1.

The ionic chemical equation are :

a. For reaction : Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)

ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

the ionic chemical equation is : Zn(s) + 2H+(aq)

Zn2+(aq) + H2(g).

b. For reaction : CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)

CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

the ionic chemical equation is :

CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq)

Ca2+(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

c. For reaction : K2O(s) + H2SO4

K2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)

the ionic chemical equation is : K2O(s) + 2H+(aq)

d. For reaction : Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2HNO3(aq)

K+ + H2O(l)

Ba(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l)

the ionic chemical equation is : OH-(aq) + H+(aq) H2O(l).

2. The Chemical Equation :
a. 2Cr(s) + 2KOH(aq) + 6H2O(l)
b. Cr(OH)3(s) + NaOH(aq)

2K[Cr(OH)4](aq) + 3H2.
Na[Cr(OH)4](aq).

3. The Chemical Equation :

a. 2Al(OH)3(s) + 3H2SO4(aq)

Al2(SO4)3 (aq) + 6H2O(l)

form aluminium ion : 2Al(OH)3(s) + 6H+(aq)

b. Al(OH)3(aq) + NaOH(aq)

Al3+ (aq) + 6H2O(l)

Na[Al(OH)4](aq)

form aluminate ion : Al(OH)3(aq) + OH- (aq)

[Al(OH)4]-(aq)

Exercise 15.2
1. a. The conjugate acids of :
Cl- is HCl
CO32- is HCO3NH3 is NH4+
ClO4- is HClO4
SO32- is HSO3b. The conjugate bases of :
HF is FHSO4- is SO42NH4+ is NH3.
HPO42- is PO43H3O+ is H2O
2. The chemical equation between ion HPO42- with water as follows :
a. Base : HPO42- + H2O
b. Acid : HPO42- + H2O

H2PO4- + OHPO43- + H3O+

3. The chemical equation :

a. HCO3-(aq) + F-(aq)
Acid

base

b. HSO4-(aq) + NH3(aq)
Base

Acid

c. HF(aq) + H2O(l)
Acid

base

4. Na2O (s) + H2O (l)

CO32-(aq) + HF(aq)
conjugate base

conjugate acid

SO42-(aq) + NH4+(aq)
conjugate base

conjugate acid

H3O+(aq) + F-(aq)
conjugate acid

conjugate base

2NaOH (aq)

The composition of the resulting solution is 2 mole sodium hydroxide solution.

Review Exsercise 15.3

1. Given by : [OH-]= 1.6. x 10 -7 mol/L
Asked : a. [H+]....?

b. Is the swimming pool water acidic or basic ...?

a. Kw = [H+] [OH-]
[H+]=

Kw
1 10 14
= 6.25 x 10-8
=
[OH ] 1.6 10 7

b. pH = -log [H+]
= -log (6.25 x 10-8)
= 8-log 6.25 pH is more than7 so, the water of swimming pool is basic.
2. Hitung Konsentrasi:
a. 5.0 x 10-3 mol L-1 HNO3
HNO3(g) H+ (aq) + NO3-(aq)
[H+] = [NO3-] = 5.0 x 10-3 mol L-1
= [H+] [OH-]

Kw

Kw
1,0 10 14
[OH ] =
=
= 2,0 x 10-12 mol L-1
[H + ]
5,0 10 3
-

b. 1,5 mol L-1 HCl

H+ (aq)+ Cl-(aq)

HCl(g)

[H+] = [Cl-] = 1,5 mol L-1

Kw

= [H+] [OH-]

[OH-] =

Kw
1,0 10 14
= 6,6 x 10-15
+ =
[H ]
1,5

c. 0,25 mol L-1 KOH

K+(aq) + OH-(aq)

KOH(s)

[K+] =[OH-] = 0,25 mol L-1

Kw

= [H+] [OH-]

[H+] =

Kw
10 14
= 4 x 10-14
=
[OH ]
0,25

d. 6,0 x 10-2 mol L-1 Ba(OH)2

Ba(OH)2(s)

Ba2+ (aq) + 2OH-(aq)

[Ba2+] = 6,0 x 10-2 mol L-1

[OH-] = 12 x 10-2 mol L-1
Kw

= [H+] [OH-]

[H+] =

Kw
10 14
=
= 8,33 x 10-14
[OH ] 12 10 2

Exercise 15.4
1. Calculate pH for:
a. 5.0 x 10-1 mol L-1 HCl
[H+] = 5.0 x 10-1 mol L-1
pH = -log [H+] = -log 5.0 x 10-1 = 1 log 5 = 0.3
b. 0.0065 mol L -1 KOH
[OH-] = 0.0065
Kw

= [H+] [OH-]

[H+]=

Kw
10 14
=
= 1.5 x 10-12
[OH ] 0.0065

pH= - log [H+] = -log 1.5 x 10-12 = 12-log 1.5 = 11.8

c. 3.6 x 10-3 mol L-1 HNO3
[H+] = 3.6 x 10-3
pH= -log [H+] = -log 3.6 x 10-3 = 3-log 3.6 = 2.433
d. 6.5 x 10-4 Ca(OH)2
[OH-] = 2 x 6.5 x 10-4 = 1.3 x 10-3
Kw

= [H+] [OH-]

[H+]=

Kw
10 14
= 7.69 x 10-12
=
[OH ] 1.3 10 3

pH= -log [H+] = -log 7.69 x 10-12= 12-log 7.69 = 11.11

2. Calculate [H+] and [OH-]
a. pH of orange juice = 3,5
pH = 3,5
-log [H+] = 3,5
[H+] = 3,16 x 10-4
Kw

= [H+] [OH-]

[OH-] =

Kw
10 14
= 3.16 x 10-11
+ =
[ H ] 3,16 10 4

b.

pH of household ammonia = 11,90

pH = 11,90
-log [H+] = 11,90
[H+] = 1,2 x 10-12
Kw

= [H+] [OH-]

[OH-] =

Kw
10 14
= 7,9 x 10-3
+ =
[ H ] 1,2 10 12

c. pH of gastric juice = 0,80

pH = 0,80
-log [H+] = 0,80
[H+] = 0,15
Kw

= [H+] [OH-]

[OH-] =

Kw
10 14
=
= 6,309 x 10-14
[ H + ] 0,15

3. pH decreases from 7 to 5, [H+] increases, it shows the increasing of the acidity

of that solution. Factors that cause [H+] undergoes increasing:
a.

heating

b.

adding acidic solution

Review Exercise 15.5

1. a. 0,1 mol L-1 dan 0,1 mol L-1 CH3COOH
the value of [H+] of HCl is higher than CH3COOH one.
And the value of pH of CH3COOH is higher than HCl one.
It caused by HCl that include into strong acid in order to it cant be
influenced by the value of Ka, meanwhile CH3COOH is weak acid that
influenced by the value of Ka.
The electrical conductivity of HCL is greater than CH3COOH because HCL
undergoes completely inozation,meanwhile CH3COOH undergoes partially
ionization.
b. 0,1 mol L-1 NaOH dan 0,1 mol NH3
the value of [H+] of NH3 is higher than NaOH one.
It caused by NaOH that include into strong base in order to it cant be
influenced by the value of Ka, meanwhile NH3 is weak base that influenced
by the value of Ka.
The electrical conductivity of NaOH is greater than NH3 because NaOH
undergoes completely inozation,meanwhile NH3 undergoes partially
ionization.
2. a. H2SO4
b. NaOH 1,21 x 10-5 M
c. NH3 13 M
d. CH3COOH 0,0001 M
3. ionization equation :
a. HBr(aq)

H+(aq) + Br-(aq)

b. H2SO3(aq)

2H+(aq) + SO32-(aq)

c. RbOH(aq)

Rb+(aq) + OH-(aq)

d. NaF (aq)

Na+(aq) + F- (aq)

Exercise 15.6
1. Ka expressions :
H+ + H2PO42-

a. H3PO4
Ka =

[ H + ][ H 2 PO4

[ H 3 PO4 ]

H+ + ClO-

b. HClO

[ H + ][ClO ]
Ka =
[ HClO ]

H+ + CO3-

c. HCO3

[ H + ][CO3 ]
Ka=
[ HCO3 ]
d. NH4+
Ka =

H+ + NH3

[ H + ][ NH 3 ]

[ NH ]
+

2. The arrangement of decreasing acidity strength:

H2SO4, Fe(H2O)63+, CH3COOH, H2CO3, H2PO4, NH4+, HS3. Given by 0,1 mol L HF , Ka= 7,2 x 10-4
a. The value of [H+] and pH
HF

H+ + F-

[ H + ][ F ]
Ka =
[ HF ]
x x

7,2 x 10-4 = 0,1 x

7,2 x 10-4 =

x2
0,1 x

7,2.10-5 7,2.10-4x = x2
x2 + 7,2.10-4x 7,2.10-5 = 0
4
7
4
x12 = 7,2.10 5,184.10 + 2,88.10 =8,132.10-3

[H+] = x = 8,132.10-3
pH = -log [H+] = - log 8,132.10-3 = 2,080

b. CH3COOH 0,1 mol L -1

[H+] =

Ka.M

1,8.10 5.0,1 =

1,8.10 6

= 1,34.10-3.

pH= -log 1,34.10-3 = 2,87.

HCl 0,1 mol L -1
[H+] = 0,1
pH= -log 0,1 = 1
the acidity of HF is weaker than HCl one, but stronger than CH3COOH one.
pH CH3COOH > pH HF > pH HCl , acidity HCl > HF > CH3COOH.

Exercise 15.7
1. The number of OH- ions that required in the reactions:
a. HNO3 + OH-

H2O + NO3-

1 mole OHb. HF + OH-

H2O + F

1 mole OHc. H2SO4 + 2OH-

H2O + SO42-

2 mole OHd. CH3COOH + OH-

H2O + CH3COO-

1 mole OHe. H3PO4 + 3OH-

PO43- + 3H2O

3 mole OHf. HCOOH + OH-

HCOO- + H2O

1 mol OH2. The number of H+ ions that required in the reactions:

a. NaOH + H+

H2O + Na+

1 mole H+
b. Fe(OH)3 + 3H+

3H2O + Fe3+

3 mole H+
c. Ca(OH)2 + 2H+

2H2O + Ca2+

2 mole H+
3. Successive ionization equations of oxalic acid :

4.

H2C2O4(s) + H2O(l)

HC2O4-(s) + H3O+(l)

HC2O4-(aq) + H2O(l)

C2O42-(s) + H3O+(l)

Exercise 15.8
1. Persamaan Reaksi pada:
a. NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq)

NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

b. 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq)

Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

c. 2NaOH(aq) + H2CO3 (aq)

NaCO3(aq) + 2H2O(l)

d. 2NaOH(aq) + CO2(g)

Na2CO3(aq) + H2O(l)

2. Persamaan Reaksi pada:

a. 2HCl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq)
b. 3HCl(aq) + Al(OH)3 (s)
c. 2HCl(aq) + MgO(s)
d. 2HCl(aq) + Na2CO3(s)

CaCl2(s) + 2H2O(l)
AlCl3(s) + 3H2O(l)
MgCl2(s) + H2O(l)
2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

Exercise 15.9
1. Hydrolysis equations :
a. S2-(aq) + H2O(l)
HS-(aq)
b. CO32-(aq)

+ OH-(aq)
HCO3-(aq)

+ H2O(l)

c. NH4+ (aq) + H2O(l)

d. [Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq)

+ H3O+(aq)

NH3(aq)

[Fe(H2O)5(OH)]2+(aq) + H3O+(aq)

+ H2O(l)

e. F- (aq) + H2O(l)

+ OH-(aq)

HF(aq)

+ OH-(aq)

f. HSO4- (aq) + H2O(l)

H2SO4(aq)

+ OH-(aq)

g. ClO- (aq) + H2O(l)

HClO(aq)

+ OH-(aq)

h. CH3 (aq) + H2O(l)

CH3OH(aq)

2. The Clasification of solution:

a. KNO3 = netral
b. NH4NO3 = acid
c. Ca(ClO)2 = base
d. Na3PO4 = base
e. AlBr3 = acid
f. KH2PO4 = base
g. MgI2 = Acid
h. NaCO3 = base

+ H+(aq)

Exercise 15.10
1. a.
b.
2. HCl 0,15 M dan CaCO3 750mg
n CaCO3 = mass/ molar mass = 0.75g/100g mole-1 = 7.5.10-3 mole
2 HCl + CaCO3
I = 0.15
C= 0.015

CaCl2 + 2H2O

7.5.10-3
7.5.10-3

E= 0.135

7.5.10-3 0.015
7.5.10-3 0.015

The amount of gastric juice that could be netralized by 750mg CaCO3 is only
0,015 mol L-1

Exercise 15.11
1. The nature of the bonding and acid-base properties of the following oxides:
a. K2O has ionic bonding, its a basic oxide
b. Ga2O3 has ionic bonding, its a basic oxide
c. Br2O7 has covalent bonding, its a acidic oxide
the acid-base properties of K2O, Ga2O3, Br2O7
Elements
K
Formula of oxide
K2O
Formula of reaction with KOH

Ga
Ga2O3
Ga(OH)3

water
Formula of reaction with H2O+ K+

H2O + Ga3+

no reaction

strong acid
Formula of reaction with no reaction

no reaction

H2O+BrO4-

strong base
Acid-base properties

Moderately

Weakly basic

Weakly acidic

Bonding in solid oxide

basic
Ionic bonding

Ionic bonding

Covalent bonding

2. The characteristic of B2O3 and In2O3

a. B2O3 is a weak acidic oxide
b. In2O3 is an acidicoxide

Br
Br2O7
HBrO4

Question And Problems

1. Balanced chemical equations:
a. Al(s) + 3HCl(aq)

AlCl3(aq) +

b. KHCO3(s) + HNO3(aq)

3
H2(g)
2

KNO3(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

c. Fe2O3(s) + 3H2SO4(aq)

Fe2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2O(l)

d. Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2HF(aq)

BaF2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

2. Balanced chemical equations:

a. 3NaOH(aq) + Al(s)
b. KOH(aq) + Fe(OH)3(s)
c. 2KOH(aq) + Zn(OH)2(s)
d. 2NaOH(aq) + SO3 (g)

Al(OH)3(aq) +3Na(s)
K[Fe(OH)4] (aq)
K2[Zn(OH)4] (aq)
Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)

3. The chemical equations:

a. KHC4H4O6 + NaHCO3
b. Fe2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq)
c. 3HCl(aq) + Al(OH)3(s)
d. H2SO3(aq) + CaCO3 (s)

2FeCl3 (aq)+ 3H2O(l)

AlCl3(aq) + H2O(l)
CaSO3(aq) + H2O (l)+ CO2(g)

4. The formulas of:

a. Conjugate base of:

HClO3 = ClO3-

HS- = S2-

NH4+ = NH3

H2O = OH-

b. Conjugate acid of:

HCO3- = H2CO3

HS- = H2S

[Fe(OH)(H2O)5]2+ = [Fe(H2O)6]+

N2H4 = N2H5

5. Ionization reactions:
a. HClO4(aq) + H2O(l)
b. LiOH(aq)

+ H2O(l)

c. HCOOH(aq) + H2O(l)
d. N2H4(aq) + H2O(l)

H3O +(aq) + ClO-(aq)

Li+ (aq) + OH-(aq)
H3O + (aq) + HCOO-(aq)

6. gambar diagram

a.

c.

b.

d.

7. Identify the Bronsted Lowry conjugate acid base pairs and predict wether the
reaction will occur to a small large extent for each following reaction :
a. H2C2O4(aq) + H2O(l)

H3O+(aq) + HC2O4-(aq)

Acid: H2C2O4(aq), conjugate base: HC2O4-(aq)

Base: H2O(l), Conjugate acid: HC2O4-(aq)
b. H2O(l) + CN-(aq)

HCN(aq) + OH-(aq)

Acid: H2O(l), conjugate base: OH- (aq)

Base: CN-(aq), conjugate acid: HCN(aq)
c. CH3COOH(aq) + S2-(aq)

CH3COO-(aq) + HS-(aq)

Acid: CH3COOH(aq), conjugate base: CH3COO-(aq)

Base: S2-(aq), conjugate acid: HS-(aq)
d. HCl(aq) + F-(aq)

HF(aq) + Cl-(aq)

Acid: HCl(aq), conjugate base: Cl-(aq)

Base: F-(aq), conjugate acid: HF(aq)
8. Calculate [H+], [OH-], and pH of:
a. 0,5 mole L-1 HBr
[H+] = 0,5 mole L-1
Kw

= [H+] [OH-]

[OH-]=

Kw
10 14
= 2.10-14
+ =
[H ]
0,5

pH= -log [H+] = -log 0,5 = 1-log 5=0,301

b. 3.10-3 mole L-1 Ca(OH)2

[OH-]= 2x3.10-3=6.10-3
= [H+] [OH-]

Kw

Kw
10 14
=
= 1,66.10-12
[OH ] 6.10 3

[H+] =

pH=-loh [H+]= -log 1,66.10-12= 11,778

c. 1,6 gram NaOH; 250 ml solution.
mol
M=
=
volume

gram

1,6

40 = 0,16 mole L-1.

Mr =
0,25
volume

NaOH
Na+ + OH[OH ]=[NaOH]=[Na+]=0,16 mole L -1.
Kw = [H+] [OH-]
[H+]=

Kw
10 14
= 6,\25.10-14.
+ =
[ H ] 0,16

pH=-log 6,15.10-14= 14-log 6,15= 13,20.

d. 2,0 ml, 12 mole L-1 HCl; 250 ml solution
V1.M1=V2.M2
2,0ml.12=250.M2
M2= 0,096
HCl

H+ + Cl-

0,096

0,096 0,096

[H+]=[HCl]=[Cl-]=0,096 mole L-1.

pH= -log 0,096 = 2-log 9,6= 1,0177
= [H+] [OH-]

Kw
[OH-]=

Kw
10 14
= 1,04.10-13 mole L -1.
+ =
[ H ] 0,096

9. Calculate [H+] and [OH-] of th following solution :

a. Coca-cola, pH=3
pH=3
-log [H+]=3
[H+]=10-3
Kw

= [H+] [OH-]

[OH-]=

Kw
10 14
=
= 10-11
3
[H + ]
10

b.

Acid rain, pH=2,40

pH=2,40
-log [H+]=2,40
[H+]= 3,98.10-3.
Kw

= [H+] [OH-]

[OH-]=

Kw
10 14
= 2,51.10-12.
+ =
[ H ] 3,98.10 3

c. Baking soda, pH=8,5

pH=8,5
-log [H+]= 8,5
[H+]= 3,16.10-9
Kw

= [H+] [OH-]

[OH-]=

Kw
10 14
=
= 3,16.10-6
[ H + ] 3,16.10 9

d. Dish washing detergen, pH=12,10

pH=12,10
-log [H+]= 12,10
[H+]= 7,94.10-13
Kw

= [H+] [OH-]

[OH-]=

Kw
10 14
= 0,012.
+ =
[ H ] 7,94.10 13

10. Given by : the concentration of HNO3 is 0,20 mole L-1

Asked : the value of H+, NO3-, HNO3....?
Answer:
HNO3

H+ + NO3-

[H+]=[NO3-]=[HNO3]=0,20 mole L -1.

pH=-log [H+]= -log 0,2 = 0,69.

11. Given by : the concentration of HNO2 is 0,20 mole L-1

Ka=4,5.10-4.
Asked : [ H +] [OH ] [ HNO2 ] and pH......?
Answer:
HNO2

H+ + NO2-.

(0,2-x)

[ H + ][OH ]
Ka=
[ HNO2 ]

4,5.10-4=

xx
(0,2 x )

x2
4,5.10 =
(0,2 x )
-4

x 2 + 4,5.10 4 x 9,5.10 5 = 0
x12 =

x=

b b 2 4ac
2a

4,5.10 4 2,025.10 7 + 3,6.10 4

= 9,26.10 3
2

[H+]=[NO2-]=x = 9,26.10-3.
pH= -log 9,26.10-3= 3-log 9,26=2,033
[HNO2]= 0,2-x= 0,2 9,26.10-3= 0,190.
12. HCl, H2SO4, H3PO4 , NH4Cl, NaCl, Na2CO3, NH3, NaOH, Ba(OH)2
13. Answer:
a. The number of Hydrogen atom = 3
b. The number of acidic hydrogen atom = 2
c. There are 2 acidic hydrogen atoms in 1 mole acid, thats way, to netralize
1 mole acid required 2 mole hydroxide ions.
d.
H
O
H
H
O
O -2
O
C
C
C
+ 2OH
+ 2H2O
C
C
C
H

14.
15. a. Hydrolysis reaction : CH3COO- + H2O

CH3COOH + OH-

b. When sodium etanoate solution undergoes hydrolysis it will make basic

solution because CH3COONa ionized to be CH3COO- and Na+, then
CH3COO- will react with water to be CH3COOH and OH-.
CH3COO- + H2O

CH3COOH + OH-, meanwhile Na+ cant react with

water. Because in water formed OH- ion, it make basic solution.

16. a. HCO3- as an acid:

HCO3- + H2O

CO32- + H3O+

HCO3- as a base
HCO3- + H2O

H2CO3 + OH-

b. HCO3- as a base because its reaction with water produce H2CO3,

HCO3- as an acid because its reaction with water produce CO3- and OH17. the clasification of salt:
a. CaCl2 = netral
b. Cr(NO3)3= acid
Cr+3 + 3NO3-

Cr(NO3)3
Cr3+ + H2O

Cr(OH)3 + 3H+.

c. Na3PO4= base;
3Na+ + PO43-.

Na3PO4
PO43- + 3H2O
d.

H3PO4 + 3OH-.

Na2SO4= netral.
2Na+ + SO42-.

Na2SO4
e. K2CO3 = base;

2K+ + CO32-

K2CO3
CO32- + H2O

H2CO3 + 2OH-

f. KCN = base
KCN

K+ + CN-

CN- + H2O

HCN + OH-

g. NH4Br= acid;
NH4Br
NH4+ + H2O

NH4+ + BrNH4OH + H+

h. (NH4)2S = tergabtung nilai Ka dan Kb;

(NH4)2S
NH4+ + H2O
S2- + H2O

2NH4+ + S2-.
NH4OH + H+
HS- + OH-

18. Chemical equilibria:

a. CO2(g)

CO2(aq)

b. CO2(aq) + H2O(l)

H2CO3(aq)

c. H2CO3 + H2O

HCO3- + H3O+.

d. HCO3- + H2O

CO32- + H3O+

19. Given by : the mass of CaCO3 is 750 mg and the mass of Al(OH)3 is 200 mg
the concentration of HCl is 0,15 M
Asked : Chemical equation, and volume of gastric juice that could be
netralized.....?
a. CaCO3 + 2HCl
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl

CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

AlCl3 + H2O

b. Volume HCl that could be netralized:

2 HCl + CaCO3
I = 0.15
C= 0.015

CaCl2 + 2H2O

7.5.10-3
7.5.10-3

E= 0.135

7.5.10-3 0.015
7.5.10-3 0.015

The amount of gastric juice that could be netralized by 750mg CaCO3 is only
0,015 mol L-1
3HCl + Al(OH)3

AlCl3 + H2O

I = 0.15
C=
E=
The amount of gastric juice that could be netralized by 200mg Al(OH)3 is only
mol L-1
20. Arrangement of oxides in order of increasing acidity :
a. Na2O, Al2O3, P4O11, Cl2O7
b. K2O, Al2O3, SiO2, SO3, Cl2O7