NEBOSH - IOG - Questions - Master Set

NEBOSH International Technical Oil and Gas Certificate Operational Safety (IOG
Identify the !ey sta"es of a #or!place ris! assess$ent
Identify the hazards Decide who might be harmed and how Evaluate the risks and decide on precaution Record your findings and implement them Review your assessment and update if necessary

Outline the $eanin" of %as lo# as reasona&ly practica&le' - ()(*+

"ALAR " is short for "as low as reasonably practicable"! ALAR involves weighing risk against the trouble" time and money needed to control it! #hus" ALAR describes the level to which we e$pect to see workplace risks controlled! ALAR allows us to set goals for duty%holders It is a key part of the general duties of the &ealth and 'afety at (ork Act )*+, ALAR is about weighing the risk against the sacrifice needed to further reduce it #o spend -)m to prevent five staff suffering bruised knees is obviously grossly disproportionate .ut #o spend -)m to prevent a ma/or e$plosion capable of killing )01 people is obviously proportionate

Many $a,or oil - "as incidents ha.e occurred in recent years/ e" +iper (lpha/ Te0as City/ Mu$&ai Hi"h1 Outline reasons #hy such incidents should &e in.esti"ated &y e$ployers1
Establish the 2hain of Events Establish 2auses of incident Establish Route 2ause

Establish process failures Establish Lessons learnt to prevent similar occurrences

Identify four parties/ other than the e$ployer/ #ho $ay #ant to in.esti"ate these types of incident
Authorities Insurance 2ompanies 3anufactures 'uppliers

)ist the Ha2ards associated #ith )NG

&azards associated with L456 7ire and e$plosion ool 7ires .leve8s 9 :apour 2loud E$plosions E$plosion in confined space 2old .urns Asphy$iation in a confined space #errorism

)ist the Ha2ards associated #ith )+G - )i3uid +etroleu$ Gas (+ropane-Butane
&azards associated with L 5 % Li;uid etroleum 5as < ropane=.utane> &ighly 7lammable 7ire 9 e$plosion 2old .urns" 7rostbite % In its Li;uid form .leve8s ool 7ires

4hat are the $ain dan"ers associated #ith )+G

#he dangers of L 5 lie with its flammability and e$plosive properties" and the fact that it is stored under great pressure" and hence very low temperature" to retain its li;uid state! ?n release" L 5 reverts to its gaseous state" with rapid and considerable increase in volume!

(n e$ployee #as seriously in,ured in an accident at #or! #ithin an oil and "as installation1 Identify the docu$ented infor$ation that $i"ht &e used &y the in.esti"atin" tea$ to deter$ine the causes of this acciden
Documented information that might be used by the investigating team to determine the causes of an accident6 #( hotographs 22#: 7ootage (itness 'tatements revious &ealth and 'afety 3eeting 3inutes Risk Assessments = @'A8s 3ethod 'tatements 2ontrol Room Data Internal incident report forms 3aintenance records Disciplinary records 'afe systems of work Audit = inspection reports '? 8s D 9 A #est results

Outline the ter$ 5lash +oint

7lashpoint is the lowest temperature at which sufficient vapour is given off to "7lash" % that is" ignite

momentarily" and not carry on burning" when a source of ignition is applied to the vapour! At the flash point the application of a naked flame gives a momentary flash rather than sustained combustion" for which the temperature is too low

Gi.e the $eanin" of the follo#in" ter$ 6pper fla$$a&le li$it - 65)
A7L % #he ma$imum concentration of fuel in air that is sufficient to allow combustion to occur! Above the A7L the mi$ture is too rich to burn

Gi.e the $eanin" of the follo#in" ter$ )o#er fla$$a&le li$it )5)
L7L % #he minimum concentration of fuel in air that is sufficient to allow combustion to occur! .ellow the L7L" the mi$ture is too lean to burn!

Gi.e the $eanin" of the follo#in" ter$ 5lashpoint

7lashpoint is the lowest temperature at which sufficient vapour is given off to "7lash" % that is" ignite momentarily" and not carry on burning" when a source of ignition is applied to the vapour!

Gi.e the $eanin" of the follo#in" ter$ Hi"hly fla$$a&le li3uids

&ighly flammable li;uids Li;uids with a flash point below BCD2! 'ubstances which" when hot" catch fire in contact with air at ambient temperature without any energy input

Identify the infor$ation that $i"ht &e included on a chec!list for an in.esti"ation follo#in" an accident
)! ?btain basic factsE 4ames of in/ured (itnesses lace Date and time

ersons in area Ascertain substances = chemicals involved In/uries Damage to e;uipment C! Establish circumstancesE (hat happenedF 2auses Events leading to incident 2ompetence 'upervision .ehavior B! reventive 3easures % Review the risk assessment for the activityE (hat precautions should have been in forceF (hat training should those carrying out the activity have receivedF (hat precautions were actually takenF 2ompare them with those which should have been taken! (hat training was actually givenF 2ompare it with training which should have been given! ,! (as the initial response ade;uateFE 7irefighting 7irst aid 2ontainment and spillage 0! Identify underlying causesE 3anagement or supervision failureF Lack of competenceF Inade;uate trainingF 'hortcomings in original design of E;uipment 7acilities Absence of a system for maintenance! G! Determine action needed to prevent a recurrence Improve physical safeguards Introduce better test and maintenance arrangements Improve work methods" rovide and use personal protective e;uipment 3ake changes to supervision and training arrangements" Review procedures involving outside contractors Improve inspection systems

5ollo#in" preparation of a .essel for $aintenance #ithin an oil and "as installation a lo# specific acti.ity - )S( - radioacti.e slud"e #as encountered Identify ha2ards associated #ith the slud"e
&azards associated with L'A" radioactive sludge6 Risk of fire" e$plosion! #o$icity to Divers

Outline 5O6* control $easures to reduce the ris! to #or!ers e0posed to the slud"e1
7?AR control measures to reduce the risk to workers e$posed to L'A sludge6 (earing of correct E % Respirator

3onitoring devices and personal sensors E$plosion proof certified e;uipment 'afety procedures #raining

Identify T4O other pieces of #or!place e3uip$ent #here the slud"e $ay &e found1
#(? other pieces of workplace e;uipment where the sludge may be found6 'hale 'hakers 3ud its

(n oil and "as industry e$ployer is re.ie#in" tenderin" contracts for an offshore platfor$ $odification1 Identify the factors that should &e considered #hen assessin" the health and safety co$petence of a contractor1
7actors that should be considered when assessing the health and safety competence of a contractorE &'E olicy8s 2ertifications % Accreditations 2ommitment to &'E from senior management and how this is demonstrated % 'afety 3anagement

system and implementation % 'afety tools used ro/ect records % track record of similar pro/ects 'afety 'tatistics % H I8s records and achieved Risk 3anagement system and procedure revious incident investigations reports 2ompetency of employees and pro/ect staff 'afety Initiatives used with in the business and pro/ect

Outline the ter$ Ma,or (ccident

A 3a/or Accident IsE An unplanned event with potential for multiple fatalities and or serious damage" possibly beyond the asset itself! #ypically these are hazardous releases" but also include ma/or structural failure or loss of stability that could put the whole asset at risk! %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% )! A fire" e$plosion or other release of a dangerous substance involving death or serious personal in/ury to persons on the installation or engaged in an activity on or in connection with it C! Any event involving ma/or damage to the structure of the installation or plant affi$ed thereto or any loss in the stability of the installation6 B! #he failure of life support systems for diving operations in connection with the installation" the detachment of a diving bell used for such operations or the trapping of a diver in a diving bell or other subsea chamber used for such operations ,! Any event arising from a work activity involving death or serious personal in/ury to five or more persons on the installation or engaged in an activity in connection with it

7escri&e the 8ey +rinciples of Safe Shift Hando.er

#he Hey rinciples of 'afe 'hift &andover areE A formal procedure &igh priority conducted 7ace to 7ace #wo way communication" with both parties taking /oint responsibility .oth verbal 9 written communication

.ased on the analysis of the needs of incoming staff 5iven as much time as necessary rovide as much" information as necessary

In relation to Hydrocar&on 9apour Clouds 7efine #hat is $eant &y: B)E9E's

".LE:E" is an acronym for ".oiling Li;uid Evaporating :apour E$plosion" It is an e$plosion caused by the rupture of a vessel containing a pressurized li;uid above its boiling point!

In relation to Hydrocar&on 9apour Clouds 7efine #hat is $eant &y: C9CE's

2:2E % 2onfined :apour 2loud E$plosion E$plosion of a li;uefied hydrocarbon or other flammable gas cloud in a confined 'pace" such as vessels" pipelines" buildings

In relation to Hydrocar&on 9apour Clouds 7efine #hat is $eant &y: 69CE's

Anconfined :apour 2loud E$plosion E$plosion of a li;uefied hydrocarbon in a unconfined space! 'uch as a fuel leaking from a 'torage facility" e!g! .uncefield incident

Many serious accidents or incidents/ includin" the +iper (lpha disaster in ;<==/ in.ol.e root causes associated #ith shift hando.er1 (n out"oin" operator is handin" o.er to an inco$in" operator at the end of a shift1 Outline the $ain operational issues co$$unicated at shift hando.er
3ain operational issues communicated at shift handover includeE ?perational status of the installation or process 3aintenance completed

3aintenance still ongoing 3aintenance planned during on%coming shift Routine operation for ne$t shift Apdating #(8s % 2losed out or still open Any events that happened during the out%going shift" Emergencies" incidents" accidents" breakdowns" plant overrides! 'ituations where safety systems have been overridden e!g! fire deluge system switched to manual operation lanned events during oncoming shift" shutdowns" drills e$ercises ?perational issues that will occur during the on%coming shift 2hanges in plant parameters

Outline 5O6* types of #or! acti.ity associated #ith an oil platfor$ that $i"ht re3uire per$it to-#or! (N7 "i.e a reason in E(CH case for the re3uire$ent1
&ot (ork &ot (ork ermits are generally applied to any type of work" which involves actual or potential sources of ignition" and work for which there may be a risk of a fire and=or e$plosion" or which involves the emission of to$ic fumes from the application of heat! 2old work 2old work shall include but not be limited to the followingE scaffolding" cleaning" over side working" painting 2onfined space entry A confined space is any vessel" enclosure or compartment large enough to take a person where the atmosphere may be dangerous or incompatible to a person entering because of flammable=to$ic gases and other substances or o$ygen deficiency! Isolation An Isolation 2ertificate is re;uired before any work can be started on process" mechanical or electrical plant or e;uipment! An Isolation 2ertificate is also re;uired where access to the site of work is restricted or its safety is /eopardized by any ad/acent plant or e;uipment! An activity cannot commence until all the necessary isolation re;uirements are in place Diving

Diving certificate can be used to control the diving activity itself and to ensure that there are no other activities taking place nearby which create unnecessary additional risks e!g! over%side work" live firewater intake pumps!

Identify T4O #ays in #hich .apour clouds can &e "enerated

'udden depressurization Rupture of vessel Loss of containment Ancontrolled buildup of pressure

Outline ho# a .apour cloud e0plosion can &e "enerated

:apour cloud e$plosion can be generated by6 2onfined = unconfined generation :apour cloud e$plosions may arise from vaporization of a release of li;uefied gas from a ruptured vessel or pipeline

Identify the physical conse3uences of .apour cloud e0plosions

hysical conse;uences of vapour cloud e$plosions6 ?verpressure 7ire 9 e$plosion Resulting debris as airborne missiles

( pu$p containin" fla$$a&le corrosi.e slurry has &een stopped for $aintenance1 (n operator #ill prepare the pu$p for $aintenance usin" a nitro"en supply/ drain header and collection .essel1 6sin" this infor$ation> Outline EIGHT ris!s to the operator #hen preparin" the pu$p for $aintenance1
Asphy$iation due to displacement of 1C 7ire E$plosion Irritant=2orrosive substance

Incorrect isolation of valves Incorrect Lock ?ut=#ag ?ut system Lack of gas monitoring .urst pressure lines causing in/ury

Oil and "as installations use #ater for coolin" and heatin" althou"h it can &e a ha2ard in so$e situations1 Identify ris!s #ith #ater (N7 "i.e a practical e0a$ple in E(CH case
(hen stored under pressure as in 7ire lines and steam water lines 3ay contain bacteria if not circulated e!g! dead end pipe legs 3ay cause an unstable reaction when mi$ed with some hydrocarbons

Outline operational control $easures that could $ini$i2e the ris! of plant da$a"e or in,ury durin" start-up or shutdo#n of a process
'hutdownE Ensure work carried out under the controls of a #( All services are6 'topped Isolated Drained down .lanked Empty 9 drain hydrocarbon facilities" with all li;uids" gases and residues removed leaving the plant safe to work on Eliminate or control ignition sources 'uitable supervision of the operation 2ertification of items that have been maintained or replaced 'tart%upE Establish all isolations reconnected" all blanks removed Ensure all safety systems are operational

Ensure all systems are tested before start%up 2omplete #( Emergency plan % in place

( distillation colu$n re3uires protection fro$ fire throu"h passi.e and acti.e fire protection1 (a Outline ho# a fi0ed #ater delu"e syste$ could pro.ide fire protection (? (& Identify t#o additional e0a$ples of acti.e fire protection1 (?
A fi$ed water deluge system could provide protection for a distillation column by e$tinguishing the fire" controlling the fire or by providing protection for the ad/acent distillation columns with the cooling effect the fi$ed water deluge system provides! (ater mist systems and a 7irewater monitor and hose%reels

Outline the types of failure $ode of stora"e tan!s that $ay lead to loss of contain$ent fro$ hydrocar&on
#ypes of failure mode of storage tanks that may lead to loss of containment from hydrocarbon ?verfilling 2orrosion 2onstruction fault Design 7ault .und 7ailure ?perator = Instrument Error #ank not tested 7oundations ?verload :acuum effect during emptying of tank

Identify the controls a.aila&le to $aintain Safety Critical E3uip$ent

2ontrols available to maintain 'afety 2ritical E;uipment rocess 2ontrol 'ystems

rocess and Emergency 'hutdown systems 7ire and 5as 'ystems Drilling 2ontrol systems

7urin" an inspection an e0ternal fuel stora"e tan! is found #ithout a &und1 Identify T4O reasons for pro.idin" a tan! &und1
#(? reasons for providing a tank bundE revent a potential leak causing environmental damage 2ontrol any leak within a known area Ensure the ma$imum ;uantity of product can be contained within the bund

7urin" an inspection an e0ternal fuel stora"e tan! is found #ithout a &und1 Outline the features #hich should &e included in the desi"n of a tan! &und
7eatures which should be included in the design of a tank bundE Ensure the ma$imum ;uantity of product can be contained within the bund at least ))1I 3ake allowance for the space occupied by other tanks Located away from traffic routes Impermeable base 4o drain valve% rain water should be pumped out Lightening protection

)ar"e 3uantities of hydrocar&ons are contained in a process plant/ #ith the ris! of "as release and e0plosions Identify TH*EE types of fire or e0plosion that could occur
#&REE types of fire or e$plosion that could occur6 ".LE:E" .oiling Li;uid Evaporating :apor E$plosion" 2:2E8s E$plosion of a li;uefied hydrocarbon in a confined space

A:2E8s Anconfined :apour 2loud E$plosion

)ar"e 3uantities of hydrocar&ons are contained in a process plant/ #ith the ris! of "as release and e0plosions1 Identify process safety control $easures that #ould $ini$ise the ris! of an e0plosion
rocess safety control measures that would minimise the risk of an e$plosionE 5as detectors Joning assive 7ire rotection systems 'tructural 7ire rotection systems 7ire Detection 'ystems K &eat detectors6 7lame detectors6 'moke detectors6 Duct 'ampling6 Acoustic detectors rocess safety systems and controls6 flares and vents

)ar"e 3uantities of hydrocar&ons are contained in a process plant/ #ith the ris! of "as release and e0plosions1 Identify the 2one classifications relatin" to fla$$a&le at$ospheres
Jone 1 % Area where an e$plosive gas atmosphere is present continuously or for long periods Jone ) % Area where an e$plosive atmosphere is likely to occur in normal operations Jone C % Area where an e$plosive atmosphere is not likely to occur in normal operations K if it occurs will only e$ist for a short time

Outline the actions that should &e ta!en &y a person upon disco.erin" a fire
Actions that should be taken by a person upon discovering a fireE 2all Alarm 2all emergency services Isolate any gas= hydrocarbon supplies if possible Evacuate area

Identify different #ays in #hich an alar$ $ay &e raised in the e.ent of a fire in a &uildin"
(ays in which an alarm may be raised in the event of a fire in a buildingE 3anually Automatically :isually :erbally

Identify suita&le control $easures to $ini$ise the ris! to e$ployees usin" $echanical land transport
'uitable working hours % rest periods 'uitable maintenance of vehicles .asic vehicle checks such as lights" tyre pressures 3aintain speed limits (ear 'eat belts 2orrect loads and security of loads 2hemical and &azardous material controls #raining of drivers #raffic routes and plans 5 ' tracking systems

Outline ho# a Boilin" )i3uid E0pandin" 9apour E0plosion (B)E9E occurs

".LE:E" is an acronym for ".oiling Li;uid Evaporating :apor E$plosion" and involves a situation where! a li;uid in a container % often a compressed li;uid such are propane suddenly fails" resulting in a rapid e$pansion of the li;uid into a vapor" releasing energy that is capable of hurtling parts of the tank or other nearby ob/ects for considerable distances! If an ignition source is present and the vapor is flammable" a sudden deflagration <fire> or e$plosion may occur" further increasing the energy of the sudden vapor release" and causing the creation of a fireball that releases a sudden burst of radiant <heat> energy! #he largest documented .LE:E e$plosions <usually involving propane or similar substances> have resulted in numerous deaths" some at great distances from the initial e$plosion <hundreds of feet or

more> from either propulsion of debris" e$posure to radiant heat" or a combination of both!

Identify the ha2ardous properties of )i3uid +etroleu$ Gas ()+G 1

hazardous properties of Li;uid etroleum 5as % L 5 &eavier than air :aporisation % 2old 'torage % Leaks 7ire = E$plosion

Outline the ris!s associated #ith )i3uid +etroleu$ "as )+G1

Risks associated with Li;uid etroleum gas L 5! Asphy$iation .urns <&ot and 2old> 7ire = E$plosion

Outline the follo#in" failure $odes that $ay lead to loss of hydrocar&on contain$ent fro$ stora"e tan!s-.essels or pipelines Creep
2reepE Is slow movement under stress" made more severe with heat for long periods" especially with increases in temperature approaching melting points!

Stress corrosion crac!in">

'tress corrosionE ?ccurs under tensile stress and is worse in a corrosive environment at elevated temperatures!

Ther$al shoc!>
#hermal shockE 2racking associated with rapid temperature change with different parts of an ob/ect e$panding by different amounts where the stress overcomes the strength of the materials!

Brittle fracture1
.rittle fractureE Rapid run of cracks through a stressed material with plastic deformation before failure caused by such things as repetition of inappropriate heating or pressurising rates

( lar"e oil co$pany is proposin" to &uild a ne# oil and "as installation in the North Sea1 The +rocess Safety Mana"e$ent Tea$ is analysin" past incidents and data&ase records fro$ the Oil and Gas Industry1 E0cludin" acti.e and passi.e fire protection syste$s/ outline physical desi"n features of the platfor$ that #ould $ini$ise ris! to operatin" personnel in the e.ent of a $a,or incident
hysical design features of an offshore platform that would minimise risk to operating personnel in the event of a ma/or incidentE lant separation 2ompartmentalisation rotection of personnel = e;uipment 3eans of escape .low out panels #emporary refuges with communications 9 control

(n operator is drainin" a fla$$a&le li3uid fro$ process pipe#or! to a $etal container1 The super.isor is concerned a&out the possi&ility of an electrostatic char"e for$in" and stops this operation until a ris! assess$ent is underta!en1 7urin" this #or! acti.ity: Identify factors that influences the "eneration of the electrostatic char"e>
7actors that influences the generation of the electrostatic chargeE &ot Dry (eather 7low rate" ?verfilling Lack of earthing = bonding

Li;uid instability 'plash 7illing 4one 2onductivity of materials Agitation 7ilters ressure :elocity

(n operator is drainin" a fla$$a&le li3uid fro$ process pipe#or! to a $etal container1 The super.isor is concerned a&out the possi&ility of an electrostatic char"e for$in" and stops this operation until a ris! assess$ent is underta!en1 7urin" this #or! acti.ity: Outline practical #ays of $ini$isin" the for$ation of an electrostatic char"e1
ractical ways of minimising the formation of an electrostatic chargeE &umidification of the atmosphere Antistatic additives Reduce flow velocity Intrinsically safe e;uipment .onding 9 5rounding of e;uipment 9 containers Avoid splash filling by submerging the fill pipe bellow the li;uid level in the container Increasing the conductance of floors" footwear

Outline physical desi"n features of an oil and "as installation that #ould $ini$i2e ris! to operatin" personnel in the e.ent of a $a,or incident
hysical design features of an oil and gas installation that would minimize risk to operating personnel in the event of a ma/or incidentE #emporary Refuge Routes to and from the #R 3eans of evacuation from these points

7acilities within the #R for monitoring and control of the incident and organizing evacuation

+etroleu$ stora"e tan! fires ha.e &een reduced su&stantially &y usin" floatin" roofs/ &ut a fire ris! $ay still e0ist1 Outline ho# a fire ris! $ay e0ist #ith floatin" tan!s
#he following fire risk may e$ist with floating tanksE Lightning strikes Leaks due to corrosion" damaged pipe work roduct overfill or high internal pressures Rainwater or snow load sinks the roof and e$poses fuel vapours

Identify T4O e0a$ples of fire protection syste$s used on floatin" roof tan!s
#(? e$amples of fire protection systems used on floating roof tanksE 7i$ed foam systems ortable foam firefighting systems &ose lines

+rocess $odules in an oil and "as installation often contain co$puter roo$s that re3uire fire protection Identify T4O e0a$ples of fire e0tin"uishin" $edia that could &e used in a co$puter roo$1
#(? e$amples of fire e$tinguishing media that could be used in a computer roomE 2arbon Dio$ide <21C> Dry 2hemica

7urin" an inspection an e0ternal fuel stora"e tan! is found #ithout a &und #all: Identify the en.iron$ental effects if a tan! failure occurred>
#he environmental effects if a fuel storage tank failure areE ?il contamination of ground would be highly to$ic to plant and animal life and could enter rivers and waterways depriving life of o$ygen

Outline the contents of a typical per$it-to-#or!

Date 9 #ime Description of the task to be carried out (ork location Duration of permit otential &azards Isolations that have been made recautions that are needed <ppe rpe etc> Details of the person authorising the work 'ignature of the worker carrying out the work Risk Assessment = @'A number Details of when the permit is revoked or finished

Outline ho# the contents of a hot #or! per$it are different to a typical per$it-to#or!
&ot (ork permits would vary as hot works may ignite flammable materials! #hese would need to be eliminated or removed <preferable> or protected 2ontrol of ignition sources through damping down or fire blankets 7irefighting e;uipment has been checked and placed on location together with trained personnel! 5as test details must be included! Additional E appropriate to task to be used in addition to the daily mandatory special precautions to be indicated on the hot work permit! E as part of the

( distillation colu$n re3uires protection fro$ fire e0posure throu"h acti.e or passi.e fire protection1 Outline ho# a fi0ed #ater delu"e syste$ could pro.ide fire
A fi$ed water deluge system could provide protection for a distillation column by e$tinguishing the fire" controlling the fire or by providing protection for the ad/acent distillation columns with the cooling effect the fi$ed water deluge system provides

Other than a fi0ed #ater delu"e syste$ Identify T4O additional e0a$ples of acti.e fire protection
7oam 'ystems (ater 3ist 'ystems

( distillation colu$n re3uires protection fro$ fire e0posure throu"h acti.e or passi.e fire protection1 Identify T4O e0a$ples of passi.e fire protection1
7ire (alls 7ire doors 7ire resistant coatings #hermal insulation

( distillation colu$n re3uires protection fro$ fire e0posure throu"h acti.e or passi.e fire protection1 Outline #hy the $etal le"s of the colu$n should &e protected1
7ires can cause thermal weakening of steelwork and result in the collapse of structures" failure of e;uipment" and subse;uent escalation of the initial event!

Identify TH*EE suita&le types of porta&le e0tin"uisher

7oam Dry owder 21C 2arbon Dio$ide

5ollo#in" an annual shutdo#n of a process plant Outline the operational control $easures that could $ini$ise the ris! of an incident &efore fillin" e3uip$ent in preparation for start-up
2ontrol system % process controls intelligent alarms 'uitable procedures and methods #rained and competent employees 'uitable supervision of the operation

Detection systems% flow= no flow= overflow Jone controls Ase of flares = over flow = over pressure devices 3aintenance and integrity of systems 3anagement of overrides

Identify TH*EE properties of Hydro"en Sulphide - H?S

#&REE properties of &ydrogen 'ulphide % &C' &ighly to$ic 7lammable gas &eavier than air and hence tends to accumulate in low%lying areas ungent" smells like rotten eggs but rapidly destroys the sense of smell

On an oil processin" plant outline ho# acti.ation of an H?S detection syste$/ lin!ed to a control roo$/ could pre.ent a fire1
&Cs is a flammable gas" detectors can be used to trigger alarms" control room operators can implement process control measures" emergency procedures" shutdowns or evacuations" activate fire protection systems" and shut down any sources of ignition remotely! #his can provide an early warning of a problem and help to ensure people8s safety

( #or!er has re3uested a per$it-to-#or! in order to replace da$a"ed ther$al insulation in an o.erhead pipe rac! that runs &et#een t#o plants1 Identify TH*EE ha2ards associated #ith this acti.ity
(orking at height 'I3? '

( #or!er has re3uested a per$it-to-#or! in order to replace da$a"ed ther$al insulation in an o.erhead pipe rac! that runs &et#een t#o plants Outline control $easures that should &e i$ple$ented to reduce the ris!s to the #or!er
Risk assessment=@'A for /ob

#( communicated to and posted in ad/acent plant 2lose communication between ad/acent plants Individual 7all rotection

4hy are accident in.esti"ations carried out

#o identify the immediate root causes of the incident % incidents are usually caused by unsafe acts and unsafe conditions in the workplace" but these often arise from underlying root causes! #o identify corrective actions that will prevent a recurrence % #he main reason for investigating

4hat are the four steps in the in.esti"ation process

'tep )E 5ather factual information about the event! 'tep CE Analyse that information and draw conclusions about the immediate and root causes! 'tep BE Identify suitable corrective measures! 'tep ,E lan the remedial actions!

Identify the cate"ories of staff #ho $i"ht &e considered useful $e$&ers of an internal accident in.esti"ation tea$
A simple investigation might be carried out by the line manager of the area6 a more detailed investigation often involves a team of investigators that might include! A safety specialist 'enior managers A technical specialist A worker representative ?ffshore investigating teams may also include installation specialists from services such as drilling" well services" maintenance" process" and deck crews!

4hat are the t#o cate"ories of i$$ediate cause of accidents-incidents

Immediate causes are the unsafe acts and unsafe conditions that gave rise to the event itself! #hese will be the things that occurred at the time and place of the accident! 7or e$ample a worker slips on a patch of oil spilt on the floor Immediate causesE #he slip hazard L unsafe condition #he worker walking through it L unsafe act

Gi.e the $eanin" of the classification @Carcino"enic@

2arcinogenic % 2an induce the growth of malignant tumours

4hat $ain areas does a safety case-safety report co.er

#he main areas a safety case=safety report cover Identification of ma/or accident hazards! Evaluation of ma/or accident risks and measures taken <or to be taken> to control those risks! Arrangements for audit and audit reports! 2onfirmation that an ade;uate safety management system is in place! 3a/or accident prevention policies! Identification of the safety critical elements in place to manage ma/or accident hazards! Details of the emergency plan!

Identify the three classifications #ithin fla$$a&ility

7lammability falls into three distinct classificationsE E$tremely 7lammable % 7lash point below 1 2elsius! &ighly 7lammable % 7lash point between 1 and C) 2elsius! 7lammable % 7lash point between CC and 00 2elsius!

4hat is the 7o# 5ire and E0plosion Inde0

#he Dow 7ire 9 E$plosion Inde$ is a rapid hazard assessment method for use on chemical plant during process and plant development" and in the design of plant layout

4hat are the four $ain areas detailed and e0plained in a +er$it to 4or!
ermits to work detail and e$plainE #he work involved #he isolations re;uired &azards in the work to be carried out recautions to avoid in/ury

Identify four areas other than electricity #here a safe isolation procedure $i"ht &e used
'afe isolation systems are concerned with the safe isolation of <only four re;uired> &ydraulic <oil> power neumatic power and stored energy Residual energy 2ombustion engines 4atural gravitational forces=weight 'team or high%pressure water systems Any combinations of or additions to the above

E0plain the $eanin" of the ter$ safe isolation

'afe Isolation #he interruption" disconnection and separation of all the e;uipment8s motive power sources in such a way that this disconnection and separation is secure by lockable means!

Identify four i"nition sources that could arise fro$ $aintenance or operations on an installation1
Ignition sources are <select four> Electrical e;uipmentE Routinely inspect and test to prevent faults developing that could cause sparks and overheating! &ot workE (elding" burning" etc! % control with a permit%to%work when done in sensitive areas! 'mokingE 2ontrol and limit to restricted areas on site <welfare areas>! 2ooking and heating appliancesE Locate safely" confine to a galley offshore and use carefully! 3echanical heat <overheating>E

2ontrol by good maintenance programmes! Deliberate ignitionE revent by good security" perimeter fences <onshore>" 22#: and security lighting!

Ho# is safe isolation/ stoppa"e/ drainin" do#n and &lan!in" of syste$s assured durin" a shut-do#n
'afe isolation" stoppage" draining down and blanking of systems during a shut%down is assured byE It is vital for the safety of maintenance personnel that services are stopped" isolated" drained down" blanked etc! and remain in a safe condition for the duration of the work! #his is ensured by the work being carried out under the controls of a permit%to work! #he permit will have a completion section to ensure that all systems are put back into operable condition before start%up" to protect maintenance and operations personnel

Identify the factors to &e considered #hen assessin" the health and safety co$petence of a contractor1
#here are many factors that have to be considered when assessing the health and safety competence of a contractor! ?ne important factor is the contractor8s e$perience and training" both in the type of oil and gas process that they will be working on and offshore safety re;uirements! (hether the contractor has a health and safety policy in place" supported by the necessary organisation and arrangements" and the ;uality and e$tent of risk assessments carried out are also significant points to look for! #he contractor8s recent health and safety performance <including any accident history> should be reviewed" as well as establishing whether any enforcement action has been taken against the contractor! Evidence should be re;uested of the availability of suitable" up%to%date method statements6 arrangements to monitor health and safety and carry out site inspections6 ;ualifications6 training records and skills cards carried by workers6 and membership of professional bodies or trade associations! roof of the contractor having employer8s liability and public liability insurance is an important factor" and references should be available from previous clients! 7inally" it is important to take into consideration arrangements for the selection and appraisal of any subcontractors and how liaison with the contractor is going to take place!

4hat are the conditions necessary for stress corrosion crac!in" to occur
#he criteria necessary for stress corrosion cracking to occur areE

A susceptible material A corrosive environment Enough tensile stress to induce the condition

)ist the three ha2ard 2ones and the cate"ories of electrical e3uip$ent to &e used in each 2one
Jone 1 or Jone C1 L 2ategory ) e;uipment Jone ) or zone C) L 2ategory ) 1r C e;uipment Jone C or Jone CC L 2ategory )" C or B e;uipment

In relation to fire protection/ outline the principle of operation of a .otin" syste$ and #hen it $i"ht &e used1
:oting systems are used in order to minimise false alarms" in cases where activation has conse;uences such as shutting down production <you don8t want that unless it is absolutely necessary as it will cost significant time and money>! #he principle of operation is that more than one detector in a set must be triggered and it is in this sense that it is called a "voting" system! #hey can be set to different sensitivities depending on the risk % typically two out of three

7escri&e the difference &et#een acti.e and passi.e fire protection $easures
assive 7ire rotectionE Is predominantly thermally insulating design elements that are put and left in place" like fire barriers" fire resistant coatings and cladding! #hey help stop escalation of the fire and protect routes! Active 7ire rotectionE 3eans measures that are brought into play when a fire is detected" in order to actively tackle=e$tinguish the fire" e!g! fi$ed sprinkler installations" hoses and monitors

Outline the fire protection that #ould &e used on a floatin" roof tan!
7or floating roof tanks the main means of fire protection is to use fi$ed foam installations which spread foam around the rim seal! 3onitors and water deluge cooling sprays may also be used

Outline the tiered/ three-le.el approach to e$er"ency $edical treat$ent

#he tiered three%level approach to emergency medical treatment isE Level ) % .asic first%aid Intended as first line treatment to preserve life and stabilise the in/uredE Re;uiring the provision of an ade;uate number of trained first%aiders <depending on the level of risk" number of workers" installation remoteness" etc!> and first%aid e;uipment <first%aid kits etc!>! Level C % Advanced first%aid Re;uiring first%aiders with more advanced skills <such as the use of specialised e;uipment or methods>! Level B % Atilising medics or paramedics (ith remote support from other medical professionals" who will have specific medical training and be capable of administering drugs" advanced wound treatment" etc

7istin"uish &et#een pri$ary/ secondary and tertiary offshore e.acuation $ethods

?ffshore evacuation methods areE rimary 3ethodE #he usual none%emergency method" e!g! ship! 'econdary methodE Ased when the primary method is unavailable" e!g! lifeboat launched from the rig! #ertiary 3ethodE &eavily reliant on the individuals own effort and used as a last resort when all other methods are unavailable" e!g! putting on life/ackets and survival suits and /umping into the sea!

Gi.e a &rief su$$ary of the e$er"ency co$$and structure for offshore installations
#he emergency command structure for offshore installations! In such circumstances the ?ffshore Installations 3anager ?I3 is in overall charge! #hey will be assisted by two on%scene commanders" one from drilling and one from process" a permit controller" a radio operator and an ?ffshore Installation 'upervisor ?I'!

Outline #hy it $i"ht &e i$portant to plan the route of a road tan!er carryin" dan"erous "oods1
#here are two basic reasons why it might be important to plan the route of a road tanker carrying dangerous goods! 4ot all roads are suitable for tankers % narrow roads" weak bridges! #he security threat <terrorism" theft> to the valuable load being carried and its possible use as a terrorist weapon!

H(AO+S H(A(N's H(AI7

&AJ? ' L &azardous ?perations 'tudy &AJA48s L &azard Analysis &AJID L &azard Identification

Identify three $arine ha2ards associated #ith all types of 5loatin" +latfor$ Stora"e Offloadin" 6nits -5+SO's
3arine hazards associated with all types of 7loating latform 'torage ?ffloading Anits %7 '?8s 7laring near production area 2rew transfer (eather Environmental impact #ransferring oil to tanker vessels Risk of collision from sea going vessels 'upply=logistics difficulty irates #errorists 'pillage damage to marine life

Identify suita&le controls that $ini$i2e ris! #hen operatin" 5loatin" +latfor$ Stora"e Offloadin" 6nits - 5+SO's
'ecurity 9 surveillance

+iper (lpha accident> Ho# it happened and #hat course of actions #ere ta!en to pre.ent recurrence/ )essons learned1
iper Alpha 7actsE 7ire E$plosion knocked out fire proof % not .last proof % walls 2ontrol room damaged in )st blast Initial fire could have been e$tinguished 7ire pumps were set to manual Lifeboats all in one location and could not be reached from accommodation block ?ther platforms did not shutdown instead continued pumping hydrocarbons to iper Alpha" increasing the fire

+iper (lpha 5ailures

iper Alpha 7ailuresE ermit to (ork 'ystem %two permits issued for same task latform layout Delayed decision making Lack of training Active fire system set from Auto to 3anual assive fire protection Lifeboats 2ommunications='hift &andover

Buncefield Incident: Causes:

.uncefield Incident 2ausesE A fill level gauge and high fill level alarm failed 7uel storage tank overfilled 7uel leaked out of the vents at the top of the storage tank into the bund #his resulted in a :apour 2loud #he vapour cloud flowed offsite Ignition leading to the vapour cloud e$plosion took place at a pump house

Buncefield )essons learned

.uncefield Lessons learnedE 4eed for back%up systems=processes for safety critical devices .unds=containment walls to be designed to withstand heat=e$plosion Importance of coordinated response 9 emergency planning .usiness=Disaster interruption and or recovery plan Dealing with media after the incident!