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Doc. dr Neboja Radovi, graduated civil engineer.

1

Prof. dr ore Uzelac, graduated civil engineer
2

Asistent Bojan Mati, graduated civil engineer
3


STRATEGIC ANALYSES OF ROAD NETWORK OF THE VOJVODINA
USING HDM-4 MODEL

Summary: This paper presents an example of strategic analyses of the road network of the Vojvodina
applying HDM-4 model for road network investment management. The main arterial and regional road
network (state roads I and II categories) as well as local road network of the Vojvodina has been analyzed
with purpose to determine an optimal level of financing for maintenance. A simulation of different
maintenance and improvement road standards under different level of financing has been applied

Key words: investment management, strategic analyses, HDM-4 model, maintenance, pavement



1. INTRODUCTION
A concept of strategic planning of mid-term and long-term investmets in the road network require
consideration of all road network demands by road authorities. Therefore, strategic analyses dealing with
whole road network or specific parts of the road network managed by road authority. The main arterial and
regional (state roads I and II category) as well as local road network of the Vojvodina has been analysed
within this project.
For analyses at level of the strategic planning a World Bank model HDM-4 [1] has been used. This is
model for development and management of the road network used more than 30 years for technical and
economic evaluation of road projects, preparation of the investment programs and strategic analyses of the
road networks. The model is permanently improved according to performed international studies for road
network development and management (ISOHDM), broadening capabilities of primary developed HDM-III
model and providing a systematic approach to road management using adequate software tools (HDM-4).
Strategic analyses of the road network of the Vojvodina has been performed within Study: Defining a
elements for strategic development of the road network of the Vojvodina [2] financed by Executive Council
of the Vojvodina Province Secretary for public ecomony.

2. APPLYING HDM-4 MODEL IN STRATEGIC ANALYSES
In the purpose of evaluation of the mid-term and long-term requirements of whole road network or specific
part of road network, the HDM-4 model is applying a road network matrix concept, including a road network
categories determined in accordance to key atributes related to pavement performances and road user
costs. Although is possible to moulding a individual sections through strategic analyses, most road agencies
manage with thousends kilometers of roads what is often cumbersome undertaking. The users are able to
define road network matrix representing the most influenced factors related to road user costs. Typical road
network matrix could be categorized according to following:
- Traffic load
- Pavement type
- Pavement condition
- Enviromental of climatic zones
- Funkcional classification (as required)

Strategic analyses is used for analyses of whole road network for preparation of mid-term and long-term
road development and preservation investments according to different budget scenarious. A mid-term or
long-term expenditures estimations for periods from 5 to 40 years could be peformed. A typical strategic
analyses by road agencies involve:
Mid-term or long-tern estimation for target road maintenace standards
Prediction of long-term road network performances under different level of financing
Optimal distribution of funds according to available budget; for example optimal funds for road

1 Faculty for Technical Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovia 6, 21000 Novi Sad, tel.:+381 64 14 22 673, e-mail: radovicn@drenik.net
2 Faculty for Technical Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovia 6, 21000 Novi Sad, tel.:+381 65 21 20 395, e-mail: uzelacdjordje@gmail.com
3 Faculty for Technical Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovia 6, 21000 Novi Sad, tel.:+381 64 18 49 879, e-mail: bojan.matic@yahoo.com
routine maintenance, periodic maintenance and road network improvement
Optimal distribution of funds for specific parts of the road network; for example (main arterial,
regional, local road network) or in accordance to administrative level
Research of various politics related to road maintenance standards, sustainable size of the road
network, evaluation of pavement design standards etc.

3. ROAD NETWORK OF THE VOJVODINA
Accoding to Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Serbia for year 2007., total length of the road network
of the Vojvodina by the end of year 2006. is 6,035 km. According to economic importance the road network
of the Vojvodina is classified in the following categories:
main arterial roads: 1,673 km
regional roads: 1,799 km
local roads: 2,563 km

The largest part of motorways and semi-motorways has been built in the period from 1970 to 1990. The
main arterial and regional road network is mainly constructed in the period from 1961 to 1983, while major
part of main arterial roads has been rehabilitated (asphalt overlay or pavement reconstruction) in the period
form 1980 to 1992.

3.1. Main arterial road network of the Vojvodina
The main arterial roads are defined by Decision of determining of main arterial roads (Official Journal
SFRJ N
o
44 from 04.08.1978) as well as Decision of changes and supplements of decision of determining
main arterial roads (Official Journal SFRJ N
o
5 from 01.02.1980.). Structure of main arterial road network of
the Vojvodina according to pavement width is shown in table 1:
Table 1 Distribution of the main arterial road network by pavement width
Pavement width (m) Length (km) % of total length
up to 5.00 33.04 2.29%
5.10 6.00 117.75 8.17%
6.10 7.00 549.67 38.15%
over 7.00 469.90 32.61%
Semi-motorways 121.36 8.42%
Motorways 149.06 10.35%
Total: 1,440.78 100.00%

From table 1 it could be seen that satisfactory pavement width (over 7.00m), posses over 50% main
arterial roads. About 10% of main arterial roads have pavement width that could be considered as
satisfactory width for lower traffic levels (5.50-6.00 m). Figure 1 presents distribution of longitudinal evenness
on the main arterial road network. It could be noticed that almost 75% of total length of main roads have
roughness higher than IRI = 3.0 m/km (IRI international roughness index), indicating lower theshold for
optimal technical and economic using of main arterial roads.
Ravnost kolovoza magistralne putne mree APV
361.03
582.31
477.64
19.8
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1.5 3.0 3.1 5.0 5.1 7.0 7.1 9.0
IRI (m/km)
k
mDuina (km)

Figure 1: Longitudinal evenness of pavement surface for main arterial road network of the Vojvodina
3.2. Regional road network of the Vojvodina
The regional roads are defined by Decision of determining of regional roads (Official Journal SFRJ N
o
20
from 29.05.1976) and by Decision of changes and supplements of decision of determining regional roads
(Official Journal SRS N
o
14 from 09.04.1977). Structure of regional road network of the Vojvodina according
to pavement width is shown in table 2:
Table 2 Distribution of regional road network by pavement width
Pavement width (m) Length (km) % of total length
up to 4.00 16.16 0.97%
4.10 5.00 35.04 2.09%
5.10 7.00 1264.74 75.61%
over 7.00 356.81 21.33%
Total: 1,672.75 100.00%

This table review demonstrates that small part of regional road network (about 3% of total length) has
inadequate pavement width (up to 5.00m or even less).
Figure 2 presents distribution of longitudinal evenness on the regional road network of the Vojvodina. It
could be noticed that 44% of total length of regional roads have roughness higher than IRI = 4.0 m/km (IRI
international roughness index), indicating lower theshold for optimal technical and economic using of the
regional roads.
Ravnost kolovoza regionalne putne mree APV
944.89
674.95
23.35 29.56
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1.5 4.0 4.1 6.0 6.1 8.0 >8.0
IRI (m/km)
k
m
Duina (km)

Figure 2: Longitudinal evenness of pavement surface for regional road network of the Vojvodina

3.3. Local road network of the Vojvodina
Accoding to Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Serbia for year 2007. (issued by Statistical Office of
the Republic of Serbia), the local road network of the Vojvodina is composed of total 2,563 km. Structure of
the local road network of the Vojvodina according to pavement type is following:
- Paved local roads 1,893 km
- Macadam local roads 73 km
- Earth local roads 597 km
Total: 2,563 km
Important local roads as well as sections passing through settlements mainly have been paved 20 to 40
years ago. After that period local road network has been deteriorated without adequate maintenance. The
geometric standards have not been defined precisely also as well as adequate local road authoritys
jurisdiction leading to confuse circumstances during some rehabilitation works and resulting in inadequate
solutions.
There are parts of categorized local roads with pavement widths of 3m or less, with partly paved surface
and poor constructed widening without modern pavement surface with significant pavement distresses and
inadequate drainage. Structures as well as road facilities are also in poor condition as rule.



3.4. Major investments in the road network of the Vojvodina in period 2004 2007 year
Table 3 presents a review of major investments in the road network of the Vojvodina in the period from
2004 to 2007 year. Presented data are based on the yearly reports of accomplished works by Public
Enterprise Roads of Serbia [4]. This data served at same time for updating of information base for road
network of the Vojvodina for using HDM-4 model.

Table 3 Recapitulation of major investments during period 2004-2007 year (millions RSD)
N
o
Item 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total %
1.
Routine summer and winter
maintenance of the main
arterial and regional roads
1,353.7 1,819.2 3,217.4 3,514.2 9,904.50 33.3%
2.
Routine summer and winter
maintenance of the
motorways
1,265.7 1,312.2 423.0 685.4 3,686.30 12.4%
3.
Pavement rehabiliation
(IFIs loans)
1,333.7 1,874.8 804.7 442.5 4,455.70 15.0%
4.
Pavement rehabilitation from
own funds
108.3 129.5 309.7 4.8 552.30 1.9%
5. Road reconstruction 157.3 368.9 1,173.7 0.0 1,699.90 5.7%
6. New motorway construction 920.4 623.1 1,101.4 1,471.6 4,116.50 13.8%
7.
New construction of main
arterial and regional roads
61.2 228.1 657.9 677.6 1,624.80 5.5%
8. Investments in local roads 355.9 955.5 1,534.8 62.6 2,908.80 9.8%
9.
Investments from National
Investments plan funds
/ / 138.7 674.0 812.70 2.7%
Total: 5,556.20 7,311.30 9,361.30 7,532.70 29,761.50 100.0%

Ulaganja u putnu mreu APV
5,556.20
7,311.30
9,361.30
7,532.70
29,761.50
0.00
5,000.00
10,000.00
15,000.00
20,000.00
25,000.00
30,000.00
35,000.00
2004 2005 2006 2007 Ukupno
Godine
M
i
l
i
o
n
a

R
S
D
Series1

Figure 3 Investments in the road network of the Vojvodina in period 2004 2007 year

As could be seen, the highest investments were in maintenance of the road network of the Vojvodina,
while new section construction was financed for international loans.

4. STRATEGIC ANALYSES OF THE ROAD NETWORK OF THE VOJVODINA
4.1. Applyed methodology
Strategic, technical-economic analyses of maintenance and improvement of the road network of the
Vojvodina was performed by HDM-4 model (Highway Development Management Model, ver. 1.3). A
Strategic analyses procedure maximizing benefits (maximizing Net Present Value NPV) for each specific
road network (main arterial, regional, local) separatly was done.
For each specific road network (main arterial, regional, local) a particular road network model was made
through definig characteristic (representative) sections according to traffic load (high, medium, low) and
pavement condition (good, fair, poor). In case of strategic analyses for main arterial and regional road
network a paved sections have been analyses, while in case of strategic analyses for local road network a
paved and unpaved (macadam, earth roads) have been analyzed.
For purposes of this analyse a particular information basis was formed included collection of all available
road information data about road network of the Vojvodina, transfering existing road informations from Road
Data Base (RDB) and bridges (BDB) P.E Roads of Serbia, as well as data from interviews with road
organizations and supervisors, data from various studies and publications, etc.
Differences between road user costs and benefits in alternative Road network without investments
regular maintenance of existiing road network and alternative "Road network with investment
rehabilitation / reconstruction of road network are calculated for each year of road network exploatation
period of 20 years. Net Present Values (NPV) and internal rates of return (IRR) for project are calculated, as
well as relation Net Present Values towards Investment (Capital) work costs (NPV/CAP).
Economic analyses is based on the following:
- traffic counting on the main arterial and regional road network of the Republic of Serbia for 2007. [3],
- pavement surface condition of analysed road network is defined on the basis of available data
(IISPV Integrated Road Information System of Vojvodina Vojvodinaput Novi Sad, Road and
Bridge Data Base PE Roads of Serbia) as well as on the basis of experts estimation,
- analyses period is 20 years,
- beggining year of analyses is 2009. year,
- ending year of analyses is 2028. year,
- pavement maintenance work unit prices (routine maintenance works and pavement rehabilitation /
reconstruction works) are formed on the basis of Work price list of PE.Roads of Serbia,
- discount rates: 10%,
- all coste are expressed in with following exchange rate 1=84.8734 RSD and 1=1.275 USD, 1
USD = 0.8475 (November 2008.)
- economic to financial ratio 0.82 (VAT 18%),

4.2. Calibration of the HDM-4 model for using in local conditions
For the purposes of adequate using of HDM-4 model, a adaptation of HDM-4 model for using in local
conditiions characteristic climate of the Republic of Serbia are done. Calibration of HDM-4 model according
to climate characteristics is accomplished in relation to following:
- climate characteristics of the Vojvodina
- characteristic traffic flows (speed flow type)
- representative sections of road network

4.3. Defining of representative sections of road network of the Vojvodina
Main arterial road network, level 1 Maintenance of the road network

For strategic analyses of maintenance of the existing main arterial road network of the Vojvodina, a fifteen
(15) representative sections have been defined. Paved main arterial roads are classified in five traffic load
classes (low, medium or high traffic load with sub-classes):
low traffic load level (MS1): AADT < 1,000 veh/day,
medium traffic load level (SS1): 1,000 veh/day < AADT < 3,000 veh/day,
medium traffic load level (SS2): 3,000 veh/day < AADT < 7,000 veh/day,
high traffic load level (VS1): 7,000 veh/day < AADT < 12,000 veh/day,
high traffic load level (VS2): AADT > 12,000 veh/day,

as well as three classes of pavement condition (good, fair or poor):
good pavement condition (Low IRI): 1.5 < IRI < 3.0 m/km,
fair pavement condition (Medium IRI): 3.0 m/km < IRI < 4.5 m/km,
poor pavement condition (High IRI): IRI > 4.5 m/km

Main arterial road network, level 2 Improvement of the road network

For strategic analyses of improvement of existing main arterial road network of the Vojvodina, additional
classes related to pavement width are involved (traffic load categories S2, V1 and V2):
inadequate pavement width: b < 7.1 m,
adequate pavement width: b > 7.1 m

An 113 sections on the main arterial road network of the Vojvodina have been analyzed in the total length
of 1,440.78 km. Average AADT on the main arterial road network of the Vojvodina in 2007 year was
AADT=5,524 veh/day, while average roughness expressed by IRI on the whole main arterial road network is
estimated to be IRI=4.49 m/km.
On the basis of formed information base for road network of the Vojvodina, main arterial road network is
modeled by 17 (of total 24 initially estimated) representative sections according to traffic load, pavement
conditions and pavement width (table 4).

Table 4 Main arterial road network matrix
Paved main arterial roads Traffic load categories (veh/day)
4



Pavement condition
IRI (m/km)
5. 4. 3. 2. 1.
Low (AADT
< 1,000)
Medium 1
(1,000 <
AADT <
3,000)
Medium 2*
(3,000 <
AADT <
7,000)
High 1**
(7,000 <
AADT <
12,000)
High 2**
(AADT >
12,000)
1 2 3 4 5
P
a
v
e
m
e
n
t

w
i
d
t
h

(
m
)

b

<

7
.
1
0

(
7
.
7
0
)

m

Good
(1.5 <IRI 3.0)
1
11_MSDSK 21_SS1DSK 31_SS2DSK 41_VS1DSK 51_VS2DSK
0.00 km 28.15 km 182.97 km 49.77 km 62.40 km
Fair
3.0 <IRI 4.5)
2
12_MSSSK 22_SS1SSK 32_SS2SSK 42_VS1SSK 52_VS2SSK
13.43 km 37.65 km 138.59 km 101.43 km 5.70 km
Poor
(IRI > 4.5)
3
13_MSLSK 23_SS1LSK 33_SS2LSK 43_VS1LSK 53_VS2LSK
0.00 km 209.11 km 105.83km 40.51 km 0.00 km
b

>

7
.
1
0

(
7
.
7
0
)

m


Good
(1.5 <IRI 3.0)
4
34_SS2DSKb 44_VS1DSKb 54_VS2DSKb
37.74 km 0.00 km 0.00 km
Fair
(3.0 <IRI 4.5)
5
35_SS2SSKb 45_VS1SSKb 55_VS2SSKb
159.13 km 36.33 km 0.00 km
Poor
(IRI > 4.5)
6
36_SS2LSKb 46_VS1LSKb 56_VS2LSKb
222.45km 9.59 km 0.00 km
* considered pavement width b< 7.10m (1
st
, 2
nd
and 3
rd
road class, design speed V=80 km/h, ts = 3.25m. ti=0.30m, b=7.10m)
** considered pavement with b< 7.70m (1
st
and 2
nd
road class, design speed V=100 km/h, ts = 3.50m. ti=0.35m, b=7.70m)

Regional road network, level 1 Maintenance of the road network

For strategic analyses of maintenance of existing regional road network of the Vojvodina, nine (9)
representative sections are defined. Paved regional roads are classified in three traffic load classes (low,
medium or high traffic load):
low traffic load level (MS): AADT < 1,000 veh/day,
medium traffic load level (SS): 1,000 veh/day < AADT < 3,500 veh/day,
high traffic load level (VS): AADT > 3,500 veh/day,

as well as three classes of pavement condition (good, fair or poor):
good pavement condition (Low IRI): 1.5 < IRI 4.0 m/km,
fair pavement condition (Medium IRI): 4.0 m/km < IRI 6.0 m/km,
poor pavement condition (High IRI): IRI > 6.0 m/km

Regional road network, level 2 Improvement of the road network

For strategic analyses of improvement of existing regional road network of the Vojvodina, an additional
two classes related to pavement width are involved (traffic categories S and V):
inadequate pavement width: b < 6.6 m,
adequate pavement width: b > 6.6 m.


4

A Guidelines for basic conditions for public roads out of settlements and their elements to be fulfilled by aspects of traffic safety, Official Journal SFRJ No 83 from 26.06.1991

An 87 sections on the regional road network of the Vojvodina have been analyzed in the total length of
1,672.75 km. Average AADT on the regional road network of the Vojvodina in 2007 year was AADT=2,491
veh/day, while average roughness on the regional road network is estimated to be IRI=4.17 m/km.
On the basis of formed information base for road network of the Vojvodina, regional road network is
modeled by 13 (of total 18 initially estimated) representative sections according to traffic load, pavement
condition and pavement width (table 5).

Table 5 Regional road network matrix
Paved regional roads Traffic categories (veh/day)

Pavement condition
IRI (m/km)
Low
(AADT< 1,000)
Medium 1
(1,000 < AADT <
3,000)
Medium 2*
(3,000 < AADT <
7,000)
High 1**
(AADT > 7,000)
1 2 3 4
P
a
v
e
m
e
n
t

w
i
d
t
h

(
m
)

b

>

6
.
6
0

(
7
.
1
0
)

m
Good
(1.5 <IRI 4.0)
1
11_MSDSK 21_SS1DSK 31_SS2DSK 41_VS1DSK
82.64 km 708.27 km 88.23 km 17.47 km
Medium
(4.0<IRI 6.0)
2
12_MSSSK 22_SS1SSK 32_SS2SSK 42_VS1SSK
179.43 km 333.12 km 80.06 km 0.00 km
Poor
(IRI > 6.0)
3
13_MSLSK 23_SS1LSK 33_SS2LSK 43_VS1LSK
24.71 km 4.85 km 18.90 km 0.00 km
b

<
6
.
6

(
7
.
1
0
)

m

Good
(1.5 <IRI 4.0)
4
34_SS2DSKb 44_VS1DSKb
48.28 km 0.00 km
Medium
(4.0<IRI 6.0)
5
35_SS2SSKb 45_VS1SSKb
82.34 km 0.00 km
Poor
(IRI > 6.0)
6
36_SS2LSKb 46_VS1LSKb
4.45 km 0.00 km
* considered pavement width b< 7.10m (1
st
, 2
nd
and 3
rd
road class, design speed V=80 km/h, ts = 3.25m. ti=0.30m, b=7.10m)
** considered pavement width b< 7.70m (1
st
and 2
nd
road class, design speed V=100 km/h, ts = 3.50m. ti=0.35m, b=7.70m)

Local road network, level 1 Maintenance of the road network

For strategic analyses of maintenance of existing local road network of the Vojvodina, twelve (12)
representative sections are defined.

According to pavement type there are two classes of regional roads:
paved roads (A - asphalt)
unpaved roads (Z- earth, macadam)

Paved regional roads are classified in three classes according to traffic load (low, medium or high traffic
load):
low traffic load level (MS): AADT < 250 veh/day,
medium traffic load level (SS): 250 veh/day < AADT < 1,000 veh/day,
high traffic load level (VS): AADT > 1,000 veh/day,

as well ad three pavement condition classes (good, fair or poor):
good pavement condition (Low IRI): 1.5 < IRI 4.0 m/km,
fair pavement condition (Medium IRI): 4.0 m/km < IRI 6.0 m/km,
poor pavement condition (High IRI): IRI > 6.0 m/km

Unpaved regional roads are classified into three pavement condition classes also:
good pavement condition (Low IRI): 2.5 < IRI 5.0 m/km,
fair pavement condition (Medium IRI): 5.0 m/km < IRI 8.0 m/km,
poor pavement condition (High IRI): IRI > 8.0 m/km

On the basis of available road information data for local road network, the local road network of the
Vojvodina is modeled by twelve (12) representative sections according to pavement type, traffic load and
pavement condition in the total length of 2,563 km (table 6).
Average AADT on the local road network of the Vojvodina in the year 2007 was AADT=660 veh/day,
while average pavement surface roughness is estimated to be IRI=5.80 m/km.

Table 6 Local road network matrix
Local roads Traffic categories (veh/day)

Pavement condition
IRI (m/km)
Low
(AADT< 250)
Medium
(250 < AADT < 1,000)
High
(AADT > 1,000)
1 2 3
P
a
v
e
m
e
n
t


t
y
p
e

P
a
v
e
d

(
A
)

Good
(1.5 <IRI 4.0)
1
11_AMSDSK 21_ASSDSK 31_ASSDSK
189.00 km 252.00 km 189.00 km
Fair
(4.0<IRI 6.0)
2
12_AMSSSK 22_ASSSSK 32_ASSSSK
190.00 km 253.00 km 190.00 km
Poor
(IRI > 6.0)
3
13_AMSLSK 23_ASSLSK 33_ASSLSK
189.00 km 252.00 km 189.00 km
U
n
p
a
v
e
d

(
Z
)

Good
(2.5 <IRI 5.0)
4
14_ZMSDSK
0.00 km
Faor
(5.0<IRI 8.0)
5
15_ZMSSSK
73.00 km
Poor
(IRI > 8.0)
6
16_ZMSLSK
597.00 km


4.4. Defining of the representative sections of the road network of the Vojvodina
Due to specific characteristic of vehicle fleet participating in the traffic flow, a adaptation of representative
vehicles characteristics are performed in purpose to adequate using HDM-4 model. Table 7 presents basic
characteristics of vehicle fleet, while table 8 presents economic characteristics of vehicle fleet applied in the
analyses.

Table 7 - Basic characteristics of the vehicle fleet
Vehicle type N
o
of
wheels
N
o
of
axles
Yearly N
o

of Km
Yearly N
o

of working
hours
Average
duration
(years)
N
o
of
passangers
ESAL Weight (t)
Small passanger car 4 2 10,000 500 14 2 0.00 1.02
Medium passanger car 4 2 12,000 500 15 2 0.00 1.14
Bus 6 2 100,000 2,500 14 25 1.96 15.60
Light truck 6 2 50,000 2,000 14 0 0.10 1.79
Medium truck 6 2 40,000 2,000 14 0 1.25 5.08
Heavy truck 10 3 55,000 2,000 14 0 2.28 14.03
Articulated truck 18 5 80,000 2,000 15 0 4.63 19.70

Table 8 Economic characteristic of the vehicle fleet
Vehicle type New vehicle
()
Tyres
()
Fuel
(/l)
Oil
(/l)
Maint.
work hours
(/h)
Crew work
hours
(/h)
Passanger
work hours
(/h)
Passanger
non-work
hours
(/h)
Small passanger car 6,933 35.1 0.50 2.67 4.15 0.00 2.34 0.59
Medium passanger car 10,454 52.7 0.50 2.67 4.15 0.00 2.34 0.59
Bus 90,562 193.4 0.47 2.09 4.15 6.24 2.10 0.53
Light truck 20,289 174.0 0.47 2.09 4.15 3.12 0.00 0.00
Medium truck 28,076 180.2 0.47 2.09 4.15 3.12 0.00 0.00
Heavy truck 30,970 193.4 0.47 2.09 4.15 6.24 0.00 0.00
Articulated truck 54,560 281.2 0.47 2.09 4.15 6.24 0.00 0.00

Within framework of this analyses a following initial vehicle fleet structure as well traffic growth rates are
used moderate scenario (table 9):







Table 9 - Initial vehicle fleet structure and traffic growth rates
VEHICLE TYPE
TRAFFIC CATEGORIES
High V1, V2 Medium S1, S2 Low, M1
Initial
structure
%
Yearly traffic
growth rate
Initial
structure
%
Yearly traffic
growth rate
Initial
structure
%
Yearly traffic
growth rate
Small passanger car 40.0 2.5 43.0 3.0 45.0 3.5
Medium passanger car 40.0 2.5 43.0 3.0 45.0 3.5
Bus 1.0 2.5 0.7 3.0 0.5 3.5
Light truck 1.0 2.5 0.8 3.0 0.5 3.5
Medium truck 5.0 2.5 4.0 3.0 3.5 3.5
Heavy truck 7.0 2.5 4.5 3.0 3.5 3.5
Articulated truck 6.0 2.5 4.0 3.0 2.0 3.5
Total (%) 100.0 100.0 100.0

4.5. Applied maintenance standards
Main arterial road network

A basic alternative for comparison presents works on pothole patching and crack sealing every year
within period of analyses.
A alternative for comparison presents basic alternative (pothole patching and crack sealing) every year
within period of analyses, routine maintenance works every year within period of analyses and proposed
rehabilitation / reconstruction works within period of analyses.
The periodic maintenance works on the main arterial roads are scheduled in dependence of existing
pavement condition and traffic load as well as changes of pavement performance during the time. Proposed
rehabilitation works have estimated duration of 10-15 years. Table 10 presents calculated work costs for
proposed preparatory works and rehabilitation works.

Table 10 Pavement rehabilitation / reconstruction works (main arterial road network)
Pavement maintenance
satndard
Standard
Code

Unit Econ.
cost ()
Finan.
cost ()
Applying criteria Achieved
effects
1 POTHOLE PATCHING POTPAT m
2
13.3 15.7 Preparatory works Pothole
patch 80%
2 CRACK SEALING CRKSL m
2
5.4 6.2 Preparatory works Wide and tr.
cracks 80%
3 ASPHALT CONCRETE
OVERLAY d=30mm
OVL30 m
2
5.6 6.8 Ppuk>15% and
Cum ESAL < 1
MESAL/lane
HDM-4
derived
4 ASPHALT CONCRETE
OVERLAY d=50mm
OVL50 m
2
9.3 11.3 3.0<IRI<3.9 m/km,
AND Cum ESAL <
1 MESAL/lane
HDM-4
derived
5 ASPHALT CONCRETE
OVERLAY d=70mm
OVL70 m2 13.0 15.8 4.0<IRI<4.9 m/km
AND Cum
1<ESAL< 2
MESAL/lane
HDM-4
derived
6 ASPHALT CONCRETE
OVERLAY d=70+50=120mm
OVL120 m2 21.2 25.6 5.0<IRI<6.9 AND
Cum ESAL > 2
MESAL/lane
HDM-4
derived
7 PAVEMENT
RECONSTRUCTION
d=50+70+300=420mm
PAVREC m2 31.7 38.7 IRI>7.0 m/km HDM-4
derived
8 PARTIAL PAVEMENT
WIDDENING w=0.6m,
(b=7.10m) + AC OVERLAY
d=70mm
PARWD m2
m2
km
4.8
13.8
98,000
5.8
16.8
119,500
q/C>0.7
(Peak period
Volume Capacity
Ratio> 0.7)
HDM-4
derived
9 PARTIAL PAVEMENT
WIDDENING w=1.0m,
(b=7.10m) + AC OVERLAY
d=70mm
PARWD m2
m2
km
8.0
23.0
163,300
9.7
28.0
199,150
q/C>0.7
(Peak period
Volume Capacity
Ratio> 0.7)
HDM-4
derived
10 PARTIAL PAVEMENT
WIDDENING w=1.2m,
(b=7.70m) + AC OVERLAY
d=70mm
PARWD m2
m2
km
9.5
27.6
212,500
11.6
33.7
259,200
q/C>0.7
(Peak period
Volume Capacity
Ratio> 0.7)
HDM-4
derived
* applied on sections of the existing main arterial road network where pavement width b 7.10m (7.70m)
Regional road network

The periodic maintenance works on the regional road network are scheduled in dependence of existing
pavement condition and traffic load as well as changes of pavement performance during the time. Table 11
presents calculated work costs for proposed preparatory works and rehabilitation works.

Table 11 Pavement rehabilitation / reconstruction works (regional road network)
Pavement maintenance
satndard
Standard
Code

Unit Econ.
cost ()
Finan.
cost ()
Applying criteria Achieved
effects
1 POTHOLE PATCHING POTPAT m
2
13.3 15.7 Preparatory works Pothole
patch 80%
2 CRACK SEALING CRKSL m
2
5.4 6.2 Preparatory works Wide and tr.
cracks 80%
3 ASPHALT CONCRETE
OVERLAY d=30mm
OVL30 m
2
5.6 6.8 Ppuk>20% and
Cum ESAL < 1
MESAL/lane
HDM-4
derived
4 ASPHALT CONCRETE
OVERLAY d=50mm
OVL50 m
2
9.3 11.3 3.0<IRI<4.4 m/km,
AND Cum ESAL <
1 MESAL/lane
HDM-4
derived
5 ASPHALT CONCRETE
OVERLAY d=70mm
OVL70 m2 13.0 15.8 4.5<IRI<6.0 m/km
AND Cum
1<ESAL< 2
MESAL/lane
HDM-4
derived
6 ASPHALT CONCRETE
OVERLAY d=70+50=120mm
OVL120 m2 21.2 25.6 6.0<IRI<7.9 AND
Cum ESAL > 2
MESAL/lane
HDM-4
derived
7 PAVEMENT
RECONSTRUCTION
d=50+70+300=420mm
PAVREC m2 31.7 38.7 IRI>8.0 m/km HDM-4
derived
8 PARTIAL PAVEMENT
WIDDENING w=0.6m,
(b=7.10m) + AC OVERLAY
d=70mm
PARWD m2
m2
km
4.8
13.8
98,000
5.8
16.8
119,500
q/C>0.7
(Peak period
Volume Capacity
Ratio> 0.7)
HDM-4
derived
9 PARTIAL PAVEMENT
WIDDENING w=1.0m,
(b=7.10m) + AC OVERLAY
d=70mm
PARWD m2
m2
km
8.0
23.0
163,300
9.7
28.0
199,150
q/C>0.7
(Peak period
Volume Capacity
Ratio> 0.7)
HDM-4
derived
10 PARTIAL PAVEMENT
WIDDENING w=1.2m,
(b=7.70m) + AC OVERLAY
d=70mm
PARWD m2
m2
km
9.5
27.6
212,500
11.6
33.7
259,200
q/C>0.7
(Peak period
Volume Capacity
Ratio> 0.7)
HDM-4
derived
* applied on sections of the existing regional road network where pavement width b 6.60m (7.10m)

Local road network paved roads

The periodic maintenance works on paved local roads are scheduled in dependence of existing pavement
condition and traffic load as well as changes of pavement performance during the time. Table 12 presents
calculated work costs for proposed preparatory works and rehabilitation works.

Local road network unpaved roads

A basic alternative minimum maintenance works for the unpaved local roads presents reneval 10% of
lost gravel / earth material from pavement surface twice per year as well as spot regraveling.
Table 13 presents basic alternative and alternative for comparison in case of analyses of unpaved local
road network.









Table 12 Pavement rehabilitation / reconstruction works (paved local roads)
Pavement maintenance
satndard
Standard
Code

Unit Econ.
cost ()
Finan.
cost ()
Applying criteria Achieved
effects
1 POTHOLE PATCHING POTPAT m
2
13.3 15.7 Preparatory works Pothole
patch 60%
2 CRACK SEALING CRKSL m
2
5.4 6.2 Preparatory works Wide and tr.
cracks 60%
3 SURFACE DRESSING
d=16mm
SSD16 m
2
4.9 6.0 Ppuk>15% HDM-4
derived
4 ASPHALT CONCRETE
OVERLAY d=30mm
OVL30 m
2
5.6 6.8 Ppuk>20% and
CumESAL < 1
MESAL/lane
HDM-4
derived
5 ASPHALT CONCRETE
OVERLAY d=40mm
OVL40 m
2
7.5 9.1 3.5<IRI<5.0 m/km,
AND CumESAL < 1
MESAL/lane
HDM-4
derived
6 ASPHALT CONCRETE
OVERLAY d=50mm
OVL50 m
2
9.3 11.3 5.0<IRI<7.0 m/km,
AND CumESAL < 1
MESAL/lane
HDM-4
derived
7 ASPHALT CONCRETE
OVERLAY d=70mm
OVL70 m2 13.0 15.8 7.0<IRI<10.0 m/km
AND Cum
1<ESAL< 2
MESAL/lane
HDM-4
derived
8 ASPHALT CONCRETE
OVERLAY d=70+50=120mm
OVL120 m2 21.2 25.6 IRI>10.0 m/km HDM-4
derived

Table 13 Pavement rehabilitation / reconstruction works (unpaved local roads)
Pavement maintenance
satndard
Standard
Code

Unit Econ.
cost ()
Finan.
cost ()
Applying criteria Achieved
effects
1 SPOT REGRAVELING SR/yr km 100 118 Every year HDM-4
derived
2 GRADING GRAD2y m3 1.0 1.2 Every year HDM-4
derived
3 GRAVEL RESURFACE at
d=50 mm
GRAV50 km 200 240 Gravel thickness
d<50mm
HDM-4
derived


5. ECONOMIC ANALYSES
5.1. Main arterial road network
Total investment work costs in this case are estimated to be 317.54 millions . Applying proposed
maintenance / improvement standards on main arterial road network of the Vojvodina, a average pavement
condition during the analyses period will be: IRI=2.58 m/km. Table 14 presents work program by years in
case of unconstrained budget.

Table 14 Work program by years (unconstrained budget)


On the basis of strategic analyses of maintenance and improvement of main arterial road network of the
Vojvodina it is possible to conclude following:
- To keep existing pavement condition of main arterial road network of the Vojvodina (IRI=4.5m/km) it is
necessary to provide 160 millions in next 20 years (case of constrained budget 50%),
- Increasing of investments in main arterial road network of the Vojvodina from 160 to 240 millions
(case of constrained budget 75%) in next 20 years improving pavement condition of main arterial road
network from IRI =4.5 m/km to IRI= 3.2 m/km
- Investments in main arterial road network of Vojvodina of 320 millions leads to optimal relation
between investments and pavement condition of main arterial road network IRI=2.6 m/km, presenting
the desirable standard for main arterial road network.
- Figures 4 and 5 presents required investments in main arterial road network of the Vojvodina as well
influences of different budgeting levels to pavement condition.
Predvidjena ulaganja u M-puteve APV u periodu 2008-2027.
0
50,000,000
100,000,000
150,000,000
200,000,000
250,000,000
300,000,000
350,000,000
400,000,000
450,000,000
500,000,000
E
U
R
Ukupno: 217,159,979 154,634,979 39,290,479 39,290,479
Redovno odravanje 33,209,979 33,209,979 33,209,979 33,209,979
Rehabilitacija/Poboljanje 183,950,000 121,425,000 6,080,500 6,080,500
2008-2012 2012-2018 2019-2023 2023-2027

Figure 4 Total estimated investments in period 2008-2027 (unconstrained budget)

Magistralna putna mreza APV
IRI , 4.5
IRI , 3.2
IRI , 2.6
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
160 240 320
miliona EUR-a
I
R
I

(
m
/
k
m
)

Figure 5 Average pavement roughness for different levels of financing

5.2. Regional road network
Total investment work costs in this case are estimated to be 269.32 millions . Applying proposed
maintenance / improvement standards on the regional road of the Vojvodina, a average pavement condition
during the analyses period will be: IRI=3.01 m/km. Table 15 presents work program by years in case of
unconstrained budget.

Table 15 - Work program by years (unconstrained budget)


On the basis of strategic analyses of maintenance and improvement of the regional road network of the
Vojvodina it is possible to conclude following:
- To keep existing pavement condition of the regional road network of the Vojvodina (IRI=4.17m/km) it is
necessary to provide 187 millions in next 20 years (case of constrained budget 75%),
- Increasing of investments in the regional road network of the Vojvodina from 187 to 269 millions (case
of unconstrained budget) in next 20 years leads to optimal relation between investments and pavement
condition and will improve pavement condition of regional road network from IRI =4.17 m/km to IRI= 3.0
m/km, presenting the desirable standard for regional road network.
- Investments in regional road network of Vojvodina of 120 millions (case of constrained budget 50%)
will decrease overall pavement condition of regional road network to IRI=5.1 m/km.

Figures 6 and 7 presents required investments in regional road network of the Vojvodina as well influences
of different budgeting levels to pavement condition.

Predvidjena ulaganja u R-puteve APV u periodu 2008-2027.
0
50,000,000
100,000,000
150,000,000
200,000,000
250,000,000
300,000,000
350,000,000
400,000,000
450,000,000
500,000,000
E
U
R
Ukupno: 78,217,800 228,007,800 32,399,300 32,399,300
Redovno odravanje 25,425,800 25,425,800 25,425,800 25,425,800
Rehabilitacija/Poboljanje 52,792,000 202,582,000 6,973,500 6,973,500
2008-2012 2013-2018 2019-2023 2023-2027

Figure 6 Total estimated investments in period 2008-2027 (unconstrained budget)
Regionalna putna mreza APV
IRI , 5.1
IRI , 4.2
IRI , 3
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
120 187 269
miliona EUR-a
I
R
I

(
m
/
k
m
)

Figure 7 Average pavement roughness for different levels of financing

5.3. Local road network
Total investment work costs in this case are estimated to be 232.86 millions . Applying proposed
maintenance / improvement standards on the local road of the Vojvodina, a average pavement condition
during the analyses period will be: IRI=4.85 m/km. Table 16 presents work program by years in case of
unconstrained budget.

Table 16 - Work program by years (unconstrained budget)


On the basis of strategic analyses of maintenance and improvement of the local road network of the
Vojvodina it is possible to conclude following:
- To keep existing pavement condition of the local road network of the Vojvodina (IRI=5.7m/km) it is
necessary to provide 185 millions in next 20 years (case of constrained budget 75%),
- Increasing of investments in the local road network of the Vojvodina from 185 to 232 millions (case of
unconstrained budget) in next 20 years leads to optimal relation between investments and pavement
condition and will improve pavement condition of local road network from IRI =5.7 m/km to IRI= 4.8
m/km, presenting the desirable standard for local road network.
- Investments in local road network of Vojvodina of 115 millions (case of constrained budget 50%) will
decrease overall pavement condition of local road network to IRI=8.0 m/km.
- Paving unpaved local roads presents priority in the development of local road network of the Vojvodina
(in both cases of constrained and unconstrained budgets).

Figures 8 and 9 presents required investments in regional road network of the Vojvodina as well influences
of different budgeting levels to pavement condition.
Predvidjena ulaganja u L-puteve APV u periodu 2008-2027.
0
50,000,000
100,000,000
150,000,000
200,000,000
250,000,000
300,000,000
350,000,000
E
U
R
Ukupno: 155,589,000 55,710,000 59,606,500 65,678,500
Redovno odravanje 25,930,000 25,930,000 25,930,000 25,930,000
Rehabilitacija/Poboljanje 129,659,000 29,780,000 33,676,500 39,748,500
2008-2012 2013-2018 2019-2023 2023-2027

Figure 8 Total estimated investments in period 2008-2027 (unconstrained budget)

Lokalna putna mreza APV
IRI , 8
IRI , 7
IRI , 4.8
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
115 141 232
miliona EUR-a
I
R
I

(
m
/
k
m
)

Figure 9 Average pavement roughness for different levels of financing

6. CONCLUSION
It is unobvious fact that well developed transport system has key role in economic development of
country. Well composed and developed transport system leads to faster economic development as well as
establishment of base infrastructure for all other activities.

Differences in terrains and population between particular regions are visible. Economic and other
activities are not uniformly distributed. More intensive activities are present in populated areas. The main
traffic routes connect significant centers and follow the river corridors. Geographic location of the Vojvodina
is very important for transit motions.

Basic characteristics of traffic conditions in Vojvodina can be summarized in the three elementary
attitudes [5]:
- inadequate traffic infrastructure is not primary consequence of existing road network. It is consequence
of traffic infrastructure quality. Railway and road network are developed well and there is no lack
comparing to developing countries;
- primary task in development of traffic infrastructure in the Vojvodina is increasing quality and
modernization of existing road network;
- in the future development of traffic of the Vojvodina it is necessary to insist on modernization of
international road corridors like corridor 10 as well as TEM (Trans-European magisterial).

Within this strategic analyses total length of 5,676.53 km of road network of Vojvodina have been
analyzed, primarily concerning aspects of maintenance and improvement of existing road network condition.
Simulation of various maintenance and improvement standards is performed under different level of
financing.

For requirements of real maintenance and improvements of main arterial, regional and local road network
of the Vojvodina it is necessary to provide 1,091,564,158 in next 20 years with following distribution of
funds by road network categories (figure 10).

Predvidjena ulaganja u putnu mreu APV u periodu 2008-2027.
0
100,000,000
200,000,000
300,000,000
400,000,000
500,000,000
600,000,000
700,000,000
800,000,000
900,000,000
1,000,000,000
E
U
R
M-putevi 217,159,979 154,634,979 6,080,500 6,080,500
R-putevi 78,217,800 228,007,800 32,399,300 32,399,300
L-putevi 155,589,000 55,710,000 59,606,500 65,678,500
Ukupno: 450,966,779 438,352,779 98,086,300 104,158,300
2008-2012 2013-2018 2019-2023 2023-2027

Figure 10 Estimated investments in road network of the Vojvodina in period 2008-2027 (unconstrained budget)

7. LITERATURE
1. HDM-4, Highway Design and Management Model, Volume 1-7, ISOHDM, 2000-2008. god.
2. Definisanje elemenata za strategiju razvoja puteva AP Vojvodine, Izvrno vee AP Vojvodine Pokrajinski
Sekretarijat za privredu, 2008. god.
3. Brojanje saobraaja na magistralnoj i regionalnoj putnoj mrei Republike Srbije za 2007. godinu, JP Putevi
Srbije, 2008.god.
4. Izvetaj o izvrenim radovima u periodu 2004-2007. godine, JP Putevi Srbije, 2004., 2005., 2006. i 2007. god.
5. http://www.vojvodina-cess.org/html/ap5-3.php, Analiza dosadanjeg razvoja i SWOT analiza AP Vojvodine, str.
br. 167.

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