also [18] for the instability and global solutions for this equation. Eq. (1.1) (with m = 1) was studied by Levandosky [27,28] who investigated the stability and instability of the solitary waves of this equation. Levandosky and Strauss [29] also established time decay of the solutions of this equation. We also refer to [16,19,20,25,26] for closely related references. Recently Romeiras [15] obtained periodic and solitary traveling wave solutions by a truncated Painlev analysis. More precisely, for m = 1 and n = 2, 3, 5, he used a truncated Painlev expansion method and obtained some kink solutions and (periodic) singular solutions. He also applied the unified algebraic method [33] and obtained various periodic solutions in terms of elliptic functions. Our interest in the present paper is to search for the solitary wave solutions for Eq. (1.1). The technique that will be used is the solitary anstze method which is one of the most effective direct methods to construct solitary wave solutions of NLEEs, see for example [2,68] and the references therein. The study is, however, going to be split into two cases and some compatibility conditions for the solitons to exist are laid down in any case. In the first case, m = 1 will be considered and the compatibility condition 2m = n + 1 will be obtained, while in the second case, m = 1 is going to be considered. 2. Anstze method As we mentioned before, the solitary wave solutions we consider for (1.1) are obtained using the sech-anstze method; actually our hypothesis is [2,68] u(x, t ) = A sechp (ax ct ) = A coshp (ax ct ) (2.1)

where A is the amplitude of the soliton and a is the inverse width of the solitary wave. Also c represents the velocity of the soliton and the exponent p will be determined later. We should note that Eq. (1.1) is time reversible, that is the change of variable t t leaves Eq. (1.1) unchanged. Eq. (1.1) is also symmetric that is invariant under the change of variable x x. Therefore if u(x, t ) = A sechp (ax ct ) satisfies (1.1), A sechp (ax ct ) also satisfies (1.1). Besides, since solitary wave (2.1) is even, here, we always assume that a > 0 and c R. It is worth remarking that for a > 0, the velocity c > 0 means the solitary wave is traveling to the right hand side of the x-coordinate; and the negative velocity creates a solitary wave traveling to the left hand side of the x-coordinate. Now let

= ax ct .
Now from (2.1), one can obtain utt = c 2 Ap2 coshp a2 Ap2 cosh
p

c 2 Ap(p + 1) coshp+2 coshp+2

(2.2)

uxx = and

a2 Ap(p + 1)

(2.3)

uxxxx =

a4 Ap4 coshp

2a4 Ap(p + 1) p2 + 2p + 2

a4 Ap(p + 1)(p + 2)(p + 3) coshp+4

coshp+2

(2.4)

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Plugging (2.2)(2.4) into (1.1), we obtain c 2 Ap2 cosh

p

c 2 Ap(p + 1) cosh
p+2

2a4 Ap(p + 1) p + 2p + 2 coshp+2

a2 Ap2 cosh
p

a2 Ap(p + 1) cosh
p+2

a4 Ap4 coshp

a4 Ap(p + 1)(p + 2)(p + 3) coshp+4

Am
cosh
pm

An
coshpn

= 0.

(2.5)

As we mentioned before, we need to equate the exponents of sech-functions suitably such that their respective coefficients become zero and a, c , A, , , and are nonzero in general. Hence two cases can be considered. 2.1. Case I: m = 1 By equating the exponents p + 4 and pn, we have p= 4 n1

(2.6)

Also by equating the exponents p + 2 and pm, we have p= 2 m1

(2.7)

hence we should have 2m = n + 1. Note that sech , sech and sech in (2.5) to zero, we obtain
p p+2 p+4

(2.8)

are linearly independent functions, so that by setting their respective coefficients

c 2 = a2 Am1 = and c 2 = a2

4 a4

2a2

(m 1)2

, m(m + 1)(3m 1) (m 1)2 Am1 . 2(m + 1)

(2.9)

(m 1)2

(2.10)

4 a4 (m2 + 1)

(m 1)2

(2.11)

As seen from (2.10); it is necessary to have

< 0
and also the coefficients and cannot be positive simultaneously, due to (2.9). It should be noted that, by using (2.10), the two values of the velocity of the solitary wave, given by (2.9) and (2.11), are set equal to one another, if the consistency condition (2.12) holds: 16 a4 m3 (m + 1) + 2 (3m 1)(m 1)4 = 0. More precisely, setting (2.9) equal to (2.11) gives Am1 = 8 a4 m2 (m + 1) (2.12)

(m 1)4

(2.13)

and by comparing (2.13) with (2.10) we get (2.12) and therefore

1 2 1 m(m + 1)(3m 1) 4 , 2m (m + 1) a= 1 2 1 m(m + 1)(3m 1) 4 m 1 , 2m (m + 1)

m1

if < 0, (2.14) if > 0.

So that by substituting (2.14) into (2.9), it yields

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Fig. 1. The wave profile for solution (2.17) with n = 3, m = 2 = 1, = 4, = 1/2, = 3, a 0.8034, A 10 and c 1.4666 in the x t plane.

1 1 2 m(m + 1)(3m 1) 2 2 (3m 1) m1 + , 2m 4(m + 1) m(m + 1) c= 1 1 2 2 2 m 1 m ( m + 1 )( 3 m 1 ) ( 3 m 1 ) + , 2m 4(m + 1) m(m + 1)

Thus, from (2.10) or (2.13), we obtain

if < 0, (2.15) if > 0.

] 1 [ (3m 1) m1 A= , 2m

(2.16)

provided < 0, when m is odd. Thus, from (2.8), the solitary wave solution of the generalized Bretherton equation (1.1) is given by u(x, t ) = A sech n1 (ax ct ) = A sech m1 (ax ct ),
4 2

(2.17)

where the amplitude A is given by (2.16), the velocity c of the solitary wave is given by (2.15) while the width a is given by (2.14). Fig. 1 shows the soliton profiles of (2.17) with n = 3, m = 2, = 1, = 4, = 1/2, = 3, a 0.8034, A 10 and c 1.4666 in the x t plane. We should note that, besides (2.14), there are two more values for a from (2.12). Indeed these values are complex which are impossible for obtaining a solitary wave (2.17). In particular, if < 0, then a iR. Furthermore, if the values of a and c belong to iR, then we obtain a traveling wave solution of (1.1) of the following form u(x, t ) = A sec n1 (ax ct ) = A sec m1 (ax ct ), with the values (2.14)(2.16) remaining the same, provided the amplitude A is real. This solution, contrary to (2.17), is periodic and singular. 2.2. Case II: m = 1 In this case by equating the exponents p + 4 and pn, we get (2.6). Note again that sechp , sechp+2 and sechp+4 are linearly independent functions; so that by setting their respective coefficients in (2.5) to zero, we obtain
4 2

c = a 2

16 a4

(n 1)

(n 1)2
16

(2.18)

[ ] 1 8 a4 (n + 1)(n + 3)(3n + 1) n1 A= (n 1)4

(2.19)

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Fig. 2. The wave profile for solution (2.23) with n = 4, = 9, = 4, = 1, = 1, a 0.15, A 0.4087 and c 1.5078 in the x t plane.

and

(n 1)2 a= 8(n + 1) > 0

(2.20)

As seen from (2.20), it is necessary to have

and also the coefficients , and cannot be positive simultaneously, due to (2.18). Therefore

[ 2 ] 1 (n + 3)(3n + 1)(n 1)4 n1 A= 512 (n + 1)3

and c= n1 4

(2.21)

(n 1)2 2 (n 1)2 . 4 (n + 1)2 16 (n + 1)4

(2.22)

It should be noted that setting the coefficients of sechp+2 and sechp+4 to zero yields the consistency condition (2.20) between the width a of the solitary wave and the coefficients of Eq. (1.1). Thus, the solitary wave solution of the generalized Bretherton equation (1.1), in this case, is given by u(x, t ) = A sech n1 (ax ct ),
4

(2.23)

where the inverse width a is given by (2.20), the velocity c of the solitary wave is given by (2.22) and the amplitude of the wave is given by (2.21). Fig. 2 shows the soliton profiles of (2.23) with n = 4, = 9, = 4, = 1, = 1, a 0.15, A 0.4087 and c 1.5078 in the x t plane. We note that if < 0, then a is a complex number; so that if the velocity c in (2.22) belongs to iR, then we derive the following singular periodic traveling wave u(x, t ) = A sec n1 (ax ct ), with the values (2.20)(2.22) remaining the same, provided the amplitude A is real. 3. Summary and conclusions This paper obtains the solitary wave solutions of the generalized Bretherton equation. The sech-anstze method was successfully used to derive these solutions. These solutions are of the type of KdV solitons. Thus, this form of solitary wave solutions will be useful in studying the soliton perturbation theory and stability analysis. In further works, some variants of the generalized Bretherton will be analyzed in viewpoint of the stochastic perturbation theory and their results will appear somewhere in our future studies. Moreover, existence and nonexistence of kink-shaped, one-cnoidal-type and one-dnoidaltype solutions of this equation and solitary wave solutions of the generalized Bretherton with variable coefficients are some of the interesting issues which can be studied and will be considered in future. In physical viewpoint, it is worth remarking
4

(2.24)

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that solitons obtained here, contrary to solutions of [15], are not periodic and propagate without change of their identities and we expect them to be stable against mutual collisions. It needs to be noted that however some figures were plotted to see the propagation and asymptotic characteristics of the solitary waves, but the numerical solutions of Eq. (1.1) (specially the Cauchy problem) are not obtained in this paper to supplement the technique that was studied. The numerical simulations of these equations are quite involved, especially in case I, and is being currently studied. Those results will be reported in future publications. References
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