Antennas & Propagation

Dr Mohamad El-Husseini mohamad.houssini@gmail.com

What is an antenna?
An antenna is a device that:
Converts RF power applied to its feed point into electromagnetic radiation. Intercepts energy from a passing electromagnetic radiation, which then appears as RF voltage across the antennas feed point.

Any conductor,through which an RF current is flowing, can be an antenna. Any conductor that can intercept an RF field can be an antenna.

Administrative Issues
Antennas & Propagation

Objective: To provide fundamental knowledge in the theory and analysis of antenna design and deployment in telecommunication systems Contact: Dr. Mohamad El-Husseini e-mail: mohamad.houssini@gmail.com

Administrative Issues
Term Duration: Lectures: 2 terms (12 weeks) Weekly 4h

Tests & Exam:

1 Midterm Final Exam

Administrative Issues
Recommended texts: C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design, 2nd ed., Wiley, 97. Lecture notes (distributed in class).

Administrative Issues
Alternative sources: 1. Elsherbeni and Inman, Antenna Design & Visualization Using MATLAB, 2006. 2. J. D. Kraus and R. J. Marhefka, Antennas (for all Applications), 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill, 2002. (the previous editions authored by Kraus only are fine, too). 3. W. L. Stutzman and G. A. Thiele, Antenna Theory and Design, 2nd ed., 1998. 4. R. S. Elliot, Antenna Theory and Design, A Classical Reissue, 2003. 5. V. Fusco, Foundations of Antenna Theory and Techniques, Pearson, 2008. On antennas and propagation: 1. R. E. Collin, Antennas and Radiowave Propagation. McGraw-Hill, 1985. 2. K. Siwiak, Radiowave Propagation and Antennas for Personal Communications, 2nd ed. Artech House, 1998. 3. J. Doble, Introduction to Radio Propagation for Fixed and Mobile Communications. Artech House, 1996. On smart antennas: 1. T. K. Sarkar, M. C. Wicks, M. Salazar-Palma, R. J. Bonneau, Smart Antennas. Wiley, 2003. 2. G. T. Okamoto, Smart Antenna Systems and Wireless LANs, Kluwer, 1999.

Outline
Introduction into Antenna Studies Introduction into the Theory of Radiation Philosophy of Antenna Auxiliary Potential Functions Radiation from Infinitesimal (Elementary) Sources Fundamental Antenna Parameters Polarization and Related Antenna Parameters Friis Transmission Equation and Radar Range Equation

Outline
Antenna Noise Temperature and System Signal-to-Noise Ratio Basic Methods in Antenna Measurements Linear Wire Antennas Dipoles and Monopoles Cylindrical Antennas Classical Theoretical Models Matching Techniques for Dipole/Monopole Feeds Loop Antennas Linear Array Theory

Outline
Aperture Antennas Horn Antennas Reflector Antennas Microstrip Antennas

Introduction

Communication Systems

Communication Systems

Our

business

Communication Systems
1. GENERAL
SOURCE SOURCE CODING CHANNEL CODING TRANSMITTER Tx CHANNEL NOISE & INTERF. SINK SOURCE DE-COD CHANNEL DE-COD RECEIVER Rx

Communication Systems
2. DETAIL
SOURCE SOURCE CODING CHANNEL CODING Tx CHANNEL Rx CHANNEL DE-COD SOURCE DE-COD SINK

Human Speech - HiFi / TV - Data

-

Quality Delay

Communication Systems
2. DETAIL
SOURCE SOURCE CODING CHANNEL CODING Tx CHANNEL Rx CHANNEL DE-COD SOURCE DE-COD SINK

The process of efficiently

converting the output of either analogue or digital source into a sequence of binary digits is called: SOURCE CODING
1. 2. 3.

Electromagnetic representation (current) Quantization/Digitalization Compression

(minimize redundancy)

Communication Systems
2. DETAIL
SOURCE SOURCE CODING CHANNEL CODING Tx CHANNEL Rx CHANNEL DE-COD SOURCE DE-COD SINK

The introduction of controlled redundancy into a signal to compensate for any sources of noise and interference is called: CHANNEL CODING

Input k bits Output n bits: k/n code rate

Communication Systems
2. DETAIL
SOURCE SOURCE CODING CHANNEL CODING Tx CHANNEL Rx CHANNEL DE-COD SOURCE DE-COD SINK

The interface which modulates the digital bit stream onto an appropriate waveform, capable of propagating through the communication channel, is called: MODULATOR or TRANSMITTER

Communication Systems
2. DETAIL
SOURCE SOURCE CODING CHANNEL CODING Tx CHANNEL Rx CHANNEL DE-COD SOURCE DE-COD SINK

The medium between Tx and Rx is called: CHANNEL

Wireless Telephone Fiber cable

Each of the channels has unique features with respect to signal distortion and noise. Thus each is treated separately and the modulation schemes differ!

Communication Systems
2. DETAIL
SOURCE SOURCE CODING CHANNEL CODING Tx NOISE Rx CHANNEL DE-COD SOURCE DE-COD SINK

All processes which degrade the signal in an additive manner (and which autocorrelation function is a Dirac delta) are called: NOISE
-

Thermal noise (Tx, cable, Rx) Natural and man-made noise Interferences (usually from
other man operated systems)

Communication Systems
2. DETAIL
SOURCE SOURCE CODING CHANNEL CODING Tx CHANNEL Rx CHANNEL DE-COD SOURCE DE-COD SINK

Performs optimum combining and processing of the received distorted wave form.

Communication Systems
2. DETAIL
SOURCE SOURCE CODING CHANNEL CODING Tx CHANNEL Rx CHANNEL DE-COD SOURCE DE-COD SINK

Using the introduced redundancy it retrieves the desired information.

Communication Systems
2. DETAIL
SOURCE SOURCE CODING CHANNEL CODING Tx CHANNEL Rx CHANNEL DE-COD SOURCE DE-COD SINK

Reproduces the original signal from the source to be delivered to the sink.

Communication Systems
3. KINGS
SOURCE SOURCE CODING CHANNEL CODING Tx CHANNEL Rx CHANNEL DE-COD SOURCE DE-COD SINK

Dr. XXX: Information Theory

Communication Systems
3. KINGS
SOURCE SOURCE CODING CHANNEL CODING Tx CHANNEL Rx CHANNEL DE-COD SOURCE DE-COD SINK

Dr. xxx: Information Theory

Dr.xxx: Digital Communication

Communication Systems
3. KINGS
SOURCE SOURCE CODING CHANNEL CODING Tx CHANNEL Rx CHANNEL DE-COD SOURCE DE-COD SINK

Dr. XXX: Information Theory Dr. xxx: Digital Communication

Dr. Husseini: Antenna theory

Communication Systems
4. MATHS & PHYSICS
SOURCE SOURCE CODING CHANNEL CODING Tx CHANNEL Rx CHANNEL DE-COD SOURCE DE-COD SINK

PHYSICS: - transformation of non-electrical signals into electromagnetic signals MATHEMATICS: - Nyquist sampling theorem - optimum digitalization laws - Shannons capacity formula

Communication Systems
4. MATHS & PHYSICS
SOURCE SOURCE CODING CHANNEL CODING Tx CHANNEL Rx CHANNEL DE-COD SOURCE DE-COD SINK

PHYSICS: - none

MATHEMATICS: - complete coding theory

Communication Systems
4. MATHS & PHYSICS
SOURCE SOURCE CODING CHANNEL CODING Tx CHANNEL Rx CHANNEL DE-COD SOURCE DE-COD SINK

PHYSICS: - Maxwells equations (current, decoupling

waves, etc)

MATHEMATICS: - Vector analysis - Differential equations - Fourier transformation

Communication Systems
4. MATHS & PHYSICS
SOURCE SOURCE CODING CHANNEL CODING Tx CHANNEL Rx CHANNEL DE-COD SOURCE DE-COD SINK

PHYSICS: - Maxwells equations (free space, reflection,

etc)

MATHEMATICS: - Probability theory (CLT, distributions, etc)

Communication Systems
4. MATHS & PHYSICS
SOURCE SOURCE CODING CHANNEL CODING Tx NOISE Rx CHANNEL DE-COD SOURCE DE-COD SINK

PHYSICS: - Quantum theory

MATHEMATICS: - Operator theory - Theory of stochastic processes